Journal of University of Babylon

In this work, we study Lipschitz continuity of . Lipschitz continuity of implies Lipschitz continuity of its harmonic extension , provided is a quasiregular map. The analogous statement is true for Holder continuity of without the assumption of quasiregular of its harmonic extension .

In 1980 T . Noiri introduce δ – sets to define a new class of functions called δ–continuous and in 1996 Dontchev and Ganster introduce and studied a new class of sets called δ–generalized closed and in 2000 Dontchev and others introduce – closed sets. In this paper we use these sets to define and study a new type of functions called contra –continuous as a new type of contra continuous the functions contra δ–continuous is stronger than contra continuous function , contra – continuous functions and weaker than Rc–continuous and each one of them are independent with - continuous functions.
Preservation theorems of this functions are investigated also several properties concerning this functions are obtain . The relationships between the δ –closed set with the other sets that have so important to get many results are investigated . finally we study the relationships between this functions with the other functions .

In this research, we use the differential geometry to show that Gamma distribution converges to normal distribution by connecting between differential geometry and statistics.
We apply some formulas to calculate the Gaussian curvature for Gamma distribution in the case of parametric lines are not orthogonal and show that if it is convergent to normal distribution by comparing the value of Gaussian curvature for Gamma distribution with the value of Gaussian curvature for the normal distribution.

Twenty four samples of kerosene fuel from storage tanks were analyzed for fungal contamination , (11) different species were isolated and it was possible to verify the presence of Cladosporium resinae as the principle contaminant in these samples followed by Alternaria alternata , non of the isolated fungi alone except C. resinae were able to utilize kerosene as a sole source of carbon and energy, electrochemical technique reveals the type and magnitude of the attack expected and results showed that pitting potential (Ep) values falls with increasing incubation period and the aggressiveness of the medium toward the aluminum alloy as measured by (Ep) , corrosion potential (Ec) , corrosion current (Ic) , pH and type of attack appears to be related to those parameters and to the accumulation of the metabolites in the aqueous phase due to kerosene utilization. .

Twenty bacterial isolates capable of utilizing naphthalene , as the sole source of carbon and energy for growth were isolated from three oily polluted soil from different sites in Hilla city . By standard bacteriological methods , these bacteria were identified as belonging to the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burkholderia cepacia and Aeromonas media. The first two genera demonstrated the highest growth during incubation period as indicated by an increase in their optical density (OD600) . There were also changes in the medium pH during seven days of incubation .

Magnesium ions , with concentration as low as 10-4 M have been quantitatively separated from Mn(II) an Zn(II) ions by precipitations with some halogen substituted of diphenylthiocarbazone in a buffered solution of about 50% V/V aqueous – dioxan .
As a precipitant the di-p-iodophenylthiocarbazone in dioxan solution was employed . The use of this ligand is promising for both qualitative test and quantitative determination of traced of magnesium. Preliminary work with the di-p-fluoro, di-p-chloco, di-p-bromo, and di-m-trifluoromethylphenylthiocarbazone indicated the formation precipitates analogous to the magnesium di-p-iodo- compound .

We study the electronic and structural properties of zinc-sulphide (ZnS) under high pressure, using large unit cell method. We employ intermediate neglect of differential overlap calculations, with appropriate corrections to the band gap and zero point energy to the cohesive energy. The results are in reasonable agreement with available experimental data. The applied pressure on zinc-sulphide causes the following effect; an increase of the band gap, the valence bandwidth and the cohesive energy, and a decrease of the conduction bandwidth. This model predicts a decrease of the electronic occupation probability for the s and p orbital of sulfur with an increase of this probability for the s-orbital of zinc with the increase of pressure.

A large unit cell (LUC) formalism of eight atoms within intermediate neglect of differential overlap (INDO) is used to study some properties of cubic-silicon carbide, and to study the effect of temperature on these properties. Cohesive energy, direct and indirect band gap, valence bandwidth, conduction bandwidth and hybridized orbitals of crystal are obtained from the band structure calculations. All the aforementioned properties are obtained by selecting empirical parameter sets for LUC-INDO model. It is found that the result are in good agreement with experimental results, direct and indirect band gap, and valence bandwidth decrease with increasing temperature, while the conduction bandwidth and cohesive energy increase.

This study was conducted to investigate the activity of alcoholic extract of leaves of rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis and Eucalyptus spathulata on the in vitro growth inhibition of Escherichia coli and Candida albicans by agar well diffusion method, with estimation of median lethal dose of both extracts. Alcoholic extract of both leaves with three concentrations (100, 200 and 300 mg/ml) were prepared. The three concentrations of both plants extracts showed high effect on the in vitro inhibition of growth of E. coli. The means of inhibition zone diameters were 13.2, 15.2 and 18.4 mm for R. officinalis and 17.2, 18.2 and 20 mm for E. spathulata. There was moderate effect of the three concentrations of both extracts on the growth of C. albicans, the means of inhibition zone diameters were10.2, 12.3 and 14.6 mm for R. officinalis and 13.4, 15.2 and 16 mm for E. spathulata. The results of estimation of median lethal dose (LD50) indicated that there was no lethal effect of both leaves extracts in the laboratory mice, with the exception of the appearance of loss of appetite, increase respiratory and heart rates and ruffled hair without mortality at the doses ranged between 9000-20000 mg/kg body weight.

This study employed the imprint culture technique to asses the effects of fixed and removal orthodontic appliances on oral carriage .specially the distribution of Candida species in group of adults during fixed and removable orthodontic appliance therapy.75 individuals, mean age=16.5 years, undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed and removable orthodontic appliances. the experimental group was selected from a larger sample of orthodontic patients who were clinically examined once to obtain baseline data before active treatment.18 males and 19 females were examined with fixed orthodontic appliances. while, 17 males and 21 females were examined with removable appliances .Thereafter, the experimental group was examined three times after 3 and 6 months and over6 months follow-up period after insertion of orthodontic appliance. The whole mouth plaque score was obtained, and the oral cavity was then sampled for Candida species and bacterial species by (imprint culture).
The results of this study showed that streptococcus species were present in higher percentages than other microorganisms, followed by Candida species, then staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus species respectively. Females showed higher bacterial growth compared with males, and higher mixed growth over single growth in female while male showed the reverse. Number of bacterial growth after 6 months period was higher than 3 months period and both periods were higher than the period of over 6 months, with maximum bacterial growth of streptococcus species followed by Candida, then staphylococcus, Pseudomonas and Lactobacillus species respectively for all time intervals (except that Candida showed the same growth at 3 and 6 months period, and staphylococcus showed the same growth at 6 months and over 6 months period).fixed appliances showed more bacterial growth compared with removable appliance for all isolated microorganism types including Candida species, with maximum growth for streptococcus species .Results also revealed than maximum antibacterial resistance was for streptococcus species for the all four tested antibiotics, followed by Lactobacillus species, while the bacterial resistance for Candida, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species was very poor against the all tested antibiotics.

This study was carried out on thirteen patients whom suffering from chronic suppurative otitis media, all children-suspected with aural myiasis were attended to the ENT department of Hilla Teaching Hospital, during period of four consequent years (2004–2007) in the summer season (April through September). Their ages were ranged from 1– 0 years old, of both sex (7 males and 6 females). A quistionnaire paper was performed to each child which state his age, sex, residence, clinical symptoms and case history. All the patients in the field of present study were examined physically and clinically followed by laboratory parasitic examinations, then with the aid of CT scan and x-ray, they were had underwent suction clearance with the surgical intervention. A topical and systemic recommended antibiotics were subjected and formulated to each case of infection, and continued for six months up to their cure.
From the obtained results, it's revealed that all chronic suppurative otitis media patients were had middle ear inflammation. From these patients there are 77% were myiasis-infested patients. The first age group (1 – 3 years) was presented high myiasis parasitic infestation which was 46%. There are 54% of patients were males and 46% were females, respectively. Ten patients were lived in rural area more than those whom lived in urban area 77% and 23% respectively. The pathological findings that associated with all patients were: perforation of ear's tympanic membrane 100%, polyps formation in middle ear cavity 31% and formation of granulation tissue 46%. There were 23% of infected children were cured conservatively and 62% of them were of suction clearance with the surgical intervention.
The percentage rate of healing was 85%, since patients were seemed good and healthy.

Thermal equilibrium diagrams (phase diagrams )give informations on the phases present and their compositions at equilibrium in alloy systems. A knowledge of thermodynamic stability of molecular structure has an important effect for understanding phase transformations in materials which are represented in phase diagrams. Theoretical method of calculating phase diagrams by using thermodynamic properties is using in this work. Phase diagrams of two metals completely soluble in liquid and solid state with assuming that diagrams without miscibility gap are considered as diagrams of ideal solution while with miscibility gap are considered as diagrams of regular solutions. By comparing the results obtained from the theoretical method by computer program with the experimental method by using the thermal analysis which are considered as stander diagrams in all references. The maximum difference between theoretical and experimental diagrams is 40%. The minimum difference between them is 0.086% .

Personalization refers to the marking of places, or the accretion of objects within them, and thereby the staking of claim to them. (If it is an area, that has been marked as a territory). Place attachment represents the bonds that people have to a specific environment, and the subsequent knowledge and values people hold for that environment.
The main goal of this research is to check if there is a statistical significant relationship between personalization and the formation of place attachment, and to increase knowledge about the complex nature of place attachment considering the dynamics of the relationship over time, space, people and context. Also. It is an attempt to explore how the context of a setting might relate to the attachments people form with it.
The observation and listing of architectural physical elements through doing a cross sectional study would be helpful in determining the type of relation between personalization as an independent variable and place attachment as a dependent variable. The hypothesis suppose that much more exterior personalization of multi-unit housing would reflect the feeling of control and place attachment and vice versa. The level and type of personalization the users would like to adapt under the influence of the suggested confounding (sub-variables) of ownership, identity, privacy and security could be detected leading to possible general design responses according to the necessary components of aesthetics physical attractiveness that satisfy people needs.

A new approach is presented to drive a unit hydrograph for a complex multipeaked hydrograph. The new approach is characterized with accuracy and simplicity. It is checked by using two illustrative examples.

Retread rubber compounds are made from a blend of NR/BR by using several additives like Activator Accelerator such as Zn salts of high molecular fatty acid (LAUREX) & homogenizing agents (Struktol-MS) produced by Uniroyal, Delayed Action Accelerators type Thiazoles and Sulfenamides such as (AMAX & MORFAX) produced by Vanderbilt.. insoluble sulfur, Pine Tar and others.
An infinite number of rubber recipes are possible in blends. The best properties of each components are selected to achieve a blend having a wide spectrum of properties (recommended for retreading compounds) which is superior to that of the individual component and also economically competitive. The effect of using different levels of accelerators such as (AMAX) improved the physico-mechanical properties when used in percentage of 0.60, 0.65 and 0.85 in place of MORFAX and the Activators Accelerator LAUREX improved the Rheometric and processing properties instead of Struktol-MS in the rubber compounds which are evaluated, so that it is making use of preparing suitable retreading rubber compound.

This paper presents a theoretical study to the behavior of multi-layered beam system with partial connection. An assumed element consists of three layers, the upper and the middle layers are connected by shear connectors and glue, and the middle layer and the lower layer are connected by shear connectors only. Equilibrium and compatibility are satisfied for the forces and displacements at the assumed element. As a result, two simultaneous differential equations of the second order in terms of slip and axial force are obtained. A computer program is written in (visual Basic) to apply suggested theoretical model

In this work ion-exchange and laminating process were used for strengthening soda-lime glass which done in fused KNO3 bath. Glass specimens were totally submerged in the bath. The temperature and time of process were varied in order to make stress profile and to determine the optimum conditions. It is found that ion-exchange process raising fracture strength of glass to 285.4% at 430οC and 273.7% at 450οC. It is also found that the hardness values increased to 16% at 430οC and 16.77% at 450οC. These values were extracted after 4hours and 2hours of dipping in molten salt respectively. As a result of laminating process, laminated glass has better properties than single glass. The applied load was 0.063KN for single layer while with increasing glass layers to six it became1.25KN. Using strengthened glass in lamination process contributes to improve applied load where it was 0.24KN for single layer and it became 1.91KN for six glass layers.

In the current work, the effect of carbon fiber surface treatment on mechanical properties of unsaturated polyester (CFRP) was investigated. An extreme dependence for the interaction strength in unsaturated polyester -carbon fiber system is established and its effect on the mechanical properties of CFRP and the influence of the fiber treatment on the bonded strength between fiber- resin systems is clarified. Two methods were developed in surface treatment, the first one deal with release of epoxy layer (desizing) which coated carbon fiber. The second one deals with release epoxy layer and etching carbon fibers with special solution. It was found that both methods tend to intensify the adhesion of thermosetting resin to carbon fibers owing to a more developed surface of the reinforcing fibers after surface treatment. It's found that the treatment of carbon fibers is efficient and considerably improves the flexural strength of CFRP. Etched carbon fibers improve flexural strength of composite materials by 20% in comparison with untreated one.

A two-dimensional numerical model was developed and applied to study the unsteady continuous discharge of pollutant from a single source into the river with considering the effect of the turbulent eddy viscosity resulted from density difference between the pollutant and river water. This model can be applied for soluble as well as for miscible pollutant with density equals or slightly greater than river water density. The governing equations in the present model are momentum and mass fraction conservation equations. The turbulent dynamic viscosity and diffusion coefficients were calculated by using (k -ε) turbulence model. The partial differential equations were converted into finite difference form by using (ADI) finite difference technique with application the upwinding scheme. Then the set of the linear algebraic equations were solved by Gauss-Seidel Point-by-Point Method. The results of the system were verified by using a numerical model presented by (Petrus, 1990) for simulating pollutant dispersion in Tigress river. The verification showed a good agreement between the present and the previous work. A sensitivity analysis was carried out to study the effect of variations of different parameters on the concentration distribution resulting from the application of the model.

An investigation of the nonlinear analysis of partially prestress partially steel fibrous reinforced concrete space frames having prismatic and / or non-prismatic (tapered) members and subjected to cyclically varying loading is presented in this study. Plastic zone model is utilized in this study with an incremental and iterative technique to study the inelastic behavior of reinforced concrete frames. An approach namely (regions approach) that was previously proposed by is used to take into account the variation of material properties through the depth and width of the section. Equivalent nodal loads (fixed – end forces) are presented for tapered element under uniformly distributed load considering the possibility of existence of plastic zone any where in the member. The effects of shear and torsion forces are taken into account. Kupfer, Hilsdrof and Rusch yield criteria is used as a limitation for the concrete behavior. The hardening / softening rule, flow rule, and tension stiffening rule for concrete are taken into account. Failure can be predicted by the concrete crushing at a certain region. The analytical model adopted in this study for the fibrous concrete represented obviously the behavior of steel fiber prestressed concrete frames under cyclic loading. This could be noted through comparing with the theoretical results of previous studies.

Performance of starved porous journal bearings with misaligned shaft was investigated theoretically under hydrodynamic lubrication condition. The circumferential boundary condition for the oil film pressure is obtained by applying integral momentum equation to the oil film region in the bearing clearance. Two types of misalignment, axial (vertical displacement) and twisting (horizontal displacement), are considered. The analysis is performed on finite length , grooved misaligned bearing for starved inlet conditions. Effect of different degree of starvation and supply pressure are investigated for a particular misaligned condition. The results show that the journal misalignment and oil supply pressure have a marked effect on the static characteristics of the bearing.

One of the most problems encountered in thermal solar energy plant is the efficiency and quantity of energy storage operation, which is performed in the day and then use it at night and cloudy weather periods to increase the plant running time. Two methods are used in this study for storing energy: First, the batteries are used for storing electrical energy which produces from a solar thermal plant. Select stationary battery, which consists from three positive plates and this battery would have a storage capacity of (500) Amp. hour for one hour every day at 25°C (77°F) and (6) Volt per cell with help of Excel and MATLAB Simulation program. This storage is very useful in solar energy system. The second method is collecting and holding the sun heat, which produced by concentrating solar power systems using materials that hold a large a mount of heat and release it slowly. One of these materials is melting salts such as Gloubers Salt (NA2SO4, 10 H2O) which used for this purpose. Salt solidification model is performed by Ansys 5.4 program. The results show that the storage in the first method is very useful in solar thermal energy systems. Also the results show that the storage energy by latent heat of the melting salt is more efficient than that by sensible heat and (90%) of the total storage energy in second method producing by latent heat. Three parameters are affected on the heat gain from salt solidification, which are initial temperature of the salt, geometry and surface area of the salt container and the latent heat value of the salt used.

The junction open channel flow is encountered in many hydraulic engineering such as irrigation ditches, wastewater treatment facilities and fish passage conveyance structures. The flow behavior at junction becomes very complex because of the interaction between the branch and main channel, that’s cause many complex problems such as local sedimentary, channel scour and sidewall erosion and others. This paper provides detail application of numerical solution (Finite Volume) by FLUENT-2D software in simulation of 90º open channel junction flows. Numerical simulations undertaken in present two dimensional work use Standard k-ε turbulence model. Comparisons have been made between numerical results and measured experimental velocities of Weber et al. (2001), good agreement between the model predictions and experimental measurements have been obtained. Statistical analysis of the results obtained was ,also, applied by using chi square test (goodness-of-fit tests) to ensure the previous conclusion, the correlation coefficient for all tests not less than (0.926).The model is then applied to investigate the dimensions of separation zone. The simulation results show that separation zone size increases as the discharge ratio of the upstream main channel to the downstream channel decreases.