journal of Economics And Administrative Sciences

Purpose: The present study seeks to examine various history stages in which undergone by the concept of scenarios, and development of this concept to integration with the strategic management practices:
Methodology: The current study relied on a literature review and approach in providing total picture of different stages undergone by this concept.
The main results: the scenarios did not reach maturity in their quest for integration with strategic management, and still need a great effort for the maturation of this thought in the framework of strategic management, and through it can contribute in creating important knowledge evolution.
Originality and value: providing a contemporary model linking the roots of this concept and current practices that take place in an advisory organization in different countries of the world, and to clarify the philosophy of this concept within different time periods.

Occupies total quality management applications play a key role in the development of institutions of higher education performance and achieve its strategic objectives through the commitment of senior management and their employees to continuous improvement of the quality of performance in the various areas of work, and can be integrated knowledge management processes, which means identifying information of value and how to take advantage. The data were collected using the style of the questionnaire for the purpose of analyzing their results on a sample composed of 83 member of the administrative leadership in colleges as representing the decision-making centers in those colleges .
The research to a set of conclusions, mainly there a correlation between the commitment of senior management and operations of knowledge management, which emphasizes the role of senior management in the success of the application of knowledge management in colleges by allocating adequate resources and selection of human resources required and customizations financial and technological support for the implementation of knowledge management. Focused recommendations the continued support by senior management for their essential role in the creation and maintenance of a knowledge management environment and thus support the conversion to

This search that addressed with (( The Impact of Cultural Dimensions in multicultural Project Teams )) tagged is important variables in the project environment that rare has been adverted in Arabic studies . The search problem is reflected in missing of awareness towards a cultural dimensions of the Diyala bridge area project team and their impact in project communications ، as well as weak project management interest in adopting a clear and scientific approach in the management and organization of project communications in order to reach the objective of the study ، was used questionnaire that built depending on previous global studies and has been adapted to accommodate Iraqi business environment ، And have been applied in (the Diyala bridge area streams project) In order to interpret the results and hypotheses of the search using a set of statistical tools، including the arithmetic mean، standard deviation and coefficient of variation for the diagnosis and interpretation of the answers of questionnaire respondents، and using correlation coefficient Spearman to know the nature of the relationship between variables ، besides coefficient of simple linear regression and multiple to determine the effect of the interpretation variable the cultural dimensions in the responder variable the communications. There is a correlation relationship and morale effects of the cultural dimensions that have the project team at project team communication ،therefore Increase of the managers understanding and awareness of the dimensions and try employ them effectively for increase cooperation and interaction between the various individuals in the project .

The research aims to indicate the relationship between lean production tools included seven {constant improvement , and Just in time (JIT), and the production smoothing , and quality at the source, and standardized work, Visual management, and activities 5S } and Mass Customization strategy for the model (Pine & Gilomer, 1997) {collaborative, adaptive, cosmetic, transparent}, as well as providing a conceptual framework and applied for variables search to clarify how they will choose a Mass Customization strategy through the lean production tools, , and recognize the reality of the practices of Iraqi industries in such a field. Moreover, aims to highlight the positive aspects that accrue to companies as a result of reliance on modern technologies and systems in production and a rapid response to the needs and desires of customers.
It was the application in Al-Asbaagh Al-Hadetha industries company and the Iraqi company for carton manufacturing and trade and supplies, it was used questionnaire to collect data from the research sample consisting of 58 people from the employees of the two companies , There positions functional were (Administrator of the Commissioner, the Director, Deputy Director, technical supervisor, head of observers) and used the methods of statistical analysis (descriptive statistics , correlation analysis , regression analysis ) to analyze the questionnaire and the results showed the existence of a correlation between lean production tools and Mass Customization strategy , as well as having an impact also among the two companies and prove all the research hypotheses. Recommendations have been proposed in the light of this , the most important benefit from the availability of lean production tools to enhance Mass Customization strategies and strategic choice for being more cooperative strategies appropriate for context two companies Alambhuthtin the work.

The purpose of this research shed light on the analysis of the relationship between training needs and organizational commitment and the role of a variable contract psychological, and start search of a dilemma thought provoking fundamental questions revolve around the search was the answer to all those questions of tricks theoretical framework to the variables of research first and test models of the relationship and impact secondly During six hypotheses major, The objective of the research the impact of the factors that affect training needs in organizational commitment center the psychological contract, and applied research on a sample of 100 individuals working in the engineering department and maintenance at the Department of Medical City, has been relying on the resolution as an essential tool for the collection of data and information the existence of a correlation between training needs and organizational commitment, also appeared that there is a significant effect of training needs in organizational commitment, and the level of influence increases with the level of contract psychological analyzed using a number of statistical methods, and research found to a number of conclusions delusional existence correlation moral between training needs and organizational commitment, also appeared that there is a significant effect of training needs in organizational commitment, and the level of influence increases with the level of contract psychological, has included research four axes went first to the methodology and the second for framing theory and the third to view and analyze the results and test hypotheses, while allocated fourth of the conclusions and recommendations.

Job stress is considered one of the most important obstacles that may appear in the work field. In order to deal with the obstacles and challenges , the idea to deal with job stress has come to address job stress as one of the most important trends that enable organizations to face those challenges through focusing on the role of job stress and the organizational climate of the organization.
The research deals with two variables: the job stress as an independent variable, and the organizational climate as a dependent one. Each variable includes five sub-dimensions. These dimensions have been involved in an interaction to form the framework of this research. The research aims to define the impact of the job stress as an independent variable, on the dependent variable, organizational climate in the service sector which represents one of the most important bases of the state society and its development through presenting social-service activities including those presented to the orphans, the handicapped and the elderly. The research has adopted the analytic descriptive approach. The data have been collected from (125) employees working in six of the sheltered accommodation houses (Ederly-care house, Alhanan house for severely-handicapped Children, Braum Al-Wazeriya Orphanage in Wazeriya, Zhour Al-Dameia Orphanage in Al-Dameia, Al-Alweya'a Orphanage in Al- Alweya's, Childhood House in Alsalehya. The questionnaire method has been used as a main tool for collecting the data besides the personal interviews and pamphlets issued by these accommodation houses. In order to process the data, many statistical methods have been used including arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentages, coefficient, and the Kruskel- Wallis. Based on the measurement of the research variables and diagnosis of the relations of correlation and impact, the research has reached a number of conclusions whose most important one is that there is no correlation and impact relations between the job stress and the organization climate in the sheltered accommodation houses. On the other hand, the difference-test has showed that there are value differences at all the sheltered accommodation houses.

The researcher has provided a number of recommendations including the need of the studied sheltered accommodation houses to adopt the job description process as well as increasing the attention paid to the human resources and developing and rehabilitating their physical and intellectual capacities through continuous training and enhancing the possibilities required for achieving this goal through studying need analysis on objective grounds

This research aims to examine the relationship between learning organization and behavior of work teams. The variable of the learning organization took four dimensions depending on the study (sudhartna & Li, 2004): Common cultural values , communication, knowledge transfer and the characteristics of workers. The behavior of teams was identified on the basis of realizing of the respondents of their organization to work as a team where the research relied concepts applied in the study (Hakim , 2005) , and chose to research the case of a service organization for the study and relied on four dimensions of coordination , cooperation , sharing of information , the performance of the team, and was a curriculum approach and descriptive analytical , research also identified a set of hypotheses as answers to the speculative temporary problem of the research, which was tested tools statistically not parametric tested , as were selected random sample of (39) directors of the departments of the upper and middle and supervisory levels , in a sample of the branches of Rasheed Bank of Iraq in Baghdad and the research concluded the existence of a correlation of the organization learned behaviors work teams as she was a strong and significant moral , which refers to the role of the learning organization in the activation of the behavior of teams in the bank , and that there is a strong correlation between the decline , which affects the learning organization offset by a decline in the level of the behavior of teams and vice versa , and the results showed the presence of the impact between the learning organization in the behavior of teams as she was a strong and significant moral which shows the outstanding role played by the learning organization in the success of the behavior of teams in the Bank of the respondent the research recommended the establishment of seminars and workshops for workers in Bank and with the help of experts in order to create opportunities for creativity and development and encourage teamwork in order to achieve the harmony at work and through the provision of appropriate conditions and provide the necessary support to team members and give them authority to make decisions

The objective of this research to analyze the effectiveness of monetary policy in achieving economic stability and growth for the period 2004-2011 ،This period of time saw a fundamental shift in monetary policy after the issuing new law the Central Bank of the full independence of the monetary authority ،This is Prompt the monetary authority to bring about a change in the philosophy and objectives and the tools used to achieve the desired goals ،Which give them the ability to control the size of the money supply and to achieve price stability Indeed، Monetary policy has been able to achieve the golden triangle of economic stability ،Consisted of staff، exchange rate stability and low and stable general level of prices in relative terms، while representing the third pillar to build a strong reserve of foreign currency ،This could provide a stable investment environment، which is the basis of economic growth process. But the country's economic policy has failed to exploit those stable environment ، Creating intersection or a lack of coordination between monetary policy objectives and goals of economic policies، particularly fiscal policy .

Will address this research interaction and coordination between fiscal and monetary policies and the impact of this interaction and coordination on economic stability and growth، and how the financial implications of monetary policy may stimulate action monetary policy and treatment side effects and the nature of responsiveness and bounce between procedures both two policies and their impact on the balance of overall economic and explained in the folds of searchjustifications coordination and the extent necessary in order to address the imbalances in economic activity through twinning actions of monetary and fiscal، has embodied this coordination and interaction between policies and their impact mutual consistent and inconsistent when studying balance general economic and pillars of balance in the money market and the balance in the market commodity (Is-Lm) .The balance monetary and commodity introductions essential to balance the general economic with origin and dimension Keynesian who put its basic idea balance economists Hekes and Hansen in their analysis of the balance of Keynesian Economics (income model simplex) and then was developed model to model (Is-Lm) thanks to their contributions theory and summarized tie between aggregate demand cash and aggregate supply commodity which plays monetary policy role "influential" and sensitive "in aggregate demand cash (monetary value of goods and services) also affect fiscal policy effectively in the overall width of the commodity (content Commodity money) and both two policies by its tools and policies different leaves effects mutually responsive about the purpose or mutual feedback effects on the target ... that stable economic balance is a viable case to restore balance in the event that this balance to the imbalance by self-forces and the unstable economic balance is non-viable state to restore balance، but remain in the folds oscillate between imbalance and stabilize the rates of certain economic use and output and prices .

The developed financial system is essential for increasing economic growth and poverty reduction in the world. The financial development helps in poverty reduction indirectly via intermediate channel which is the economic growth. The financial development enhancing economic development through mobilization of savings and channel them to the most efficient uses with higher economic and social returns. In addition, the economic growth reduces the poverty through two channels. The first is direct by increasing the introduction factors held by poor and improve the situations into the sectors and areas where the poor live. The second is indirect through redistribution the realized incomes from the economic growth as well as the realized incomes from the government revenues which can be used to transfer the payments and improve the living standard which finally lead to reduce the poverty. By using the Autoregressive Distributed lag Model (ARDL) the paper found that there is significant causality from economic growth to poverty reduction and another one from inflation to the poverty reduction. However, the paper also found a weak nexus between financial development and poverty reduction . in addition, the financial development and economic growth do not play any significant role in reducing the poverty rate in Iraq. However, the econometrics analysis revealed that the inflation is the main factor effecting the poverty rate in the short and long run

The General Company for Iraqi Cement is regarded as one of the companies that contribute to support the Iraqi economy. It contributes to provide the material of cement which fulfils the consumer and investment need in the markets in competitive prices and not to resort to the importing of the cement from abroad. That would save a great share of the purchase parity of the poor sectors of society. The estimation of production function will contribute to putting the company.
The application functions of the standard production of benefit critical to clarify the actual relationship between production & its components, & allow to clarify the importance of each element of the production, which helps in estimating the economic indicators & statistics, & draw the necessary plans for the advancement of the company, & that the analysis of production functions utilized in the prediction of pre-requisites to achieve target levels of production, as predictable production growth in the event of the production elements of knowledge, or that will be used in the production process in the future. Therefore will be analyzed best function production capacity of the General Company for Cement for the period (1996-2010), & in line with the logic of economic theory & then crossed statistical tests & standard, & then the expense of some economic indicators such as revenue size, elasticity of production, elasticity of substitution & technical competence.
Thus, we found The General Company for Iraqi Cement followed the method of work condensation in carrying out work.

That the main feature of the economics many countries in general is a tendency towards defining the role of the public sector in economic activity and the tendency towards encourage the private sector to investment in public projects especially in countries those tendency towards market economy actually.
That increased economic development proven failure in achieving more economic growth both individually in many countries especially developing countries socialist, by researchers this led one way or another to direction of corrective reforms in their economic was one of them in Transformation of public companies into Shareholding companies contributes to the public sector in resources and expertise a long side the public sector.
Received multi Transformation public sector companies into shareholding companies with great interest by researchers economists around the world after making sure that process of economic and social development depends on of both the public and private sectors in the establishment and operation of divers projects.
Research topic was chosen to see how to achieve in three axies are looking at the concept and importance of Transformation and justifications and gools in general and Iraq in particular, and its application at the level of the Ministry of Industry and Minerals.

Design sampling plan was and still one of most importance subjects because it give lowest cost comparing with others, time live statistical distribution should be known to give best estimators for parameters of sampling plan and get best sampling plan.
Research dell with design sampling plan when live time distribution follow Logistic distribution with ( ) as location and shape parameters, using these information can help us getting (number of groups, sample size) associated with reject or accept the Lot
Experimental results for simulated data shows the least number of groups and sample size needs to reject or accept the Lot with certain probability of accepting ( )
Live time can follows other statistical distribution can give other results and other sampling plan and using these information in sequential sampling plan

In this study, different methods were used for estimating location parameter and scale parameter for extreme value distribution, such as maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) , method of moment estimation (ME),and approximation estimators based on percentiles which is called white method in estimation, as the extreme value distribution is one of exponential distributions. Least squares estimation (OLS) was used, weighted least squares estimation (WLS), ridge regression estimation (Rig), and adjusted ridge regression estimation (ARig) were used. Two parameters for expected value to the percentile as estimation for distribution function were used .Several models from extreme value distribution were used for data generating , for different sample sizes (small, medium, and large).The results were obtained by using simulation technique, Programs written using MATLAB program were used. To compare the performance for the methods used in this study, the mean squared error criterion (MSE) and mean absolute squared error criterion (MAPE) for two parameters for the extreme value distribution were used as criterion to compare the performance for the methods . The results showing according to the two criterions (MSE &MAPE), that maximum likelihood estimation is the best of all of the others methods, following by the method of moment estimation . The adjusted ridge regression estimation method have best performance for the suggested parameter for expected value to the percentile which was used as estimation for distribution function.

In this research is estimated the function of reliability dynamic of multi state systems and their compounds and for three types of systems (serial, parallel, 2-out-of-3) and about two states (Failure and repair) depending on calculating the structur function allow to describing the behavior of the reliability of the system depending on the efficiency of its components. And the researcher estimates the dynamic reliability indicators which in turn describes changes in the reliability of multi state system caused by changes in the efficiency of the components system. These indicators were estimated by Direct Partial Logic derivative

Sampeles:-
(MSS): Multi-state system
(MSSRF) : Reliability function of Multi-state system
Φ(x): Structure function
(SFOMSS): Structure function of Multi-state system
(DRI): Dynamic Reliability Indices
{Gf/Xi}:set of failure states for each compmnent
{Gr/Xi}: set of repair states for each compmnent
(CDRI): Dynamic reliability for each component
(DIRI): Dynamic reliability for complete system

In this research, we find the Bayesian formulas and the estimation of Bayesian expectation for product system of Atlas Company. The units of the system have been examined by helping the technical staff at the company and by providing a real data the company which manufacturer the system. This real data include the failed units for each drawn sample, which represents the total number of the manufacturer units by the company system. We calculate the range for each estimator by using the Maximum Likelihood estimator. We obtain that the expectation-Bayesian estimation is better than the Bayesian estimator of the different partially samples which were drawn from the product system after it checked by the technical staff of the company and by using the range as statistical criterion.

There is an increase in the need for cost accounting in all organizations and from different sectors to provide detailed information to the totals of financial accounting, first and help solve problems associated with inventory and analysis, tabulation and allocation of cost elements II and do the planning process and provide the necessary oversight and help to take the right decisions such as pricing decisions that need to Information cost accounting.
And suffer most of the non-governmental organizations from the lack of a cost accounting system provides information on the cost of service in these organizations and the department research sample circle vitality received financial statements of broad interest from various government agencies, the community and even international The cost of access to safe drinking water is one of the vital issues for these entities.
The research was to design the system costs a special water purification plants to develop the work of this department and to achieve the goals set forth in the law and meet the requirements of international organizations and the need of the circuit itself. It was in this research compared the cost per square meter of water between that which is calculated in a manner total (by dividing all expenses during the year on the production of water or sold during the same year), however, which was calculated according to the scientific origins of cost accounting.
The most important conclusions of the research that he is no longer any reports forcost accounting since the establishment of a special section of it, has not been preparing the trial balance for the year 2013. , And separation of the production costs for marketing costs and administrative kills to reduce the costs of non-value per unit neither of economic nor to the public the beneficiary of these services.That deviates from cost centers to objectively kills Tdid fairer costs and thus does the responsibility of accounting systems, monitoring and evaluation of performance.
The most important recommendations, the development of cost accounting system and its reliance on cost allocation activity and identify activities that adds value from those that do not add value and reduce costs and develop the work of the department.

E-commerce is the most important result of information technology in this day and age, has resulted in the use of commercial transactions to changes in economic, social, and psychological, and produced a new type of shopping, jobs, and create new job opportunities, and changed the traditional work environment. The challenge currently facing economic units is how to transfer this technology and its integration within the community, especially after the massive developments that have occurred in the areas of commercial and congested markets units, the economic and the products and services the many and varied and intensified competition among these units to achieve a profit, leading to the emergence of e-commerce as one of the means of modern trade which has affected and dramatically change the future of the business and initiated through what made possible by means of information technology to facilitate the buying and selling process electronically, which led to increase the efficiency of the performance of economic units and strengthen the competitive position of her, also contributed through its vital role in the marketing of products and services that Units electronically to facilitate the process of obtaining those products and services by customers and within the area of geographical area and wide at the time and the speed limit and reduce the cost of marketing products and services for those units to a minimum, so it will be highlighted in this paper on the importance of e-commerce, information technology and the impact of integration with each other in reducing both the cost of producing goods and services and the costs of marketing and reflection so effective when adopted by the economic units in the rationalization of pricing decisions to achieve customer satisfaction and meet the desires and in the last analysis to strengthen the competitive position of those units in the business environment in line with the challenges of successive in all areas performance of information technology in today's world

The studying trying to determine the role of Strategic Intelligence on the Process of Green Manufacturing of Sample of Mineral water factories at Dahuk city. The study submit a theoretical frame of Strategic Intelligence and Green Manufacturing, a supposed sample, had been set to reverye the nature of the relations and effect in the study Varity, the study depend on group of the main and branch concurring with the relations and effect between the Strategic Intelligence and Green Manufacturing to answer the following questions about research to problems:
What are the relationships and effects between strategic Intelligence and Green Manufacturing in the under–study factories .
The study had reached to a group of conclusions, the most important are:
- The results of analyze shows positive relation between the strategic Intelligence and process of Green Manufacturing in the under–study factories .
- The result of regression show the relations effect for strategic Intelligence and process of Green Manufacturing ..