Psychological Science

This study aims to identify the levels of psychological flow and cognitive flexibility among secondary school teachers, to reveal the type of correlational relationship between the two, as well as identifying statistically significant differences in the correlational relationship between psychological flow and cognitive flexibility among teachers according to years of employment (less than 10 years/ more than 10 years).The study was conducted on a sample of 160 female teachers in the city center of Baquba. The study used the Psychological Flow Scale developed by Taha (2012) and the Cognitive Flexibility Scale developed by Hussein (2023). The results showed that the total level of psychological flow was high among the study participants and that all dimensions of psychological flow were high except for the dimension of the sense of control, which was at a moderate level. The dimension of clarity of goals ranked first, while the dimension of focus in performance ranked second, and the dimension of the sense of control ranked third. The study also found that secondary school teachers demonstrated a good level of cognitive flexibility with a positive correlation between the dimensions of psychological flow scale and the overall score of the cognitive flexibility scale. Finally, the results showed no statistically significant differences between teachers (who have less than 10 years in the job) and teachers (who have more than 10 years in the job) as far as the correlation between psychological flow and cognitive flexibility.

The current study aims to identify the correlation between emotional contagion and rumination among students of the College of Education for Humanities. The researcher employed the Emotional Contagion Scale developed by Al-Darbashi (2024) consisting of 15 items. For rumination, the researcher adopted the scale developed by Hilmi (2024), which consisted of 20 items.
The research sample comprised 150 male and female students from the Departments of Educational and Psychological Sciences and Psychological Counseling and Educational Guidance. After administering the Emotional Contagion and Thought Rumination scales, the findings revealed the following:
1-A high level of emotional contagion among the research sample.
2-No statistically significant differences in emotional contagion according to the variables of gender, department, and academic stage.
3-A low level of rumination among the research sample.
4-No statistically significant differences in thought rumination according to the variables of gender and department, while statistically significant differences were found according to the academic stage variable, in favor of third-stage students.
5-A statistically significant negative correlational relationship between emotional contagion and rumination among students at the College of Education for Humanities.

The current research aims to identify the level of digital citizenship and the level of psychological resilience among a sample of university students, and to reveal statistically significant differences according to the variables of gender and academic specialization. The research sample consisted of (300) male and female students from Tikrit University. In order to achieve the research objectives, it was necessary to have measuring tools for the research variables. The researcher adopted the Al-Rifai (2020) scale for digital citizenship and developed a scale for psychological resilience. After completing the psychometric properties of the two scales, the current research reached the following results:
1. University students demonstrate a high level of digital citizenship.
2. There are statistically significant differences in digital citizenship based on gender, favoring males.
3. There are statistically significant differences in digital citizenship based on academic specialization (science, humanities), favoring science.
4. University students demonstrate an average level of psychological resilience.
5. There are no statistically significant differences in psychological resilience based on gender (male-female).
6.There are statistically significant differences in psychological resilience according to academic specialization (science, humanities), in favor of the scientific specialties.

The present study aims to identify the effect of the here-and-now awareness counseling approach on reducing self-defeat among failing students. This was examined by testing the hypothesis stating that: there are no statistically significant differences between the rank scores of the experimental and control groups on the self-defeat scale in the pre- and post-tests.
To achieve this objective, the researcher employed the experimental method and a self-defeat scale, consisting of (10) situations. The validity of the scale was verified through face validity and construct validity. Reliability was established by using the test–retest method, which yielded a coefficient (0.83), and Cronbach’s alpha, which reached (0.76).
The research population consisted of failing intermediate school students, totaling (939) students. The research sample amounted to (500) students. The scale was applied to a sample of (420) students selected by using stratified random sampling. Then statistical analysis was conducted using appropriate statistical packages for procceing data.
The results of the study indicated that the here-and-now awareness counseling approach had a significant effect in reducing self-defeat among failing students. Based on these findings, the researcher presented a number of conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions

The current research aims to identify cognitive agility of postgraduate students and the differences according to gender, specialization, and academic year. It also aims to identify hope in postgraduate students and the differences according to gender, specialization, and academic year. Finally, the study aims to identify the correlation between cognitive agility and hope of postgraduate students. To achieve these objectives, the researcher developed a cognitive agility scale based on Good’s (2009) theory, consisting of (18) items, a scale to examine hope based on Snyder’s (2002) theory, consisting of (20) items. Using a descriptive correlational approach, the research sample consisted of postgraduate students at Al-Mustansiriya University, and (278) male and female students were identified using the Stephen Thompson formula and selected using stratified random sampling. The results showed that postgraduate students possessed cognitive agility, with differences favoring those in scientific specialties. No differences were found in cognitive agility based on gender or academic year. Additionally, the sample possessed hope, with no differences based on gender or specialization, but differences were found based on academic year, favoring doctoral students. The final result indicated a direct correlation between cognitive agility and hope.

The current study aims to identify the effect of a counseling program based on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in developing cognitive empathy among secondary school teachers.
This is examined through testing the following hypotheses;
1-There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the rank scores of the experimental group in the pre-test and post-tests.
2-There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the rank scores of the control group in the pre-test and post-tests.
3-There are no statistically significant differences at the (0.05) level between the rank scores of the experimental and the control groups in the post-test.
The current study is limited to secondary school teachers for the academic year (2024/2025). The researcher employed a quasi-experimental design consisting of an experimental group and a control group with a pre-test and post-test structure. The research sample consisted of (20) teachers randomly assigned into two groups, with (10) teachers in each group. Equivalence between the two groups was established in certain variables
The researcher adopted the Cognitive Empathy Scale (Al-Alwani, 2021), which consists of (28) items. Reliability was calculated using two methods: test-retest reliability, which reached (0.82), and Cronbach’s alpha, which was (0.85).
A counseling program based on the cognitive-behavioral approach was applied. The validity of the counseling program was verified through face validity. The program consisted of (10) counseling sessions, conducted at a rate of two sessions per week, with each session lasting (45) minutes
In light of the findings, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current study aims to identify:
1- Self-awareness among secondary school students.
2- Inhibitory control among secondary school students.
3- The correlation between self-awareness and inhibitory control among secondary school students.
4- Differences in the correlation between self-awareness and inhibitory control based on gender (male/female) and academic branch (science/literary).
5- The extent to which inhibitory control contributes to self-awareness among scondary school students.
Methodology: The study sample consisted of 200 male and female students, selected using a proportional random sampling method from preparatory schools. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers developed a Self-awareness Scale based on Diener's theory (1979) and an Inhibitory control scale based on the theory of Rothbart & Bates (2006). After verfieation the validity and reliability of the instruments, they were applied, and several statistical methods were employed for data processing.
Results: The study reached the following findings:
The results reveal that secondary school students have self-awareness, reflecting their ability to understand themselves, monitor their thoughts and emotions, and evaluate their behavior in a growing manner that aligns with the developmental characteristics of this stage.
The results also showed that students have inhibitory control, indicating their ability to regulate impulses and organize behavioral responses in accordance with school and social environmental requirements.
Statistical analyses indicated a significant positive correlation between self-awareness and inhibitory control, suggesting that the development of one variable may positively effect the other, reinforced by the link between executive processes and the cognitive construct of the self.
The results showed no statistically significant differences in the levels of self-awareness and inhibitory control among the sample individuals, indicating a degree of homogeneity between secondary school students regarding these variables.
The findings demonstrated that inhibitory control serves as an explanatory variable for self-awareness, as it contributes to enhancing students' capacity for internal review and self-regulation, confirming its importance as a component of executive functions related to the development of self-consciousness.
The study concluded with several recommendations and suggestions.

The current study aims to: (1) identify moral polarization among university students, (2) differences in moral polarization among university students according to gender (male-female). The study methodology is descriptive-comparative. The sample consisted of 200 male and female students. The research instrument was a moral polarization scale was developed basing on the theory adopted in this research. The scale's validity and reliability were established. Statistical methods were used to processe the research data using SPSS, a method appropriate to the nature and objectives of the research. The results of the research indicate: (1) university students exhibit high and statistically significant levels of moral polarization, and (2) there are differences according to gender, favoring males at a significance level Of (0,05) The research results were interpreted according to the theory adopted in the current research, and the research concluded with recommendations including: preparing guidance and psychological programs for university students aimed at promoting acceptance of the other opinion to reduce extremist tendencies, bias and polarization, and suggestions: studying the effect of digital addiction on increasing moral polarization among university students.

The current study objective is to identify:
1. Cognitive flexibility among adolescents.
2. Self-regulated learning among adolescents.
3. The Correlation between cognitive flexibility and self-regulated learning among adolescents.
To achieve the study objectives, the researcher constructed a cognitive flexibility scale consisting of (25) items, adopted the Akmoush (2016) Self-Regulated Learning Scale, and applied on a sample of (300) intermediate school students in Baghdad Governorate. The researcher extracted the psychometric properties of the cognitive flexibility scale in terms of validity and reliability. The retest reliability coefficient reached (0.75), while the Cronbach's alpha coefficient reached (0.80), thus indicating good reliability.
The most important results reached by the research are that the sample members-intermediate school students-lack cognitive flexibility and do not use self-regulated learning strategies. There is a statistically significant relationship between cognitive flexibility and self-regulated learning.
In light of the research results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current study aims to identify ethical ambiguity among university students and to reveal differences in this ambiguity based on the variables of gender (male, female) and educational grade (first, fourth). To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed an ethical ambiguity scale basing on the theoretical frameworks of moral judgment and Kohlberg's theory, to measure the degree of ambiguity and uncertainty in students' ethical decision-making. The psychometric properties of the scale were verified through validity and reliability procedures.
The research was conducted on a sample of university students, and the results showed that ethical ambiguity among students was low. Furthermore, the results indicated no statistically significant differences in ethical ambiguity based on gender or academic year. basing on these findings, a set of relevant recommendations and suggestions was presented.

The present study aims to identify psychological immunity and its relationship to self-authenticity among university students. The sample consisted of (100) male and female students from the University of Baghdad, selected using a proportional random sampling method. To achieve the research objectives, the researchers adopted a psychological immunity scale based on Olah (2005) as well as a self-authenticity scale based on Kernis &Goldman (2006( .The researchers verified the psychometric properties of the scales by examining face validity and construct validity. The reliability coefficient was (0.87) for psychological immunity and (0.90) for self-authenticity. The final form of the scales included (30) items for psychological immunity and (38) The results showed that university students have psychological immunity and self-authenticity, and that there is a direct correlation between psychological immunity and self-authenticity among university students. The study included a number of recommendations and suggestions

This study aims to analyze how emotional intelligence can enhance the quality of relationships within an organization and mitigate psychological conflicts among employees. The field study was conducted on a sample of employees at Baghdad teaching hospital in Iraq, basing on the hypothesis that high level of emotional intelligence contributes to improve relationships and reduce psychological conflicts. To achieve this, a descriptive-analytical approach was employed, and a questionnaire was designed as the primary data collection tool. A simple random sample of 120 employees, including physicians, nurses, administrators, and technicians, was surveyed. The data were statistically processed using SPSS software, employing means, standard deviations, and Pearson's correlation coefficient to test the validity of the hypotheses.
The results showed that employees had high levels of emotional intelligence and positive organizational relationships, while their level of psychological conflict was moderate. The findings also revealed strong positive correlations between the dimensions of emotional intelligence (self-awareness, self-motivation, empathy, and social skills) improved organizational relationships, and strong negative correlations between emotional intelligence and psychological conflict. This confirms that high emotional intelligence contributes to reducing tension and conflict within the workplace. The main hypothesis, which states that emotional intelligence plays a statistically significant role in improving organizational relationships and reducing psychological conflict, was also confirmed.
The research concluded with a set of recommendations, most notably: the necessity of designing training programs to develop emotional intelligence skills in healthcare institutions, enhancing social skills and empathy, improving management's role in supporting positive relationships, and conducting periodic assessments of emotional intelligence levels, organizational relationships, and psychological conflict to contribute to creating a stable and positive work environment.

The current research aims to identify the relationship between the refocusing strategy and the immune personality among university students. The researchers adopted the descriptive-correlational method due to its suitability for the nature of the research in uncovering correlations between variables without intervention. To achieve the research objectives, a sample of (400) male and female students from the University of Anbar was selected using a random sampling method.
For the purposes of the research, the researchers developed the Refocusing Strategy Scale, which in its final form consisted of (30) items, prepared according to theories and relevant literature. The scale underwent validity and reliability procedures to verify its suitability for application, and its items were subjected to statistical analysis to ensure their discrimination and measurement capability. Additionally, an Immune Personality Scale was adopted based on one of the approved scales in psychological literature, after verifying its suitability for the Iraqi environment and extracting its psychometric properties of validity and reliability.
The results showed that university students possess a high level of refocusing strategy and a high level of immune personality. The results also revealed a statistically significant positive correlational relationship between the two variables, confirming the existence of a positive association between the refocusing strategy and the immune personality among students. In light of the results, the research concluded with a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The current study aims to identify the Self- purpose Personality and cognitive wisdom among university faculty members, and to examine the correlation between them. The study adopted a descriptive-correlational methodology. The study sample consisted of (400) male and female faculty members from the University of Anbar, selected through a stratified random sampling method across scientific and humane specializations with various academic title. To achieve the study objectives, two instruments were used: the first is Self- Purpose personality scale by (Dwight & Lau, 2018) and developed by (Alwan, 2024) according to the Flow Theory of (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990), consisting of (26) items distributed over seven domains. The second instrument is the cognitive wisdom scale by (Sternberg, 2001), which translated and developed, consisting of (30) items distributed over five dimensions. Both scales were presented to a group of experts, and after verifying their validity, they were applied in their final form to the study sample. The psychometric properties of both scales were verified, and the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results revealed that: University faculty members have a self-purpose personality and cognitive wisdom; and there is a positive correlation between the Self- Purpose personality and cognitive wisdom among university faculty members. In light of these results, the researchers suggested several appropriate recommendations and proposals.