Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

This study was conducted in tissue culture laboratory of the general company for Horticulture and Foresty/ Ministry of Agriculture/ Iraq from September 2013 to August 2014 to determine the best explants (single nodal segment and tip shoots) and medium (MT,WPM) for in vitro culture initiation the citrus rootstocks (Volkameriana , Cleopatra mandarin ). Best response was in MT medium that supplemented with 1.0 mg.L-1 BA for Volkameriana rootstock which gave 50% compared with10% for WPM medium for the same rootstock and superiority on Cleopatra mandarin which gave response 30% and 0.0% to same concentrate and two medium respectively. The results showed high significant difference for the single node at tip shoots in all BA treatments in volkameriana and Cleopatra with increasing concentrate of BA 1.0 and 1.5 mg.L-1 that added to MT medium and WPM supplemented with 0.3 mg/L-1 NAA and 0.5mg/L-1 kin. that gave the highest response percentage for the single node was %50 for both rootstocks. While the two concentrate 1.0 and 1.5 mg.L-1 BA which gave a high percentage to the single node response was 60% for two mediums WPM and MT which Was to them 0.5, 40 mg.L-1 from GA3 and ADS respectively.

The fungus Beauveria bassiana was used as suspension at concentrations 1X106 and 1X108 conidia/ ml on eggs of lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica The highest number of mortality egg in concentration 1X108 conidia / ml 18 eggs after 24 hours from treatment, When treated larvae at the first phase the number of preponed larvae at concentrations 1X106 and 1X108 conidia / ml was equal , amounting to 11 larvae after 48 hours from treatment compared with control treatment, which amounted to zero, The treatment of larva at four phase with suspension fungus Beauveria bassianain concentrations amounted of the highest number of larvae mortality was 14 larvae in concentration1X106 conidia / ml after 72 hours from treatment while concentration 1X108 conidia / ml was amounted 10 larva after 24 hours from treatment compared to the control treatment, which amounted to zero.The highest number of mortality pupas for lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica was 8.1pupas in concentrations 1X108 conidia / ml after 48 hours of treatment, compared with 6 pupas in concentration 1X106 conidia / ml after 48 hours of treatment while the control treatment amounted 0.9 pupa. however when the treatment of adults lesser grain borer Rhyzopertha dominica in concentrations 1X106 and conidia / mL, we find that the number of adult mortality was 15 adult insect after treated with fungus by 48 hours the average number was 10 pupas in concentration 1X108 conidia / ml and 9.66 conidia / ml pupas concentration 1X106 conidia / ml compared to the control treatment when reached 0.33 pupa

The present study was conducted during the growing season of 2013/2014 in the Medical and Aromatic Plants Unit Field, Agricultural Collage, Basrah University, to study the effect of sowing date and spraying with liquid hummus and their interaction on growth and yield seed and fixed yield of Khella plant Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. " Syrian Local " and its biochemical effects.
The study Included four factorial treatments, which were the combinations of two sowing dates 1/10 or 20/10 and spraying with liquid humus in concentration of 0.75 ml. l.-1 or without ( spraying with distill water) for three times starting with 20 days after sowing for the first treatment and 20 days among spraying and their interactions. A Complete Randomized Block Design in a factorial experiment was used with three replicates. The results analyses with SPSS program and Least Significant Differences Test (L.S.D) in level 0.05 was used to compared The most important results may be summarized as follows :-
Plants sowed on 1/10 gave a significant increase in plant height, total leaf number. plant -1, number of main lateral branches. plant-1 , earliest in the appearance of the first inflorescences, number of inflorescences. plant-1, total seed yield. plant-1 (45.3 gm), weight of 1000 seed, seeds productivity. hectare-1 (4754kg), total fixed oil. plant-1 (2.9gm), fixed oil productivity. hectare-1 (309.5 kg), whereas plants sowed on 20/10 had a significant increases in dry matter percentage, fixed oil percentage ( 8.3%).
Plants sprayed with liquid humus had a significant increases in leaf number. Plant -1, dry matter percentage, number of inflorescences. plant-1, total seed yield. plant-1 (34.0 gm), seeds productivity. hectare-1 (3543kg), fixed oil percentage (8.1%), total fixed oil. plant-1 (2.6gm), fixed oil productivity. hectare-1 (267.2 kg).
The Interactions between the study factors, showed a significant effect in all studded parameters.
Keywords;- Khella - Ammi visnaga (L.) Lam. – sowing date - liquid humus – seed - oil

A factorial pot experiment with RCBD design using silty clay loam soil was conducted to study the interactive effect among different levels of actinoycetes biofertilizer , cow manure and rock phosphate ( RP) on soil Phosphor availability ,N, P and K concentration in wheat plant materials and dry matter yield of wheat . the experiment included 2 levels of biofirtilizer ( with A+ and without A- ) 3 levels of cow manure ( 0,10, and 20 Mg ha-1 ) and 2 levels of rock phosphate ( RP) (as recommended and twice the rate ) . Results indicated that application of biofertilizer increased N, P ,and K concentrations in vegetative part of wheat with 2.18, 0.24 , 3.36% concentration for the three nutrients respectively comperd to control treatment ( with out inoculation ) . Organic manure and biofertilizer treatment had highest result in available soil phosphor with values of 32.97 and 38.23 mg kg-1 soil for organic and biofetilizer respectively comperd with no application of both fertilizers (12.20 mg kg-1 soil). No significant difference was found between biofertilizer and rock phosphate treatment on plant hight in the first and second level of rock phosphate which were 23.60 and 23.52 cm respectively.Application of cow manure and biofertilizer significantly increased wheat dry matter yield giving 4.8 and 5.66 gm plant-1 for both treatment respectively compared to 3.2 gm plant-1 for control. it can be concluded that organic and biofertilization can improve soil and rock phosphate P availability and wheat dry matter production .
Keywords : Biofertilizer , Actinomycetes , Rock phosphate , organic matter (compost).

The research aimed to study the include amidst nutritional Salicylic acid in the growth of plantlets in citrus root stock under salty stress in vitro.The research was implemented as an experiment in complete random design(CRD)with two factors, Sodium chloride and Salicylic acid concentrations. branches multiplier resulting from the first phase were planted in MS has doubled branches which supplement (2 mg.l-1 BA+0.25 mg.l-1 IBA) with addition of Sodium chloride (0.0,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,1)% and Salicylic acid concentrations(0,1,2,4) mg.l-1 for six weeks . Then was measured average number of branches consisting , length , number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of shoots and content of proline as indicators of response to salinity tolerance .
The results showed a significant effect of the negative qualities of salt Sodium chloride in the growth in plantations tissue with increase the salt concentration in the doubled branches amidst. It happened significant reduction in the number of branches and the length , number of leaves as well as the content of proline when increase the salt concentration in the amidst of doubling from 0.0% up to 1% . As it turns a discrepancy in the root stock response to the stress caused by the presence of salt in the amidst nutritional of doubling the presence of Salicylic acid. it superiority concentrations of Salicylic acid 1mg.l-1 significantly on the rest of concentrations in most of the traits under consideration except focus 4mg.l-1 in qualities number of branches and number of leaves then followed by focus 2mg.l-1 for most traits. t also shows results of overlap concentration 1 mg.l-1 of salicylic acid superiority of with a concentration 0.0% sodium chloride for each of the qualities lengths of branches, number of leaves and fresh and dry weight of branches . While focus superiority of 4mg.l-1 of Salicylic acid with an emphasis 0.0% in the number of branches, As focus and the superiority of 4 mg.l-1 with the salt level of 0.4% to give a higher concentration of proline in the branches.

A field experiment was carried out in Al-Wihda Research Station included four irrigation treatments namely, irrigation with river water (treatment R1) in other treatments drainage water and river water used at a ratio of 1:1 which used for irrigation in different ways as a mixing (R2) alternating (R3) and dual irrigation (R4). Application of sewage sludge and chemical fertilizers included the following treatments; chemical fertilizer treatment which added as recommended dose for maize (treatment F), fertilizer used in this treatment are include DAp, K2SO4 and urea (NH2)2CO added in amount as recommended for maize crop (Al-Sahuki, 2000). Sewage sludge treatment (treatment S) added in a level of 50 tons per hectare and mixed treatment of both sludge + chemical fertilizer (treatment FS) .Different treatments cultivated by maize crop (Zea mays L) class (5018) and irrigated with river water (EC = 0.92 dS m-1) or both river and drainage (EC= 4.95 dS m-1) water. The results showed a relative increase in plant height by 6.78 and 14.47% , at dry matter weight (g plant-1) by 9.58 and 20.34%, grains yield (g plant -1)7.95 and 25.91%, weight of 1000-grain by 2.52 and 18.73%, and the weight of the grain (Mg ha-1) by 7.92 and 26.00%, at respectively, for S and FS treatments compared with F. for the impact of water salinity and methods of irrigation on growth parameters differences were significant and generally enhanced in the following order: R1> R4> R3> R2, respectively for plants length; 214.4 , 205.1 , 192.3 and 184.6 cm. dry matter (g plant -1); 182.67 , 168.00 , 158.33 and 146.00 and for grain weight (g plant -1); 152.9, 146.0,136.3 and 124.7 and for 1000-grain weight (g); 317.67, 304.92, 291.00 and 274.00 and the weight of grain (Mg ha -1); 8.13,7.77, 7.25and 6.63

An experiment was conducted in Research Station of irrigation technology, Soil and water Resources Centre Ministry of Sciences and technology in Tuwaitha location 40 Km East – South of Baghdad Iraq during the autumn season of 2013, to evaluate effect of reduced irrigation water quantities to maximize crop water use efficiency. Using split – plote in Randomized Completely Block Design. The experiment involved two factors, The first one contains 4 treatments: complete water consumptive – use of potato and irrigation when 10% water depletion (I1) control treatment, complete irrigation every other irrigation (I2), irrigation after 30% water depletion (I3) and irrigation after 60% water depletion (I4). The second factor involve three levels of organic matter: without adding organic matter (M0), adding 15 ton. ha-1(M1) and adding 60 ton. ha-1 (M2). The organic matter distributed to main – plot and the irrigation to sub – plots. potato tubers of Desiree variety were planted in September 23th, 2013. Flooded irrigation was used after determining the irrigation depth and the dates of irrigation on the bases of water depletion by determining the volumetric moisture using sensitive moisture device (Diviner -2000) during the experiment period on the base of soil moisturing to the 0.30 m depth during the potato growth season.
The result showed that I3M2 treatment gave highest efficiency of water field use which reached 8.53 kg. m-3, highest efficiency of water yield which reached 8.86 kg. m-3 and highest potato tuber yield of 35.20 Ton. ha-1 with quantity of add water was 447.75 mm. season-1 and with 430.93 mm. season-1 of actual consumptive water use ( Eta(.

The field experiment was carried out in rice research station in Mishkhab/Najav province in seasons 2010 – 2011 to study the effect of sowing dates on phenotype and production characters for tow rice cultivate varieties Anber Baghdad and Anber Manathera. The study included three sowing date: 1 June, 15 June and 1 July. The results showed that sowing date 15 June was superior compared to other sowing date in both seasons for yield characters and its components then the yields reached 4523 and 4607 K/ha respectively and superior as well by low sterile percentage compared by other sowing dates then reached 0.50 and 1.67 % respectively. Anber Baghdad variety was superior in grain yield which reached 4069 and 3929 K/ha respectively and no significant effect for interaction other than plant high.

The present study was conducted to knowledge the effect of seed priming techniques on seeds viability characteristics of okra seeds, an experiment was conducted at the seeds obtained directly from the okra field of Babil governorate during the season of (2012). Seeds were soaked for 4 hours at 25 Cº in priming media (10, 25, 50, 75 & 100 mg\L of salicylic acid, hydropriming, distilled water and unprimed seeds as control). Maximum seed germination percentage, germination speed index (GSI) and seedling vigour index (SVI), were observed when the seeds primed by 100 mg\L salicylic acid for 4h at 25 Cº. Relative growth rate and all seeds germination characteristics in this study also increased with increasing salicylic acid concentration from 10 to 100 mg\L compared with control treatment.
Keywords: Seed priming; Salicylic acid; Okra seeds.

The results showed that all farmers apply certified seeds and pesticides, technologies of urea fertilizer 98.3%, dab fertilizer 98.3%, 78.3% paper fertilizer, steroids 75%, germination of seeds 40%, maor 40%, sterilized seeds 33.3%, compound fertilizer 33.3%, digger potato 33 %,harvest potato 30%, organic fertilizer 26.6%, potassium fertilizer 10%, sprinkler irrigation 1.6%. The results also showed that the areas these technologies ranging between 4.9% - 100% of the area planted with potatoes. Certified seeds and pesticides in the first place being diffusion on all the area planted with potatoes, followed technologies dab fertilizer 99.3%, urea fertilizer 95.07, steroids 87.6%, paper fertilizer 82.3%, maor 50.8%, harvest potato 47.07%, sterilization of seeds 39.7%, compost 36.5 %, germination of seeds 35.9%, digger potato 33.8%, compound fertilizer 27.8%, potassium fertilizer 17.7%, sprinkler irrigation 4.9%. The results also showed that the chronological age of the application of the following technologies(urea fertilizer, dab fertilizer, potash fertilizer, organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer, pesticides, paper fertilizer, steroids, sterilization seeds, harvest mechanical) an ongoing basis more than 4 years, (51% -75%) uses of technologies(certified seeds, digger mechanical, germination of seeds) went on the application and on an ongoing basis over 4 years. The results showed that 91.7% of respondents continuing farmers to adopt these technologies(fixation of adoption decision, which is the last stages of the decision making process on adoption). In of the findings of the researcher's conclusions presented a set of recommendations. preparation of a program for the dissemination of modern agricultural technologies. set up outreach programs contribute to the dissemination of agricultural technologies. strengthening the role of non-governmental agricultural companies especially those involved in the supply of agricultural inputs, provide extension service and the transfer of modern agricultural technologies as an orientation global conversation.

A pot experiment was conducted at the green house of the college of agriculture –university of Baghdad using silty loam soil to study the interactive effect of nitrogen source , zinc foliar application on growth of tow Varity of maize (Buhooth 106 and Ipa 5012). Treatments included 3 sources of nitrogen fertilizers (ammonium sulfate, potassium nitrate added either each alone or as mixture of both at rate of 200 KgN.ha-1). Zinc applied as foliar at tow rates 0 and 20 mg Zn.L-1 . Data of plant growth parameters (plant hight ,leave area , plant dry weight , zinc absorption) collected and measured at tow periods of time 30 and 45 days after emergence.
Results for the 1st period indicated the followings : Ammonium sulfate was the best source among other sources especially potassium nitrate in all plant parameters studied , Foliar zinc application (20 mg Zn L-1)increased plant parameters compared to (0mg Zn L-1), All tested parameters indicated that Buhooth 106 was better Varity than Ipa 5012. Results of the 2nd period (45 days after emergence )although differ than the 1st one but at the same trend. The best results for all tested parameters were obtained with ammonium sulfate as a source of nitrogen and with foliar application of zinc especially with Buhooth 106 variety which signify the importance of the N source , Zn application and plan Varity.

A field experiment was carried out in a private field in Babylon governorate / Al-Mashrooa-Al-Mussseib during winter season of 2013-2014 in a sandy , loam soil, to find out the effect of plant growth regulators and phytoextracts on grain filling period and its growth rate for some bread wheat cultivars. A factorial in Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) was followed with three replicates, using plant growth regulators (Salicylic acid and Kinetin) with a concentration of 100 mg.L-1 , and two phytoextracts (Liquorices and Willow bark) with 100% concentration. Distilled water was used as a control in this study, and three spray stages for three bread wheat cultivars.
Treatment with Kinetin (R4), at the start of tillering(s1), resulted in significant difference by giving highest grain growth rate and shortest grain filling duration to reach the physiological maturity of grain. while Liquorices extract(R3) treatment at the start of tillering stage dominated by giving highest plant growth rate.

An experiment was carried out in plastic house units – Horticulture department – College of Agriculture – Baghdad University (Abu Ghraib) during 2011 – 2012 and 2012 – 2013 growing seasons aimed to study the effect of organic fertilization on reducing chemical fertilizers quanlity and their effect on growth and production of eggplant(Hybrid Barcelona). Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates were used. An experiment contained14 treatments, the treatments without fertilization (A1) and chemical fertilizer as recommended (NPK) with Cow manure at the rate of 5 % of soil volume(A2)were considered as contral. Therefore, the treatments results of other treatments(12 treatments) compared with them, six treatments (level of organic fertilizer Biotron S + level of chemical fertilizer NPK) were A3 (100% +50%), A4 (100% + 0%), A5 (150% + 50%), A6 (150% + 0%), A7 (200% + 50%) and A8 (200% +0%). and six treatments like them with spraying organic fertilizer Vegeamino (1 ml.L-1) were A9, A10, A11, A12, A13 and A14 sequentially.
The results of An experiment showed that reduced level of chemical fertilizer in the two treatments(A13 and A11) and chemical fertilizer as recommended (A2) gave the highest increases in concentration of elements (Fe, Mn and Zn) in the leaves and gave a significant increases in most characteristics such as vegetative growth, flowery, yield and quality of fruits compared with most other treatments. The treatment A13 was recorded as the best treatment among treatment combinations on total leaf area in first season(419.8 dcm2), dry weight of shoot(402.5 and 404.6 g.plant-1) and number of flowers per plant(140.7 and 139.6 flower.plant-1) for both seasons respectively. A13 treatment also gave the highest values in fruit weight and total yield with an increment of 46.0% and 160.8% respectively in the first season as compared with the control(A1) whereas in the second season it’s gave values were close to highest values in above characters given by A2 treatment with an increment of 41.2% and 135.5% respectively as compared with the control(A1). The treatments that reduce of Chemical fertilizer (A3-A14) distinguished with reduce of nitrate concentrate in fruits for both seasons.

The Marketing system in Iraq has multiple brokers, and high marketing margins that conceded one of highest margins of other foods groups. The research aims to study the marketing activity of five vegetables crops (tomatoes, cucumbers, eggplant, and green peppers) in Najaf province, Republic of Iraq, through the following objectives:
Study the price relationships of that five vegetables crops and the price impact of each other, and learn about marketing margins during the various stages of marketing from farms to the final consumer, and to identify the net returns for each of farmers, wholesaler, and retailer, of the weight unit.
It's been used preliminary data from sources through field research and personal interview in which they identify some of the farmers, wholesalers, retailers, agents and middlemen, who answer the questionnaire in the study area. It was used statistical data analysis, application of some statistical methods, economic indicators of marketing efficiency standards of those crops.
The result showed that the marketing efficiency of some vegetable crops in the province of Najaf, Republic of Iraq during the study period was; 31.7% of tomatoes, 27.3% of cucumbers, 31.1% of eggplant, and 34.6% of green pepper. These data showed that the marketing efficiency of that crops was convergent but low due to higher of marketing margins and profits of middlemen, which led to decrease the marketing efficiency of that crops,
The study recommended: Increase marketing efficiency of crops through increasing performance of marketing functions and services, applying modern methods of marketing, established by cooperative markets to allow consumer gets agricultural products with affordable prices, and need to making more studies to measure the marketing margin and its terms between farms and wholesale prices.

The present study was conducted during the growing season of 2013 /2014 in medicinal and aromatic plants field at the College of Agriculture / Basrah University, to study the effect of sowing date 20/9, 10/10, plant spacing 20, 30 or 40 cm and treatment with Bio Health WSG and lack of treatment ,and their interaction on growth, yield and aromatic oil of Carum carvi L. plant. The results showed that cultivated plants on 20/9 had a significant effect in plant height, the number of main branches. plant-1, the number of fruiting branches. plant -1, the date of the first appearance of inflorescence, the total number of inflorescences. plant-1, the total number of mini inflorescences. plant -1, the total sum of fruits. plant-1 (25.83g), the weight of 1000 fruits, the productivity fruits per hectare (2.695 tons), percentage of volatile oil (3.2%), oil yield per plant(0.82g), the productivity of oil per hectare (84.4Kg).
Cultivated plants at 40 cm had a significant effect on the total of mini inflorescences. inflorescence-1, the total number of inflorescences. plant -1, the sum total of fruits. plant-1 (21.10g). And the two distances 30, 40 cm also had a significant they are not different in the total number of leaves. Plant-1, the total number of inflorescences. plant-1. Cultivated plants distance at 30 cm had a significant in the number of fruiting branches. plant -1, the percentage of volatile oil (3.1%) oil yield per plant (0.60g), the productivity of oil per hectare (58.9kg), Cultivated plants at distance of 20 cm had a significant in productivity fruits of per hectare (2.252 tons).Treated plants with Bio Health WSG gave significant increases in the number of fruiting branches. plant -1, percentage of volatile oil (2.7%), oil yield per plant (0.55g), the productivity of oil per hectare (56.0kg), The Interactions between the study factors, showed a significant effect in all studied parameters.

Keywords: carum carvi L., sowing date, plant spacing ,Bio Health WSG

Afield experiment was conducted in Horticulture and Landscape Department field/ Agriculture college/ Baghdad University during spring 2013, to study the effect of Biofertilizer on the growth and the production of Cherry tomato Lycopersicon esculentum var cerasiforme CV. Turkey, Three types of Biofertilizer; Mycorrhizal fungi Glomus spp, Trichoderma harzianum and Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria and there interaction were used, the treatments: Control T1, Glomus spp T2, Azotobacter chroococcum T3, Trichoderma harzianum T4, Glomus spp× Azotobacter chroococcum T5, Glomus spp× Trichoderma harzianum T6, Azotobacter chroococcum× Trichoderma harzianum T7, Glomus spp× Azotobacter chroococcum ×Trichoderma harzianum T8, RCBD with three replicates at 10 plants for each treatment was adopted, The means compared to 0.05 probability. Results showed that T7 increased plant length, T8 increased Branches Number, Leaf area, dry vegetative weight, total chlorophyll, leaf K%, plant yield and Total Yield to 1.251 kg plant-1 and 39.71 ton ha-1 respectively, TSS and Betacaroten as compared with lowest mean in control treatment, fruit Nitrate decreased at 0.60 mg g-1 in T8 and T3, It was concluded from these results that T8 enhanced most yield and quality characters therefore, fertilizing cherry tomato with Glomus spp×Azotobacter chroococcum×Trichoderma harzianum together was recommended because it is significantly increased most study characters.

This study was conducted at the Animal resource Department- College of Agriculture -Alqasim Green University aiming to improve nutritive value of common reed by ensiling and addition of nitrogen (N) sources, 3% urea or soybean meal (SBM) on basis of N content and addition of commercial baker's yeast (BY) at level of 10%. Debis was added at level of 5% as a source of soluble carbohydrates (CHO) to stimulate silage fermentation. Results revealed that addition of BY increased (P<0.01) dry matter (DM) content of reed silage (RS) by 6.17%. Results also showed that samples of RS made by addition of BY without N source or with addition of SBM had odor of fermented fruits. Contamination with Fungi was noticed in RS made by addition of urea. Results also revealed that pH of RS was decreased (P<0.01) by addition of BY, whereas, it was increased (P<0.01) by addition of urea from 4.56 and 4.54 in RS samples made without addition of N source and addition of SBM respectively to 4.93. Addition of BY led to decrease (P<0.01) percentage loss of DM from 11.58% to 9.81%. Less percentage loss was recorded in RS samples made by addition of SBM (7.69%). Fleig point (FP) was increased (P<0.01) by addition of BY from 60.19 to 69.40. Higher and lower values were associated with addition of SBM and urea respectively. Addition of BY increased (P<0.05) IVDMD (from 40.77% to 43.42%) and IVOMD (from 45.25% to 47. 88%) of RS. Higher values (P<0.05) were associated with addition of urea. Parameters concerning silage quality and its nutritive value were significantly affected by the interaction between addition of BY and N sources.

36 Multifarious Friesian were used belonged to AL-Ishaqi Cattle Station north Baghdad for the period from 1/6/2010 to 1/11/2010. Using the records of cows in the station for milk production and divided of production to three levels (less than 5 , 6-13 & more than 13 kg/day) , parity , pregnancy state also, its divided according to body condition to three groups underweight , medium and overweight) and degree of spotting (white ,black and mixed between them) from the eye observation. The study of this factors on Heat Tolerance Coefficient per cow with according to group in factors. Highly significant effect of level of milk production in first month, the cows gave more than 13 kg/day recorded increased in Heat Tolerance Coefficient which was 94.03 % compare with level of 5-13 kg/day (92.09 %) and cows in level of less than 5 kg/day (90.42 %) and this continuous effect to end of experiment. Significant increase of Heat Tolerance Coefficient in cows in fourth parity in most of the experiment period. A Significant (P≤0.05) effect of degree of spotting on Heat Tolerance Coefficient in this experiment, advantage for cows color white compare with mixed and black color of cows. while Non-significant effect of body condition or pregnancy in Heat Tolerance Coefficient. In conclusion white colors cows with fourth parity and produce milk more than 13 kg/day milk have ability carry out high temperature which lead have a high Heat Tolerance Coefficient.

A field experiment was conducted on Potato crop( Solanum tubersom L.) variety Desiree in two different locations Abi Garaq and Sadat Al-Hindia west of Hilla city in the year of 2013to study the evaluation efficiency of NPK under five levels of nitrogen (0,30,60,120,160) kg .N .ha-1 , of phosphorus ( 0,40,80,120,180) kg.P2O5.ha-1 and potassium ( 0,40,80,120,180) kg. K2O.ha-1 . 14 treatment contains five different levels of nitrogen , phosphorus and potassium were studied, using Randomized Complete Block Design(R.C.B.D)with factorial experimental and three replications . The results revealed that the best fertilizer treatment of NPK was ( 60 kg N. .ha-1) , (80kg. P2O5. ha-1) , (120 kg. K2O. ha-1) which gave a higher potato yield of (17.84 ton . ha-1 ) in Abi Garaq location , while the best fertilizer treatment was ( 60 kg.N. ha-1 ) ,(80kg. P2O5. ha-1 ) ,(80kg. K2O. ha-1 )which gave a higher tuber yield of (11.120 ton. ha-1 ) in Sadat AL-Hindia location . The higher mean yield a achieved in Abi Garaq was ( 13.788 ton.ha-1 ) .The interaction between locations and levels fertilizers of NPK indicated significant difference in tuber yield of potato .

Twelve sharabi local calves ,10 - 12 weeks of age ,weighting 47.67 ±3.13 kg.were used. Calves were selected from Al-rashedia experimental station,Ninavah .Calves were divided into three equal groups(4 calves/group).The three groups were fed ad libitum on early calf starter with iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric rations (control ,urea and urea+bicarbonate) for eighteen weeks ,in addition to milk feeding until weaning weigh. Blood samples were withdrawn from jugular vein from all animals at weaning weight. Results indicated that there is no significant effect of starter diets on average daily gain , total gain, final weight, count of red and white cell,hemoglobin,packed cell volume, platelets counts,blood PH,total protein ,globulin,albumin,cholesterol,triglyceide,urea and glucose. It was concluded that urea and bicarbonate sodium can be used in starter diets without any negative effect on productivity and blood characteristics of growing calves.
Keywords :Sharbi calves , calf starter , urea and bicarbonate

This experiment was conducted in collage of Science labs, Kufa University, carried out during 2013-2014 to study many experiments inducing callus tissues from leaves (Catharanthus roseus L) in vitro using MS medium supplemented with Dichlorophenoxiactic acid (2,4-D) at different concentration (0.5, 1, 1.5) mg/L with the interaction of (BA) benzyl adenine at concentrations of (0.5, 1, 1.5) mg/L to obtain the optimum combination for callus induction which then use it in the following experiments and investigate the effect of biotic factors (fungi ,yeast and bacteria) on vinblastine and vincristine production from callus tissue , and leaves of mother plant. This study include determination the catalase activity , and total proline as responsible to the variety of the stresses in callus as well as quantities and qualities determination of vinblastine and vincristine TLC(Thin layer chromatography and HPLC(high performance liquid chromatography) .Finally, comparison study were made between in vitro and in vivo grown plant .
Results in this study revealed that the highest fresh weight of callus was for (1mg/L 2,4-D + 1mg/L BA ) combination treatment .Also, Results showed an increasing in proline content as responsible to biotic factors .The highest value was for yeast extract agar treatment 2g / L .However, The highest catalase enzyme activity was for Trichoderma harzianum treatment ; Azotobacter chroococcum bacteria ,followed by Yeast extract agar treatment with significant different compared with control treatment. The result showed a significant increasing (P< 0.05) of these alkaloids production and the superiority of vinblastine and vincristine content in Callus than the content in leaves of mother plant .
Key Words: Culture media, callus, CAT, vinblastine , vincristine. Biotic factors

This study was carried out during spring season 2011 in fields of department of Horticulture and Landscape Gardening . Sweet pepper seeds of hybrid Karezima were planted in 20/02/2011 and the trans plants were transferred after the appearance of 4 true leaves to the open field in 02/04/2011. Three levels of chemical fertilizer (C1,C2,C3), two of the organic(O1,O2) and three types of the biofertilizer (B2,B3,B4) in addition to the control ( B1) were used. Split split plot design was used. The plants irrigated by dripping of 3M3/Hr. C2O2B4 treatment gave the best results with the highest concentration of P&K in leaves, highest dry wt. of plant & fruits, and plant yield ( 0.53%, 6.12%, 544.77g, 91.73g, 2.50 kg.plant-1) respectively, while C3O2B2 treatment gave highest leave concentration of N, and total chlorophyll of ( 4.69%, 596.10 mg-1) respectively while C3O2B4 treatment gave the highest leave surface area of 596.10 dcm2.

The study was conducted to know the Physiochemical behavior of carbonate, Laboratory study was made by choosing three different sites from Middle Euphrates soils which were Najaf, Al-Escandariya , and Abo Gharak . The chosen was made based on the difference in percentage of carbonates which were 120,280, 380 gm.Kg-1 respectively. These soils are used with three types of irrigation water where each type has different ionic strength which was 0.01, 0.11, 0.21 ml and the values of SAR were 0.65, 2.5, 8.3 for three types of water which were well water, river water, and drainage water respectively. These different water are added to different soils for ten weeks (70 days),free calcium was calculated from each week in the three soils treated with three water qwahities had different ionic strength.Many motional equations are implemented for describing the motional behavior of free item from the soil, some of these equation from the difference between the free item Ions concetrition, and its concentration in said dissolution.the another equation it the first step equation which means the speed of the free item which Precipitate with the rest amonunt of the soil Solid phase .After substitute these two equation ,the best equation will be chosen by calculated the highest limit item(R2) and the Less standard Error(SE)which ware calculation by the Statistical analysis and by calculate the factor of dissolution speed for each motioual equation and the difference between the soils.

Recommend in many studies using Nerium sp. Leaves Extracts As natural compounds against housefly and many other insects instead of synthesis chemical pesticides which have long life time in the environment. For that this study conducted to know the effect of cold and hot water extract of Nerium sp. on mortality average of Daphnia pulex and found value of LC50. Which the results appeared that average mortality of water flea individuals for both extracts were increasing with increased concentration. The high average of mortality was (22.02) individual in 24 hour in concentration (0.1)% and lower average of mortality (7.02)% for cold water extract, while high average of mortality was (19.2) individual in 24 hour in concentration (0.1)% and lower average of mortality (5.37) individual in 24 hour in concentration (0.01) for hot water extract. In three repeates for each concentration in addition to control sample for both extract. The value of LC50 for both extracts was (0.058) %. for cold extract and (0.083) % for hot extract. Also the results showed no significant differentiation was found between average of mortalities for both concentrations while appears strongest correlation factor with percentage of mortality which maybe refers to extract toxicity effects.

The experiment was carried out at in an unheated Plastichouse at the Department of Horticulture / College of Agriculture / University of Baghdad, for the years 2011-2012 and 2012-2013.Plants of Festival Strawberry cultivated in pots with acapacity of 2L, using media consists of peatmoss and Perlite at vertical Soilless cultivated system,and fed with mineral nutrient solution, to study the effect of runners removal) B( and with out removal (C) and foliar application of Fe (0 ,100 and 150 mg.L-1 ) Ca (0 , 200 and 300 mg.L-1 ) and B (0 , 30 and 60 mg .L-1) on the increase of fruit production, and the Fruit content of phytochemicals that relevant to human health . The results showed that signficant increase was found in the fruit weight and plant yield by the effect of runners removel and foliar application of Boron .However, runners removel had no significant effect in the fruit content of anthocyanin , vitamin C, and β-carotene while Folat concentration was increased significantly. The highest concentration of anthocyanins was ( 44.24 & 49.50) mg in BB60 and BFe150 , the highest vitamin C were (266.5 & 262.9) mg in BB60 . β-carotene was in maximum value (38.01 & 41.48) µg in BCa300 and CB60 while the highest content of folic acid was (327.0 & 397.6) µg in BB60 and CCa300 plants. The fruits in CB60 has been characterized by less nitrate content whidh was ( 17.52 & 17.17) mg, while the lowest concentration of oxalate were ( 2.16 &1.80) mg in fruits of BFe150 and CB30 in two seasons respectively

An Experiment carried out in one of the farmers' fields in Gbalah region, located 35 km northeast of the city of Hilla during the spring 2014 season by using split-split phot arrangement in accordance with randomized complete block the design and RCBD with three replications.
The results showed superiority Cultivar (V1) was significant for prescription fertility rate, the number of seeds / disk and holds the overall superiority of seeds while Cultivar (V2) in the recipe seed weight of 1000, the proportion of oil. Samadhi (N3), significantly studied the proportion of fertile qualities, number of seeds / disk, seed weight of 1000, the sum total seeds and holds oil recipe except oil ratio has excelled at the level of Samadhi (N1). And the superiority of the date (D2) in the recipe and the proportion of fertile seeds, while the total sum deadline superiority( D1) in Recipe percentage of oil in the seed. As for the study interactions between factors outperformed combination (V1 × N3) in the recipe holds overall seed and holds the oil while the overlap outweigh (V2 × N3) in the prescription weight of 1000 seeds. As well as the superiority of overlap (D1 × V1) in the recipe number of seeds / tablet while outweigh the overlap (D2 × V1) in the recipe holds overall seed, holds the oil. And gave the combination( N3 x D1) outweigh the recipe number of seeds / tablet combination gave while( N3 x D2) exceeds the total winning recipe for seeds.
Key words: sunflower, N levels, date of N adding, oil yield