Journal of Studies in Humanities and Educational Sciences

The phenomenon of drug addiction is one of the psychological and social phenomena that many societies have suffered from in the past, present and contemporary times. It has spread widely and in different forms and patterns in all Western and Arab societies and in our Iraqi society in particular, where it has spread among all age groups, especially the youth (males and females) and all different social segments. The current research focused on shedding light on the concept of drug addiction and its types and knowing the most important factors and causes that lead young people to addiction and violence, which lead to destabilizing security and stability within Iraqi society, as this phenomenon has psychological, social and cultural effects on the individual, his family and his society, and knowing the most important effects resulting from this phenomenon on the individual and society in terms of security and internal stability of society. The importance of the research lies in shedding light on a dangerous phenomenon that threatens the security and stability of society, as it affects the energy of society, which is the youth, who represent the productive force of society and in the process of comprehensive sustainable development. Therefore, attention must be paid to this youth group. The researcher relied on the social survey method, as it is the most appropriate scientific method for this topic. The results of the current research confirmed that the vast majority of the sample members are males and their ages are concentrated in the age group of 19-22 years. They represent the youth group, the generation and leaders of the future. Therefore, their opinions are taken into account to determine all the positives and negatives related to the phenomenon of drug addiction. Young people are the most addicted age group because they are the most exposed to the pressures and crises of daily psychological and social life, which pushes them into the abyss of drug abuse and addiction, escaping from reality to the world of imagination. There are reasons that led to the spread of drugs in Iraq, most notably: political, economic, social, psychological, or related to weak religious restraint, increased rates of domestic violence, or weak preventive security measures. The results of the research indicate that the Iraqi family is the most affected by the spread of drugs in society, as a result of the increase in cases of domestic violence, divorce, suicide, and crime.

The Greater Zab basin supports has been considered as an important water source for industry, domestic use, and agriculture in both Turkey and the Kurdistan region - Iraq. This study aims at quantifying the surface water flow within the Greater Zab basin Remote Sensing (RS) techniques using Geographic Information System (GIS). Additionally, it analyzes the morphometric parameters of the drainage basin, the study focused on three primary components: linear, areal, and relief parameters. Concerning the data collection, the DEM 30M from earthexplorer.usgs.gov were considered. The study area encompasses 26,323 km², containing 8 stream orders and 28,590 stream numbers. The main land cover type results were displayed that the vegetation of the Greater Zab Basin is covering 35.6%, while water bodies accounted for a smaller proportion, with 0.4. The study area features an elevation range from 182 to 4,066 meters, with annual rainfall varying between 380 and 1,100 mm. The study demonstrates the effectiveness of using remotely sensed satellite imagery combined with GIS for morphometric analysis of a specific region. This approach proves valuable for watershed management, identifying critical zones, and implementing soil and water conservation practices within the watershed or region.

The nature of the two types of geomorphological erosion processes (water and air) varies from one place to another depending on the intensity of the effectiveness of the factors affecting their occurrence, and thus the reflection of their effect on the formation of land features varies. Accordingly, these forms vary in the study area, especially since it is part of the desert area characterized by drought, low rainfall, and lack of natural vegetation, which is behind wind erosion activity, playing an important role in shaping the geomorphological phenomena of the earth's surface in dry areas. It is clear that more than a third of these lands are affected by wind processes, represented by erosion, transport, and sedimentation Water erosion has a clear effect on changing and shaping the land features in general, especially after rainfall and severe rainstorms, as it begins its work when soil reaches ultimate saturation and surface runoff occurs since the formation of the first streams, with which erosion processes begin until it reaches its second and third levels, reaching the main channel. Several factors participate in helping to increase water erosion rates, especially the slope factor, as the direct relationship between slope and flow speed has the greatest role in increasing erosion rates associated with increased amounts of rainfall.

The research titled (The Implications of Proving the Qur’anic Miracle - Proving the Prophethood of Muhammad (may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family) as an example) is summarized with the points listed below:* The impli-cations of proving the Qur’anic miracle enhance the credibility of the prophecy of the Prophet Muhammad - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and demonstrate his place in Islamic history.* The research indicates that God Almighty is the one who chooses the prophets, and is based on noble Qur’anic verses that indicate that this selection depends on special standards, high morals, and noble qualities that characterize them, and distinguish them from others, such as mercy, courage, forbearance, knowledge, and patience, which It makes them able to bear burdens and be a good example for humanity.* The research reviews the Qur’anic evidence that indicates the prophecy of the Prophet Muhammad - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and points to the deep mean-ings in the verses that talk about his prophecy and his eternal miracles, like the Ho-ly Qur’an itself. * The research deals with the miracles demonstrated by the Prophet (may God bless him and his family and grant them peace) as evidence of his prophecy and the truth of his calling, and that these miracles were not merely his-torical events, but rather are considered manifestations of the divine miracle.* The research stresses that prophets must be from the same people to whom they are sent, and speak their language, which facilitates the acceptance of their mes-sage.Search.

The United States of America has employed its legitimacy on the international system to impose its interests, exploiting its position to gain the support of its Western allies on the one hand, and its ability to use its military power to resolve any conflict in which it decides to participate on the other hand, under the pretext of exercising its responsibilities in maintaining international stability and directing global movement.The United States of America has relied to a large extent in imposing its policies on superiority in many components and elements of power, such as superiority of military technology, ideological spread, and the breadth of its international diplomatic, economic and social relations, especially with the major Western powers. Therefore, this has been reflected in US-Saudi political relations, as the latter possesses significant economic components represented by oil, in contrast to its political and military weakness

Praise be to God, the Lord of the worlds, and the best prayer and delivery on the messenger, mercy to the worlds, and upon the good and pure family, and after..This manuscript, written by Hassan Fahmy Al-Shahri (Owner of Riyadh Al-Khaqaniya), the deceased Sheikh of Islam Al-Rumi (1298 AH / 1881 AD), who is one of the leading scholars; He wrote in various grammatical, rhetorical, jurisprudential sciences and topics, and others, is a manuscript that included a group of grammatical and rhetorical topics, and for the importance of these topics included in the manuscript, we sought to revive them and provide the Arab library with them, and to produce them in the best way, printed in stone prints. We have divided this work into two sections: the first: the study section, which includes:- Definition of the author.- Its scientific implications.- His death.- The manuscript (its percentage, significance and description). As for the other section, it is the investigation, and we saw in it the investigation and formation of the manuscript, in addition to what the researchers recognised in the method of the investigation of texts, and then we concluded the work with a list of sources and references that benefitted from it in the investigation.

Luxury and its formal features in the design of interior spaces The current research deals with the study of luxury and its formal characteristics in interior spaces, represented by vocabulary and characteristics that reflect luxury through the contents of the design process. The research problem was embodied in the following question ((Does luxury have a role in the uniqueness of the products of interior space design?)) Therefore, the aim of the research was: to reveal the vocabulary of the formal features of luxury in the design of interior spaces. The first chapter included defining the research problem and the need for it, and defining its literary and scientific terms. The second chapter included details of the theoretical framework that the researcher relied on, which consists of two sections: the first is luxury and its reflection. The second topic focuses on the intellectual content of the design, and the formal features of luxury in interior design. through these investigations, a review of the results was reached, from which the theoretical material of the three investigations was summarized, and then the conclusions reached by the researcher from studying the holy shrines in Iraq, and then presenting recommendations and proposals for future research.

People who struggle to describe topics with one metaphor will have trouble influencing others and understanding their surroundings. If one cannot critically evaluate images, one must accept others' metaphors without inquiry. Metaphor is the key to reclaiming language and starting discussions if language is the main tool for power. The conceptual metaphors that undergird the candidate metaphor in chosen speeches are the focus of this study. The work addresses core Critical Metaphor Analysis questions, such as identifying Broderick Stephen Harvey's metaphor domains. What metaphors do Broderick Stephen Harvey's speeches cover? What constrained notions and views do the metaphors represent? Broderick Stephen Harvey's talks use what motivational metaphors most often? According to the qualitative study, Harvey's preference for metaphor domains like things, disease, and conflict reflects his conceptualisation and beliefs. Harvey often compares people to powerful items or forces to show strength. This shows his belief in self-confidence and trusting one's talents. Sociologically, object metaphors represent alienation or dehumanisation, showing how society can reduce people to objects. This highlights marginalisation and the need for identity and agency, reflecting dehumanising sentiments towards excluded communities.

The aim of the current research is to identify the causes of fear of academic failure among intermediate school students. The research community consists of (18299) female students in (37) schools in the Directorate of Education in Najaf Al-Ashraf. The sample size was (423) female students, who were selected by simple random method. To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher prepared a questionnaire to find out the causes of fear of academic failure, by reviewing the educational literature and previous studies. The researcher adopts Lazarus's theory 1991 in its interpretation of fear of academic failure, which consists of (24) paragraphs, each paragraph has three alternatives. The apparent validity and reliability were extracted by the questionnaire's half-split method. The researcher used many statistical methods such as weighted weight and percentage. The researcher concluded that there are a group of causes of fear of academic failure at a high degree. In light of the research results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Nishapur is one of the most important Islamic cities from which many scholars emerged, and among those scholars is Sheikh Abu al-Hasan Abdul Ghafir bin Ismail al-Farsi, one of the well-known sheikhs there who wrote his book (Al-Muntakhab min al-Siyaq li-Tarikh Nishapur), which is one of the important books of high scientific value because it translated thousands of Nishapur scholars, some of whom were given clear and complete details, and some of whom were translated only by mentioning their names.The study aims to shed light on the approach of Abu al-Hasan al-Farsi in his book Al-Muntakhab min al-Siyaq li-Tarikh Nishapur

Students having an appropriate level of emotional regulation achieves a state of calm and stability when facing different life circumstances, as it helps to face life situations effectively and with dedication. During this stage, it is noted that there is an inability to modify and control emotions in exciting situations while facing pressures, which is known as emotional regulation difficulties, as these emotions are considered one of the important things in achieving psychological happiness for individuals and society alike, because emotions are considered important for our personal safety, physical comfort, and guiding behavior to improve psychological conditions. When an individual suffers from an inability to understand and be aware of his feelings and emotions, the individual loses control over some reckless behaviors and emotions to reach the desired goals. He also suffers from difficulty in choosing an effective strategy to regulate his emotional reactions in different situations to achieve his goals. All of this reflects a deficiency and problem in the emotional regulation of the individual. Kool (2010) believes that individuals who cannot manage their emotional reactions effectively when exposed to negative daily life events are more susceptible to anxiety and depression, which increases their self-blame as a result of their lack of positive interaction with those around them. Here, the individual must have an appropriate degree of psychological empathy to reduce the degree of self-blame, which is considered an important factor predicting depression and mental health disorders in the individual. Accordingly, the problem of the current research was to identify the difficulties of emotional regulation and its relationship to psychological empathy by achieving the following objectives:
1. Identify the difficulties of emotional regulation of emotion among students of Al-Qadisiyah University.
2. Identify the significance of the differences in emotional regulation difficulties among students of Al-Qadisiyah University according to the variables of gender (males - females), academic specialization (human studies students - scientific studies students) and academic grades (first grades - fourth grades).
3. Identify psychological empathy among students of Al-Qadisiyah University.
4. Identify the significance of differences in psychological empathy behavior according to gender variables (males - females), academic specialization (humanities students - science students) and grades (first grades - fourth grades).

5. Identify the correlation between emotional regulation difficulties and psychological empathy among university students.

After verifying that the scale meets the psychometric conditions required in psychological scales, such as apparent validity, construct validity, and reliability using the split-half and Cronbach's alpha methods, the scale was applied to a sample of university students (400) of both sexes, who were randomly selected from the research community. The data obtained from the research sample were subjected to statistical analysis using the appropriate tools and equations in the statistical package for social sciences SPSS: From it, the research concluded that there is a correlation between emotional regulation and psychological empathy among university students.

The Quranic studies that have been presented to interpret the Quran from the rhetorical aspect are still characterized by their scarcity. We rarely find researchers who have paid attention to studying the Quranic text as a text from the Arabic texts that are distinguished by that high style of quality of organization and good expression, thus investigating the secret of beauty in the vocabulary and structures of the Quran, and the reasons for the magnificence and creativity in its images and similes. Despite the richness of the Islamic library with books of interpretation with different approaches, this type of literary interpretation of the Holy Quran has not received sufficient attention and care. Hence, the importance of choosing this topic for study and research emerged, as the Islamic library has not received its due share of studies in this field of interpretation. However, this does not mean that there are no studies described as pioneering in this field, including: Al-Kashaf Interpretation by Al-Zamakhshari, Al-Tahrir and Al-Tanwir by Ibn Ashur, and the books Al-Ijaz Al-Bayan and Al-Tafsir Al-Bayan by Dr. Aisha Abdul Rahman, and other books and studies.

Studying the methodology of the book Uyun al-Akhbar by its author Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari requires familiarity with its material and a careful and accurate reading of its content. Before this, it is necessary to study the life of the book and learn about its methodology and affiliation on the religious and sectarian level. The purpose of this is that the research material is about the Household of the Prophet (peace be upon them) and that the author of the book belongs to the Sunni sect, which does not focus on narrating hadiths about them as if they were passing talk like the rest of the common people. This certainly does not waste any of their status (peace be upon them). What we have noticed in the joints of the book is that Ibn Qutaybah narrated many narrations about the Household of the Prophet, but he did not exaggerate in them, as if a writer loyal to their sect (peace be upon them) narrated, we would notice the difference in that. Some previous studies played a role in exploring the subject, in addition to relying on old and modern references and sources and benefiting from them in laying the foundations on which the research relies. The results were appended at the end of this subject to show the most prominent things that were inferred from its material.

The ancient Babylonian era is considered one of the important historical eras that produced a distinguished society with its various achievements, such as religious, political, economic, social, educational, and others, according to the needs of the society. These activities were then reflected in the compositional structure of the ancient Babylonian era society. Therefore, the study of clay figurines is one of the most important recorded documents that conveyed an almost complete picture of that society. And how it deals with the components of the environment and society surrounding it because it has multiple contents, including social, economic, and political. A wide movement has emerged in codification and writing, foremost among which is the codification of knowledge that began to mature, the dominance of the Akkadian language in its ancient Babylonian dialect, and the codification and reproduction of texts written in the Sumerian language and classified into two parts: The first is the memorial writings of the kings of the Isin and Larsa dynasties, and the writings of the kings of the First Babylonian dynasty, the greater part of which are written in the Akkadian language and a few of which are in Sumerian. The second consists of literary texts such as epics, myths, prayers, incantations, debates, proverbs, and a group of official and personal letters.

The current research aims to identify the impact of integrating O'Reilly's strategies and micro-teaching on the achievement of students in the College of Education and the development of their critical thinking skills. It also aims to verify the statistically significant differences in the achievement and critical thinking skills development among the research sample students. The research sample consisted of third-year students from the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences at the College of Education, Ibn Rushd, University of Baghdad The research tools included a test designed by the researcher to measure achievement in teaching methods, and the California Critical Thinking Skills Test (2011) was adopted. The researcher verified the validity and reliability of both tools and used pilot study results for statistical analysis, proving the tools' readiness for application. After the experiment, the researcher found significant statistical differences and a substantial effect on the achievement levels and critical thinking skills development of the research sample, favoring the post-application. The researcher attributed these results to the effectiveness and distinction of teaching through the integration of O'Reilly's strategies and micro-teaching compared to traditional lecture-based methods that rely solely on rote learning without incorporating modern strategies. The researcher recommended updating teaching strategies, methods, and techniques in line with modern developments in the field of specialization. Additionally, the researcher suggested conducting similar studies to further explore and build on the current research.

In Fowles's contemporary novels Magus and Lady French Lieutenant, the complex relationship between metafiction and historical metafiction provides a compelling exploration of narrative and its relationship to history. Fowles challenges traditional conventions through conscious narrative techniques while making readers question the nature of reality and authorship. It engages readers in a self-reflexive exploration of storytelling and challenges traditional notions of history and fiction. It is easily can be seen that one of the unsolved issues in postmodern movement novels is the connection between past and present this make a lot of discussion between authors and critics about the present effect or Circumstances partied the narration of history . This paper discusses how Fowles uses these narrative devices to craft multi-layered narratives that blur the limits between fiction and reality, by examining how Fowles uses these techniques to create multi-layered narratives that make readers reconsider the nature of reality and authorship.

This research aims to study the effectiveness of the learning by doing strategy in developing teaching skills among university students in the Department of Life Sciences in the practical education course. This was achieved through the implementation of a teaching plan based on the learning by doing strategy. An experimental method was used on a sample of 30 male and female students, who were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of 30 students. The research relied on a teaching skills test designed and applied after teaching the practical education course according to a teaching plan based on the learning by doing strategy. The results showed the effectiveness of the learning by doing strategy in developing teaching skills among university students in the Department of Life Sciences in practical education, as analysis of the pre- and post-test data revealed significant differences between the two groups, reflecting the effectiveness of the educational strategy used. Based on the results of this research, the researcher concluded several findings, recommendations, and suggestions.

This research examines the concept of moral attribution in criminal responsibility under Iraqi law, as a fundamental pillar for determining the psychological connection between the offender and the criminal act. Moral attribution emerges as an essential element to ensure that criminal responsibility is based on conscious will and free choice, reflecting legislative and jurisprudential advancements in modern criminal law. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach to explore the concept of moral attribution and analyze the limitations affecting its realization, such as loss of cognition or will, coercion, and necessity. The research concludes with several key findings, most notably that moral attribution relies on cognition, will, and freedom of choice. Criminal responsibility is nullified if these elements are absent due to exceptional circumstances like insanity or coercion. Additionally, Iraqi legislation demonstrates flexibility in addressing offenders' personal circumstances by regulating the limitations affecting moral attribution. Finally, moral attribution stands out as a tool for achieving criminal justice by ensuring punishment is imposed solely on those who committed crimes with conscious intent and free choice.

The current research aims to identify the degree to which primary school mathematics teachers possess 21st-century skills. To achieve this goal, the researcher developed a research tool focused on 21st-century skills, which were categorized into three main domains: creativity and innovation, technology and media, and life and career. The tool included 21 items. To ensure its validity, the researcher presented the tool to a group of 10 experts in educational specialties, measurement and evaluation, mathematics, psychological sciences, and teaching methods. The tool received approval, and its items were deemed valid.For the application, the researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach and selected the research population, which consisted of 150 male and female teachers. The research sample was composed of 30 male and female teachers. A pilot study was conducted to verify the tool's reliability. After collecting feedback, the researcher applied Cronbach's alpha coefficient to ensure reliability, obtaining a coefficient of 0.89, which is considered acceptable.After confirming the validity and reliability of the tool, it was applied to the main sample. Data and information were collected and analyzed statistically using weighted means and percentage weights. The researcher obtained the following results:Mathematics teachers demonstrate an acceptable level of proficiency in the main domains and their components within 21st-century skills. The creativity and innovation domain achieved a general weighted mean of (3.83) and a percentage weight of (76.66%). The second domain, technology and media, recorded a general weighted mean of (3.60) and a percentage weight of (72.09%). Meanwhile, the life and career domain achieved a general weighted mean of (3.97) and a percentage weight of (76.75%).Based on these findings, the researcher recommends emphasizing the development of mathematics teachers' 21st-century skills by organizing training courses and workshops under the title "21st-Century Skills." Furthermore, to extend the current study, the researcher suggests conducting similar studies focusing on other school subjects and educational stages, including intermediate and secondary levels, with an emphasis on 21st-century skills.

The fictional place is one of the components of the novel, representing the vast world in which beings, things and actions are organized, and as much as a person interacts with the place, he also interacts with time. The fictional place is formed with the time in which characters and things appear, embroidering events according to several factors related to the philosophical vision and the type of literary genre, and the writer's feelings, so the character needs spatial and temporal elements to grow within the narrative. Every novel or story requires a starting point in time and space, and this is what prompted us to study them in the novel Honeymoon by Naguib Mahfouz.The research came in two sections and a conclusion. The first section dealt with (the concept of place and its types), and the second section focused on (the concept of time and temporal technologies). The conclusion included the most important results we reached

This research aims to explore the perspective of Sheikh Muhammad Taha Al-Balisani, may God have mercy on him, on one of the central theological debates in Islamic thought: the role of human agency in voluntary actions. This issue has historically been a point of contention among Muslim scholars. Sheikh Al-Balisani addresses the views of various theological schools, including:The Jabriyah, who deny any influence of human ability on voluntary actions, asserting that all actions are predetermined by divine will.The Qadariyyah, who hold that humans are independent in creating their voluntary actions, claiming that God has endowed them with will and ability, thus making divine reward and punishment meaningful.The Sunnah and the Jama’ah, who adopt a middle position between these two extremes, arguing that while God is the Creator of all human actions, humans still have a role in their voluntary actions through their will and inclination.In his interpretation, Sheikh Al-Balisani provides a nuanced discussion of these doctrines and concludes by presenting the prevailing opinion on the matter.The research is structured into an introduction, a preface, two main chapters, and a conclusion summarizing the key findings. A comprehensive list of sources and references is also included.

The effect of Digital Mental Representations on the development of comprehensive thinking among fourth grade middle school
A cohort of math students participated in a research study. The investigation divided them into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The total count of students was 64, with 33 in the experimental group and 31 in the control group. The experimental group utilized an innovative electronic mind mapping technique to learn mathematical concepts, such as induction and deduction. Meanwhile, the control group followed the conventional teaching method. Throughout the study, the experimental group was instructed via electronic mind mapping, and the control group received instruction in a typical classroom setting. Before and after the study, both groups were given a pre and posttest with a highly reliable coefficient of 0.87. The test results were utilized to assess the levels of achievement.
showed that there were statistically significant differences between the two groups in favor of the experimental group due to the use of electronic mental maps.

The research aimed to identify The role of the Iraqi national oil company in the economic policy of Iraq 1968-1972 , especially after the issuance of Law No. (123) of 1967, which re-established the company again to enjoy absolute powers after it was affiliated with foreign monopoly companies, and practice its activity in oil exploration, production and marketing by concluding many agreements with companies affiliated with other countries such as France, the Soviet Union, Hungary, Spain, Italy and other countries to develop friendly relations and economic cooperation, oil exploration, drilling wells and training cadres of the Iraqi National Oil Company, in addition to obtaining loans to develop the oil industry. By 1972, the Iraqi National Oil Company found itself in the position of the new seller who had to market its oil, and thus the Iraqi government succeeded in increasing its control over the oil sector and limiting the control of foreign oil companies, and the Iraqi National Oil Company became responsible for exporting Iraqi oil.

every theo ry ;accorying to its proponents or founders ;has a new goal in a study that is presented in the fild of lan guage, and constitutes a field and a focus for studies that are born from it.the text theory according to dr. Muhammad kadhim al – bakka is a theory that is unique in its applications, and has expanded into the filds of lan guage ,andsearched for the origin of the textual links and relationships between the verses of the Qur'an .the honorable doctor wrote abook entitled (the holy Qur'an is an o bgective classification according to the theory of the text),in which he classified the Qur'ans verses from the first surah to the end of the surah an o bgective classificacation . according to the contexts of the verses and textual links, benefiting from books of grammar and interpretations, until his complete theory of linguistics emerged.

The primary jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court to consider international crimes does not mean that this court has been able to implement criminal justice permanently, and the domestic courts of some countries cannot prosecute perpetrators of international crimes, or unfortunately they do not want to do so for political reasons, and in the event of such cases, the international community intervenes regardless of the illegal measures taken by the international community against all countries, whether unilaterally or collectively.However, there are many challenges facing international criminal protection in the face of crimes against humanity, including general challenges related to the sovereignty of states and the political considerations that affect this, and specific challenges represented by the specific jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court and the role of the Public Prosecutor in it, as well as the relationship of the International Criminal Court with the Security Council. In this research, we will try to identify the challenges facing international criminal protection in the face of crimes against humanity, and shed light on the impact of criminal justice on state sovereignty and the political considerations that prevent this from being achieved.

The study aimed to determine the role of the Holy Quran in moral education by identifying the most prominent educational strategies derived from the Quranic texts and identifying the most important teachings of the Quran in building moral values among new generations. To achieve its objectives, the study relied on the descriptive analytical approach by describing the phenomenon and the Quranic texts related to moral values. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which is that values in Islamic culture indicate virtues and manners derived from the ethics of the Holy Quran in addition to the Islamic heritage, and that the Quranic teachings are an important reference in building moral values as they contribute to shaping the personality of individuals. It also became clear that the meanings of values in the Quran are a basic legal and normative reference that contributes to the distinction of the Muslim in various areas of life. It also became clear that the Quran explains good and every behavior that leads to it and forbids evil and every behavior that leads to it, which reflects consideration of the individual's interest in comprehensive harmony with the interest of society. The study found that the use of Quranic stories in education is not just a means of conveying information, but rather a comprehensive method that enhances moral values, critical thinking and religious understanding. It became clear that the Holy Quran is considered a constitution for life and a comprehensive educational approach. The study concluded that the challenges facing Educational strategies derived from the Qur’anic texts in building moral values among new generations are diverse, most notably the influence of contemporary culture, scarcity of educational resources, and understanding of Qur’anic texts. The study recommended that researchers should expand the study of the value content in the Holy Qur’an at various levels and issues of human life.

The importance of studying the physical properties of soil lies in its significance for both soil and plants, as well as its mutual influence on other soil properties. The study involved collecting 36 soil samples from two depths (0–30 cm and 30–60 cm). Analyses of some of these properties included both summer and winter seasons for the soils of levees and basins in the Shatt Al-Arab district The study revealed that the results of the investigated physical properties, such as soil texture and other related properties, indicated that the texture ranged between silty clay soil and silty clay loam soil for both levee and basin soils. Other properties were classified within the values of internationally recognized standards specific to each property. These properties were influenced, as mentioned, by other characteristics, such as chemical properties, including the presence of organic matter, salinity levels, and more Additionally, some sites had good agricultural management in terms of soil and water management, including maintenance and upkeep of drainage systems and the consistent addition of fertilizers. These practices significantly impacted the specific characteristics of the soils at those sites compared to other locations .

Some members of the Alawite family appeared to claim the imamate without justification, which made the Imams stand up to these false accusations, as they followed a careful approach in dealing with them with caution. The first focus was on the important education of the popular base so that they would not enter this cycle and be exposed to distortion. Intellectual, then the Imams worصed to push some false charges that targeted Alawite figures and accused them of claiming the Imamate while they were far from this matter in their lives, and to enter into a direct confrontation with those who falsely claimed the Imamate and refute their falsehoods with conclusive arguments and proofs that contributed to refuting their ideas and dividing people from them. As much as possible, with the importance of preserving the unity of the Alawite House before the eyes of the Abbasid Caliphate.

The Iranian government followed a policy of peaceful external coexistence with the countries of the world, following the outbreak of the White Revolution there on June 5, 1963, which helped it establish international relations in various fields. Therefore, this revolution interacted with its Libyan counterpart in 1969 AD in establishing strong relations between them. That's clearly been the case since 1980.

The current research aims to identify(the level of practice of biology teachers in the preparatory stage to develop innovative thinking skills) the research community consisted of biology teachers in the preparatory stage of the schools of the AL-Rifai Education Department, numbering (140) teachers. The basic objective, the researcher used the descriptive approach. the researcher prepared an observation card for teachers performance, which consisted of (14) teaching practices to develop innovative thinking skills, and they were distributed as follows : (5 teaching practices to develop flexibility skills, 5 teaching practices to develop fluency skills, and 4 practices to develop originality skills ), and their validity and reliability were verified by using appropriate statistical methods(SPss), and they were applied to the basic research sample, and the results showed, the level of practice of biology teachers to develop innovative thinking skills was average, as the most common practice were (flexibility and fluency skills) and were average, while the least common practices were (originality skills) and were weak. In light of this, the researcher recommended the necessity of working on directing biology teachers at the preparatory stage to pay attention and focus on developing innovative thinking skills through the use of modern methods, approaches and strategies in the teaching process. Formulating appropriate educational situations and training students to practice innovative thinking skills, the researcher suggested knowing the extent to which biology teachers in the preparatory stage mastered innovative thinking skills and their relationship to their students acquisition of them, evaluating the performance of biology teachers in the intermediate stage in light of innovative thinking skills.

This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of repetition in the poem Ya Dijla Al-Khair by Muhammad Mahdi Al-Jawahiri as a stylistic technique that contributes to rhythmic construction and deepens textual meaning. The research employs a stylistic approach to examine different patterns of repetition, including phonetic, lexical, and syntactic repetition, and their role in enhancing the musical structure of the text while highlighting the emotional and nationalistic dimensions of the poet’s experience. Additionally, the study explores the aesthetic and semantic functions of repetition, demonstrating how it directs the reader’s attention, reinforces central themes, and Intensifies emotional expression. The analysis Is supported by textual evidence from the poem, complemented by critical Insights that highlight the role of repetition In Arabic poetry, with comparisons to similar poetic experiencees. The study concludes that repetition In Ya Dijla Al-Khair is not merely a rhythmic element but a strategic stylistic device that reflects the poet’s political and emotional experiencee, granting the poem an intensified expressive power. The study recommends further research into other stylistic phenomena In Al-Jawahiri’s poetry within broader analytical contexts that contribute to a deeper understanding of his poetic style In light of modern critical approaches.

The Spirit, the Holy Spirit, and Gabriel in Islamic Teachings The Spirit, the Holy Spirit, and Gabriel are terms that represent important concepts mentioned multiple times in the Holy Qur’an and Hadith. The Spirit is a divine entity that brings matter from stillness to motion, from death to life, and from neglect to responsibility. Its functions are described in a book in which my Lord neither errs nor forgets. This research adopts a descriptive approach to explore the attributes of the Spirit, the Holy Spirit, and Gabriel by: -Referring to Islamic scholarly works that interpret the Qur’anic verses where these terms appear. The study defines these key terms and examines their characteristics and significance by referencing the Holy Qur’an and authentic Hadiths. It also highlights the functions of both the Spirit and Gabriel, as well as Gabriel’s esteemed status before God Almighty. The research concludes that the Spirit is a pure essence commanded by God to grant life to human beings. It is associated with strength and serves as a source of support for prophets and believers. The term 'Spirit' carries multiple meanings, including the human soul, the Qur’an, Gabriel, and God’s mercy. The Holy Spirit, on the other hand, is one of Gabriel’s names. Gabriel is entrusted with various divine missions as commanded by God. He would appear to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in the form of a well-mannered man, and the Prophet (PBUH) also saw him in his true angelic form. Gabriel’s role remains significant, as he is described as powerful, honored before the Throne of God, obeyed, and trustworthy.

This research explores the dynamic interaction of fate and agency in the development of tragic forms in early modern English drama. Focusing on playwrights such as William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe, this study seeks to examine precisely how Renaissance dramatists re-imagined classical tragic traditions through a fusing of classical determinism with the rising humanist individualism of the period. This work contextualizes how early modern dramatists reconfigured the tragic form within the flux of broader cultural and philosophical changes. By adopting a qualitative analytical approach, this research investigates thematic tensions and structural innovations in selected plays as contributions to a deeper understanding of early modern dramaturgy and its cultural resonance.

Our aim in this study is directed towards revealing Al-Zajaji’s grammatical approach and what he understood of grammatical issues in the book Akhbar Abi Al-Qasim Al-Zajjaji. Although the book is not purely grammatical, it included separate grammatical issues. Highlight part It is part of Al-Zajaji’s grammatical mentality and contributes to providing a clear picture of the grammatical lesson of Al-Zajaji, especially since Al-Zajaji is one of the grammarians who had a long history and a better hand in Arabic grammar, as he left the linguistic library a huge wealth that included all language sciences and the book (Akhbar Abi Al-Qasim Al-Zajaji) what is Except for one of what remains of Al-Zajaji's works. This book is distinguished by the fact that it gave a clear picture of Al-Zajaji's comprehensive culture of Arabic sciences and his proficiency in writing, even though he came on the method of (the aspirations) in the methodology and the system. Scientific figure of glass.

The novel "The Murder of the Bookseller" by Saad Muhammad Rahim is one of the most important modern Iraqi novels. It was nominated for the Arab Booker Prize in the short list 2017. The manifestations of fear and what leads to death and its repercussions on the place became clear as an important narrative element in the formation of novel events and their connection with all the elements of the novel.The place had an important presence in creating an atmosphere fraught with fear, and the research came to clarify this feature and its manifestations through the novel and the extent to which the place is related to it>

The study aimed to identify the impact of an educational design based on experiential learning strategies on the evaluative thinking skills of fifth-grade science students in biology, compared to the traditional method. The researchers adopted a quasi-experimental design with partial control. The research sample was chosen intentionally and consisted of 88 students, who were randomly distributed into two research groups. The researchers ensured the equivalence of the research groups in variables such as( age in months, intelligence, prior knowledge of biology, evaluative thinking skills and parents' academic achievement) , The evaluative thinking test was prepared, and consisted of (36) multiple-choice items. Its validity and reliability were verified. The test was then administered to the research groups, and the data was statistically analyzed using SPSS. The results indicated that experiential learning strategies positively impacted the evaluative thinking skills of fifth-grade science students in biology, favoring the experimental group. Based on these findings, the researcher presented several recommendations and suggestions.

This study is a statement of the efforts of Abu Al-Hasan Abd Al-Ghafir bin Ismail Al-Farsi, who died in the year 529 AH, in linguistic correction in his dictionary (Majma’ Al-Gharaib and Manba’ Al-Ragha’ib), which is a dictionary of strange hadiths and narrations. It became clear to me in light of this study that the author paid special attention to linguistic correction. His approach in this matter was in two directions: The first: Linguistic correction of specific narrators of hadith and hadith.The second: Linguistic correction of common linguistic errors that have been reported by the general public. I researched the issues mentioned by Abu Al-Hasan Al-Farsi, and returned to their origins, and found that the author was correct in many places, and incorrect in some of them. My research methodology was descriptive, original, and analytical. I was collecting the linguistic issues that Abu Al-Hasan Al-Farisi objected to using, then I would return to their origin and look at the validity of the author’s doctrine or not, and then judge it based on evidence, witness, and proof.

Procrastination in task performance is common among individuals; however, its continuous recurrence throughout all educational stages is considered a significant educational problem due to its negative effects on students' lives, particularly university students who bear full responsibility for completing academic tasks after previous educational stages where parents and teachers share this responsibility. They also face continuous pressure due to demands for submitting research papers, reports, or studying for exams. Consequently, some may resort to postponing these tasks until the last moment, which can lead to increased real pressures on them, affecting both their educational and psychological aspects. The current research aims to identify the level of academic procrastination among university students in the College of Education, Department of Kindergarten, and to determine whether there are differences based on gender. The research sample consisted of (60) students. To achieve the research objectives, the scale developed by Al-Tamimi (2012), consisting of (30) items, was adopted, and the apparent validity was extracted by presenting the tool to a group of professors. Reliability was determined using the test-retest method on a sample of 20 students, resulting in a reliability coefficient of (0.57). The researcher used appropriate statistical methods for data analysis, including Pearson correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, and independent samples t-test. The current research reached several results regarding the level of academic procrastination, including the difficulty of subjects, economic conditions, and the impact of family problems on the student's situation. The research results indicated a statistically significant difference between males and females, showing that males exhibited more procrastination than females.

Andalusian prose was considered one of the important literary arts, as it rose in its time to high levels of language, phrasing, and style. Writers competed to engage in and adventure in writing criticism or narration in its various arts. Many distinguished writers appeared to us, and their writings became apparent, until they became famous at that time. One of the advantages of Andalusian writing is the diversity in its language and the images it contains. As a result of the influence of the environment on writers, as well as the different culture that influenced them, texts had their own characteristics that differed from the features of texts in other societies. Here, in this research, we tried to delve into identifying and diagnosing the features of criticism in Andalusian prose letters, whether literary or scientific, in the hope of coming up with a clear vision of those features. In this study, we focused on two topics. The first was specifically about the critical features in literary dissertations, while the second topic was manifested in diagnosing the critical features in scientific dissertations. Accordingly, we came up with a balanced result in analyzing the critical features through literary dissertations on the one hand, and scientific dissertations on the other hand. On the other hand.

This study aims to explore the impact of using the problem-solving method on developing creative and artistic skills among female students in the Department of Art Education at the Fine Arts Institute, as well as improving their ability to execute handicrafts. Given the challenges faced by traditional teaching methods, such as reliance on rote learning and memorization, there is a growing need for innovative educational approaches that enhance critical and creative thinking. A quasi-experimental methodology was employed in this study, where the problem-solving method was applied to a sample of 50 female students. Data were collected through pre- and post-tests, questionnaires, and semi-structured interviews.The results showed a significant improvement in the creative and artistic skills of the students after applying the problem-solving method, with statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). Correlation coefficients also indicated a strong relationship between the use of this method and the improvement of artistic skills, with a correlation coefficient of 0.75 for the execution of handicrafts. Furthermore, the vast majority of students and teachers confirmed the effectiveness of the problem-solving method in enhancing creativity and the execution of handicrafts.Based on these findings, the study recommends adopting the problem-solving method as a primary teaching approach in home economics education and organizing training courses for teachers to ensure its effective implementation. Future studies are also suggested to explore the impact of this method on other skills and different age groups.

Although the efforts made by Hans von Seeckt after his appointment as a military advisor and then a member of the German delegation participating in the Peace Conference on April 21, 1919, to maintain a national army with a defensive doctrine of three hundred thousand men and his rejection of the dictates and conditions of the Entente Cordiale powers, and the necessity for Germany to have a deterrent military force to confront communism, and his refusal to accept Germany bearing responsibility for the outbreak of the war, his attempt did not achieve its aims at that time. In this regard, Seeckt, after being appointed head of the Preparatory Committee responsible for reorganizing the German army and assuming responsibility for restructuring the German General Staff and restructuring the air force (1919-1920), sought to achieve two aims: the first was to demonstrate commitment to organizing the German army according to the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and the second was to circumvent it, undermine it and get rid of its restrictions, without attracting the attention of the Entente Cordiale powers. In general, Seeckt visions, ideas and plans in all the fields in which he worked represented a comprehensive and precise process in the field of preparation, training and military culture to rebuild and reform the German armed forces. According to the above, the research was divided into three axes. The first dealt with his appointment as a representative of the German General Staff and the efforts he made at the Peace Conference of 1919. The second axis addressed his role in forming the German General Staff (1919-1920), while the last axis focused on his main role in restructuring the German Air Force until 1920.

This study aimed to identify the degree of contribution of Islamic education books in raising awareness of the phenomenon of drugs from the point of view of Islamic education teachers for the preparatory stage in Qalaat Sakr. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive analytical approach was followed, and in order to collect data, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to a sample of (150) male and female teachers. After conducting the statistical analysis through the (SPSS) program, the results showed that there is a medium degree of contribution of Islamic education books in raising awareness of the phenomenon of drugs from the point of view of Islamic education teachers for the preparatory stage in Qalaat Sakr, and there are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (α≤0.05) in the opinions of sample members about the degree of contribution of Islamic education books in raising awareness of the phenomenon of drugs from the point of view of Islamic education teachers for the preparatory stage in Qalaat Sakr according to the variables (gender, academic qualification, years of experience), and the study recommended a set of recommendations, the most prominent of which is the necessity of referring to the methods of educational construction for the individual and society mentioned in The Holy Quran in teaching Islamic education courses, especially with regard to contemporary challenges such as drugs.

The study of precious gemstones is historically important, so it has received the attention of specialists and researchers. Despite the numerous studies that have pointed to the most important of them, they still require more study and research due to their economic importance and their multiple uses in several fields. The research shed light on the scientific and personal biography of the book’s author, “Khurida.” Wonders and Unique Oddities” by Siraj al-Din Ibn al-Wardi (D. 852 AH/1447 AD or 861 AH/1457 AD) and his scientific interests. The research also discussed the error made by a number of researchers in attributing this book to his grandfather, Judge Zain al-Din Omar Ibn al-Wardi (D. 749 AH/ 1348 AD), and according to studies and what the author mentioned, Ibn al-Wardi, the grandson, compiled this book in the year 822 AH/1419 AD, that is, seventy-one years after the death of his grandfather, and from here it became clear that he was the author of this book. In the same context, the research clarified the most important titles included in his book: Which varied in content, as he mentioned extensive information about the seas, mountains, plants, animals, and minerals. The research discussed the most important gemstones included in the book, their economic value, names, and other uses, the most important of which are pearls, rubies, pearls, crystal, agate, jade, aquamarine, electrophoresis, and others, with reference to the most important things mentioned by a number of historians about it.

The current study aimed to find out the effectiveness of using the strategy of mental maps in the acquisition of Geoscience Education in Kirkuk governorate, the study sample amounted to (82) students, (41) students for the experimental group, and (41) students for the control group. The experimental method and the experimental design with partial control were used, and the equivalence of the two research groups was carried out with the following variables (chronological age calculated in months, Intelligence, educational achievement of parents). He prepared an achievement test of (20) Test paragraphs with three alternatives, and verified its truthfulness and consistency, as well as conducting statistical analyses of its paragraphs) coefficient of difficulty, discriminatory power, effectiveness of erroneous alternatives the results showed significant differences between the experimental and control groups in achievement. This means that the strategy of mind maps is superior to the usual teaching strategy

This research emphasizes the study of the historical roots of the emergence of the Malaysian state after it was under the control of the British administration, and how it was separate islands ruled by several sultans, then the Malay President Tunku Abdul Rahman ordered their unification and gathering under his leadership in what he called the Malaysian Federation, after which it was confirmed that the Federation would be removed from the name, to become (Malaysia( only.

The term metalanguage is one of the terms that enriched the modern critical study; some critics took it as a means of revealing their creativity in the critical text that competes with the literary text and reveals its logical consistency, while others used it as a tool to disguise the ideological orientation because of the sense of sin that these critics live with because of their inability to break free from their attribution to a particular orientation. The research has traced the origins of this term, whose features only became clear in modern criticism. The studies of philosophers and theorists revealed the issue associated with it since the time of Plato, but the clearest appearance of the term was in logical positivism, which revealed that metaphysics is only used as a deceptive metaphor to prove its pseudo-science, and then the term became clearer in modernity and beyond until it entered the Arab field of criticism, which revealed the orientation of Arab critics towards it, accepting or rejecting it according to the orientation of each of the currents of Arab criticism.

The study aims to identify epidemic diseases among secondary school teachers for specializations (scientific - humanities). In order to achieve the research objective, the yard prepared the research tool after reviewing some previous literature and studies related to epidemic and infectious diseases, and presenting an open questionnaire to a group of arbitrators specialized in health and science teaching methods, and supervisors and teachers of a subject in scientific specializations at the secondary stage and taking their comments and opinions, then verifying the validity of the tool, the tool in its final form consisted of (35) multiple-choice paragraphs. After verifying validity and reliability using the (Kuder Richardson - 20) equation, since the paragraphs are of the objective type (multiple test), the reliability coefficient reached (0.82), as the sample amounted to (200) male and female teachers. Through the results, it was shown that there was a weak knowledge of epidemic diseases among teachers, which was higher in favor of female teachers. Based on the above, the researcher recommended the need to focus on topics related to diseases, health and epidemics in curricula by curriculum designers, and holding seminars. Workshops and conferences to spread awareness of epidemic diseases and intensify awareness campaigns for teachers in various specializations. The researcher also suggested conducting studies similar to the research among other social and scientific groups, a study to investigate the availability of vocabulary and topics of epidemic diseases in school curricula, including science and biology, and a correlational study that examines the relationship between knowledge of epidemic diseases and the ability to make health decisions.

Khaled.abd@qu.edu.iq
The researcher aimed to identify the professional competence of middle school teachers in the education department of Al-Diwaniyah Governorate by addressing the following objective: 1- Identifying the professional competence of middle school teachers. To achieve this research objective, the researcher constructed a professional competence scale for middle school teachers based on Bandura's theory and social learning theory. The final version of the scale consisted of 40 items. After verifying its validity, reliability, and discrimination, and statistically analyzing its items on a research sample of 300 male and female teachers, the researcher completed the research procedures. She then extracted the research results by analyzing the responses of the middle school teachers using a set of statistical tools (one-sample t-test, independent two-sample t-test, and chi-square). The researcher concluded that: -secondary schools teachers have a professional competence level higher than the hypothetical average.

This research paper attempts to be a fertile critical reading and an aesthetic revelation that is aware of the creative context in which the narrative character was present in my two collections (The Minarets Pray by Rahman Gharkan)*, (And a Dream Awakened by the Cold by Nazem Jalil Al-Moussawi)*, as this essential presence contributed to supporting the artistic and objective structures of imagination with an effective support that the two poets tried to rely on to attract the taste of the recipient, and then this paper was based on an introduction and three chapters, the first of which reveals the concept of the narrative character and the methods of presenting it within the text directly or indirectly, and the second chapter reveals the dimensions of the character on the intellectual, external and internal levels. As for the third chapter, it dealt with the types of character, and two types of character emerged from it: the main character and the secondary character. These chapters led to a conclusion that the researcher has been keen to collect the most important results that were the focus of research and investigation.

The current research aims to identify the teaching of physics according to the Pentagram strategy among fifth-grade science students and develop their scientific sense. The sample consisted of (80) fifth-grade science students at Cordoba Girls' Secondary School for the academic year (2023-2024) for the first semester. The school was chosen intentionally because it contains more than four departments, in addition to the cooperation of the school administration in the experiment and the subject teacher. They were randomly distributed into two groups, the first experimental group studied using the Pentagram strategy and the second control group studied using the usual method. In addition to conducting equivalences for the two groups in (- IQ - chronological age in months - physics score for the fourth grade science - general average for the fourth grade science - verbal scientific sense). To achieve the goal, the researcher prepared a scale for scientific sense in its emotional aspect, which consisted of (30) paragraphs, all of which represented a multiple-choice type, and their validity and stability were verified, in addition to their psychometric properties. After statistically analyzing the study data using the t-test for two independent samples, the results showed:
There is a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the scientific sense scale for the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group who studied according to the Pentagram strategy.

In a world characterized by rapid scientific developments, research into the relationship between religion and science emerges as a vital and controversial topic. The study explores the scientific interpretation of Quranic verses from a religious perspective, focusing on the concept of scientific interpretation of Quranic verses and traditional interpretation. This topic is of particular importance because it seeks to understand how religious texts are compatible with modern scientific discoveries, which contributes to strengthening the dialogue between science and religion. The researcher used several tools, as he reviewed some relevant literature, used a case study, and conducted a comparative analysis. The research reached the most important results, the compatibility between scientific and religious texts. The research also provided a set of recommendations to enhance the correct understanding of Quranic verses

In Fowles's contemporary novels Magus and Lady French Lieutenant, the complex relationship between metafiction and historical metafiction provides a compelling exploration of narrative and its relationship to history. Fowles challenges traditional conventions through conscious narrative techniques while making readers question the nature of reality and authorship.
It engages readers in a self-reflexive exploration of storytelling and challenges traditional notions of history and fiction.
It is easily can be seen that one of the unsolved issues in postmodern movement novels is the connection between past and present this make a lot of discussion between authors and critics about the present effect or Circumstances partied the narration of history .
The study of the provisions of attacking sanctities in Islamic law, with a focus on the legal and moral implications of this act in Islamic society. The research begins by defining the concept of sanctities in Islam, which includes places, people, and things that have sanctity in Islamic law, such as the Holy Quran, the Noble Sanctuary, and other religious symbols. The legal positions related to attacking these sanctities, based on the Quranic texts and the Prophetic Hadiths, where the Islamic ruling is shown in the event of this attack. The focus is on the types of attacks such as attacking shrines, mosques, or tampering with religious sanctities, as well as the impact of these attacks on the individual and society from a legal perspective. Also, the legal implications of these acts according to Islamic laws, including the penalties that may be imposed on those who attack sanctities. It also discusses the moral implications of this act, and how it can lead to the deterioration of the values of tolerance and coexistence among members of society. It provides recommendations to raise awareness in society about the importance of protecting sanctities, and to promote Islamic values that call for respect and justice, with the aim of building a more harmonious society and preserving its religious and social values..

The research entitled (Perceived risks of digital immersion among middle school students) aimed to -1- The perceived risks of digital immersion among middle school students. 2- Statistically significant differences in the perceived risks of digital immersion among middle school students according to the variables of specialization scientific, literary, gender (males, females) fourth-sixth grade). To achieve the research objectives, the following steps were followed: . Building a scale of perceived digital immersion risks, after defining the concept theoretically by adopting the model and definition of Steele et al 2020 (Steele), and the scale in its final form consists of (48) paragraphs distributed over four areas, which are psychological risks / academic risks / moral risks), after adopting four alternatives that represent a high degree of risk, represent a medium degree of risk, represent a weak degree of risk, do not represent a risk, which are given the following weights (1,2,3,4) and the researcher extracted the validity and reliability of the scale. The scale was applied to the research sample of (500) male and female students from the preparatory stage in the center of the Babylon Education Directorate. They were selected in a random stratified manner using the proportional method. The research sample constitutes (3.113%) of the research community, with (213) male students and (287) female students, with (449) in the scientific specialization, and (51) in the literary specialization. After collecting the data and processing it statistically, the research reached the following results: 1- Middle school students have a statistically significant awareness of the perceived risks of digital immersion (psychological, academic, health, and moral). 2 There are no statistically significant differences in the perceived risks of digital immersion according to the variables: branch (scientific, literary), gender (males, females), fourth grade, sixth grade).

The current research deals with the study of (mental and aesthetic features and their manifestations in the art of Mesopotamian civilization), as this civilization is considered one of the original and basic civilizations that form the true basis of knowledge, thought and humanity for the nation of Mesopotamia, as it has a profound and permanent impact in shaping the cultural, intellectual and human identity. Ignoring the study of this civilization will lead to a large gap that cuts off those roots. The land of Mesopotamia is considered one of the most important global civilizational regions and is one of the fruitful civilizations on all social and intellectual levels, including arts such as: piercing/sculpture/music. This is what makes the study of civilization an urgent necessity, especially at a time when Arab and international libraries are witnessing a noticeable weakness in studying this civilization. The research included four chapters: the first chapter included the methodological framework and addressed the research problem (Are the arts of Mesopotamian civilization characterized by mental and aesthetic features? And in what way is this embodied?), the importance of the research and the need for it, and the aim of the research to reveal: the mental and aesthetic features and their manifestations in the art of Mesopotamian civilization, while the limits of the research were limited to: studying the mental and aesthetic features of the arts of Mesopotamian civilization in its various formations, including what is available in museums and related sources. In addition, the research addressed defining the terms mentioned in the title and explaining their meanings. The second chapter dealt with the theoretical framework, which included two sections. The first section dealt with the historical background of the Mesopotamian civilization, while the second section dealt with the foundations and beginnings of art in the Mesopotamian civilization, and ended with a set of indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework of the research. The third chapter dealt with the research procedures, which were represented by the research community and its sample, which amounted to (2) artworks, then the tool and statistical methods, and ended with the analysis of the research sample. The fourth chapter ended with the results, conclusions and recommendations reached

Anxiety is seen as a psychological dilemma, whose activity moves to address existential spaces when this anxiety is coupled with cosmic concerns that transcend sensory limitations, and begin to answer the essential questions in the world of matter and meaning. However, the path to achieving this entails a series of problems that establish an existential anxiety in which calm and reassurance are absent. In light of this, we have identified a number of resources in this text by Abu Dhu’ayb al-Hudhali, in which existential anxiety was manifested, such that it showed the depth of the psychological process caused by the death of his seven children. His anxious painting included striking scenes depicting the life of the wild bull and the wild donkey, and the contrast between their lives between happiness and bliss and misery and torment due to thirst, drought, and approaching the moment of death due to hunting, as the poet uses these scenes to demonstrate the sustainability of anxiety and apprehension that dominates the movement of beings in their various biological types. Therefore, this case is classified as a problem.

This paper studies the role of the unreliable narrator in postmodern literature, concentrating on novels of Lolita (1955) by Vladimir Nabokov and City of Glass (1987) by Paul Auster. It discusses how the two novels use narrative ambiguity and narrative deception in understanding of truth, and reality in a postmodern literature. The research is situated in narrative theory and postmodern frameworks in order to discuss the protagonists’ Humbert Humbert’s and Daniel Quinn’s manipulation of language, distortion of events, as well as blur the limits between reality and fiction. The present study maintains, using close textual analysis, that these novels expose instability in storytelling as a means of forcing the readers to participate actively in the construction of meaning. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that unreliable narration becomes a means to prompt questioning absolute truths, further reinforcing the genre’s skepticism toward subjective reality and grand narratives.

This paper explores how Baraka, the African American poet, creates a timely radical political consciousness and Black identity through his poetic voice and style in “Ka’ Ba,” and “Black Art.” Looking at Baraka poetry as a literary resource in teaching and developing social radicalism with special reference to racism and Black power. The analysis focuses on key themes in Baraka's writing that reflect his ideological shift from integrationist to Black nationalist perspectives, including: Rejection of assimilation and demand for cultural/political autonomy; Interrogation of white power structures and the myth of American meritocracy; Celebration of African diasporic heritage and pride in Blackness and Inspiring revolutionary action to overturn racial oppression. Through the analysis of Baraka’s poetic voice in his work, the paper elaborates on how his role served as an important prerequisite of the Black Arts Movement’s call for art that reflected the Blacks’ free will. His lyrical particularity, the meteor that brought him a new poetic music based on black jazz, and that street language is also analyzed in order to show how radical politics may be made popular and inspiring. The study positions Baraka’s poetry within the tradition of African American literature and its tradition of awaking the political consciousness to insist on the importance of Baraka as a black literary figure who used written word to galvanize Black liberation struggle.

The study sought to investigate the role of using smart phones in enhancing educational behavior among secondary school students from their point of view. The study used a descriptive and analytical approach. The study population consisted of all secondary school students in the city of Latakia, and the study sample was limited to (737) male and female students in the stage. Secondary school students were chosen randomly. The questionnaire was chosen as a tool for the current study based on its suitability to the nature of the study and its objectives and its ability to achieve the objectives of the study. It included categorical variables such as gender and the number of hours of using a smartphone, in addition to 20 items distributed into two dimensions: positive effects and negative effects. Negative. By applying the questionnaire to the sample members, the results showed that the degree of agreement on the first dimension (positive influences) was moderate, while the degree of agreement on the second dimension (negative influences) was high. The results showed that there were differences between the average scores of secondary school students’ answers to the questionnaire according to the variable Gender: The differences were in favor of males, and there were differences according to the variable number of hours of using the smartphone. The differences were in favor of those who use the smartphone 3 hours or more.

While some opinions argue that the Federal Supreme Court’s adherence to its precedents is the most logical approach, given the binding authority of its decisions, as well as its role in ensuring the stability of transactions and legal positions and reinforcing the court’s prestige and respect, constitutional adjudication in practice cannot remain bound to a single approach when political, economic, or social circumstances change. Similarly, if constitutional provisions are amended in a manner that contradicts prior court rulings, the court must inevitably depart from its precedents, subject to essential conditions and specific limitations to align its decisions with the new provisions. Additionally, courts may revise their prior orientations to rectify their rulings, ensure consistency with international obligations, or adapt to changes in their composition, which may bring differing perspectives on the constitutional document. They may also be influenced by developments in legal scholarship in general and constitutional jurisprudence in particular.

The topic of translation and Arabization and their effects on the Arabic language is a major issue in contemporary societies. In the Arab world, there is a widespread belief that Arabic cannot keep up with modern technological advancements, which leads some to favor foreign languages, especially English and French, due to their global dominance and prominence in educational and research institutions, as well as their connection to major political and economic powers. Conversely, another viewpoint maintains that Arabic has deep historical and cultural roots that allow it to evolve and meet the challenges of the modern world. This study delves into the concept of "Translation and Arabization and Their Impact on Contemporary Society." While both have historical importance, the researcher will concentrate on defining and categorizing translation, outlining its key steps, as well as discussing the meaning and methods of Arabization. The study will also explore the distinctions between translation and Arabization. In addition, the researcher aims to identify the obstacles that impede the Arabization process and its effect on the Arabic language and scientific content. These challenges include linguistic and knowledge-related issues faced by translators, their proficiency in both the source and target languages, and the limitations of Arabic lexicons. The study will also address the failure of Arabic language academies to develop effective strategies for standardizing terminology, given the dialectal diversity across the Arab world, which complicates efforts to bridge the gap between native and translated languages.

Many thinkers in the fields of education and art have called for the use and employment of theatrical art as a means to support and develop the educational process and in teaching curricula and employing it to make students understand the academic subjects, because the educational materials with their various components, whether read or narrated, do not reach the student and do not enable him to understand them as much as he achieves this when it is on the stage. The research aims to verify the effectiveness of a program for guided imagination in developing the theatrical performance skill for secondary school students in Diyala by knowing the existence of any statistically significant differences in the average scores of the pre- and post-theatrical performance scale for the two groups (control and experimental) according to the guided imagination method. The research results showed the effect of the guided imagination method on the research sample consisting of (40) male and female students in secondary school (20) male and female students as an experimental sample (20) male and female students for the control sample. Accordingly, the researcher put forward some recommendations and suggestions that contribute to strengthening this method by developing and enhancing students' artistic abilities in educational institutions.

Research Summary: It is not hidden from anyone with intelligence that speech may be intended to remind, if the speech is masculine and is directed directly or indirectly to a masculine group or a masculine singular, and the speech may be feminine, if it is directed directly or indirectly to a feminine group or a feminine singular. But how can we determine the type of speech if the addressee is not specified, neither male nor female? In this research, we will try to answer this question, as will become clear in the following research papers, God willing.

This research addresses the issue of divinity in Judaism, It begins with a brief definition of the Jews, their names, sects, and sacred texts. In the second section, it explores the Jewish belief in God and His attributes, highlighting their most important doctrinal ideas, as well as the personalities and approaches that influenced the religious and social trajectory of the Jewish people.The research focuses on the concept of monotheism and divinity in Judaism across the ages, starting from monotheism during the time of Moses (peace be upon him) to the Kabbalistic and mystical Jewish interpretations. Despite the prophets’ calls for worshiping God and avoiding idolatry, the Israelites struggled to remain committed to this path, wavering between anthropomorphism, polytheism, and pragmatism. These shifts in their beliefs resulted in an emphasis on utilitarianism, overshadowing spiritual depth and the essence of worship and sincerity. One of the most sacred aspects for them is materialism, along with their attachment to wealth and tangible things, compared to their weak focus on spiritual aspects. The research also reveals significant variations in their understanding of God and His attributes, showing how this belief was influenced by external factors such as surrounding cultures and political changes. It also examines the concept of anthropomorphism in the Jewish religious context and how these ideas interacted with other philosophies. Additionally, the study also highlights the role of prominent Jewish figures in formulating these concepts and the impact of historical events such as the Babylonian captivity and the diaspora on Jewish theology. The research concludes that the concept of God in Judaism has undergone continuous evolution, reflecting interactions with surrounding intellectual and philosophical currents. This research opens the door to further in-depth studies on the impact of culture and politics on the shaping of religious beliefs, and the relationship between religion and philosophy.

Historical studies have focused on the Umayyad era (41 AH - 661 AD) as a historical period that adopted a prominent political approach to state-building, distinct from that of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) and from the state of the Rightly-Guided Caliphs. The Umayyads relied on the tribal system and ruling families to build their state, just as was the case in the pre-Islamic era of the Arabs. When tribalism was an important political, social, and cultural unit in the pre-Islamic era, we find that this tribalism was strengthened in several ways, whether through alliances or intermarriage. Islam called for the rejection of tribal values and customs, which promoted aspects of ethnic fanaticism and religious isolation. During the Umayyad era, since its founding by Muawiyah ibn Abi Sufyan, the Umayyads made effective use of this to revive tribalism. One of the reasons that prompted us to choose this research title is that most historical studies have neglected to examine the tribal impact on conflicts between Arabs and Muslims, and its impact has reverberated throughout society, the consequences of which we continue to experience to this day. To fully encompass the research topic, we decided to divide it into three sections: the first section (The Concept of Asabiyyah, Its Manifestations, and Islam's Positions on Them); the second section (Muawiyah's Efforts to Organize Tribes Based on the Criterion of Strength and Approach to Authority); and the third section (Muawiyah's Policy to Attract Arab Tribal Leaders).