Al-Rafidain Journal For Sport Sciences

The present study aims to reveal the effect of using the strategy of thinking from the outside to the inside in improving the performance of the scoring skill of futsal players. The two researchers assumed that there were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests and used the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The selected data consisted of Andalusia Forum players (youth category)who were randomly selected, numbering (12) players, with (6) players for the experimental groups and (6) players for the control group, By depending on the theoretical framework and cognitive theories of cognitive psychology, the researchers adopted a set of measures in the variables (psychological flow, social disruption, and self-management) to conduct equivalence, as equivalence was achieved between the experimental and control groups in these variables in addition to testing the scoring skill. The psychological training program was applied to the experimental group with three sessions per week for a period of (5) weeks and a time of (35) minutes per session for the period from 4/2/2024 to 3/3/2024. The two researchers used the statistical package (SPSS) to process the data and concluded that there were statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests in favour of the experimental group. The two researchers recommended that trainers should allocate part of their training units to psychological training due to its effect on improving the level of skill performance

The objective of the study: Building an interactive agility test for advanced badminton players, as well as setting standard grades and levels for the interactive agility test for advanced badminton players.
The two researchers applied the descriptive approach using the survey method to suit the nature of the study and the research community was formed on advanced badminton players for the 2023-2024 season, numbering (93) players. Players from the clubs of the governorates (Nineveh, Erbil and Kirkuk) were selected, numbering (52) players, and they were chosen intentionally due to their proximity to the researchers' work and represented a percentage of (55.91%) of the research community. A number of local and international matches were analyzed in order to find the most important foot movements for badminton players. Scientific steps were adopted to build the tests and find scientific coefficients of validity, reliability, objectivity and suitability. After applying the tests and processing them using the SPSS program and the EXCEL program, the study revealed the following results:
1. Building an interactive agility test for badminton players.
2. Reaching the tables of grades and standard levels for interactive agility tests.

The present study aimed at 1- identifying the effect of various balance exercises on the level of technical performance on the balance beam for both the experimental and the control groups of AlSulaimaneyya Academy female gymnastics players, 2- identifying the differences between the results of the posttest of the two groups in terms of the performance level on the balance beam. The two researchers hypothesized that: 1- there were statistically significant differences between the results of the pretest and the posttest for both the control and the experimental groups in the performance level on the balance beam and in favor of the posttest. 2- there are significant differences in the results of the posttest between the control and the experimental groups in the level of technical performance and in favor of the experimental group.
The two researchers used the experimental method as it is suitable with the nature of the research. The population of the research involved junior female players of AlSulaimaneyya academy for the season (2023-2024). The total number of the players was (15) female players with ages ranged between (9-12) years old who were selected deliberately. Then (5) female players were excluded for the purpose of conducting the exploratory experiment and also (2) players were excluded as they were not committed to the exercise and the program. So, the sample of the research included (8) players who represent (53%) of the research population. The sample was divided into two groups (control and experimental groups) through the random selection using the lottery and each group included (4) players. The control group used the coach program and the experimental group used the exercises that were prepared by the researcher. Homogeneity was conducted (height, age and weight) and also the equivalence was conducted for the sample of the research (according to the requirements of the research). The two researchers used the following statistical tools to obtain the results, they include: (the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Levin’s test, percentage, T test for independent samples, T test for the correlated samples).
The two researchers concluded the following: 1- The various special exercises on the balance beam that were performed by the experimental group achieved a significant development in the technical performance. 2- The experimental group was significantly superior over the control group in terms of the performance. The researchers recommended that: 1- It is necessary to guide the coaches to use the variety of special exercises as they have an impact on developing the level of performance on the balance beam. 2- It is beneficial to adopt the repetitive method in the preparation period in terms of developing the performance. 3- Emphasizing the use of ballet exercises to increase the movement domain, which in turn leads to developing the performance on the balance beam.

This research aims to discover:
.The effect of using the simplified method on learning performance levels for certain movement skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics.
.The effect of the traditional method (used by the teacher) on learning performance levels for certain movement skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics.
.The differences between the research groups in the post-test regarding learning performance levels for certain movement skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics.
.The identification of the values of the development ratio and the amount of learning in performance levels for certain movement skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics between the experimental and control groups.
The researcher used a controlled pre-test and post-test design with equivalent groups. The research sample consisted of 61 students divided into two classes. Students with previous experience and those in the pilot study sample (21 students) were excluded, resulting in a final research sample of 40 students divided into two groups: the experimental group (20 students) using the simplified partial method, and the control group (20 students) using the traditional method set by the teacher. The researchers ensured the equivalence between the two groups in certain physical and movement attributes and some mental abilities.
A teaching program was developed by the researcher based on the simplified partial method for four selected movement skills (front scale, cartwheel, headstand, and handstand) chosen by specialists. Each instructional unit lasted 90 minutes over the course of 10 units, with two units per week.
The researcher concluded:
.The simplified partial method had a positive effect on learning performance levels for certain basic skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics.
. The experimental group outperformed the control group in learning performance levels for certain basic skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics.
.The experimental group showed a greater development ratio and learning amount in performance levels for certain movement skills on the floor exercise apparatus in gymnastics compared to the control group.

The study aims to:
• Create a Management Directing survey from the perspective of physical education teachers for secondary school principals in the city of Mosul.
• Determine the degree of management directing and its components among Mosul's secondary school principals from the perspective of the physical education instructors.
• The researchers uses the descriptive approach in the appropriate survey method, and the research community includes physical education teachers
in the city of Mosul, numbering (244) physical education teachers, (203) male and (41) female, the research sample consists of (200) teachers and physical education school, and the researchers prepared an Management Directing questionnaire for secondary school principals, which is formed in its form The final of (34) items, and in order to reach the results and objectives of the research, the researchers used the following statistical means (percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), Spearman-Brown equation, Gettmann equation, Cronbach's alpha equation).
The researchers reached the following results:
• The effectiveness of the Management Directing questionnaire for secondary school principals in the centre of Mosul city, from the point of view of physical education teachers in the city of Mosul
• Secondary school principals are characterized by a very high level of Management Directing , to ensure the achievement of the objectives of the educational institution.
In the light of the findings, it was recommended that:
• Conducting similar studies in sports institutions for the Management Directing questionnaire after conducting scientific adaptation processes for them .
• School principals should use methods and procedures for discussion and expression of opinion while making important internal decisions concerning the school.

Research objective to:
1- Build an electronic test to measure the accuracy of the front straight ground strike for squash players through the design of an electronic device.
2- Determine the values of a number of biomechanical variables for the skill of the front straight ground for advanced squash players
3- Identify the values of the accuracy of the front straight ground strike of advanced squash players.
4- Identify the proportions of the contribution of biomechanical variables with the accuracy of the front straight ground strike of squash players.
The researchers assumed that there are percentages of contribution to the biomechanical variables with the accuracy of performance of the skill of the front straight ground strike for squash players, the researcher uses the descriptive approach to fulfill the suitability and the nature of the research, and the research sample includes the national team players and club players advanced in squash, which numbered (30) players, representing five clubs to develop the test and the main experiment for kinetic analysis, the researchers uses scientific bibliographies and references, questionnaires, tests and measurement, scientific and technical observation, and biomechanical analysis) as a means of data collection, the researchers designs an electronic test that measures the accuracy of the front straight ground strike. To achieve scientific and technical observation, the researchers used a number of cameras to analyze the front straight ground strikes to measure and extract biomechanical variables i.e (3) iPhone type cameras were used) after determining the accuracy of the speed of the camera so that it is (240) images / secondintention, so that after the first camera is (3.20 meters) to the right of the player and the height of the focus of the lens (1 meter) and the second camera in front of the player and at a distance of (4 meters) and perpendicular to the first camera, the third camera is located behind the player and at a distance of (2 meters). The researcher uses the (Kenova) program for analysis, the researchers conducts the main experiment on the research sample, which are (9) advanced squash players, and the experiment was conducted on the squash court hall at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Baghdad at exactly three o'clock in the evening on Sunday 14/12/2023, and the researchers uses statistical means (standard deviation, T-test) for the associated samples, Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression coefficient, (Shapiro-wilk) test, percentage ratio), and the data were processed using the statistical package (SPSS).

The research aims to:
Designing and constructing electronic tests to measure the speed of the complex motor response of goalkeepers in the Iraqi Futsal Professional League, and set grades and standard levels for electronic tests that measure the speed of the motor response of goalkeepers in the Iraqi Futsal Professional League. The researchers used the descriptive approach in a comprehensive inventory method. The research community included the goalkeepers of the Iraqi Futsal Professional League for the season (2023-2024). who numbered (48) goalkeepers distributed over (15) clubs, namely (Nineveh, Alshorta. Water Resources, Amant Baghdad, Almasafi, Air Defense, Air Force, Alyaat Alshorta, Naft Alwassat. Alhashid Alshaabi, Alsharqia, Naft Al-Basra, South Gas, Al-Shabab-Al-Basri, Basra Municipality). While the sample of the study represented all the goalkeepers of the above-mentioned clubs as a constructive sample and 100% of the original research community. The researchers used content analysis -match analysis observation questionnaires - interviews-tests as means of collecting information and data. The researchers used face validity, discriminant validity, consistency, and objectivity to determine the scientific specifications of the tests. The researchers used the following statistical methods: mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient, percentage, t-test for independent and equal samples. median, skewness coefficient, Shapiro-wilk test and modified standard score (6-sigma). Among the most prominent results reached by the researchers: the success of the invented device to measure the complex motor response speed of futsal goalkeepers for the Iraqi Futsal Professional League in an objective manner and with a high degree of accuracy. Special tables were developed for the grades and standard levels of the approved tests.

The research aimed to develop a questionnaire to the professional competence of physical education teachers and to determine the level of professional competence among physical education teachers in the city of Mosul. The researcher used the descriptive survey method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research population was divided into three samples. The exploratory application sample included (10) school principals from the total research population. The preparation sample included )61) school principals from the total research population. The application sample included (50) secondary school principals in Mosul city. To obtain research data, the researcher developed professional competence dimensions consisting of five dimensions (self-competence, cognitive and professional competence, evaluation competence, interaction competence, and reinforcement and motivation competence). The researcher used statistical methods including percentage, arithmetic mean, simple correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown formula, Guttmann formula, Cronbach's alpha coefficient,coefficient with SPSS software. The researcher concluded that physical education teachers in Mosul city possess a very high level of professional competence. The researcher recommended that the questionnaire could be applied and utilized in the evaluation aspect.

The aim of the research is to reveal the effect of using the strategies of One minute Paper and Hot Chair in acquiring Dribbling and Suppression skills in Football, as well as to identify the differences between the Tow strategies. The experimental method was used that because of its flexibility with the nature of the research, and the research population consisted of first grade students in Palestine middle School for Boys for the academic year (2023-2024), It consists of seven academic divisions, namely (A,B,C,D,E,F,G), with a total number of (324) students, and the research sample consisted of (90) students distributed to (30) students for each group. The first used the One minute paper strategy and the second used the Hot Chair strategy and the third used the usual method of learning. The Educational program included 4 weeks, Tow educational units per week, and (8) educational units for each group , and the time of the educational unit was (40) minutes. After completing the program, the post-test was conducted for the period (14-16/1/2024), under the same conditions in which the pre-test was conducted, then the researchers used the statistical bag (SPSS) using the following statistical methods: the arithmetic mean and standard deviation, the T.test ) for correlated samples and One Way ANOVA test.
The researchers concluded the following:
1- The two strategies had a positive effect on acquiring Dribbling and Suppression skills in football well in the physical education lesson.
2- The superiority of the Second experimental group (Hot Chair) over the First experimental group (One minute Paper) when comparing them with each other in the post tests in that tow skills.
3- The superiority of the first and second experimental Groups over the Third control Group when comparing them with each other in the post tests in that tow skills.

The research objectives are:
• Developing and applying a scale to measure the quality of sports friendship among youth football players in clubs in Nineveh Governorate.
• Identifying the level of sports friendship quality among youth football players in clubs in Nineveh Governorate.
The researchers used the descriptive survey method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research population consisted of (505) youth football players from (22) clubs in Nineveh Governorate. The research sample included 385 players from (16) clubs, representing the youth football players in Nineveh Governorate. The researchers used the sports friendship quality scale they developed as a tool for data collection after determining the psychometric properties of the scale. Statistical data were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to obtain the percentage, chi-square value, one-sample t-test, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown formula for reliability, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient.
The researchers concluded that:
• The sports friendship quality scale is effective for youth football players in clubs in Nineveh Governorate.
• Youth football players in clubs in Nineveh Governorate have a high level of sports friendship quality.
The researchers recommended the following:
• Increasing attention to young players in clubs and sports institutions, emphasizing psychological and social support for the players.
The need for club management and sports institutions to focus on young players and organize seminars and courses to enhance the concept of sports friendship quality among players.

The present study aimed to:
1- Prepare a decision-making scale for glider pilots. 2- Identify the level of decision-making among glider pilots.
The descriptive survey method was used to suit the nature of the current study. The research community is represented by glider pilots in aviation clubs and the specialized centers for air sports affiliated with the Central Iraqi Air Force, which number (374) glider pilots, representing (14) clubs and specialized training centers. The research sample was chosen randomly from the original research community, which numbered (339) glider pilots, after the exploratory experiment sample, which numbered (30) glider pilots, and the reliability sample, which numbered (80), were excluded, according to the book of the Central Iraqi Air Federation No. 72 in 5 /3/2023 and the stability sample (80). The two researchers prepared a decision-making scale as a research tool, to conduct the exploratory experiment on a sample of (30) glider pilots, who constitute (8.84%) of the basic research sample, at the headquarters of the Falcons Air Club in Nineveh Governorate (Mosul City) on (4/ 9/2023). The two researchers also applied the scale to a sample of (229) glider pilots, and the two researchers used the statistical package (SPSS) and (Excel) to obtain (percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, T-test for two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient, and the Spearman-Brown equation) and Cronbach's alpha coefficient). and (Excel) to obtain On (percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, T-test for two independent samples, Pearson correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, analysis of variance, LSD test).
In light of the results, the two researchers concluded the following:
1- The effectiveness of the decision-making scale for glider pilots, which was prepared by the two researchers. 2-glider pilots have a high degree of decision-making

The current study aims to reveal the impact of employing an electronic educational environment based on educational technology on the technical performance of scoring and passing skills. The experimental method was used to suit the nature of the research, where the research group consisted of students from the second grade of middle school at private Al-Awail School for Boys for the academic year (2023-2024), where the research sample was from branch (A) with a total of 20 students as the standard sample and the class (B) Their number is an experimental sample, but the school sample followed the traditional teaching method and the experimental sample had an electronic learning environment applied to it, where the basic skills (Passing And Scoring) were selected, and tested it after presenting it to a group of specialists and experts where the educational program was applied after carrying out the preliminary tests and for a period of two weeks, since the educational program contained (4) educational units, it was applied to the experimental group, while the control group followed the traditional method and in the same number of educational units, the educational unit was (40) minutes and actually two educational units per week for each group, and after the program was completed, the post-test was conducted under the same conditions as the pre-test,
Then use the researcher's statistical bag (SPSS).
The researchers concluded the following:
1- The existence of a significant improvement in the level of technical performance in the skills of scoring and passing in football in the experimental group and a slight improvement in the level of technical performance in the same skills of the control group in the subsequent tests for students of the second intermediate stage.
The researchers recommend the following:
1- The need to provide an electronic learning environment based on educational technology that contains tools, technologies, devices and electronic software in the educational environment for teaching physical education in middle and high schools

The research aims to:
1. Develop a survey on sports clubs' organizational virtuousness.
2. Determine the organizational virtuousness level, as well as its components and elements, in the Iraqi Premier League football clubs from the perspective of its administrative body members
The survey method used the descriptive approach, and the research sample consisted of administrative staff members of Iraqi Premier League football clubs. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, the first of which had 94 members to develop the questionnaire’s form, and the second of which had 52 members for its application and analysis of the results. The researchers uses the organizational virtuousness questionnaire they had already prepared, verifying its apparent stability, consistency, and precision, and they used arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and percentage to analyze the data statistically. The following conclusions were drawn from the data collection process:
1- The validity of the organizational virtuousness questionnaire in measuring the dimensions of the subject and its factors.
2- The Iraqi Premier League football clubs have a high level of organizational virtuousness, and the dimensions and factors are as follows:
- The clubs have a high level of organizational virtuousness, except for the supremacy of moral values in the work of the sports club, which came at an average level.
- There is organizational optimism at an average level, but the members of the club are aware of their ability to face challenges and crises at a high level, and they do not feel the keenness of the club's management to provide everything that serves their aspirations.
- Sports clubs have organizational trust among their members at a high level.
- There is organizational sympathy within sports clubs at a high level, but the club's initiatives to help those in need in the club are at a very low level.

The study aimed at being acquainted:
1. Effected Of Suggested Educational Programs Using Different Geometric Shapes and Various Colors on Developing Some Visual Abilities in Football.
2. Differences between the three research groups in the post-test in developing some visual abilities.
Material and Method: The researchers used the experimental method because it suits the research problem. The research community was represented by students in the fifth grade of middle school at (Sharia Boys’ Secondary School) for the academic year (2023-2024), there were (133) students. Distributed into four classes. The research sample consisted of three classes: (A, C, D).They were chosen intentionally, the sample was (99) students for the three classes, and they were excluded Part of the sample members, so the final sample was (42) students divided into (3) experimental groups, with (14) students for each experimental group. With a percentage of (31,587%) of society, the proposed educational programs were distributed to the groups by lottery. The educational programs took six weeks to implement. There were two educational units per week for each group, and the duration of the unit was (45) minutes. The researchers used the statistical program (SPSS), which included: (Mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient, percentage, paired samples T-test, one-way Anova, subjective validity coefficient, and Duncan test).
Result: 1.The three groups achieved a positive impact in developing the selected visual abilities.
2. The second group, which used geometric shapes with cold colors, outperformed the first and third groups in developing selected visual abilities.
Conclusion: 1.Using geometric shapes with cool colors in physical education lessons in football.
2. Make similar research on other sports and games

The research aimed at revealing the impact of using the Merder and Driver strategies in obtaining the skills of passing and scoring in football, and finding the differences between them. The experimental method was used for its suitability with the nature of the research. The research population consists of fourth-grade secondary school students at Al-Mu’tasim Billah Secondary School for Boys for the academic year(2023-2024), which consists of (3) sections with a number of (195) students. The research sample consisted of (72) students distributed into three groups, and each group included (24) students and a number of students were excluded. The first experimental group used the Merder strategy, while the second used Driver's strategy. As for the third, it used the method used by the teacher in the physical education lesson. The educational program lasted for four weeks, with two educational units per week. Each group had (8) educational units. The time of the educational unit was (40) minutes and after completing the implementation of the program, posttests for the period 24-26/4/2024 under the same conditions in which the pretests were conducted. After collecting the data, it was processed using the statistical package (SPSS) and the following was concluded:
1. Using the Merder and Driver strategies had a positive impact on learning the skills of passing and scoring in football.
2. The results of the students in the first and second experimental groups were superior when compared to the results of the students in the control group in learning the skills of handling and scoring in football.

The current research aims at identifying the differences using specialized training devices in a number of physical variables for young category of female volleyball players of the experimental group in addition to identifying the differences in the number of variables of the female young volleyball players who represent the control group and identifying the differences in the number of physical variables of the youth category of volleyball players in both the experimental and the control groups.
The research indicates that using the training devices is considered the most important pillars that plays a great and effective role in developing the physical capacities. The lack of such devices and convenient tools that are relevant to the subject, motivated the researchers to use specialized training devices to develop the physical capabilities of the volleyball female players. The researchers used the experimental methodology as it is convenient to be used with the research.
The research sample consisted of 16 young female volleyball players from Qaraqosh Volleyball Club in Nineveh Governorate of the youth category who were deliberately selected and they were divided by lot into two groups (the experimental and the control groups) and each group involved (8) female players. Additionally, (4) players were selected to conduct the exploratory experiments. The researchers used the statistical package (SPSS) for the statistical details

The current research aimed at building the scale of psychological readiness for the Futsal players.
The two researchers used the descriptive method and the survey characteristic as it is suitable with the nature of the research. The population of the research included the Futsal players of the Excellent Iraqi League for the sport season (2023-2024) who were (216) players. The research sample consisted of (206) players who represent (95%) of the population and they were distributed to the following clubs: (Basra oil, Police, Middle part oil, Air defense, Refineries, Water Resources, Baghdad Secretariat, South Gas, AlSharqeyya, Nineveh, Police Tools, Basra Youth, Air Force, Basra Municipality and Popular Mobilization clubs). The sample of the research was divided into two samples, the building sample involved (122) players (56%) of the population and it was chosen from the clubs of the Iraq League Futsal clubs randomly (Baghdad Secretariat, Middle part Refineries, Police Tools, Basra Oil, AlSharqeyya, Popular Mobilization, Air Force and Water Resources clubs). The researchers used the content analysis method and the interviews to collect data. In order to build the scale of the psychological readiness, the researchers followed the practical steps to build the scales as they determined the scopes of the psychological readiness scale and they submitted them to the experts and they consisted of five axes, which are: (objectives identification, self-confidence, psychological adaptation, stimulation and controlling the pressures). Also, the alternatives were determined: (applied to me exactly, applied to me very much, applied to me to a little extent, doesn’t apply to me). Then, the researchers, determined the validity of the scale and after finishing the statistical analysis for the items of the scale, the psychological readiness scale became ready in it final form, consisting of (36) items. The statistical tools used are included in the SPSS package were the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient, T test for the independent samples and the percentage.
The two researchers reached the following conclusions:
- Through following the steps to build the scales, it was concluded that the psychological readiness scale for the Futsal players consisted of (36) items and it is characterized with good scientific bases and it is dependable.

The present study aims to build a questionnaire for the satisfaction of the applied students about the practical application subject and to identify the extent of the satisfaction of the applied students about the practical application subject in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in addition to setting standard levels for the extent of the satisfaction of the applied students about the practical application subject. The two researchers used the descriptive approach with the survey method to suit the nature and problem of the research. The two researchers selected the research sample from the fourth-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul for the academic year (2023/2024), with a total number of (291) male and female students. The two researchers used the questionnaire as a tool for collecting data, the questionnaire paper consisted of three main axes: the general impression of the application period, the role of the supervisor during the application period, and the scientific benefit of the application period. These axes were distributed over (16) paragraphs. The research tool was applied to (200) male and female students who were randomly selected, representing a percentage of (68.72) of the community as a whole. The researchers relied on (100) male and female students as a building sample, which represents (50%) of the basic research sample and (75) male and female students as an application sample, which means (37.5%) of the basic research sample and (25) male and female students as a sample for the exploratory experiment. After statistically analysing the results of the questionnaire, they reached. The two researchers reached the following conclusions.
1. The results of the study showed that there was a difference in the level of student satisfaction with the practical application material in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. This was concluded through the positive evaluations provided by students about their experience.
2. The role of supervisors was an important axis in achieving student satisfaction, as students confirmed that supervisors were supportive and positive in guiding them during the application period.
3. The study showed that the practical application period was scientifically beneficial for students, as they were able to apply the theoretical concepts they learned in the classroom in a realistic practical environment.
4. The students considered that the timetable for the application material and the location of the schools in which the application was carried out were not suitable enough, as the majority of students preferred the application for forty consecutive days over the application one day a week.
5. The students showed great appreciation for the cooperation of the teaching staff, which contributed to the success of the practical application experience.
The researchers recommended the following points:
1. The college should continue to provide the necessary support to supervisors to ensure the continuation of their positive role in guiding students.
2. Review and improve the schedule of the practical application to ensure more flexibility for students, with the possibility of modifying the application periods to suit the different needs of students.
3. Ensure that the necessary supplies, tools and equipment are provided to the students applying in the schools where the practical application is taking place, to ensure maximum benefit for the students.
4. Emphasize a good balance between the theoretical and practical aspects of the curricula to ensure students are prepared for practical application effectively.
5. Distribute students to schools according to what suits them

The study aims at:
1.3.1. the effectiveness of scaffolding techniques strategy according to the conceptual maps and the supporting activities in developing the scientific, epistemological, skill and reactionary sense.
1.3.2. the significance of differences among the three groups under study in developing the scientific, epistemological, skill and reactionary sense.
The researcher hypothesizes the following:
1. There are significant differences between the two pre and post-tests for the three groups in developing the scientific, epistemological, skill and reactionary sense.
2. There are significant differences between the post-test for the three groups in developing the scientific, epistemological, skill and reactionary sense.
The researchers used the descriptive method because it suits the nature of the study. The sample of the study included (60) students; (20) of them for the first experimental group which was studied according to the scaffolding techniques with the style of supporting activities, and (20) students in the second experimental group which was studied according to the scaffolding techniques with conceptual maps style, and (20) students for the controlling group which used the normal style adopted by the lecturer, and the test of equality was used among the three groups in a number of variables (age and cleverness test).
The teaching program lasted (8) weeks with (24) teaching units included (8) units for the first experimental group which used the scaffolding techniques strategy according to the supporting activities, and (8) units for the second experimental group which used the scaffolding techniques strategy with the conceptual maps style, and (8) units for the controlling group which used the normal method adopted by the lecturer, the time of each teaching unit was (90) minutes after finishing the post-test for the measurement variable of the scientific, epistemological, skill and reactionary sense.
The researchers used the following statistical means: (the mean, standard deviation, T. Test, F. Test for analyzing the difference, the test of the least significant difference L.S.D, simple correlation coefficient and percentage). The data was treated by using (SPSS). Program.
In the light of the findings of the study and within its limits, the researchers reached at the following:
1. The two scaffolding techniques strategy according to the style of supporting activities and the conceptual maps are considered effective teaching strategies in developing the scientific, epistemological, and skill sense towards (Badminton) subject.
2. The two scaffolding techniques strategy according to the style of supporting activities and the conceptual maps are considered effective teaching strategies in developing the scientific, and skill sense towards (Badminton) subject.
3. The two scaffolding techniques strategy according to the style of supporting activities and the conceptual maps surpassed the normal style in developing the scientific, epistemological, skill and sense towards (Badminton) subject.
Through the findings of the study, the researchers recommend the following:
1. Holding training courses concentrate on using new teaching strategies amongst is the scaffolding techniques strategy that includes depending the students on themselves and developing the increase of the teaching motivation.
2. Change in using the imperative style in teaching the subjects of physical education, and paying attention to strategies that help to think particularly in the college of physical education for their importance in creating an independent and creative personality.
3. Doing a similar study in other stages of study and other subjects the matter which will have a positive effect in improving the creative thinking.

The aim of the current research is to build the scale of cultural competencies in sports psychology among physical education teachers and to identify the degree of cultural competencies owned by the physical education teachers in the center of Mosul city. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method as it is suitable with the nature of the research. The research population was divided into four samples, the sample of the exploratory experiment included (10) teachers of physical education from the whole population.
The construction sample included (100) physical education teachers from the total population. The application sample included (50) physical education teachers and schools in the city of Mosul. The invariability sample included (10) physical education teachers. In order to obtain the research data, the researcher built a cultural competencies scale. The scale involved (60) items and the researcher concluded that physical education teachers in the center of Mosul city has a high level of cultural competencies. The researcher recommended that it is possible to apply this scale and benefiting from it in terms of the assessment of cultural competencies in sports psychology for the physical education teachers

The research aims to identify the effect tapering in three different proportions (30%, 50%, 70%) on a number of physical variables between the pre- and post-tests for the research sample, and to identify the differences in a number of physical variables in the second post-test. Among the experimental groups.
To achieve this goal, the researchers assumed the presence of significant differences between the pre-test and post-test for a number of physical characteristics after the experimental group implemented a reduction in training volume by (30%, 50%, 70%) and the presence of significant differences in the second post-test for the experimental groups.
The researchers used an experimental design with three equivalent groups.The research sample consisted of 18 youth futsal players. The research sample was divided into three groups based on their physical levels. The first group implemented the tapering program with a reduction rate of (30%), and the second group implemented the tapering program with a reduction rate of 30%. (50%), and the third group implemented the gradual decrease program at a rate of (70%) in (4) training units per week.
The researchers used the following statistical methods:(Arithmetic mean, standard deviation, T value for correlated samples, ANCOVA value for analyzing differences between the three experimental groups).
The researchers concluded the following, The reduction percentage (50%) showed a development in all the physical characteristics of futsal game (flexibility, explosive power, motor speed, agility, strength characterized by speed, transitional speed, speed table), while the reduction percentage (30%) showed a development in physical attributes (flexibility, explosive power, and strength characterized by speed), while the reduction percentage of (70%) showed a significant improvement in physical attributes (flexibility, explosive power, motor speed, transitional speed, and speed table), while no significant improvement was shown in Characteristic of motor response speed after a period of gradual decrease in the three reduction rates (30%, 50%, 70%).