Dijlah Journal of Humanities

Simultaneous Attention Strategy" is one of the strategies used to investigate the effectiveness for what has been chosen. Concerning this study and to investigate the effect of simultaneous attention strategy on achievements of EFL university students in reading comprehension (as a specialized subject), 60 undergraduates the second year for the academic year 2024 - 2025 the English Department / College of Basic Education / University of Mosul, have been chosen for this study. A study includes two main parts: the first one is the theoretical part, and the second is the practical part. The latter consists of adopting an experimental approach based on a quasi-experimental research design. By using a pre–posttest, the researcher managed to determine a control group which included 30 undergraduates and an experimental group that also included 30 undergraduates.
One of the main results is the effectiveness of the "Simultaneous Attention Strategy" on reading comprehension for EFL students at the university level. Statistics from both the control group and the experimental group demonstrate this effectiveness. It showed a significant difference between the reading comprehension scores of the experimental group as a whole, though the difference is especially large in terms of both literal and inferential comprehension. This study's comprehensive results strongly recommend implementing this strategy in educational environments.

This research aims to investigate the impact of using the historical storytelling strategy on developing reflective thinking among fifth-grade literary students in the subject of history. To achieve this goal, the researcher adopted a quasi-experimental design with two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The sample consisted of 60 students from Al-Sadiq Secondary School for Boys in Najaf Governorate, with 30 students in each group. The experimental group was taught using the historical storytelling strategy, while the control group was taught using the traditional lecture method.
A tool was constructed to measure reflective thinking, comprising 30 items distributed across five dimensions according to Dewey’s classification: deliberate reflection, intellectual openness, self-awareness, search for arguments, and evidence-based decision-making.
The statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test of reflective thinking in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the historical storytelling strategy in developing students' reflective thinking.
The study recommends adopting the historical storytelling strategy in teaching history, due to its effective role in stimulating higher-order cognitive processes and enhancing students’ critical awareness of their historical knowledge.

The Quranic discourse has a communicative value, with connotations and objectives that the recipient cannot grasp until they are familiar with the context. Therefore, it represents a fertile field for study according to pragmatic theory, as its analysis of the speaker relies on observing external clues and applying thought and consideration to arrive at the intended meaning.
An analysis of the allusions in Surah Taha reveals that the Quranic discourse uses allusions not as a rigid linguistic element, but rather as an effective communicative pragmatic tool that activates the recipient's awareness and directs them toward a correct understanding of divine purposes. The allusions in Surah Taha reveal the deep structure of the Quranic discourse and how words and contexts interact to produce meaning.

In the field of visual arts, particularly in ceramics, the duality of the codified and the free is evident as a cornerstone defining the nature of the creative process and the path of aesthetic formation. The codified is represented by the structural system and the craftsmanship according to technique and skill, while the free represents the dynamic space in which aesthetic experience unfolds, transcending mere craftsmanship. Production becomes a new expressive and experimental act. This interplay between the codified and the free does not produce a contradictory duality but rather opens a different horizon for defining the aesthetic value of ceramics. Therefore, this research focuses on studying the works of the ceramicist Shnyar Abdullah and comprises four chapters. These chapters include a statement of the research problem and its dimensions, and an answer to the following question: What are the codified and the free in the works of the ceramicist Shnyar Abdullah? They also include the importance and necessity of the research, its objective (defining the codified and the free in the works of Shnyar Abdullah), and this chapter further includes: The scope of the research, which is limited to studying the artist\'s artworks within the specified time period, and defining the most important terms. The second chapter is dedicated to the theoretical framework, key indicators, and previous studies. It includes two sections: the first addresses the intellectual foundations of the codified and the free, while the second explores approaches to the codified and the free in contemporary Iraqi ceramics. The third chapter details the research procedures, including defining the research population (a collection of ceramic works), selecting the research sample and its selection method, defining the sample analysis tool, and establishing the descriptive methodology. The research sample, consisting of five examples, is then analyzed. The fourth chapter presents the results, conclusions, and recommendations. Among the most important findings are: 1- The potter adopts a philosophy of balance between order and openness, where freedom is only achieved by transcending a pre-existing codified system. This makes the artistic process a continuous act of deconstruction and reconstruction, as seen in the research sample. 2- The study demonstrates that the dichotomy between the codified and the free is not contradictory but rather complementary. The codified grants the work its academic and technical legitimacy, while the free imbues it with expressive and spiritual energy. The chapter concludes with recommendations and suggestions, followed by a list of sources and references.

The current research aimed to measure the effect of the Pentagram strategy on developing perspective drawing skills among middle school students. The research community consisted of second-grade middle school students at Al-Qadisiyah Intermediate School for Boys, affiliated with the Baghdad Karkh First Education Directorate, for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (105) students distributed among academic sections. The researcher randomly selected (30) students from among them to represent the research sample after statistically excluding students who failed and those registered in the affiliation system. The researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: There are no statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of students in the experimental group before and after the perspective drawing skills test. The experimental method was adopted with partial control with one experimental group and a pre- and post-test. To reach the results, the researcher prepared a skill test to measure the level of perspective drawing skills among students, and a skill performance evaluation form to determine the student’s score. The results showed the presence of statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group before and after in the perspective drawing skills test in favor of the post-test.

The two possible approaches to the understanding of how gender bias is present within the language-based AI systems discussed in this study include word embedding (technique in natural language processing that represents words as numerical vectors) and machine translation. It applies concepts of sociolinguistics and algorithm justice (making equitable, transparent, and socially responsible decisions) to the question of whether these systems reproduce or reproduce previously existing stereotypes of gender in the society. Word embedding analysis shows some obvious trends: there exist strong associations of words that mean male career, science and power, and words that mean female family, appearance and emotions. Using machine translation there is a high inclination to translate into masculine translations. Indicatively, career translations in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) contexts show that, out of 1000 of them, 4% are made with female subject pronouns, and 72% with male subject pronouns. All in all, the results indicate that both word embedding and AI-based translations are biased in terms of gender and the biases are frequently stronger than the gender trends in the real world. The research points out three important facts namely, (1) word embedding reinforces subterranean gender stereotyping, (2) language translation systems prefer masculine ones, and (3) they actually favor representations of social inequalities. The authors recommend that such areas as integrating other spheres in addition to deductive techniques and incorporating more diverse data should be improved to understand the ways language represents social hierarchies better. The research will aim to ensure that more transparent and less biased AI is designed by detecting these biases.

يُعد الالتزام بالإعلام أحد أبرز الضمانات القانونية التي توفر حماية فعالة للمستهلك خاصة ضمن عقود التأمين التي تمثل أحد أهم نماذج عقود الاستهلاك في العصر الحديث، ورغم أن الأصل في العقود الاستهلاكية أن يقع عبء الإعلام على عاتق الطرف المحترف – بوصفه الطرف الأقوى من حيث الإمكانيات والخبرة – فإن المشرع العراقي وإن لم ينص صراحة على التزام المؤمن بالإعلام ضمن إطار قانوني خاص بعقد التأمين إلا أن هذا الالتزام يُستفاد ضمناً من المبادئ العامة للقانون المدني العراقي رقم (40) لسنة1951، ومن قانون حماية المستهلك رقم (1) لسنة 2010.
وفي هذا السياق يُنظر إلى عقد التأمين بوصفه من العقود التي تتطلب شفافية ومصداقية عالية لما تنطوي عليه من آثار مالية ومعنوية كبيرة على المستهلك وهو ما يفرض على المؤمن واجباً جوهرياً بالإعلام عن كل ما من شأنه التأثير في قرار المستهلك (المؤمن له) بشأن التعاقد، ويهدف هذا الالتزام إلى تضييق فجوة المعرفة بين الطرفين، وتكريس مبدأ حسن النية والتوازن العقدي.

This research deals with the topic of the compatibility of the Holy Quran with contemporary scientific theories, which is one of the topics of wide and exciting importance, as scientists and thinkers deal with the relationship between Quranic texts and modern scientific discoveries. This research is an attempt to understand the extent of the harmony of what is mentioned in the Holy Quran with what science has reached in various fields such as astronomy, medicine, biology and physics.
No one should expect the Holy Quran to clarify all the issues of natural sciences and the secrets and properties of all things, because the Quran was not revealed to clarify these matters. It is not a circle of knowledge or a book of geology or botany, but rather a book of education and guidance, revealed to lead people to a good life combined with happiness and virtue and governed by honesty, trustworthiness, order and mercy, and to ultimately lead them to closeness to God Almighty.
The topic "The Compatibility of the Holy Qur'an with Contemporary Scientific Theories" deals with the relationship between Qur'anic texts and modern scientific discoveries, explaining how divine revelation is consistent with the laws and theories that have been reached in our time. This compatibility is evidence of the divine source of the Qur'an, as it includes precise scientific references that preceded the era of discoveries by centuries, making it an eternal book that is valid for all times and places.
The topic focuses on scientific miracles, which means that the Qur'an presents scientific facts that were not known at the time of its revelation, but were later discovered thanks to scientific progress. For example, the verses related to the creation of man and his formation in specific stages indicate an amazing accuracy that is consistent with modern embryology. Other verses deal with cosmic topics, such as the origin and expansion of the universe, which has been confirmed by contemporary astronomy

Educational technology is one of the important means in supporting the teaching process, as it plays an important role in the introduction of modern technologies in many areas that make up this educational process, as it contributes to helping those in charge of the educational process by communicating information to students briefly and accurately by introducing modern theories into the educational process . Hence the importance of research to find modern ways in education to activate students ' ideas to find solutions and renewable ideas in the subject of furniture design. The research aims to pay attention to learning skills as a result of their active role in the practical life of students studying in the field of Fine Arts in general and the study of design in particular, especially with regard to the subject of furniture design because it has to do with the rest of the school subjects as it shares with them elements of Therefore, the use of these modern methods in education and training in the skill of furniture design has focused on making these modern trends in teaching the subject of interest for researchers , as they have made an effort to employ them within their research and innovate modern methods of teaching. The Bauhaus school is one of the technical schools that contributed to the development of teaching furniture design through the educational curricula that it followed in teaching students and developing their skills , based on this, the researcher conducted a research study aimed at employing the technical characteristics of the Bauhaus school in teaching furniture design.

The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of a proposed program based on Landa’s theory in developing prudent thinking among fourth-grade elementary school female pupils In science, To achieve this goal, the researcher designed an instructional program grounded in Landa’s theory, focusing on training pupils to apply algorithmic steps and heuristic strategies in addressing scientific problems, thereby enhancing their abilities in analysis, critical thinking, and innovation.
The researcher adopted the experimental method using the equivalent groups design (experimental and control), The study sample consisted of (60) fourth-grade female pupils from schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Al-Muthanna, equally distributed into two groups of (30) pupils each. The experimental group was taught according to the proposed program, while the control group studied with the traditional method To measure prudent thinking, the researcher developed a 25-item test covering five domains: problem identification, algorithmic planning, inference, evaluation, and innovation. The test was validated psychometrically, showing a content validity ratio of (85%) and a reliability coefficient of (α = 0.84).
A pre-test was conducted to ensure the equivalence of the two groups, and the results showed no statistically significant differences. However, the post-test revealed a statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level in favor of the experimental group, with a mean score of (76.8) compared to (69.7) for the control group, Furthermore, Cohen’s d effect size (0.94) indicated a large impact of the program on improving prudent thinking.
These findings suggest that the Landa-based instructional program was effective in enhancing pupils’ prudent thinking by training them to organize cognitive steps and develop skills of inference, evaluation, and creativity. The study recommends integrating such programs into elementary science curricula, as they have a clear impact on fostering pupils’ organized and innovative thinking abilities, helping them cope with academic and real-life challenges.

A well-known trademark is one that has become widely known to the public, whether inside or outside the country in which it appeared or was registered, such that it has become associated in the consumer's mind with standards of quality and trust, even among the public of countries in which it has not been registered or actually used.
Due to its transnational nature, the famous trademark has become the subject of legal relations in multiple countries, whether through unlawful use or registration, or through legal actions and facts such as contracts. This has led to the emergence of a legal problem related to the conflict of legislative jurisdiction, which in turn has raised questions about the law that should be applied to these actions in light of the differences in legal systems between countries.
This study is devoted to examining the issue of determining the applicable law to a well-known trademark, as it is one of the most prominent legal issues that has imposed itself in light of the increasing overlap between legal systems and the expansion of cross-border trade, as well as the recurrence of disputes related to the use of well-known trademarks in countries where they are not registered, which raises the problem of conflicting legislative jurisdiction between several legal systems.
Based on a comparison between the legal systems under study, it became clear that national attribution rules are only partially suitable for determining the law applicable to certain transactions, such as contracts or wills. However, they remain incapable of regulating the effects of these transactions, particularly those related to the transfer of property rights. They also do not adequately regulate matters related to inheritance, The absence of heirs may result in legal problems affecting the ownership or management of the trademark at the international level.
The study concluded that the Iraqi legislature must intervene to introduce legislative reforms that include precise regulation of the famous trademark, This includes establishing clear attribution rules that regulate the applicable law for various related transactions, whether contractual or non-contractual, including their transfer by inheritance or will, in a manner that ensures legal stability and prevents their exploitation in illegal ways.

This study aimed to explore the reality of using artificial intelligence (AI) applications in developing teaching methods for Social Studies at the primary education level from the perspective of teachers. The descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was used as the research instrument, applied to a sample of 86 male and female teachers. The results indicated that the level of using AI applications in teaching Social Studies was generally moderate. However, there was a positive tendency among teachers toward the effectiveness of these applications in simplifying concepts and increasing interaction within the classroom. The study also revealed several challenges, the most prominent of which were the significant weakness in technological infrastructure and the lack of training for specialists. The study recommended conducting training programs for teachers, developing digital content for the Social Studies subject, and enhancing the digital and technological environment in schools.

The current paper sheds light on one of the most important relationships existing in society, namely the subordination relationship between the subordinate and the superior. This study attempts to fill the legislative gap in Article (219) of the Iraqi Civil Code No. (40) of 1951, which relates to the principal's liability for the actions of his /subordinate. The above-mentioned law did not address this relationship, despite it being the most important element of the principal's liability for the actions of his subordinate. The study has concluded that the subordination in question is a relationship between two or more persons, one of whom, the principal, has actual authority to supervise and direct the other, the subordinate, regarding a specific action undertaken by the latter for the benefit and account of the principal. The researcher has concluded that Iraqi Civil Code has narrowed the scope of this relationship and the liability arising therefrom, thereby contradicting most legislation and legal jurisprudence by defining the principal as exclusively specific individuals, namely: the government, institutions providing public services, municipalities, and any legal or natural person operating a commercial or industrial enterprise. The researcher has concluded that the most important effect of the subordination relationship is what is known as the principal's responsibility for the actions of his subordinate, which arises from the subordinate's error during the principal's service.

This research examines intervention in civil lawsuits under the Iraqi Civil Procedure Law, focusing on both joinder and compulsory intervention, as key legal mechanisms aimed at protecting the rights of parties affected by litigation and ensuring justice. The study emphasizes the concepts of joinder and compulsory intervention, their legal basis, conditions for acceptance, and their effects on the course of litigation and the rights of parties.
It has been found that joinder allows a third party to join one of the original litigants to support their claim or defense without having an independent claim. Its legal basis relies on the principle of direct legal interest and the linkage of the intervention to the original lawsuit, thereby balancing the protection of the intervener’s interests with the efficiency of judicial procedures. On the other hand, compulsory intervention grants the intervener an independent right to claim or defend their own interest within the scope of the lawsuit. Its legal foundation rests on the principles of direct legal interest and independence of claim, ensuring the protection of affected parties and the realization of justice.
The research also addressed the conditions and effects

Augmented reality technology has made it possible to combine real and virtual environments using static, moving, and three-dimensional information and images. It offers the possibility of merging real reality with digital virtual reality. This is accomplished through various types of devices, whether portable, such as smartphones, or wearable devices, such as glasses and contact lenses. All of these devices use a tracking system that provides projection accuracy to display information in the appropriate location. The camera captures the reality, which is then processed to display digital objects and merge them onto the display screen. This is achieved through various display methods, providing an entry point for merging reality with virtual reality using software applications.

Political reform, in theory, refers to the process of reorganizing governance with the aim of enhancing political participation, achieving party pluralism, ensuring the independence of powers, and establishing the principles of democracy and the rule of law. Since its independence in 1962, Algeria has witnessed numerous political, constitutional, and legal reform initiatives — from the era of party pluralism in the 1990s, to the 2016 Constitution, and the popular movement (Hirak) of 2019 and beyond. These were all announced as steps toward genuine political change. However, in practice, a contradiction has emerged between the reforms announced by the authorities and what has actually been implemented. Political reforms have often remained superficial and formal, without touching the core of the political system. There has been a lack of genuine will for political openness and change, along with weak political participation by the opposition and civil society organizations. The process of political reform in Algeria faces many challenges and obstacles that require true political will, comprehensive national dialogue, and significant change to define the relationship between the state and society — in order for the country to move from theoretical reform to genuine, effective implementation.

The actor's performance in street theater performances varied according to the physical space and its relationship to the place, according to variables centered around the event's environment, the immediate dynamics of events, and the space within which the actor interacts in the street. Since the actor operates in an imaginary space, the mental images of the audience play a significant role in the performance. The research may consist of four chapters, the first of which includes a review of the research problem included in the following question: What is the spatial variable and its reflection in shaping the performance features of street theatre (performances of the Institute of Fine Arts as a model)? The second chapter includes two topics, the first: the concept of place in the theatrical performance, and the second: street theatre between the concept and performance work. The third chapter included a review of the research methodology, starting with the research method and ending with the sample analysis. The fourth chapter presented the research results, in which the researcher used the (Holsti) equation to extract the weighted mean and the percentage weight, so that the results became facts that carry statistical significance that can be generalized. A number of conclusions appeared, and the research concluded with sources and appendices.

This research aims to explore and analyze the environmental and social challenges facing urban development in Iraqi cities. The study addresses environmental factors such as desertification, environmental degradation, and pollution of air and water, as well as social challenges including population growth, uncontrolled expansion, and the lack of infrastructure and basic services. The research seeks to understand the impact of these challenges on quality of life and sustainable development in cities, while proposing solutions to address these issues and promote urban sustainability in Iraq. The study relies on field studies, statistical data, and scientific analysis to provide a comprehensive view of the problems and potential solutions.

Studying the effectiveness of formal and functional simplification in contemporary industrial product design is considered a fundamental pillar for achieving balance between aesthetics, both formal and functional. Formal simplification seeks to reduce the elements that comprise the form and focus on clear visual and expressive purity, while functional simplification focuses on facilitating use and enhancing the performance efficiency of the product. Through this vision, the research attempts to uncover the role this simplification plays in enhancing the product's attractiveness and tradeability, in addition to its impact on the user experience in terms of comfort, acceptance, and reliability. The research also highlights the challenges facing industrial designers in finding a balanced formula that achieves harmony between the aesthetic and functional dimensions without compromising the product's design identity or practical effectiveness.

This research highlights the importance of preserving the aesthetic appeal of Baghdad's tourist attractions, as they are part of the city's cultural and civilizational identity following its selection as the Arab Tourism Capital for 2025. Baghdad is distinguished by its rich historical and cultural landmarks, but some have been neglected or distorted due to various factors. Therefore, it was necessary to employ the artistic foundations of design, as they are considered a visual art, to renovate and develop these landmarks to enhance their tourist appeal. It is also an influential factor in the development of tourism and its related aspects, including environmental, economic, and social aspects. This contributes to achieving sustainability dimensions to enhance the aesthetic appeal of audiences by taking into account the principles and foundations of aesthetic design, the integration of architecture and the environment, and the impact of maintenance and restoration using contemporary artistic methods that respect the heritage character. A descriptive and analytical approach was adopted, based on the study of selected examples of historical Baghdad landmarks, such as the Mustansiriya School, the Qishla Clock, and the Freedom Monument, embodying the aesthetic and artistic practices that contribute to the continuity of their visual appeal. The research also addresses the role of cultural and governmental institutions in developing artistic strategies that ensure the preservation of the city's aesthetic identity within the city's modern planning frameworks. The research concluded that preserving aesthetic taste requires an integration of art, urban planning, and political will, as well as engaging the local community in preserving the visual character of landmarks. It recommended adopting modern artistic methods in restoration and enhancing visual awareness through cultural and educational programs.

The phenomenon of migration is a natural reaction by many people who have faced wars, conflicts and problems in their countries, and the normal ways of life have never ceased to be possible. The greater these conflicts and problems become, the more paths become available towards migration, leaving the country here and seeking refuge there, regardless of the goals and reasons, and in the end, leaving becomes For the country and moving towards a new society is the primary goal The issues of illegal immigration and asylum, like other issues such as racial and ethnic divisions and the increase in extremist and terrorist movements, received greater attention after the end of the Cold War, when issues of an economic nature turned into primarily political and security issues.
Therefore, when discussing these risks to which refugees and migrants are exposed during their journeys in order to reach the borders of Europe, analysts blamed the policies followed by European countries. Talk of security has become present in these issues, and the link between the internal and external security of countries has increased.

In light of the widespread use of artificial intelligence technology and its integration into various fields of life, along with the accompanying shortcomings and gaps arising from fault-based liability or negligence, which have led to certain violations warranting compensation, the necessity has emerged for legislative intervention to overcome the challenges accompanying this technology. This began with the United States, where extensive debates arose concerning the imposition of ethical and legal standards to regulate the deployment of this technology and mitigate potential harm through AI-specific legislation. Subsequently, the European Union introduced regulatory measures, culminating in the 2024 Coordinated Regulation on Artificial Intelligence, which established civil liability upon producers and developers. Thereafter, legislative approaches in the United Arab Emirates and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia followed, representing successful attempts to establish a regulatory framework for this technology. In stark contrast, however, the Iraqi Civil Code continues to suffer from deficiencies in addressing the obstacles arising from the use of artificial intelligence.

This research provides an analytical study of the relationship between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Republic of Turkey, tracing its historical trajectory and examining the political and economic transformations that have shaped this bilateral relationship over the past two decades. The study explores structural and regional challenges hindering rapprochement efforts, including conflicting interests in cases such as Libya and Syria and divergent political orientations. Recent positive shifts in relations, particularly within the context of shared development visions and economic convergence, are also addressed. The final chapter presents future prospects for strategic cooperation and offers a set of recommendations to strengthen bilateral ties based on mutual interests, free from ideological or political polarization.

Life insurance is an important contract that aims to provide a degree of reassurance and stability for individuals by guaranteeing financial compensation to beneficiaries in the event of the insured's death. However, death resulting from suicide raises widespread legal and ethical controversy regarding the beneficiary's entitlement to the insurance amount especially given the presence of implicit or explicit conditions in insurance policies that exclude this type of risk.
The problem is particularly evident in cases where suicide occurs after a certain period of time after the contract's validity or when it results from psychological disorders that cause the person to lose full awareness of their actions. This opens the door to multiple legal interpretations. Legal systems differ between those that waive the beneficiary's rights absolutely in the event of suicide, and those that grant them the right if it is proven that the suicide was not the result of a conscious, free will. Does a suicide insurance contract have a specific expiration date?
Therefore, this research addresses the expiration of a suicide contract as an insured risk, reviewing the legal and evidential dimensions, relevant legislative texts, and the position of jurisprudence and the judiciary on this issue.

This study sheds light on the Cooperative Principle (hereinafter CP), its maxims and the flouting of these maxims in conversational contributions. The concept of cooperation in conversation and talk exchanges is presented by Grice (1975) who theorizes the theorem of the cooperative principle with its maxims: quantity, quality, relation, and manner. Cooperation is supposed to be achieved by these maxims being observed by participants. Sometimes, these maxims are not observed adequately for a variety of reasons. Non-observance modes of maxims include flouting, violating, opting out, infringing, etc. Flouting, the main concern of this study, occurs when participants blatantly fail to observe a maxim which results in generating conversational implicature.
It is then the intentional violating of one of the maxims to imply something indirectly by using sarcasm, irony, or innuendo for rhetorical or persuasive effect.
By investigating the tactics utilized by two politicians and flouting of Grice’s C P relevant in political discourse this paper attends to make a touch down on figuring some tactics and outmaneuvers followed to secure acceptance. Specifically, the paper compares the rhetorical styles followed by Trump and. Obama in selected speech excerpts. Using the framework of Grice's (1975) conversational maxims—Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner—this study explores how both figures tactically adhere to or deviate from cooperative maxims to persuade, influence, and have public perception.
Flouting the maxims is a micro-level linguistic phenomenon. It saliently contributes to enhance macro-level rhetorical strategies. Understanding both, the micro- and macro- level analysis of political speech helps reveal what is being said, what is being implied, and how power is exercised via linguistic expressions.

The research shows the points of agreement between Iraqi law and the efforts of Ibn Hazm Al-Zahiri in the issues of judiciary and testimonies through a jurisprudential comparison that showed this agreement by relying on the comparative jurisprudential approach, as these issues were collected from the book Al-Muhalla bi Al-Athar with evidence, and compared with the legislation of laws (evidence, pleadings, and implementation) after presenting the efforts of Ibn Hazm and comparing them with some articles of Iraqi law in addition to extrapolating and analyzing some selected models to reach results supported by evidence, and the research concluded that there are several issues in judiciary and testimonies that were explained with jurisprudential and legal evidence

Pragmatic competence in EFL teaching and learning is essential element for successful communication in different domains. It refers the ability to use language effectively in social interaction, beyond mastering grammar and lexicon. The expression also refers to the ability of understanding what words and sentences mean literally and recognize how their meanings are modified in different contexts. However, this side is neglected by teachers since they focus heavily on grammatical competence which creates obstacles for EFL learners in developing their competence appropriately. As such, the study shed lights on (1) identifying the pragmatic challenges faced by Iraqi EFL learners in preparatory schools due to teacher’s negligence of this aspect and (2) exploring the students' viability to use grammatical rules in particular to express themselves appropriately in certain contexts. The data is gathered from the students' test results of 216 5th grade preparatory school to determine their difficulties and abilities in this area. The data is qualitatively gathered and analyzed basing on Bachman’s modal (1990) of communicative competence. The results show that the students failed in three questions, with varied rates of success for the easiest to the most difficult, or from the more familiar to the less familiar. The results also show that the difficulties in pragmatic competence fall into three key areas: classroom setting, teaching methods, and curriculum system.

In recent years, the world has witnessed a series of successive changes that have transcended nationalities and national and regional borders, impacting people's lives to varying degrees, regardless of geographic location, ethnicity, or language. These transformations, which distinguish the new world from the world of yesterday, are termed "globalization" by thinkers. Globalization is the new slogan for an old phenomenon that has radically impacted all areas of economic, political, and cultural life. However, the economic factor remains its primary driver.
This study aims to clarify the nature of globalization and the extent of its impact on contemporary Arab thought, by examining examples from the works of some contemporary Arab writers. The researcher examined the opinions of the writer Sayyid Yassin, Abdel Wahab El-Messiri, the writer Muhammad Abed Al-Jabri, and the Syrian thinker Sadiq Jalal Al-Azm.

This research deals with the crime of a mother killing her newborn child within the framework of Iraqi criminal law, as a crime that combines complex legal and humanitarian aspects. The research aims to demonstrate how the Iraqi legislator regulates this crime, in terms of the legal description, the elements of the crime and the penalty prescribed for it, and the extent of the existence of mitigating circumstances related to the psychological or social state of the mother when committing the act.
The research focuses on analyzing relevant texts in Iraqi law and comparing them with some comparative legislation, especially those that adopt a special adaptation of the crime of killing a newborn at birth. The research seeks to present a balanced vision that achieves criminal deterrence on the one hand, and takes into account humanitarian cases on the other hand, through legal proposals aimed at developing texts or implementation mechanisms.

The principle of unjust enrichment is one of the foundations that ensures the achievement of justice among individuals and the preservation of their rights. When one individual obtains a benefit without right and the other bears the loss without compensation, the law appears as a fair ruling that restores things to their proper place. This principle is based on civil law, but the texts of public law were devoid of its organization. Therefore, the French Council of State adopted a reconciliation between the provisions of voluntary and unjust enrichment known in civil law to come up with an original theory of enrichment in administrative law. If the French administrative judiciary is independent in issuing its rulings before the administrative courts, the Egyptian and Iraqi judiciary are still far from this independence. There is no doubt that the rules of enrichment, whether in private or public law, require the return of amounts spent on an invalid basis, the return of undue amounts, compensation, and the recovery of amounts spent on the basis of error

Criminal evidence is one of the fundamental pillars of criminal justice. It aims to uncover the truth and apply justice by providing reliable and strong evidence that helps convict the offender or acquit the innocent accused. With the tremendous technological progress، scientific methods have come to play a fundamental role in criminal evidence، as they provide precise tools that help uncover the secrets of crimes and prove their facts with conclusive evidence. Iraqi and Algerian legislators have adopted modern methods such as genetic fingerprinting، biological analysis، and other modern methods، but they have been adopted as evidence. The validity of these methods varies before the judiciary. They may extract conclusive evidence beyond doubt، or evidence may be tampered with in some cases. Comparative legislation has emphasized granting the judge the authority to assess and evaluate the strength of this evidence، and also stipulated the necessity of verifying the legitimacy of evidence derived from modern methods of proof.

This research presented the economic crimes that threaten the economic and financial system of the state and the role of the judiciary in confronting them, after defining this crime and setting specific legal texts for it. The law did not stop there; it also clarified its elements to enable later confrontation with it. This research also touched upon the most important agencies the state employs to combat this type of crime, most of which are governed by legal provisions such as the Integrity Commission Law No. 30 of 2011, the Federal Financial Control Bureau Law No. 31 of 2011, and the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Law No. 39 of 2015.
The research concluded by presenting the methods the state relies on to combat economic crimes, including the formulation and development of legal legislation and electronic monitoring. The study also reached a set of conclusions and recommendations.