Journal of Al-Farabi for Humanity Sciences (JFHS)

Research Summary (English)
Qur'anic readings (Qirāʾāt) represent one of the most significant Islamic sciences, as they are directly related to the most important book for Muslims—the Holy Qur’an. The Qur’an, through its recitations, served as the very foundation of Arabic grammar, from which grammarians derived many of their linguistic rules. Since the emergence of Arabic grammar as a science, the Qur'anic readings have occupied the minds of scholars such as Al-Farrā’, Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad, Sībawayh, and others. Among those who showed great interest in this field to support grammatical works was Ibn Hishām al-Anṣārī (d. 761 AH). In his book Shudhur al-Dhahab—which is the subject of this study—he employed both mutawātir (mass-transmitted) and shādh (irregular) readings of the Qur’an as evidence for various grammatical rules

Belief in the actions of God Almighty and that they proceed in accordance with justice and wisdom is the core and foundation of faith. It is one of its pillars. When viewed from the perspective of divine decree, belief in God Almighty's decree and predestination is a pillar of faith, as stated in the clear and conclusive texts of the glorious Islamic Sharia. Regarding matters of belief, it is a fundamental chapter of theology or monotheism. Therefore, we have chosen to discuss and research it here.Just as belief resides in the heart and is only known by its apparent evidence and abundant fruits, the condition of these fruits indicates the condition of their origin, whether fresh or barren. Hence, the value of our research becomes clear, as paying attention to the origin of the tree improves the fruits. If God Almighty is the One who planted the tree of faith in our sound nature, then He would never leave us in vain. The texts of the two revelations, the Qur'an and the Sunnah, are full of explanations of its origin and branches, and how to cultivate it, preserve it, and keep its fruits ripe and fresh, as God Almighty intended.
To clarify this, our research is divided into an introduction and three sections:The introduction: A definition of God Almighty's actions and the status of belief in them in Islamic belief.The first section: The origins of God Almighty's actions.The second: The categories of God Almighty's actions, their evidence, and the scholars' opinions on them.The third: The impact of belief in them on the believer's life.Then, the research concludes, containing its most important findings, the most important of which are: 1. Faith in God Almighty and that He is the true doer of the universe achieves in the believer the perfection of servitude to God Almighty alone.
2. Belief in God Almighty's actions does not prevent the believer from taking the necessary measures; rather, it requires that they be in accordance with God Almighty's law, the implementation of which achieves happiness in this world and the hereafter.
3- Striving to earn a living in accordance with the provisions of Islamic law must be accompanied by a heart of peace and contentment with the divine wisdom in providing sustenance.
4- Patience, gratitude, and contentment with the decrees of divine destiny and fate are integral to the believer's complete faith in the actions of God Almighty. This faith is prompted by observing divine wisdom and seeking reward, compensation, and recompense from God Almighty, the Generous and Giver.
5- The world today is experiencing a crisis of atheism that has persisted to the point where people are seeking to change their male gender to female and vice versa, or seeking to create a new gender based on what Satan suggests to people, or seeking usury or abandoning religious obligations, or becoming displeased with their Lord at the slightest calamity. This indicates a weak faith that God Almighty is the doer of this universe, and that all His actions are based on divine wisdom, justice, and kindness.The established sources are arranged alphabetically. I ask God Almighty for acceptance and forgiveness for any shortcomings, for He is the Doer of whatever He wills.Keywords: Faith - Effect - Actions - God - Believer

Abstract
The subject of this research—envy and jealousy—is one of the most fatal and widespread diseases in society. It has become so prevalent that many people suffer from it. Therefore, God Almighty has forbidden envy and commanded His Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, to seek refuge from envy and the envious. The research reached the following conclusions:
1. Envy is reprehensible, abhorrent, and vile. It is directed toward close friends and relatives, and is specific to those who associate with oneself and associate with others. Refraining from it would be a noble act.
2. Jealousy is at the core of the morals of faith. He who lacks jealousy has no faith. This characteristic characterizes the believing men and women who follow the Messenger of God, peace and blessings be upon him. It indicates the strength and perfection of a person's faith.
3. Islam is keen to protect its followers from harm and calamities, explaining them to them and warning them of their consequences. The scourge of envy has a clear share of this warning.
4. The harm and injury caused by the envious person are clearly evident, whether it is worldly harm represented by remorse or otherworldly harm represented by loss and suffering.
5. Scholars believe that jealousy includes both praiseworthy and reprehensible forms of it. The reprehensible form, when it becomes too strong in the heart of its possessor, generates rancor and envy.

Abstract
This research explores the concept of the "shade of meaning" (ẓill al-ma‘nā) in the stylistic structure of the Qur’anic discourse. It is a semantic dimension that goes beyond the literal, lexical meaning, delving into the psychological, emotional, and aesthetic effects that Qur’anic words evoke in the listener or reader. The study grounds this concept in the Islamic rhetorical and exegetical tradition, drawing from the insights of scholars such as ‘Abd al-Qāhir al-Jurjānī, Ibn ‘Āshūr, and Sayyid Quṭb.The research also examines the unique characteristics of Qur’anic meaning—its comprehensiveness, its multi-layered nature, its accessibility to both general and specialized audiences, and its dynamic relevance across time and place. It concludes that the "shade of meaning" is a key element in understanding the inimitability of the Qur’an, enhancing its psychological and spiritual impact, and that distinguishing between direct meaning and its aesthetic shade is essential for an objective and disciplined interpretation of the Qur’anic text.

Abstract
This research explores the phenomenon of individualistic faith (or "faith of the self") as one of the most prominent modern theological shifts resulting from the intersection of modern philosophy and personal religious experience. Individualistic faith refers to a belief system in which the human self becomes the ultimate authority in defining theological concepts, rejecting external religious authority and scriptural revelation. It roots faith in inner feeling and subjective experience, with no binding commitment to divine commands or submission to revelation. This model is a philosophical continuation of self-deification, rooted in Cartesian thought and developed further in existentialism and modern psychological atheism. The study aims to analyze this pattern of belief through conceptual clarification and philosophical critique, and to evaluate it from the standpoint of traditional Islamic theology—particularly the schools of Ashʿarism, Maturidism, and Sunni Sufism. The findings reveal that individualistic faith undermines tawḥīd (monotheism), severs the link between the servant and true servitude, and reduces the Divine to a projection of the self. The research concludes that confronting this theological deviation requires more than rhetorical opposition; it demands a robust intellectual and pedagogical effort to reestablish the centrality of revelation, nurture the abandonment of ego-centric spirituality, and present Islamic creed as a comprehensive worldview rather than a subjective experience.

Almulakhas
'iina alshirk biallah min 'aezam aldhunuba, waqadat minh alkathir min alayat alquraniati, wal'ahadith alnabawiat alsharifati, wala kulu muslim an yatajanab alshirk wal'asbab almuadiyat 'iilayhi; kay yaghfir allah subhanah wataealaa lah dhunubahu; li'ana alshirk min aldhunub aladhi la yaerif almal yatibu 'ashabuha eanha, wayadkhul bialsalamu; waqad qumt bidirasat hadha almawdue watasabab fi alsharka, wanwaeihi, walfarq bayn alshirk alakbir waliasghar fi daw' al'ahadith alnabawiat alsharifati; liashul ealaa alnaas alrujue

The content of the research searches for the link and relationship between the companion Abu Rimtha, whose name we have never heard or known, except that he is the great companion Abu Rimtha. In this research, I will be concerned with studying his biography and narration, extracting them and presenting them to people. To benefit from it. This topic included a variety of comprehensive scientific material, and, thanks to God, I collected what was available from it, studied it, and analyzed it in terms of explaining the narration, studying the men of its chain of transmission, grading it, explaining the hidden meanings in it, and explaining its ruling. Through this research, we will learn about a narrator of the noble hadith

The Etiquette of Seeking Permission and Its Impact on the Upbringing of the Muslim – Surah al-Nur as a Model"Abstract in English:This research aims to clarify the concept of seeking permission (al-istidhan) in Islam, highlighting its legitimacy and importance in both individual and societal life. It offers an analytical study of the verses on al-istidhan in Surah An-Nur, particularly verses (27–29) and (58–59), to extract legal rulings and explore the educational and social dimensions of this etiquette.The study concludes that al-istidhan is not merely a social practice, but a noble Qur'anic ethic that contributes to shaping a well-mannered individual and preserving a cohesive society. It safeguards personal privacy, reinforces mutual respect and trust, and proves to be a necessary value for all times and places.

The subject of abrogation holds a paramount significance in Islamic law, a fact that is not hidden from any scholar or student of knowledge. It is a sensitive topic that permeates all aspects of the noble Shariah and has often been exploited by the enemies of Islam as a point of criticism against it. Despite this, the Muslim Ummah has reached a consensus on the permissibility and occurrence of abrogation. While some scholars have transmitted the opinion of Abu Muslim al-Isfahani—an opinion that contradicts this consensus—upon closer examination and investigation, the reports attributed to him appear to be inconsistent. Scholars have taken different approaches in dealing with these reports: some dismissed them entirely, while others interpreted his statements in a way that aligns with the consensus of the Ummah.Abu Muslim al-IsfahaniAl naskhA Study in Usul al-Fiqh

Research summary
The research entitled “The Science of Appendices and the Most Important Books Classified in It” discusses a specialized topic in the sciences of the Noble Hadith, which is the science of appendix. This science is concerned with collecting the Prophetic hadiths in addition to what is mentioned in the basic hadith books such as “Sahih al-Bukhari,” “Sahih Muslim,” “Sunan Abi Dawud,” and other famous references, with the aim of preserving, documenting, and highlighting them to researchers.The science of appraisals is a branch of the hadith sciences that is concerned with hadiths that are not mentioned in a specific book among the main hadith books, but are found in other books. This science aims to highlight these hadiths, prove their chains of transmission, and examine them according to hadith rules.It reviews the subject of the science of appendixes, which is concerned with collecting and documenting prophetic hadiths that were not mentioned in specific books of the famous hadith books. The research discusses the most important features related to this science in terms of its origin, development, and the most important books classified in it.The research confirms that epistemology adds great value to hadith sciences, as it is not just a collection of hadiths, but rather a means for a deeper understanding and better analysis of hadith texts. The research also highlights that hadith scholars in the eighth and ninth centuries made great efforts to classify and study appendages, which calls on contemporary researchers to continue this effort and develop it using modern scientific research tools.

Abstract
This research aims to study the aesthetic balance between ancient calligraphic traditions and modern typographic standards in Holy Quran design. The study employed a mixed-method approach analyzing 80 Quran copies (40 traditional, 40 modern)., conducting 15 in-depth interviews with Arabic calligraphy experts, and surveying 60 specialists.Results showed 85% of experts confirm the possibility of combining traditions with modern techniques, with modern Qurans achieving quality average (4.32). comparable to traditional ones (4.38).. Digital techniques replicate 89% of handwritten calligraphy characteristics. The research recommends establishing unified standards and developing specialized training programs to achieve the required balance between authenticity and modernity

Abstract
The jurisprudence of Islamic authority is one of the central topics in Islamic studies, given its importance in organizing political and social life in Islamic countries and societies throughout history. The jurisprudence of authority revolves around how to establish governance, distribute power, and regulate the relationship between the ruler and the ruled, in line with the principles and provisions derived from Islamic law. This jurisprudence arose in the light of Qur'anic texts and prophetic hadiths, and developed over time through the jurisprudence carried out by Muslim scholars, with the aim of facing the challenges and changing circumstances in different eras.

Summary
This research addresses a significant contemporary jurisprudential issue: the impact of a wife's employment on her right to financial maintenance (nafaqa) within the framework of Islamic law, especially in light of evolving social and economic dynamics that have led to more women participating in the workforce.

Abstract
This study addresses the issue of freedom of expression in Islamic societies from a jurisprudential and contemporary maqāṣid-based perspective, in light of the unprecedented expansion of digital media and the growing phenomenon of unregulated speech that threatens societal security and national unity. The research aims to clarify the Islamic legal framework for restricting freedom of expression when overriding public interests or confirmed harms are at stake. It begins by establishing the Islamic concept of freedom of expression and comparing it with its Western counterpart, followed by a presentation of the primary Sharīʿah-based rules governing expression. The study also explores several contemporary media-related cases, such as blasphemy against religious symbols, sectarian incitement, and manipulation of religious discourse on social platforms. Adopting an analytical, comparative, and doctrinal methodology, the study analyzes real-world examples in light of Islamic legal and maqāṣidic principles. The findings demonstrate that while freedom of expression is a legitimate right in Islam, it is not absolute, but is conditioned by outcomes, subject to legal constraints, and regulated by competent religious or political authorities

Imam al-Nawawi's jurisprudential choices in the book of marriage from his book, al-Minhaj.
Summary:
Minhaj al-Talibin, which is an abridged version of al-Muharrir, is a compact volume, and its details are approximately three booklets.It is currently the mainstay of students, teachers, and muftis, and is of great benefit, as stated by Judge Safad. He also has corrections and selections in it.

Abstract
This research addresses the concept of cooperation in Arab society before Islam and its transformations after the emergence of Islam, by tracing the social, economic, and religious dimensions of this concept.It begins by analyzing forms of cooperation in pre-Islamic society, such as tribal alliances, alliances of the sa’alik (outlaws), and Quraysh’s economic systems like Ilaaf and Rifadah, showing that they arose from the need for security and life necessitiesThe research then moves to Islam, where cooperation became an essential religious value based on the Qur’an and the Sunnah. This was manifested in the brotherhood between the Muhajirun and the Ansar, the Constitution of Medina, and the solidarity system during crises such as the Year of Famine (‘Am al-Ramada).The study concludes that cooperation was a fundamental civilizational phenomenon in building Arab and Islamic society, and it contributed to achieving justice, stability, and solidarity

Abstract :
This research is about explaining the divine kindness in the Holy Quran and clarifying the meaning of kindness and explaining this divine kindness through the noble verses and that divine kindness includes Muslims and others. I took as an example for it from the stories of the Holy Quran, which is the story of our master Moses and Al-Khidr, peace be upon them, and explaining the divine kindness through the journey of our master Moses and Al-Khidr, peace be upon them

Summary:
Custody is a legitimate right for the mother that she acquires after meeting the conditions of Sharia to care for the child, educate him and ensure his proper development, and the father has the right of guardianship and maintenance over the child, and the right of custody does not transfer to him except when the mother is incapacitated or proven to be bad in accordance with Shari'a rules determined by Islamic jurisprudence between the parents in order to preserve his safety and care, and not to be distracted by his conditions, and to raise him in the right environment

Abstract of the resear
This research aims to clarify the social behavior in the narrations of Abu Saeed Al-Khudri (may God be pleased with him) that he transmitted from the Prophet Muhammad (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) in the aspect of transactions and their application and benefit from them in all aspects of our lives

ndeed, Allah—Glorified and Exalted be He—has guaranteed the welfare of His creation through appropriate Sharia rulings suited to every time and place. Islam has established an alternative system to the practice of usury (riba), which has plunged societies into hardship and suffering. Among these alternative systems is the system of mudarabah (profit-sharing).The mudarabah system holds great importance, especially in the field of investment. It is one of the foundational tools of Islamic banking and an economic transaction that fosters cooperation among investors and promotes the growth of mutual benefits through Islamic projects. The objective of this study on mudarabah is to highlight efforts that enhance development and steer the wheel of investment toward lawful and ethical directions, steering away from the practice of interest-based dealings, whether in giving or receiving.

Abstract
This research aims to present the picture of the Islamic economy in the Levant during the Rashidun era. This picture differs between the ruling class and princes, who needed money to run armies, pay salaries, and manage state affairs, and the common people, who paid taxes in the form of land tax, poll tax (for Ahl al-Dhimmah), alms, zakat, trade tithes, and other forms of payment.It is important to clarify that this picture was completed during the time of the Rightly-Guided Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him). The Islamic economy was empowered through applications based on Islamic law and the noble guidance of the Prophet, as well as through ijtihad (independent reasoning) in certain areas to achieve the interests of the individual, society, and the state

Abstract:
The horse was and remains a symbol of strength, pride, and beauty, occupying a great status in the hearts of Arabs since ancient times, especially during the pre-Islamic era. Arabs regarded the horse with esteem and reverence, as it formed an inseparable part of their daily lives and culture. Horses appeared in their poetry and heroic tales, and they considered them partners in battles, hunting, and travels, in addition to being symbols of chivalry and courage. Through their deep interest in breeding and caring for them, they left behind a rich legacy reflecting their profound love for horses and their pivotal role in shaping their social and cultural lives. In pre-Islamic poetry, the horse was more than just a means of transportation or a tool of war; rather, it was a symbol of pride, strength, and courage, holding a distinguished place in the hearts of Arab poets. They celebrated horses in their poems, describing their speed, beauty, and majesty, until the horse became an inseparable feature of Arab chivalry. In pre-Islamic poetry, the horse reflected the spirit of the desert and its resilience, as well as the profound bond between the knight and his steed—a relationship marked by loyalty and sacrifice. Through pre-Islamic poetry, we can discern the immense importance Arab tribes placed on horses as symbols of dignity and glory

Abstract
This research aims to clarify the concept of beauty linguistically and technically. It then reviews aesthetic awareness among Arabs and the role of rhetoric as a science of persuasion and enjoyment. It focuses on metaphor as an effective rhetorical tool for embodying meanings and arousing astonishment. It also focuses on two types of metaphor: implicit and explicit, analyzing examples from Al-Asyuti's texts. It concludes by asserting that metaphor lends texts vitality and character, transforming the abstract into the concrete, and highlighting Al-Asyuti's mastery of its use.

Abstract:
The current study aims to illustrate the significance of pre-Islamic poetry and its role in shaping the discourse desired in that environment when the poet employed the word as a means to convey the emotional impressions embodied within his conscience. In another aspect, the poet utilized discourse as a means to fulfill his desires, seeking the aid of those deemed capable of assisting. Hence, this research undertakes an inductive analysis of poetic texts to demonstrate the importance of supplicatory discourse in altering the course of events. The significance of poetry in this study lies in its ability to document the features of life at the time, as it was an influential form of expression that identified flaws and exposed them to the public, enabling those concerned and capable of effecting change to address them. The study finds that the poet demonstrates an ability to link his past and present life, referencing both time and place, with supplicatory discourse serving as his means to achieve that aim

Summary
This research examines the meanings of the words used by the poet Ḥassān ibn Thābit al-Anṣārī in his collection of poetry to express silent aspects of nature (such as the earth, beauty, wind, and clouds), using a lexicographical approach that traces the words and clarifies their meanings within their poetic context. The study analyzes these words in terms of their linguistic and lexical roots and explains their contextual meanings in his poetry. It also explores the rhetorical and visual dimensions of silent nature in Ḥassān’s poetry, relying on a descriptive-analytical method based on extracting the words from the collection and tracing them back to their linguistic origins.

Abstract:
This study presents a significant scholarly contribution by the renowned Arabic grammarian and linguist Musliḥ Al-Dīn Muṣṭafá ibn Shaʿbān Al-Sarūrī (d. 969 AH). It focuses on a manuscript that addresses morphological issues and the classification and ordering of verb forms. Al-Sarūrī offers detailed explanations for the sequence of chapters, drawing on morphological, phonological, and syntactic reasoning. The research is divided into two main sections. The first section provides a critical study comprising three parts: a biographical overview of al-Sarūrī, including his teachers, students, works, and death; an examination of the manuscript’s title, its attribution to the author, and the methodology he employed; and a description of the manuscript copy, along with the editorial approach followed in its verification, supported by sample folios and a concluding summary. The second section presents the edited text of the manuscript, which the author organized into systematically arranged chapters

Abstract:
The factorial structure is one of the vital elements that form the narrative structure in the narratives of Dr. Jobeir Saleh Al-Qarghouli, as it reflects the different narrative roles distributed among the characters and elements of the text. The importance of this concept comes from its ability to embody the conflicts and transformations that the characters go through, and this indicates a mutual interaction between the dramatic factors.The factorial structure included a set of basic elements such as (the actor/hero), the target, the sender and the recipient, the helper and the hinderer, which interact in a dynamic system that reflects the psychological tensions of the characters in the texts. Al-Qarghouli’s concern with using this structure in dealing with human and intellectual issues is evident, as the characters do not remain fixed in their roles, but rather change according to the sequence of events, which reflects a semiotic awareness. His narrations also have an exceptional ability to present conflicts of values, identities and authorities, which gives the works an interpretive dimension and allows the reader to explore multiple meanings, as I have shown in this research. The factorial structure in Al-Qarghouli’s narrations represents the mechanism that shows creative and critical thinking in dealing with issues through the characters that are playing different roles that reveal the complexities of the narration and invite the reader to think about the deep meanings. The use of this structure also reflects the depth of the human experience and enhances the text’s ability to generate multiple meanings, which makes Al-Qarghouli’s works a semiotic act that embodies the changes and variables in the human world. This is what these narrations embodied, which I took as a part in this research, which was founded on the theoretical foundation, I presented a brief overview of the factorial structure, the factor model, and textual inferences. Then came the applied procedural foundation based on the analytical structure of discourse.Research objective: To uncover the hidden meanings of narrative texts hidden behind symbols and signals that are not clear to the reader. Research significance: To clarify the intentional manifestations present in the factorial structure and to explore the process of their semantic interpretations.

Abstract of the research:
The nature of the symbol and its proximity to elements closer to its nature charged with meanings, such as character and image, simile and metaphor, all of which carry actions that touch the emotional experience or artistic vision. The symbol also contributes to shaping the intended meaning, and it may be a word, phrase, character, or place name, as it includes a set of meanings, one of which is direct and apparent, and the other is hidden and linked to the intended meaning.The symbol also accompanies the body icon through the image that constitutes a major phase of the individual's stages and psychological formation and the construction of his personality culturally and socially, despite the existence of a problem in the symbol of the body icon culturally. The body icon is used in Iraqi culture as a means of conveying values and messages, because it reflects the body in indigenous cultures, personal identity and true belonging. As for the artistic icon, the body is used as an artistic canvas to express ideas and feelings. This can be seen in performance art or dance, where the body turns into an artistic means that expresses deep messages. In modern societies, the body icon has become a means of expressing the symbol of belonging to certain fashions, for example, using the body as a means to highlight fashions or decorations such as jewelry and tattoos that symbolize a certain fashion. The research consisted of an introduction that addressed the purpose of the symbol in its discourse to the body and to raise questions, to find answers to them, to express the vision of the body through the icon of discourse. The symbol also depicts many gestures that constitute a symbolic phenomenon in body language, in addition to the fact that the symbol in the body icon shifts to the psychological aspect, represented by the image of psychological life and linked to the cultural aspect. Then the research problem was stated, as the researcher emphasized the question of the problem: Does the symbol in the body icon depend on cultural discourse? Does this discourse move the body from the crisis towards the solution? Also, defining the importance of the research and its most important objectives, in addition to defining the terms. Then the researcher discussed the theoretical framework through (the concept of symbol) which was divided into the symbol in language and the symbol in the body, and also the symbol in Iraqi culture. Then the researcher discussed (the concept of icon) which was divided into the icon of the body, and also the icon in Iraqi culture, in addition to the symbol in the icon. The researcher then came up with a set of results and proposals. Finally, the research sources were fixed

ResearchSummary
This study addresses the issue of Arabic grammar between preservation and modernization, highlighting its status as one of the most significant sciences that emerged within the framework of Arab-Islamic culture, with the aim of safeguarding the authenticity and depth of the Arabic language. The grammatical tradition began early with prominent scholars such as Sibawayh, Al-Kisaay, and Al-Faraa, who adopted an inductive approach based on authoritative texts such as the Qur’an, the Prophet’s Hadith, and classical Arabic poetry.In the modern era, cultural and educational needs have changed, giving rise to calls for the development of grammar—whether through a critical reading of the heritage, the simplification of its methods, or by benefiting from the achievements of modern linguistics. The trends varied between those who adhered firmly to traditional principles and those who advocated for reform and renewal to better serve teaching and communication.The study reveals that the success of modernization depends on drawing inspiration from the heritage without severing ties with it, and on employing modern approaches without compromising grammatical identity. Clinging rigidly to traditional methods weakens grammar and distances it from contemporary requirements, whereas combining authenticity with innovation ensures the vitality and continuity of grammar.Metaphorically, the research suggests that the future of Arabic grammar depends on the ability of scholars to strike a balance between the authenticity of the grammatical heritage and the boldness of modernization, thus preserving its deep-rooted past while keeping pace with its evolving present.

Abstract
We can say that Al-Mahlal bin Rabi'a is one of the most famous knight poets، as his name is associated with heroism، in addition to the characteristic he was known for، namely revenge، which was one of his defining traits. There is another characteristic that distinguishes Al-Mahlal، as he was one of the first to write poetry about war. As for his most important poetic characteristics، the most important of which is the phenomenon of repetition، it is a prominent feature that colors his poetry، which is described as one of the most famous phenomena in Arabic poetry، and in Al-Mahlal's poetry in particular، this phenomenon is linked to rhythm and meaning in poetic texts. Here، we strive to analyze the phenomenon of repetition in the poet's work from all aspects and meanings، which we will reveal when we examine the most important characteristics of his poetry، repetition and its features، from an analysis of his poetic models that we will highlight.

Abstract:
In this study titled “Features of the Literary Flash in the Book (Kalima wa Kulayma) by Al-Rafi'i -an Artistic Study-”, the researcher attempts to highlight the most significant features that distinguish Al-Rafi’i’s short texts. These texts are dominated by several artistic elements, including brevity and condensation, suggestiveness, striking conclusions, and a recurring use of irony that is consistently present throughout Al-Rafi’i’s flashes.Additionally, the study considers the thematic diversity found in Al-Rafi’i’s flashes, which span topics such as women, politics, love, wisdom, literature, and others. The researcher concludes with key findings affirming that the Renaissance generation pioneered this new literary form and rightfully earned distinction and creativity within it

Abstract:
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of public life in the region of Azerbaijan as depicted by Muslim geographers and travelers in their classical writings. The research explores the geographical, historical, social, cultural, economic, and religious aspects of the region. Drawing on primary sources such as Yaqut al-Hamawi, Ibn Hawqal, al-Idrisi, and al-Baladhuri, the study is structured into three main chapters. The first chapter addresses the historical geography of Azerbaijan, while the second chapter focuses on social conditions, including demographic composition and the diversity of ethnic groups such as Arabs, Persians, Turks, Kurds, and Baloch. The third chapter is dedicated to public life manifestations, including class structure, education, governance, judiciary, economic activity, and religious practices. The findings reveal that Azerbaijan was a region marked by ethnic and religious plurality and played a vital role in the intellectual and cultural development of Islamic civilization, especially in hadith sciences, jurisprudence, and Arabic linguistics

Abstract
The Prophetic Sunnah is the second source of Islamic legislation and represents the practical foundation of Islamic values. However, people’s perceptions of it may be influenced by the authenticity of the narrations and the methodology of understanding and presentation. The widespread circulation of weak or fabricated hadiths, along with literal interpretations of some authentic narrations, has led to distorted understandings of religion, negatively impacting psychological and social security. This study aims to highlight the impact of correcting hadith-based perceptions in promoting psychological and social stability. It presents a critical analysis of both texts and concepts, addressing key issues in hadith misuse—such as taking narrations out of context, assigning unintended meanings, or promoting narrations that instill fear or encourage isolation. The research provides examples, such as relying solely on hadiths of divine warning, or spreading unfounded statements like “poverty is my pride,” and misinterpreting hadiths on jihad.The study also discusses scholars’ efforts to correct these perceptions through three main approaches: authenticating narrations, analyzing textual contexts, and addressing misinterpretation. It concludes that correcting hadith perceptions is both a religious and social necessity, contributing to individual peace, social cohesion, and the fight against extremist ideologies. The study recommends supporting academic institutions and educational programs to highlight authentic Sunnah and connect younger generations to it with awareness and balance.

As for after:
By the grace of God Almighty, He has blessed me with His mercy and opened my chest to study and understand His Noble Book, follow its pearls and dive into the meanings of its stories, and extract lessons and morals from them. My choice fell, praise be to God, on the story of the Samaritan mentioned in Surah Taha from verses (85 to 98), so it was the title of this research of mine. In order to shorten the content of the summary of the research, I touched upon in its folds the life of the Samaritan with all its precise details that were included in the interpretive and historical books I have given weight to the differing opinions, and in the second section I have explained the Quranic studies on the story from all its doctrinal, legal, moral and educational aspects. Then, in the third section, I began to delve into explaining the verses that I mentioned, with an interpretive explanation that would make it easy for the reader to understand. Then I followed that work with a conclusion in which I summarized the most important results of the research, and praise be to God

Abstract
Abū Naṣr al-Qāsim b. Muḥammad al-Wāsiṭī (d. 469 AH) occupies a noteworthy position in the linguistic scholarship of the fifth century AH. While not as widely cited as the major authorities of Arabic grammar, his works nonetheless reveal a distinctive engagement with phonological and morphological questions, warranting critical reassessment.This study examines al-Wāsiṭī’s approach to issues such as *imāla* (vowel tilting), lengthening and shortening, assimilation, and articulation, as well as his observations on pluralization, diminutives, and *nisba* derivation. Although his analyses display a high degree of precision and sensitivity to linguistic variation, they also raise questions about methodological consistency and theoretical coherence when compared with the frameworks of leading grammarians like Sibawayh and Ibn Jinnī.By situating his views within broader scholarly debates, the paper highlights both the originality and the limitations of al-Wāsiṭī’s contribution. His legacy lies less in offering a systematic linguistic theory and more in providing insightful, sometimes divergent, readings that enrich our understanding of the development of phonological and morphological thought in Arabic.

Abstract
The significance of this study lies in its focus on a relatively obscure yet noteworthy scholar who has not received a comprehensive biographical entry despite his intellectual merit. It also revives a concise grammatical text that exemplifies the nature of classical educational manuals, distinguished by its eloquent style and precise construction. The research seeks to introduce the figure of Sheikh Uthman al-Alashahri and his valuable grammatical work titled al-Umda al-Wafiya wa al-Zubda al-Shafiya fi al-Qawaid al-Nahwiyya, accompanied by a rigorous scholarly edition of the manuscript.The primary aim of this study is to critically edit al-Alashahri’s grammatical manuscript, examine his methodological approach, and clarify his unique structural division based on amil (agent), maamul (object), and i‘rab (inflection), as opposed to the conventional classification centered on nominatives, accusatives, genitives, and other syntactic categories. The study reveals that the author intentionally pursued brevity and conciseness, avoiding extensive elaboration and grammatical disputes—indicating his aim to produce a concise educational manual rather than a detailed or argumentative treatise.The adopted methodology combines descriptive and analytical approaches. The researcher arrived at several key findings, most notably that the text stands as one of the concise and sufficient grammatical manuals, marked by its distinctive structural methodology and avoidance of digression and disagreement. Furthermore, the attribution of the work to its author is confirmed by an explicit statement found within the manuscript itself. The text also reflects the author's exceptional ability to convey grammatical concepts in a succinct and precise scholarly language.

Abstract
The goal of the researcher was to design a set of teaching plans in accordance with the aesthetic education model, aimed at developing artistic skills among students in the Fine Arts Department at the Institute of Fine Arts. These teaching plans were implemented to examine their effectiveness in practice.To this end, the researcher selected an objective sample from the original population of the Institute of Fine Arts / Diyala for Girls, specifically from the Ceramics Branch of the Fine Arts Department. The sample consisted of 22 students in each division, drawn from the academic year 2023–2024.Regarding Hypothesis 2, the analysis of results revealed the presence of two distinct values for the variable (j), along with another variable (l). However, the statement ends abruptly. For clarity and completeness, the statistical results and their interpretation—particularly regarding the values of (j) and (l)—should be fully detailed to support or refute the stated hypothesis.

Research summary: The study aimed to identify the reality of the use of constructivist learning strategies in the colleges of education at the University of Iraq from the perspective of teachers of the Holy Quran and Islamic Education. To achieve this, a research sample of (45) participants (32) male and (13) female teachers) was selected intentionally from the colleges of education at the University of Iraq. The researcher used a questionnaire to measure the reality of the use of constructivist learning strategies, which consisted of (50) items distributed across seven domains. Appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that: The application of constructivist learning strategies contributes to university students' enjoyment of the cognitive process when shared between them and their peers, which increases their motivation and determination to learn through discussion and participation with their peers. This confirms, and is closer to reality, that students increase their achievement and development through constructivist learning with their peers. This not only increases academic achievement, but also instills leadership skills in the student's social traits

Abstract
The current study aimed to test the feasibility of a formulated educational program that utilizes group discussion to improve the academic achievement of second-year middle school students in the Islamic Education course. A low-control experimental approach was adopted, using two groups: the first, a test group, taught the subject using the proposed design, and the second, a control group, taught the subject using the traditional method. Each group consisted of (25) second-year middle school students. The study concluded that the proposed program contributed to increasing the academic achievement of the experimental group to a level that exceeded that of the control group. The study also concluded that the program led to an increase in the scores of the experimental group students compared to the pre-test.

Abstract
The current research aims to analyze the content of the geography book for the fifth literary grade in light of the habits of mind to determine the extent of their availability. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach as a methodology for her research and adopted the content analysis method. To achieve the research objective, the researcher prepared (the research tool) a content analysis questionnaire in which she relied on the dimensions of the habits of mind according to the classification of (Costa and Kallick, 2000). It consisted of (16) mental habits in order to analyze the content of the geography book in light of them. The tool was presented to a group of arbitrators to express their opinions and observations about the tool, and it obtained an approval rate of 80% or more. Reliability was extracted using Holstley's equation for the tool. The content of the book was analyzed using the idea within the sentence or text as the unit of analysis. After calculating the frequencies for each of the habits of mind within the content, the researcher extracted several results, namely:
1. The content of the geography book for the fifth grade, literature, contains a set of different habits of mind in the form of disseminated ideas, not directly. The total frequencies calculated for each habit indicate that the habits of "questioning and posing problems," "struggling for accuracy," and "perseverance" obtained the highest frequency within the book's content, ranking first (16.06%), second (13.3%), and third (12.69%), respectively, indicating their presence throughout the book's content.
2. The habit of "finding humor" ranked last, with no frequencies and a 0% frequency, indicating its absence within the book's content.
3. The remaining habits of mind varied in their frequencies and percentages, with a higher value than the habit of "finding humor," indicating their presence in varying degrees. After presenting the results, the researcher made several recommendations and suggestions.

Research Abstract
The present study aims to explore the extent to which creative thinking skills are embedded in the questions of the Quran and Islamic Education textbook for the first intermediate grade in Iraq.The research employed the descriptive-analytical approach using the content analysis method, as it aligns with the research objectives. The study sample consisted of all the questions found in the Quran and Islamic Education textbook for the first intermediate grade, totaling 162 questions.The researcher developed a research instrument to identify the types of creative thinking skills, based on a review of relevant literature and previous studies. The validity of the instrument was verified by presenting it to a panel of experts in curricula, teaching methods, psychology, and educational measurement and evaluation.The final version of the instrument included five main creative thinking skills. The researcher analyzed all the textbook questions using explicit ideas and frequency as units of analysis. Cooper’s formula was used to calculate the reliability coefficient of the analysis through agreement with both an external analyst and the researcher herself over time. In addition, Chi-square, residuals, frequencies, and percentages were employed to process the data.The results indicated that the Quran and Islamic Education textbook for the first intermediate grade received the highest percentage of repeated skills.In light of the findings, the researcher proposed several recommendations, including:Giving greater attention to incorporating creative thinking skills in the questions of Quran and Islamic Education textbooks for the intermediate stage in a balanced manner.Organizing seminars and conferences for supervisors and teachers of Quran and Islamic Education to introduce them to creative thinking skills and the importance of applying them.
The research also offered several suggestions, including:Conducting an analytical study of ministerial exam questions for the intermediate and preparatory stages to determine the extent to which they include creative thinking skills.Carrying out an evaluative study of Quran and Islamic Education textbook questions across various educational stages in light of creative thinking skills.

Abstract
Here, I invoke the phrase of the German philosopher Schiller 1805- 1759(when he said, “Man is truly human only when he plays,” as was referenced by the translator of The Psychology of Play within the World of Knowledge series. Play is no longer seen as mere frivolity, aimlessness, or unproductive activity. Instead, it is viewed as a cornerstone for the holistic development of a child’s personality across stages of lifeThe th century has often been referred to as the20 “Century of the Child,” where every aspect of a child’s personality was studied. While play is a natural human phenomenon practiced by individuals of all ages, it is especially central during childhood. A child finds tranquility and rest only when eating or sleeping; otherwise, they are actively engaged in play. With the dawn of the21 st century and the rapid advancements in modern technology, the development of games has reached unprecedented levels.This calls for an approach where the child’s capabilities are nurtured in a way that ensures healthy growth, starting with self-realization and extending to interactions with their environment. This includes understanding objects, engaging with peers, and fostering cognitive, psychological, and social development. Modern perspectives on play emphasize its role as a means of exploring the surrounding world. Play serves as a genuine indicator of a child’s vitality, especially given that human childhood differs from that of other living beings. Human childhood extends for a significantly longer period, necessitating considerable attention as it lays the foundation for future behavior.Between providing enjoyment for the child—an important goal in itself—and utilizing play in later stages of childhood, particularly when entering preschool and school, the importance of employing play emerges. Play should be harnessed to spark curiosity and passion in children. Thus, the need arose to integrate play into teaching and learning processes as an essential tool for fostering all aspects of a child’s personality.Play contributes to memory growth, enhances cognitive abilities and imagination, builds self-confidence, and teaches children how to navigate situations independently. It also helps them learn indirectly to respect rules, cooperate with others, and acknowledge others’ rights. Various interpretations of play—from viewing it as an outlet for excess energy to theories suggesting that play recapitulates the stages of human evolution—alongside behavioral, cognitive, and psychoanalytic perspectives, have all underscored its importance.Educators and pedagogues have concluded that play must be a cornerstone of upbringing and education. Play, at its core, helps alleviate anxiety in children. Nothing can achieve this as effectively as play. Moreover, play can reveal a child’s thoughts and feelings. For instance, when asked to draw their family, a child who depicts everyone inside the house except for one member outside may be expressing feelings of loneliness. A child afraid of the dentist might repeatedly play games where they act as the dentist.The famous saying, “I hear, and I forget; I see, and I remember; I do, and I understand,” highlights the necessity of providing children with numerous opportunities to gain experiences and skills through repetition, imitation, and experimentation. These activities help them understand their world and broaden their horizons. When children play together, they learn communication, negotiation, emotional expression, and conflict resolution.From the above, it becomes imperative to employ play in teaching methods, especially modern ones, to achieve dual goals: learning and enjoyment. This approach fulfills children’s natural needs while delivering knowledge in an engaging and exciting way, contributing to their comprehensive development across all dimensions

The current research seeks to answer the question raised by the researcher:What is the possibility of employing constructivist cognitive theory to understand the elements of artwork among students at the Institute of Fine Arts?Therefore, the research community consisted of (140) students at the Institute of Fine Arts, distributed across (6) art departments. A random sample of (20) students was selected from these students. The experiment was applied to them after dividing them into two groups, (10) students per group. Using the Mann-Whitney test, statistical data were processed after administering the cognitive and skill achievement tests for the "Elements of Artwork" course. The researcher found that there were statistically significant differences between the members of the two groups (experimental and control) in favor of the experimental group.1- Students in the experimental group outperformed their peers in the control group on the cognitive achievement test prepared for the "Elements of Artwork" course after acquiring the educational experiences derived from constructivist cognitive theory.2- The students of the experimental group outperformed their peers, the students of the control group, in the skill test prepared for the subject of elements of artistic

Abstract
The current research aims to identify the level of possession of visual thinking skills by first-year middle school students according to the gender variable, and the statistically significant relationship between visual thinking skills and achievement in physics. A number of hypotheses were derived from the research objectives. The research sample consisted of (200) male and female students from middle and secondary schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Al-Karkh III - Al-Taji and Al-Tarmiyah Department, and a research tool was prepared that included (30) A multiple-choice paragraph distributed over five skills (recognizing and describing the shape, analyzing the shape, linking relationships in the shape, perceiving and interpreting ambiguity, extracting meanings), then the psychometric properties of the test were extracted, and after applying the test and using the appropriate statistical means, it was concluded that the first grade students, males and females, possessed an approximate amount of visual thinking skills in physics, as well as the existence of a statistically significant correlation between visual thinking skills and achievement in physics, and the researcher came up with a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The research aims to investigate the effectiveness of an instructional program based on the principles of green chemistry in enhancing chemical literacy among students of the Chemistry Department. The research population consisted of fourth-year students in chemistry departments at Colleges of Education across all Iraqi public universities. The research sample was drawn from fourth-year students in the Chemistry Department at the College of Education – Iraqi University, with (20) male and female students assigned to the experimental group, who studied analytical chemistry using the instructional program, and (20) male and female students assigned to the control group, who studied the same subject using the traditional method. The two groups were matched according to several variables. The researcher developed the instructional program and constructed a chemical literacy scale, which was administered after the experimental period. The data were statistically analyzed, and results showed that the experimental group significantly outperformed the control group on the chemical literacy scale. Based on these findings, the researcher presented several recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The aim of the research was to identify the effectiveness of the dual inquiry cycle on mathematics achievement among fourth-year science students and the development of their reciprocal thinking. The experimental approach was followed and applied to a sample of 64 students distributed into two groups, each consisting of 32 students. The experimental group studied using the dual inquiry cycle, while the control group studied using the traditional method. The research tools were a multiple-choice achievement test with 40 items, each with four alternatives, and a reciprocal thinking test with 30 items, each with three alternatives. Both tests were validated, reliable, and had psychometric properties. The results showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in the achievement test and the reciprocal thinking test. Among the research recommendations is to instruct specialized supervision to encourage mathematics teachers to adopt modern teaching strategies such as the dual inquiry cycle, as it plays a role in developing achievement and reciprocal thinking. The training department at the General Directorate of Education is also instructed to hold training courses and workshops for mathematics teachers on applying the steps of the dual inquiry cycle in teaching.

Abstract:
The study adopted a geographical analysis of air quality with a number of gases resulting from highly toxic combustion sources from several sources in Samawah District, represented by industrial activities and fuel stations. These gases were considered an indicator of air pollution in the study area after comparing them with environmental determinants, by measuring five types of gases represented by Nitrous Oxide (N2O), Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN), Ethanol (C2H6O), Isopropylamine (C3H9N), Phosphine (PH3), after installing monitoring and measurement sites (13 sites), where the measurement was carried out in two seasons (summer - July) and (winter - January), distributed geographically to cover most of the studied area with (13 sites), the gas values showed a clear spatial variation, in addition to their temporal variation, as they witnessed an increase in their levels in the summer, with the exception of gas Nitrogen oxide.

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify:
1-Identify the reality of the culture of dialogue between spouses
2-Identify the relationship between the culture of dialogue between spouses and confronting family problems.
3-Identify the positive effects of dialogue between spouses
4-Identify the obstacles to dialogue between spouses
To achieve the research objectives, the researchers relied on the following:-Due to the lack of a scale representing the research sample, the researcher built a scale of the culture of dialogue between spouses based on studies The previous and the theory adopted in this research, as 31 paragraphs were formulated to measure the culture of dialogue between spouses. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher applied the scale to a sample of (100) married women of different ages for the year 2024-2025 The data was then analyzed using the statistical package (spss) computer program, and the results were as follows:
The absence of dialogue between spouses leads to an exacerbation of family problems, while effective dialogue contributes to strengthening family stability and proper upbringing of children. The research reached the following results:
• There is a significant relationship between direct dialogue and improved family relations.
• The wife's higher education contributes to supporting dialogue.
• There is no significant relationship between the duration of marriage and the effectiveness of dialogue.

Friendships are close relationships that involve companionship and affection. In children's early years, companionship is manifested in seeking closeness, spending time, and having fun together. Intimacy—that is, sharing, closeness, and self-disclosure between friends—can be difficult to observe in very young children's relationships. However, we find that children experience intimacy in pretend play. Indeed, the themes of play, particularly those that occur in the spaces they interact with and share with their playmates, may reflect their own fears, interests, and concerns.The "place where friendships are practiced" for children is associated with the development of other skills. The two (the place where friendships are made and the place where skills are developed) have a meaningful two-way relationship. Acquiring and developing certain cognitive, social, and emotional skills enables children to achieve a more complex and sophisticated understanding of the needs, thoughts, and feelings of others. These developments, in turn, help children build friendships. At the same time, forming friendships and spending time together also enables the development of further cognitive, social, and emotional skills. Therefore, the current research aims to identify the following objectives:
1-To identify the level of the concept of Friendship of place among kindergarten children.
2-To identify differences in the level of the concept of Friendship of place among kindergarten children according to the gender variable. In order to reach the results of the current research objectives, the researcher constructed a test consisting of (6) domains that define the concept of Friendship of place as stated in the hexagonal framework model for the dimensions of Friendship of place. Accordingly, the test consisted of (18) items divided into six domains. The researcher also recruited (200) boys and girls from the preparatory stage, representing the (statistical analysis sample). The psychometric characteristics of the test were then extracted. The researcher then recruited another sample, representing the (application sample), from which the research results were extracted by testing. After analyzing the sample's responses, the research results revealed the following:
1-The research sample had a high level of the concept of Friendship of place.
2- There was no effect of the gender variable on the high level of the concept of Friendship of place among kindergarten children.

Abstract:
This geographical work aims to research (modeling the change of climate elements and their impact on the cases of vegetation cover density in Al-Muthanna Governorate). In order to show the results in their quantitative forms, data from multiple sources were used, including: data of the climatic elements of the Samawah station and some of the climatic control stations, including (Diwaniya, Najaf, and Nasiriyah). This data is part of a series spanning four (44) years of micro-climatic cycles (1977-2020). The research relied on the evidence of climatic-statistical methods to examine trends and identify their changes, using the analytical approach in analyzing climate statistical data temporally and spatially analyzing the results of satellite visuals.The research concluded that there is a clear trend in the rise in temperatures. The percentage of change towards warming in the minimum temperature is (12.8 +), which is higher than the percentage of maximum temperature changes (5.1 +)%. (+11.6)%, the water deficit is (12.0+)%, and the relative humidity decreases (-10.6)%, despite the increase in extreme rainfall amounts by (21.3+)%.And when modeling the relationship between the climatic elements and the vegetation cover area tested by two visual differences for the years 1993 and 2009 for a period before and after the events of climate change indicators, the study concluded that there is a discrepancy in the vegetation cover area between the past and the present, as it became clear from the analysis of (NDVI) values that the cover area The very dense vegetation decreases by (-0.3)% and the dense (-5.6)%, and the barren land area increases to (18.5+)%.Understanding the patterns of vegetation cover and its intensity due to climate change is very important due to the emergence of the problem of vegetation decline in Al-Muthanna Governorate; Therefore, it is necessary to follow up on the spatial differences in the decline of vegetation cover, and to pay attention to them when planning environmental policies, and to reduce them by means of adaptation and the development of vegetation and agricultural cover

Abstract
The funerary system in Iraq is a profound reflection of the intellectual and spiritual systems that prevailed in its ancient civilizations, such as the Sumerian, Babylonian, and Assyrian. Its influences have continued in subsequent eras, even to the present day. From a philosophical perspective, this system reveals the complex relationship between man and death, and an existential understanding that links the body, soul, and destiny after death

Summary
After the December 2011 revolution, the Egyptian government focused on improving political, security, military, and economic relations with Tanzania. Both countries share a historic relationship, as both are founding members of the Organization of African Unity and members of the African Union. The two countries have strong political ties dating back to the era of the two historic leaders, Gamal Abdel Nasser and Julius Nyerere. The relationship between the two countries is built on a solid historical legacy. There is extensive cooperation in the field of combating terrorism, which is considered one of the greatest challenges facing African countries.

Abstract:
This research aims primarily to improve the industrial performance of the Iraqi medical products factory and reduce the costs associated with internal failure by adopting the best industrial practices based on the 5S system. In light of this, the research problem was diagnosed by determining the extent of the impact of applying the 5S system on reducing the costs of internal failure in the Iraqi medical products factory. How can this system contribute to improving production efficiency and reducing costs resulting from errors and factors that lead to internal failure. The researcher relied on the analytical survey method, by distributing questionnaire forms to employees of the General Company for Textile and Leather Industries, specifically in the medical products factory, as (130) questionnaire forms were distributed and (127) questionnaire forms were retrieved, while the number of questionnaire forms valid for measurement and analysis reached (119) forms. The research concluded with a set of conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which was that the application of the 5S system in the medical products factory helped create an organized environment, as tools and materials were classified and arranged in a way that reduces the risks associated with contamination or failure in production, which contributed to reducing internal failure. The most important recommendations of the research were the necessity of continuing the ongoing training programs for factory employees on the importance of adhering to the 5S system in medical work environments, as the training courses must include all job levels, from workers to supervisors, to ensure the effectiveness of the system in all departments.

ABSTRACT
The biological revolution largely predicts the destruction of the human being, or estimates its end as a normal human being known to humanity, as a result of the image of man that was shaken in the shadow of a revolution governed by biotechnology. Genetic engineering, biological cloning and the biological technologies that follow them appeared with the peak of biological research, where experimentation is allowed and experiments are applied to humans as well as animals, but there are important effects that played an important and effective role, as is the case in forensic evidence and in the field of genetics, which has changed the world at an increasingly rapid pace. Today, it is possible to analyze and modify DNA to conduct tests to detect and treat serious diseases before they threaten the patient's life. In the health framework, genetic engineering plays a very important role in diagnosing and detecting genetic diseases, to prevent them and treat them using modern methods

Abstract
The freedom to trade shares in the joint stock company has become a principle that embodies the true freedom of the shareholder, enabling him to join the company and withdraw from it whenever his interest so requires. But the absolute freedom of trading may lead to the waste of practical considerations required by the interest of the company or shareholders. This freedom must be restricted by restriction imposed by law to protect shareholders and the national economy from illegal speculation, which is known as legal restrictions including what is authorized by the legislator, such the inclusion of some conditions in the company’s basic law to protect it and its shareholders from the entry of an undesirable person, and this is what is known as agreement restrictions.

ABSTRACT
This study aims to shed light on the pivotal role played by the administrative responsibility of the state in Iraqi law, in addition to shedding light on the legal framework of the state's administrative responsibility in Iraq: The study aims to analyze the legal texts related to this responsibility, and to identify the foundations and principles on which it is based. At the end of the study, the researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which were: The evolution of the concept of administrative responsibility in Iraq: It turns out that the administrative responsibility of the state in Iraqi law has witnessed a remarkable development over the years, both at the level of legislation and at the level of administrative justice

Summary
The aspiration to ards achieving sustainable development should be ithin an economic policy based on a strategy ith a dynamic and purposeful content. It also depends on ho to localize advanced technologies to achieve economic gro th and social development. Digital development ill play a crucial role in the transformation to ards a digital economy, and ill create opportunities for the use of information and communication technologies in all sectors. In fact, this transformation ill result in tangible economic gro th that ill increase the opportunities available for social development based on an intelligent society, in hich ICT tools are employed in all decisions. Hence the idea of this research as founded. It as built on the premise that: The establishment of smart societies based on the use of information and communication technologies in making their decisions is based on digital development, hich leads to a digital economy that achieves sustainable development. The research dealt ith t o main aspects: the first relates to the components of the digital economy, from the supply side and from the demand side. As for the second: it is related to the position of the Arab countries, and ill they stand ithin the digital development, or outside it? and ho to face potential challenges during the transition process. The research concluded that the option to move is necessary, being that digital development ill be the pillar of sustainable development no and in the future, due to the availability of its requirements of human, material, and financial resources in most of these countries. The research also reached a number of recommendations, the most important of hich are: Adopting a plan that takes into account the compatibility bet een the needs of each country and its capabilities in the transition to ards a digital economy, an effective contribution from the private sector, an increase in spending on research and development in information and communication technology and its infrastructure, and the expansion of government programs e-commerce, empo ering omen, increasing the intensity of foreign and local investments and directing them to ards the transfer of information and communication technology.

Abstract
The research aimed to analyze the current state of the rule of law in Iraqi administrative law, as well as to identify the challenges that weaken the rule of law in this field. The research followed a descriptive methodology. One of the most important findings of the research was that the principle of administrative decentralization is one of the fundamental pillars for strengthening the rule of law in Iraq. The Iraqi Constitution grants governorates not organized into a region extensive administrative and financial powers, enabling them to manage their affairs more effectively. The research recommended that cooperation between the federal government and the Kurdistan Regional Government is essential to enhancing the rule of law. Joint committees should be formed, and comprehensive national strategies should be developed to promote transparency and justice in the application of the law

Abstract:
The research aims to examine the impact of employing cybersecurity practices on enhancing journalists’ career advancement and to explain how adherence to digital security measures contributes to improving performance efficiency, increasing promotion opportunities, and strengthening institutional recognition. The study also seeks to identify the main obstacles that hinder the application of cybersecurity standards within media organizations and to analyze the relationship between journalists’ academic qualifications and their level of employing these skills in their professional environment. The research adopted the descriptive analytical method and relied on a questionnaire as the main data collection tool, utilizing statistical analysis techniques via SPSS to interpret the findings. The study concluded that employing cybersecurity practices has a statistically significant impact on enhancing journalists’ professional progress. The results showed that commitment to security measures contributes to improving professional reputation, expanding promotion prospects, and increasing institutional trust. Additionally, the findings revealed that lack of training, insufficient organizational support, and the high costs of digital tools are the main barriers to adopting these practices. The results also demonstrated that higher academic qualifications are positively associated with increased utilization of cybersecurity, highlighting the importance of investing in academic and professional development for journalistic staff.

Abstract
War has had its abundant share of technological development, as the world witnessed a new type of arms race, which has become a title in international relations, and a standard by which the balance of deterrence between countries is measured. The arms race is no longer a military term based on the accumulation of aircraft, cannons, tanks, or weapons of mass destruction only, but rather is based on the creation and development of electronic programs prepared for military purposes, known as cyber.Many international or non-international armed conflicts have emerged from the arms race, and are sponsored by international humanitarian law, which is designed to deal with conventional and non-conventional subjects of international law that use conventional means and methods of combat.It also combines two ideas that are different in nature, one of which is legal and the second is moral, especially humanity, which has found its way into this law. The world has witnessed several generations of wars to date, and each generation has its characteristics in terms of the types of weapons used, the nature of plans, tactics, strategies, battlefields, etc.The cyber attacks carried out by Israel recently led to an escalation in events, igniting the spark of war, and fueling the conflict. It was necessary to confront this event and analyze its repercussions on the Arab-Israeli conflict, represented by the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah. The extent to which this attack affected the party’s ranks in the conflict and its morale, and what was Hezbollah’s response and perceptions of the outcomes of the conflict in the region. Will it lead to repercussions that ignite the fuse of war on a broader scale? What is the analysis of Hezbollah’s ability to confront these attacks and how to avoid their dangers

Abstract
This article begins by reviewing the concept of empowering leadership and summarizes its definition from the perspectives of several researchers. The current article demonstrates that empowering leadership consists of several values: integrity, collaboration, flexibility, dedication, innovation, and meaning. The value of integrity in empowering leadership refers to the honesty and consistency of values and adopted behaviors. Enabling collaborative leadership is essential to fostering an environment that supports collaboration at work. Resilience in leadership is demonstrated through flexible leadership and can enhance employees' capabilities, enabling them to contribute to the company's development in a more progressive direction. Dedicated leaders work altruistically and are confident in what they do, the goals they want to achieve, and how to achieve them. Innovative leaders are willing to learn and change, and are willing to invest in learning and transforming the existing mindsets of individuals, teams, and organizations. Meaningful leadership is characterized by leadership that possesses high-quality intellectual, social, and ethical capabilities and has a positive impact on employee performance.

Abstract.
This study analyses the international mass media's representation of two serious global issues, specifically women's rights and the refugee crisis in Europe, through the Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) approach. By using Fairclough's three-dimensional model in addition to Van Dijk's socio-cognitive approach, the research examines how language tone, choices, and framing strategies shape ideological narratives and public opinion in six news articles from CNN, Al Jazeera, Reuters, BBC, The Guardian, and Fox News. The results show the analysis that representation in media texts is powerfully and strongly influenced by the ideological position of each outlet, with framing tendencies varying depending on the goals of editorial and political orientation. Progressive media Articles tend to frame attackable groups as subjects of struggle or victims worth defending, while conservative media reinforce and strengthen threat narratives and an affirmation on national stability. These findings approve that news article texts are biased and not neutral but reflect and reproduce power relations through discursive products. This research contributes to the literature on linguistics especially critical discourse analysis and media studies by highlighting the importance of discourse literacy in understanding the dynamics of representation and ideology in global news articles

Abstract
Metaphor is one of the most well-known ideas that deals with figurative and nonliteral language. Unlike the cognitive and conceptual metaphor theory of Lakoff and Johnson (1980a), which defines metaphor as comprehending abstract notions (target domain) in terms of more concrete concepts (source domain), other theories view metaphor as a linguistic instrument. The primary component of our conceptual system, conceptual metaphor, is the cognitive phenomena that is the subject of this study. Complex and abstract ideas are realized and expressed in terms of concrete ones through the use of metaphor. The methodical mappings between the two domains are necessary for conceptual metaphor. The metaphors of plants in Iraqi proverbs are examined in this study. It seeks to identify the foundations and purposes of these metaphors as well as abstract ideas that are conceptualized or comprehended by concrete ideas of plant-related phrases in Iraqi proverbs. The study makes the assumption that a wide range of abstract ideas are conceptualized and comprehended in terms of terms connected to plants. In addition, experience and culture are used as the foundation for metaphors. Data for the study comes from native speakers of Iraqi. Both literal and non-literal translations are used for the data. The study adopts Lakoff and Johnson‟s Metaphors We Live by (1980) strategies The study concludes that the ability of conceptual metaphor theory (henceforth: CMT) contributes to reveal various abstract concepts which are understood in terms of more concrete concepts. In addition, experience and cultural values play a role in motivating the metaphorical conceptualization

Abstract
The current study examines the use of ambiguity strategies in crisis apologies issued by digital platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Zoom and Google. By a socio-pragmatic analysis of 10 official apologies, the accountability gaps created via linguistic strategies are examined. The analysis reveals the employment of three main strategies: (1) the use of imprecise expressions like “some users”, (2) responsibility shifting through nominalized terms such as “misunderstanding,” and (3) a change in tone from empathetic to formal. These strategies even vary depending on the nature of the crisis where ethical breaches tend to establish long yet evasive apologies, whereas technical problems are addressed with shorter but similarly vague statements. The study concludes that the apologies serve primarily to protect corporate reputation rather than to provide sincere acknowledgment

Abstract
This paper attempts to read Americanah by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie as a postcolonial feminist situation in which racial identity and feminist voice co-construct each other within transnational situations. The aim is to explain how the novel transforms "voice" into a method that renders racialised experiences legible and contestable. The problem addressed is the absence of an integrated account that treats embodiment, identity positioning, and discourse as one process rather than separate themes. Methodologically, this paper employs a qualitative, interpretive close reading as part of a triadic approach that combines a lens of postcolonial feminism, racial identification, and the text of feminist voice, utilising reflexive coding and memoing to maintain the transparency of any analysis decisions made. Using the tenets of theory-guided sampling, four sites of narrative data were selected: salon and hair politics, blog discourse, workplace and intimacy scenes, and the homecoming to Lagos. These sites were subsequently analysed through iterative annotation, thematic coding, and textual evidence triangulation, guided by the relevant theories. The findings indicate that hair/salon episodes stage embodied identity as domination and put up resistance; the blog serves as a counter-discourse, whereby observation is converted into a narrative authority; work and intimacy scenes represent mimicry and hybridity as conflicting paths to recognition. Comparative experiments with the model between African and diasporic texts are recommended, as is the extension of digital-voice analysis to larger bodies of texts, and pedagogical compositions that juxtapose embodied voice (hair politics) with digital voice (blog writing

Abstract
The purpose of the current study is to examine the effect of semantic vocabulary mapping strategy in reporting news for Media department students . An experimental design was adopted in this research. A sample of 54 students were chosen at random way from Collage of Arts Tikrit university fourth stage during the 2023–2024 academic year that represent 60% of the total enrollment. The sample consists of two groups: the experimental and control groups. The both groups received instruction in reporting news ,but with experimental group by using semantic vocabulary mapping strategy which included thematically organizing media vocabulary around core news concepts. And utilizing Coggle application for constructing and presenting semantic vocabulary maps while the control group has received instruction via the conventional method. An achievement test has been applied to the two groups. The findings demonstrate that reporting news skills in the classroom with semantic vocabulary mapping strategy is more successful than doing so with the conventional method. The research ends with some concludes.
Key words: Semantic Vocabulary Mapping, Mapping Strategy, Coggle, Reporting News .

Abstract:
This research seeks to study the most important holy places in both the Hindu religion and the Islamic religion, using a religious and cultural comparison approach, with the aim of understanding the doctrinal and symbolic dimensions of those places, and their role in shaping the religious and cultural foundations of the followers of each religion.On the Islamic side, the research deals with the three places that have the highest degrees of holiness, which are: the Grand Mosque in Mecca, the Prophet’s Mosque in Medina, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Holy Jerusalem, indicating their place in the Islamic faith and rituals, and their role in the spiritual unity of Muslims.
As for Hinduism, the research sheds light on places such as the Ganges River and the city of Varanasi, and major temples such as the Kashi, Jagnath, Ayodhya, and others, explaining their relationship to Hindu mythology, and their connection to beliefs in purification and rebirth.The research seeks to point out the similarities and differences between the two religions in glorifying the holy places, in terms of the doctrinal background, symbolic connotations, and their functions in religious and social life, while highlighting the particularities that distinguish each religion in its vision of the holy and the place

ABSTRACT
This research is an attempt to explore the development of the Prophetic Sunnah through the various stages it has gone through that contributed to its preservation. It examines how the Sunnah evolved and was safeguarded over time, beginning with the initial stage in which the sayings of the Prophet (peace be upon him) were written down by the Companions in the form of separate scrolls. In this stage, the concept of writing is defined both linguistically and technically, along with the hadiths related to permission and prohibition of writing, the number of Companions who engaged in writing during that period, and an approximate count of the recorded hadiths.The research then discusses the next stage, where these individual scrolls were compiled into an organized collection, known as the stage of official documentation. This phase includes a definition of documentation linguistically and technically, its timeframe, and the authority that initiated it.Following this, the study moves to the phase of classification, where the documented hadiths were organized according to subject matter. This part includes a definition of classification in both linguistic and technical terms, the types of classifications, and the most notable scholars who contributed to this field.The final stage discussed in the research is the modern phase of electronic digitization, which involves preserving the hadiths digitally, indexing them, and entering their data into comprehensive digital encyclopedias that facilitate access for researchers. The study highlights the most prominent programs and digital platforms that have served the Sunnah.Throughout the research, effort has been made to clearly distinguish between each of these developmental phases, and to address the well-known controversy surrounding the permissibility of writing the Prophet’s hadiths during his lifetime

Summary:
During the Mamluk era, warships represented one of the manifestations of power and prestige at the time, as a result of the internal conflicts that Egypt witnessed, which encouraged the sultans to fortify their country with military referees with its various elements, walls, castles, doors, towers, and bodies. The Mamluks is the seat of their rule, in addition to the availability of many basic ingredients that in turn helped the development of architecture and follow it forward. The Mamluks' interest in developing building methods, including relying on the planning method before starting construction, besides the availability of basic building materials that contributed a great contribution to preserving the basic shape of the building in addition to the great role to provide engineering experiences alongside architects who created in designs Those buildings, as the Mamluk Military Architecture underwent many of the previous civilizational influences, most notably the Seljuk and Ayosan influences that played a great role and paved the way for this development by introducing their urban methods in addition to the Mamluk ideas that they worked to satisfy and update in various ways. They derive from the Seljuks various methods of decoration and inscriptions, as well as their inheritance of many Ayyubid war facilities that they worked to develop and renew, so they gathered the durability and strength on the one hand, softness and lack of exaggeration on the other hand. The importance of the topic lies in touching on many aspects that have a great impact in the development of the Mamluk Military Urbanization and through the follow -up of historical and modern sources, we notice the war urban diversity in Egypt, specifically Cairo, which the Mamluks subjected to urbanism and renewal in addition to the enjoyment of those elements with aesthetic values that are very amazing. Rather, they are control symbols that reflect the extent of strength and great attention by the sultansThe research consists of two sections: The first section: The components of military architecture during the Mamluk era. The first axis: The concept of architecture. The second axis included: The time and historical framework of the Mamluk state in Egypt. The third axis included: The characteristics of military architecture in Egypt during the Mamluk era. The fourth axis: The construction materials that the Mamluks relied on in building their military buildings. The fifth axis: The titles of the architects of the Mamluk era. The sixth axis: The role of the sultans in encouraging military architecture. As for the second section: The elements of military architecture in Egypt and the factors of its development during the Mamluk era. The first axis: Models of Mamluk military architecture. First: Walls. Second: Towers. Third: Castles. Fourth: Gates. The second axis: The factors affecting the development of Mamluk military architecture

Introduction
All praise is due to Allah. We praise Him and seek His help. We seek refuge in Him from the evils of our souls and the wickedness of our deeds. May blessings and peace be upon the one who taught us peace, and upon his noble family and companions. Now then... The phenomenon of terrorism is one of the oldest phenomena in history, from which peoples have suffered due to the devastation and fear it causes in the souls of humanity. According to the teachings of the Torah, Jews believe in the method of genocide against enemies, which includes every living soul, whether human, animal, or plant. Failure to implement these commandments incurs the wrath of the Lord, prevents His victory, and withholds His mercy and favor from His people. Rather, he leads them to destruction and afflicts them with defeat and loss. Moses’ commandment to his people before his death was: “And you shall devour all the nations that the Lord your God will deliver to you. Your eye shall not pity them, nor shall you serve their gods, for that would be a snare to you.” As it was stated in the matter of cutting down trees and crops: “When you besiege a city for many days, fighting against it to take it, you shall not destroy its trees by putting an axe to them, for you may eat of them. You shall not cut them down. For is a tree of the field a man, that he should go before you in the siege? But the tree which you know is not a tree for food, that you shall destroy and cut down and build a fortification.” “On the city that wages war with you until it falls.

Abstract:
This study aims to analyze the Iraqi public’s perception of how Iraqi newspapers covered the 1962 Evian Accords, which marked the end of French colonial rule in Algeria. The research adopts a descriptive analytical approach and relies on a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 200 respondents. The questionnaire focused on four axes: level of follow-up, influential newspapers, the nature of coverage, and the impact on political awareness. Findings revealed that most participants did not regularly follow newspaper coverage of the Evian Accords, and their assessment of newspapers such as Al-Bilad and Al-Zaman was largely negative. Results also indicated that Iraqi press discourse had little influence on shaping public positions regarding colonialism or Arab liberation issues. Over half the sample expressed neutrality or rejection of the coverage content. The study recommends digitizing Iraqi newspaper archives from the 1960s, encouraging comparative media discourse research in the Arab world, and developing accessible digital databases for analyzing national media performance.
Keywords: Iraqi Press, Evian Accords, Algerian Cause, Iraqi Public Opinion