Psychological Science

Abstract:
The study aimed at the following:
1. measuring Peace skills of kindergarten children
2. Identify the differences in average scores peace skills kindergarten children by variable sex (male - female),
To achieve this, researchers adopted a measure peace skills prepared by Abdul Latif and others (2007) And which consisted of eight skills.
Then offered skills and theoretical definitions and items on a number of experts in science educational, psychological and got their approval and 90% and mor
Researcher applied a scale on exploratory sample consisting of (12) boys and girls were randomly selected from Applied kindergarten. It was clear from this application instructions and items were clear and understandable, and that the average time to answer on the scale (10 minutes).and verifying its psychometric properties of validity and consistency .
To measure the skills of peace on the children of kindergarten recovered results using T-test . Showed result there statistically significant differences between the average scores of the sample and the average theoretical . Where he was a good level of children of all skills
To know the differences in average scores peace skills on the children of kindergarten, according to the variable type (male - female), were used independent samples T- test , and found that there are significant differences between the average male and female for three skills are (friendship skill - System Skill - perseverance Skill)and in favor of baby girls.
And the result showed no significant differences between males and females in the remaining five skills.
In light of the findings of the research, the researcher collects peace education curricula and design experiences and activities that promote and work Alkatlokat and stickers and posters that encourage respect and accept differences and love and friendship. Complementing the current research and development researcher has suggested holding subsequent studies.

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify:
The level of exposure to bullying among kindergarten teachers- The level of emotional emptiness among kindergarten teachersThe correlation between bullying and emotional voidness among kindergarten teachers.
The current research was limited to kindergarten teachers, where (200) kindergarten teachers were selected. The data and statistically processed using the statistical program (SPSS), and reached the following results: The research sample has a low level of bullying because the calculated T value is higher than the tabular and the arithmetic mean is less than the hypothetical mean. The arithmetic mean is less than the hypothetical mean. There is a direct, statistically significant relationship between emotional emptiness and bullying behavior, because the calculated correlation value is higher than the tabular value.

Abstract:
The research aims to identify the level of mind wandering through e-learning platforms for students in colleges of Mosul university at the significance level of 0.05, as well as to define the differences of statistical significance at the level of 0.05 between the average degrees of mind wandering through e-learning platforms according to the variables: academic specialization (scientific and theoretical), class (first and fourth) and gender (males and females). It is also aimed to know the psychological integration of students at the level of significance 0.05 as well as to identify the differences of statistical significance at the level of 0.05 between the average degrees of integration. Another objective of this research is to identify the level of mind wandering through e-learning platforms among students of Mosul university at the significance level of 0.05, and identifying the differences of statistical significance at the level of 0.05 between the average degrees of mind wandering through e-learning platforms according to the variables: academic specialization (scientific and theoretical) , class (first and fourth) and gender (males and females), as well as identifying the relationship between mind wandering through e-learning platforms and psychological integration among students of the research sample. The sample of the research consists of (400) male and female students from Colleges of the University of Mosul. The scale of mind wandering is built through e-learning platforms, depending on the literature and theoretical frameworks. The items of the instrument are divided into two areas: (Mind wandering related to the study material and mind wandering not related to the study subject). Thus, the instrument consists of (28) items. The statistical analysis is contacted to distinguish the items and its validity is verified. The agreement reached (90%) and its stability coefficient reached (83%), and a scale for psychological integration is built based on the literature and theoretical frameworks. The items are divided into three areas (the relationship of the teacher with the learner, peer support for the learner, and family support for the learner). The scale contains (29) items .After the discrimination procedures and its apparent sincerity are verified, the percentage of agreement reached (90%) and its stability coefficient reached (81%), and the data are treated using statistical methods: Pearson correlation coefficient and t-test for one sample and two independent samples. The findings find out the sample of the study have mind wandering through e-learning platforms, and there is no difference between scientific and theoretical disciplines. The results of the research discover that fourth-grade students have more mind wanderings through e-learning platforms than first-grade students, as well as male students have more mind wandering than females. The findings also show that students have psychological integration and there is no difference in psychological integration according to the variables of academic specialization, class and gender. A negative inverse correlation is appeared between mind wandering through e-learning platforms and psychological integration of the research sample. Recommendations and suggestions are formulated in light of these results.

Abstract:
the current study aimed to identify the Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention among university students, and to identify the significance of the difference in the Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and the significance of the difference in entrepreneurial intention according to the gender variable (male - female), and to identify the nature of the correlation between the Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention As well as identifying the extent to which the Entrepreneurial self-efficacy contributes to the entrepreneurial intention of university students.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built two scales: the entrepreneurship self-efficacy scale, which in its final form consisted of (32) items, and the entrepreneurial intention scale, which in its final form consisted of (16) items, Psychometric properties were extracted from validity and reliability in different ways for the two scales, then the researcher applied the two scales to a sample of (200) male and female students, and the data was processed using the appropriate statistical methods. the research concluded that university students have a high degree of Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and have a high degree of entrepreneurial intention. The results also showed that there are differences between males and females in the Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention in favor of males, And that there is a significant and positive correlation between the two variables of the research. The results also showed that there is a contribution for the Entrepreneurial self-efficacy in the entrepreneurial intention variable, with a statistically significant degree.
In light of these results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions for conducting future research.

Abstract:
The current study aims to identify the effect of motivational interviews on reducing marital distress among university employees
To achieve the objectives of the research, the marital distress scale was applied. The following hypotheses were formulated
1- There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05) for the average scores of the experimental group according to the pre and post test
2- There are no statistically significant differences for the average scores of the experimental group and the average scores of the control group on the marital distress scale.-
The study included a sample of female employees of the College of Administration and Economics - University of Basra, and based on the scores of the sample members on the marital distress scale, the study sample of (20) female employees was selected and distributed randomly into two equal groups, an experimental group of administrative and economic employees and the other as a control, and the experimental group received A counseling program based on motivational interviews to reduce the level of marital distress. The program consisted of (13) sessions, while the control group did not receive any treatment. The results showed that the experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease in marital distress compared to the control group, and the program is effective big .

Abstract:
The research aimed to measure psychological trauma for primary school students and to identify the significance of the differences according to the gender variable (male-female) for the 2015-2016 academic year, and for all primary school stages. The research sample amounted to (200) students, (119) males and (81) males. Females, and the psychological trauma scale prepared by the Psychological Research Center has been relied upon, and the number of its paragraphs was (40) and after extracting the psychometric characteristics of the scale, it was applied to the research sample. The results were that the students suffer from psychological trauma significantly , and there are no significant differences according to the gender variable. The research came out with some recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
The research aims to measure the phenomenon of learned helplessness and how it is related to some variables in the present circumstances and its relationship with some variables during this period among kindergarten teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad, Karkh 1. To achieve the goal of the current research; based on how important the topic is and how effective it will be on all kindergarten teachers, the researcher adopted a descriptive analytical approach, which deals with a simple random sample of 150 teachers who represent the research sample. Depending on theories and an open questionnaire built by the researcher, a scale was applied to identify the phenomenon of the learned helplessness and how it is related to some variables (age, specialty ,Career years) during in the present circumstances. The researcher aimed to extract indicators that validates the scale used by presenting it to a group of experts specialized in childhood education and in psychology. The validity of the scale used was also verified through testing its psychometric properties. Also, after the data was collected, they were processed statistically using appropriate statistical methods such as (one-sample t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient). A set of results were obtained Including that the research sample has a learned helplessness at a high level, and this shows that the state of disability appeared among kindergarten teachers, and a set of recommendations were presented to limit this phenomenon after school attendance.

Abstract:
The research aimed to reveal the relationship of emotional suppression to occupational stress among educational counselors, as well as to identify the differences between them according to the gender variable (males - females). 2012), and (Professional pressures), which was prepared by (Qerqah 2018), and the results of the research resulted in: There are statistically significant differences in according to the gender variable, and the differences were in favor of. • The educational counselors are characterized by a (high) degree of emotional suppression. • The educational counselors have a high degree of professional pressure. • There are statistically significant differences in emotional suppression according to the gender variable, and the differences were in favor of (males). • There are statistically significant differences in occupational stress according to the gender variable, and the differences were in favor of (males). • There is a statistically significant relationship between emotional repression and occupational stress. • Based on the research results, the researcher recommended some recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
The research aims to:-
1- Measuring psychological pain during armed conflict.
2- Measuring psychological pain during displacement
3- Identifying differences between psychological pain during armed conflict and during displacement.
4- Identifying the most prominent types of psychological pain during armed conflict from the viewpoint of displaced women.
5- Identifying the most prominent types of psychological pain during displacement from the viewpoint of displaced women.
6- Identifying the most prominent problems that displaced women suffered from.
7- Finding out the statistical differences in women’s psychological pain during armed conflict according to the age variable
8- Finding out the statistical differences in women’s psychological pain during displacement according to the age variable
9- Finding out the statistical differences in women’s psychological pain during armed conflict according to marital status variable.
10- Finding out the statistical differences in women’s psychological pain during displacement according to marital status variable.
To achieve the aims of this research, a measurement tool was constructed with 37 items. It was applied to a sample of(580) women in camps (Anbar, Hamdanyia, Khankeen, Ninawa). After the data collection and statistical analysis, the research reached the following results:
1. The women in the sample have a high level of psychological pain during conflict and displacement.
2. There is a difference between psychological pain during displacement and that during armed conflict(more during armed conflict).
3. The most visible psychological pain of women during armed conflict and displacement included (women have difficulty breathing when remembering their suffering, feeling that their life is meaningless, avoidance of talking about what they experienced, difficulty expressing their feelings, and anxiety and fear of the unknown).
4. There are statistical differences in the problems displaced women suffered from (lack of fanatical resources, lack of food, no schools, and inability to practice religious rituals) in favor of lack of fanatical resources.
5. There are no significant statistical differences in psychological pain during armed conflict and displacement according to the age variable.
6. There are significant statistical differences in psychological pain during armed conflict according to the marital status variable in favor of divorced women.
7. There are no significant statistical differences in psychological pain during displacement according to the marital status variable.

Abstract:
The research aims to identify the causes of drug abuse among a sample of juvenile delinquents, the research is determined on juvenile delinquents in Basra Central Prison for the year 2021-2022. The research community consisted of (90) individuals, who chose (45) as a statistical sample and applied the scale consisting of (20) A paragraph and three alternatives (always, sometimes, rarely) on them, the highest degree (60) and the lowest degree (20) prepared by the researcher by reviewing the literature and previous studies. It was presented to a group of (8) experts, and all paragraphs were accepted, and he applied and used the split-half method for the stability of the scale, and it was fixed at a degree of (0.90), which is high stability. It encourages addiction and weak security oversight.

Abstract
The aim of the research is to identify of the straight thinking and self-competency among students of the University of Mosul, as well as to identify the differences in straight thinking and self-competency according to gender variables (male - female) and specialization (scientific - human), as well as to identify the correlation between straight thinking and self-competency. The research sample consisted of (180) male and female whom were chosen in a stratified random manner. The researcher adopted the 2015 Khalid Scale for Straight Thinking, which consisted of 31 items, and the 2021 Suleiman Scale for self-competency, which consisted of 45 items. After extracting the honesty and reliability of the two scales, the data were treated statistically by using (Pearson correlation, one-sample T-test, the two independent samples T-test) .The researcher concluded that the following results: University students have a level of straight thinking as well as self-competency. There are no statistically significant differences in straight thinking as well as self-competency according to gender variables (male - female) as well as specialization (scientific - human). The researcher had given a group of recommendations and suggestions according to the results of the research.
The Strait thinking and its Relation With self-competence for students of University of Mosul .

Abstract
The research aimed at knowing the degree of male and female teachers’ positive expectations towards a number of students (encouraging and favouring them) in the light of teachers’ responses themselves. The sample consisted of (202) individuals; (90) male teachers and (112) female teachers. The researcher created two versions of the measurement tool, one for the male and female teachers, and the other is for the students’ parents that are (70) individuals, for the purpose of diagnosing the teachers’ expectation on the basis of notices and complaints that their children bring to the table. T test and three-way Anova were used to process the data statistically. The results show that there are significant statistical differences between groups which were placed according to the variables of service length (less than 10 years, and more than 10 years), the geographical location of work (inside and outside the city of Mosul), and the teacher’s gender (males and females). The analysis did not show significant differences in the interaction among the three variables, whereas significant difference between all teachers and all parents regarding teachers’ expectation diagnosis was witnessed and this was in favour of the parents who submitted extreme responses concerning teachers’ bias of expectation (bias towards certain number of students). In the light of the present results, a set of recommendations and suggestions can be put forward that intensify the need to eliminate teachers’ positive expectations towards certain students on the expense of other students, which in turn assures that these expectations should involve the whole students with no exception.

Abstract:
This research aims to identify the statistically significant differences in the psychological well-being variable among middle school students.And the effectiveness of counseling with positive intervention to develop their psychological well-being by testing the research hypotheses (there are no statistically significant differences between the grades of the individuals (the experimental group) as well as the grades of the individuals (the control group) in the pre and post tests on the psychological well-being scale, and the third hypothesis there are no differences Statistically significant between the ranks of the scores of individuals (the experimental group and the control group) in the post-test on the psychological well-being scale.The experimental design for the two groups (experimental - control) was chosen.The research sample consisted of (420) students of the fifth scientific and literary students, selected (20) Students in the intentional way who obtained the highest scores when they answered on the psychological well-being scale which was adopted by (Ryff & Singer 2008) after Arabizing and adapting it to the local environment and extracting the psychometric characteristics of (honesty and stability) and the researcher divided them into the two groups by (10) students in each In the simple random way, and after making the equivalence between the two groups, use the appropriate statistical methods to process the data in the statistical packages program (SPSS) and reach the important results we mention Including that the members of the research sample do not enjoy psychological well-being and the researcher attributed this result to the nature of the adolescence stage in realizing the meaning of psychological well-being after the arithmetic mean of their scores reached (100.405) less than the hypothetical mean of the scale (105) and a standard deviation (26.642), and the calculated T. value reached(- 3.535), and that the positive intervention counseling program was effective in developing the psychological well-being of the experimental sample members, and in light of the research results, the researcher presented some important recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
Academic and educational institutions in different countries of the world have become interested in their administrations possessing the necessary skills for communication and exchange of opinion, because work, no matter how technically developed or possessed of capabilities, remains hostage to the minds that manage it and manage its affairs. In view of the great interest in expected utility thinking from developed countries, as it is one of the important areas in improving relations within the educational academic environment and activating communication and social interaction in universities.
The current research aims to identify the expected benefit thinking among administrative teachers, as well as to identify the significance of the differences in Expected Utility Thinking according to the variables (type, scientific title, length of service) in order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers prepared the scale, which reached the number of its paragraphs in its final form after making sure Of the psychometric characteristics (23) items, then the researchers applied the scale to the research sample, which amounted to (400) administrative teaching staff, who were randomly selected from the University of Baghdad, males and females, for the academic year 2021/2022, and the results showed the following:
• The research sample of administrative teaching has a Expected Utility Thinking good.
• There is a statistically significant difference between grade averages between (gender and length of service) in Expected Utility Thinking according to males and females and in favor of( females.(

Abstract:
The current research aimed to measure the level of psychological burnout, and the level of social intelligence for kindergarten teachers in addition to revealing the correlation between the two variables of the research. The research sample consisted of (300) female kindergarten teachers from both sides of Karkh and Rusafa for the academic year 2021/2022, who were selected according to the simple random sampling method. Furthermore, the researcher adopted the two measurement tools, and then verified the psychometric properties of the two tools, and finally applied them to the above mentioned research sample. The results showed the following:
1- The arithmetic average of the research sample is greater than the hypothetical average , for the psychological burnout measurement tool.
2- The arithmetic average of the research sample is greater than the hypothetical average, for the social intelligence measurement tool.
3- There is a positive correlation between the research variables .

Abstract:
The aim of current research is to identify self-efficacy of middle school students ,the researcher used the self-efficacy scale prepared by the researcher Ghufran in 2014 to measure self-efficacy among middle school students ,the scale was applied to a sample of(200)male and female students ,the number of males of (100) .Student and the number of females (100) and then the results revealed there are statistically significant differences in favor of females .

Abstract:
The current research is the effect of a counseling program for developing psychological satisfaction among middle school students. The current research aims to identify:
1- The level of psychological satisfaction among students of the preparatory stage.
2- Building a counseling program aimed at developing psychological satisfaction among middle school students.
3 - The effect of the counseling program on reducing psychological dissatisfaction among a sample of preparatory students by verifying the following hypotheses:
1- There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group members on the psychological satisfaction scale before and after the application of the program.
2- There are no statistically significant differences between the mean scores of the control group on the psychological satisfaction scale in the pre and post tests.
3- There are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental and control groups on the psychological satisfaction scale in the test and the post test.
The research sample consisted of two intentionally chosen schools, namely Omar bin Abdul Aziz High School for Boys and Fatima High School for Girls, to represent the research sample consisting of students of the fifth preparatory grade. Where the first school included a section of males, the literary branch (28), and the final research sample was (56) male and female students from the literary branch, and to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted the psychological satisfaction scale prepared by Al-Shammari (2018). It consists of (50) paragraphs to reach the research objectives.
Statistical data were processed using the following statistical methods:
1- A chi-square for one sample was used to find out the differences between the agreeing and disapproving arbitrators on the items of the psychological satisfaction test and to measure the equivalence in the variable of the educational level of the father and the mother.
2- Facronbach equation
3- T-test for two independent samples and for reward in the variable of chronological age, intelligence, and a pre-test for psychological satisfaction
4- Iates equation to correct for equivalence in variables.
In light of the findings, the researcher concluded the following: -
1- It turns out that self-satisfaction among middle school students in Salah al-Din governorate varies in intensity among students.
2- The study showed the importance of the counseling program in helping students achieve self-satisfaction, which makes them more motivated to study and curious about knowledge.
3- The activities and events included in the counseling program are effective in raising self-satisfaction, and assisting preparatory students in overcoming and overcoming all academic problems.
4- Guidance programs are one of the necessities of educational work that can help guidance workers in embodying the objectives of the process into a tangible practical reality through the application of learning techniques and methods.
In light of the research results, the researcher made some recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract:
The current research aimed to identify the societal requirements of families of children with autism spectrum disorder in Iraq, and the sample consisted of (101) families who had a child or girl with autism spectrum disorder, and they were contacted through the telegram channel, and a tool was built to identify the community requirements For families of children with autism spectrum disorder, and the tool is a scale that includes (28) items, and the researcher verified the validity and reliability of the tool, and the results of the research showed that families of children with autism spectrum disorder in Iraq have societal requirements that were not provided and harnessed to them, and in light of the results recommended The researcher should conduct other studies on new samples and other requirements, and establish special centers to follow up the requirements of families of children with autism spectrum disorder, and the necessity to provide special requirements for children with autism spectrum disorder such as treatment, medical care, rehabilitation, support services, and the need to pay attention to this category in Iraq. .

Abstract
The research aimed to recognition the most common decision-making style among students, and are there statistically significant differences in decision-making styles (avoider, intuitive, rational, spontaneous and dependence) according to the gender variable, and are there statistically significant differenes in decision-making styles (avoidant and Intuitive, rational, spontaneous, and dependence) according to the academic stage variable, the research sample consisted of (330) male and female students, and they answered the decision-making styles scale for (Scott & Brows)
The results revealed the following: The most common styles among students in decision-making is the avoidant style, and that there are no statistically significant differences in the avoidant and intuitive decision-making styles according to the gender variable, while there are statistically significant differences in the styles of spontaneous and rational decision-making and The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in the decision-making style according to the stage in the following styles (spontaneous, intuitive, rational and dependent) and in favor of the fourth stage, except for the avoided style, as there are no statistically significant differences according to the stage