Psychological Science

Abstract
The current research aims to identify:
1. weakness Indicators of cognitive integration from Iraqi university professors perspective
2. Differences in the weakness indicators of cognitive integration from the perspective of Iraqi university professors according to the gender variable (males - females).
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher constructed a questionnaire consisting of (23) items to identify indicators weakness of cognitive integration in Iraqi universities from the professors\' point of view. The questionnaire was applied to a research sample of (114) respondents from Iraqi university professors, both male and female, who were selected using a simple random sampling method. The responses were then statistically analyzed by calculating the weighted mean and percentage weight of the research sample\'s responses from university professors. The research results were as follows:
Item number (4): the Students\' focus on studying to obtain a degree without acquiring information’s and knowledge\" ranking first in importance with a weighted arithmetic mean of (3.68) and a percentage weight of (92%). This is certainly due to the prevailing view that some jobs require a university degree regardless of the acquired knowledge. Therefore, students\' primary concern has become obtaining a degree to secure a job to meet their living needs, which has significantly impacted the decline in the quality of education in Iraqi universities.
Item (10): \"Some researchers resorting to purchasing ready-made research that lacks scientific rigor\" ranking second in relative importance with a weighted arithmetic mean of (3.5) and a percentage weight of (87.5%). This is attributed to the researchers\' lack of awareness regarding the importance of scientific research and its role in deepening their understanding of their specialization. In light of these findings, the researcher made several recommendations.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify:
1- Self-guidance among educational counselors.
2- Persuasion among educational counselors.
3- The relationship between self-orientation and persuasion among educational counselors.
4-Differences in the relationship between self-orientation and persuasion according to the gender variable (males / females).
5-Differences in the relationship between self-orientation and persuasion according to the variable of marital status (single / married).
6-Differences in the relationship between self-orientation and persuasion according to the variable of the length of service (from one year - five years, from five - ten years, from ten and above).
To achieve the objectives of the research, the self-guidance scale prepared by Cloninger (1993) and the persuasion scale prepared by(Dainton,2005)
were adopted , and after extracting the psychometric properties of (validaty and stability) of the two scales, it was applied. On a sample of educational counselors affiliated to the second Karkh district in Baghdad, and after processing the data statistically, the following results were reached:
1- The percentage of individuals who have a high level of self-direction has reached (19%) of the total research sample was higher than the percentage of those who have a low level of (12.5%)
2- The percentage of individuals who have a high level of persuasion, amounting to (16%) and (67%) at an average level of the total research sample.
3- There is a statistically significant direct correlation between self-direction and persuasion.
4- There is a staisticaly significant difference in the relationship between self-direction and persuasion among educational counselors according to the gender variable in favor of males.
5- There is no staisticaly significant difference in the relationship between self-direction and persuasion among educational counselors according to the variable of social status.
6- There is no staisticaly significant difference in the relationship between self-direction and persuasion among educational counselors according to the age variable.

Abstract:
The current research aimed to identify the relationship between punitive silence, incomplete personality, and coping skills among a sample of male and female students from the College of Education for Pure Sciences - Ibn Al-Haitham (scientific specialization) and the College of Education for Humanities - Ibn Rushd (humanities specialization). The research sample consisted of (200) students who were selected by a simple random method. To achieve the research objectives, a punitive silence scale was constructed, comprising (40) items, an incomplete personality scale was constructed, comprising (23) items, and a coping skills scale based on (Wagnild and Young 1993), comprising (25) items. Psychometric properties were extracted from the validity and reliability of the items for each scale. The results showed that the research sample had an average level of punitive silence, an average level of incomplete personality, and a level of coping skills. Only the incomplete personality had a statistically significant direct contribution to punitive silence. The research came up with some proposals and recommendations, including:
1: Conducting Studies on punitive silence among samples other than students, including children and spouses, have been conducted. The researcher noted in her research that these two samples are frequently exposed to punitive silence.
2: The necessity of teaching children the art of dialogue so they do not become victims or practitioners of punitive silence

Abstract
The current research aims to determine the moral role of drama in cultivating creativity in the curricula of the hearing-impaired in kindergarten children, and to determine the moral differences between the average answers about the role of drama in in cultivating creativity in the curricula according to the variable of the type of hearing impairment.
The research sample consisted of (41) female teachers from the Deaf-Mute Institutes. The researcher relied on the descriptive approach to reach the research results. For this purpose, data was collected based on a tool that the researcher built. The tool consisted of (15) items, divided into two sections, namely “drama and creativity”. and the psychometric properties of the tool were extracted. After applying the tool items to the sample, its answers were analyzed according to the statistical program (SPSS). The research results indicated the following:
1- The curricula of the deaf-mute institutes have an impact on achieving creative drama among Preschool children.
2- The curricula of the deaf-mute institutes have an impact on children, especially those who suffer from conductive hearing loss, and then sensor neural hearing loss.

Abstract:

The current research aims to identify gratitude among university students, and the differences according to gender and specialization, as well as to identify emotional preparation among students, and the differences according to gender and specialization, in addition to identifying the correlation between gratitude and emotional preparation. To achieve this, the researcher used the descriptive correlational approach, and prepared a gratitude scale consisting of (22) items, and prepared an emotional preparation scale consisting of (24) items. The research sample was (150) male and female students from the Media College and Al-Khwarizmi Engineering College at the University of Baghdad, who were selected using a stratified random method. The results were that the students have gratitude, and there were no differences according to gender and specialization, in addition to the students have emotional preparation, and there were no differences according to specialization, but there were differences in gender in favor of males. The results showed a correlation between gratitude and emotional preparation for university students.

Abstract
The current study aims study to identify the level of seriousness at work and the stressful life events among kindergarten headmistresses, and the correlation between them. To achieve the aims of this study, the researcher developed tools to measure stressful life events and seriousness at work and verified their psychometric properties using appropriate statistical methods. The seriousness at work scale consisted of 22 items while the stressful life events scale included 19 items. The two scales were applied to a sample of 150 kindergarten headmistresses, randomly selected from kindergartens in both Al-Karakh and Al-Rasafa in Baghdad for the academic year 2024-2025.
After analyzing the results statically, the study reached the following results:
1. kindergarten headmistresses have a good level of seriousness at work.
2.High level of stressful life events among kindergarten headmistresses.
3. There is a correlation between stressful life events and seriousness at work.
In light of the results, the researcher presented several recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) has undergone significant developments since the mid-twentieth century, beginning as a research concept in 1956, evolving into expert systems and machine learning algorithms, and reaching its current advanced stage known as "Generative Artificial Intelligence" (Generative AI). The release of models such as GPT-3 and ChatGPT by OpenAI between 2020 and 2022 marked a pivotal shift in making these capabilities accessible to higher education users. Generative AI has become a tool widely employed by university students for various purposes, including essay writing, text summarization, idea organization, presentation creation, and programming support. This rapid adoption has sparked a growing interest among cognitive psychology researchers regarding the impact of these tools on mental processes, particularly on "metacognition." Metacognition refers to an individual's awareness of their cognitive processes, such as information organization, comprehension evaluation, learning planning, and cognitive performance regulation. The use of generative AI tools interacts with these processes in complex ways. Some students find that these tools enhance metacognitive awareness by enabling quick idea review, alternative generation, and critical evaluation of outputs. Conversely, others argue that excessive reliance on AI may lead to cognitive passivity or reduced self-monitoring if the tool is used as a substitute for thinking rather than as a stimulus. Therefore, the relationship between generative AI and metacognition is not unidirectional but depends on the nature of the student's use of the tool, their level of cognitive awareness, and their ability to assess and regulate their learning strategies effectively.

bstract
This research aims to study the effectiveness of a guidance program based on the \"think before acting\" strategy in reducing impulsive behavior among primary school students. The research used the quasi-experimental approach by designing two groups (experimental and control) with the application of two measurements (pre- and post-) on a purposive sample of (40) male and female students from the age group (9-11) years. The program, which consisted of (12) sessions over a period of six weeks, was implemented by the educational counselor. The results of the statistical analysis showed the presence of statistically significant differences between the average scores of the students in the experimental group and the students in the control group in the three dimensions of impulsive behavior and in the impulsive behavior scale as a whole, which indicates the effectiveness of the guidance program based on the \"think before acting\" strategy in reducing impulsive behavior. It also showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the average scores of boys’ school students and girls’ school students in the three dimensions of impulsive behavior and in the impulsive behavior scale as a whole after implementing the program, which indicates that the program had an almost the same effect on both schools despite the difference in environment and gender, which reflects the possibility of generalizing the program to different categories of students without gender bias. The study recommends supporting the training of counselors on effective cognitive behavioral strategies and expanding the application of the program to wider age groups.

Abstract
In light of the technological, cognitive, and cultural transformations characterizing the current century, and amid the new circumstances redefining the individual's relationship with his/her work imposing multiple roles based on the situations they face—"burnout" has emerged as a significant social phenomenon. It has gained notable attention in recent psychological studies, particularly in the social services sector. Universities are among the most vital educational institutions in any society due to their role as centers of knowledge and learning, as well as their contribution to the educational and scientific advancement in societies. From this perspective, the present study aims to identify the level of burnout among faculty members, specifically within the research centers affiliated with the University of Baghdad for the academic year 2024–2025. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and employed the Balt (2021) scale, which in its final form consists of 21 items with the following response options: (Never, A few times a year, Once a month, A few times a month, Once a week, A few times a week, Every day). To verify the validity of the items, the researcher presented them to five experts in the field using a questionnaire. Based on their feedback, all items were retained as they met the requirements of face validity. The scale was then administered to a sample drawn from the following centers: Revival of Scientific Heritage Center, Strategic and International Studies Center, Educational and Psychological Research Center, Women's Studies Center, and Market Research and Consumer Protection Center. A t-test was used to determine the level of burnout among the faculty members in these centers. The findings revealed that the sample experienced a statistically significant level of burnout at a significance level of (0.05).

Abstract
The current study aims to identifu emotional labor among employees, their in the work plac burnout, and the differencesbetween emotional labor and burnout among employees according to gender (males, females). It also aims to identifu the correlation between emotional labor and job burnout among employees, based on a random sample of (200) employees. The current study reached a set of results, including: that employees are characterized by high levels of emotional labor and job burnout, that there is no statistically significant difference in emotional labor and job burnout among employees according to gender, and that there is a statistically significant direct correlation relationship between emotional labor and job burnout among employees. A number of recommendations and suggestion were established.

Abstract
The current research targets university students, a crucial segment for building a promising future generation filled with hope, optimism, mental health, and healthy relationships. The research problem stems from the following main question:
What is the nature of ego shock among university students, and what are the psychological and social factors associated with it?
This question includes a set of sub-questions, such as:
• How widespread is ego shock among university students?
• What psychological factors (such as adaptive level and self-esteem) are associated with the occurrence of this shock?
• Are there statistically significant differences in the level of ego shock according to gender, academic major, or academic level?
The importance of this research stems from its focus on one of the most critical psychological issues that may affect the psychological and social makeup of university students: ego shock. This disorder expresses a disturbance in self-perception resulting from changes or shocks experienced by students in an environment completely new to their previous experiences. The current study is limited to students from the University of Baghdad, both males and females, and both science and humanities majors, for morning classes for the academic year 2024-2025.
The study found a statistically significant difference in ego shock among university students according to the gender variable. The differences were in favor of females, with the calculated p-value reaching (23.67), which is greater than the tabulated p-value of (3.84) at a significance level of (0.05) and a degree of freedom of (1.296).
The results also indicated no statistically significant difference in ego shock between students from science and humanities majors. The calculated p-value reached (0.067), which is less than the tabulated p-value of (3.84) at a significance level of (0.05) and a degree of freedom of (1.296)

Abstract
The current study aims to:
1- Identify the level of latent delinquency among first intermediate level school students.
2- Examine statistically significant differences in latent delinquency according to parental treatment styles (authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful).
The research sample consisted of 600 male and female students from the first intermediate level, selected through stratified random sampling from the educational directorates of Al-Karkh and Al-Rusafa in Baghdad. The statistical analysis was conducted on a subsample of 480 students. For the purposes of the study, the researchers developed a specific scale to measure latent delinquency, and its psychometric properties—discrimination, validity, and reliability—were verified. Several statistical methods were used, including the one-sample and two-sample t-tests, factor analysis, and Pearson correlation coefficient.
The results showed that the participants demonstrated a low level of latent delinquency. Statistically significant differences were also found based on parental treatment styles, with the authoritarian and neglectful styles associated with higher levels of latent delinquency. The study concluded with several recommendations and suggestions for further studies.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify the implicit beliefs of intelligence and psychological harmony among postgraduate students, and to find the correlation between these beliefs and psychological harmony. To achieve the research objectives, a sample of (300) male and female postgraduate students from Anbar University was selected, distributed according to gender, with (147) male students and (153) female students. Regarding specialization, the number of students in the scientific specialties was reached (141) male students, while the number of students in the humanities was (159) students. The researchers developed a scale for implicit beliefs in intelligence, which consisted of (34) items in its final form, and a scale for psychological harmony, which also consisted of (40) items in its final form. After completing and applying the scale and statistical procedures to analyze the items, verify the psychometric properties, and process the data statistically, the results showed the following: postgraduate students possessed developmental intelligence beliefs to a greater degree than fixed intelligence beliefs. The research sample had psychological harmony, and there was a statistically significant direct correlation between the two variables.,

Abstract

The present study aims to identify the level of the big six personality factors among students at the University of Anbar, according to HEXACO model—one of the modern frameworks in personality psychology. This model comprises six core factors: Honesty-Humility, Emotionality, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience. A descriptive correlational approach was employed to achieve the study\'s objectives. The study sample consisted of 400 male and female students from various scientific and humanities disciplines, selected through stratified random sampling. To achieve the research goals, the researcher translated and adapted the HEXACO model of personality structure developed by Ashton & Lee (2009). The scale includes 60 items, with 10 items representing each of the six factors. The scale was validated through face validity and tested for reliability using Cronbach\'s alpha and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
The study sought to answer two main questions:
1. What is the level of the big six personality factors among university students?
2. What is the most dominant personality factor among university students?
Statistical analysis revealed that students scored high on four factors: Agreeableness, Extraversion, Conscientiousness, and Honesty-Humility. The Openness to Experience factor was at a moderate level, while the Emotionality factor scored the lowest. This indicates a low level of negative emotional traits such as anxiety and tension among students. The most prominent factor in the study sample was Agreeableness, followed by Extraversion and then Conscientiousness, reflecting a tendency toward positive social interaction and self-discipline among the students.
The results were interpreted in light of the cultural, social, and educational characteristics of the university environment and were compared to previous Arab and international studies. The study recommends the implementation of counselling and educational programs aimed at promoting positive personality traits among university students and emphasizing the importance of utilizing such research findings to enhance teaching methods and academic counseling.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify:
1- Moral elevation among university students.
2- Psychological distance among university students.
3- The correlational relation between moral elevation and psychological distance among university students.
The current research adopted a descriptive correlational approach. The main research sample consisted of (400) male and female undergraduate students at Anbar University.
To achieve the research objectives, two tools were used: the moral elevation scale, which the researcher developed based on Haidt (2009). The scale consists of (20) items in the form of declarative statements, and each item includes five response alternatives (strongly agree, agree to some extent, unsure, disagree, strongly disagree). As for the psychological distance scale, the researcher adopted the scale by Sally Ayesh Ashour (2021) for psychological distance, which was developed according to the construal-level theory of psychological distance by Liberman & Trope (2010). The scale consists of (45) items to measure psychological distance, which is composed of five main dimensions: spatial distance, social distance, temporal distance, hypothetical distance, and academic distance. The response to the scale items has five alternatives: always, often, sometimes, rarely, never. The researchers extracted three types of validity for the scales: face validity, construct validity, and factorial validity. Reliability was also extracted using two methods: test-retest and Cronbach's alpha using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The research results concluded:
1- University students are characterized by a good level of moral elevation.
2- University students are characterized by a good level of psychological distance.
3- There is a statistically significant positive correlation between moral elevation and psychological distance, meaning that the higher the level of moral elevation in university students, the more it helps them increase their psychological distance to a high degree.