Psychological Science

Abstract:
The research is summarized in building an individual counseling program to deal with the mother with the autistic child, and in order to accomplish this goal the researcher developed (9) counseling sessions based on previous studies. The sessions varied according to the topic or problems that the mother indicated that she suffers from them. Initial, formative and final, and the result of the research was that the program was built.

Abstract
The present study aims at finding out:
1- the self-control of orphan students and their ordinary peers.
2- The significance of the differences in self-control between orphan students and their ordinary peers.
3- Significance of differences in self-control according to the gender variable (male, female) of:
A. Orphan students.
B. Ordinary students.
The study is limited to third-grade intermediate students in public schools of both genders in Baghdad of Rusafa directory (first, second, and third) for the academic year (2019 -2020).
For achieving the study's objectives the following tool is used: adopting (Tangney et al., 2004) scale of self-control, consisting of (33) items in its final form. The Psychometric characteristics were extracted (validity and reliability). The scale has three variants (always applies, sometimes, does not apply at all).
The researcher gave the scale to the study sample (400) male and female students, who were chosen by the random stratified method from the third-grade intermediate students, (200) orphan students, and (200) ordinary students for both genders. After collecting and treating data statistically, the study results are as follows:
1- Orphans and ordinary students have self-control.
2- There are significant differences in self-control (orphans - ordinary) in favor of ordinary pupils.
3- There are no statistically significant differences in the self-control between the orphans and ordinary pupils according to the gender variable (males-females). In light of the results, the two researchers came up with several suggestions and recommendations.

The current research aims to identify :
1- Self-efficacy of female students in the kindergarten department.
2- Alexithymia for female students in the kindergarten department.
3- The significance of the differences in self-efficacy according to the variable of the first school stage and the third stage among female students in the kindergarten department.
4- The significance of the differences in alexithymia according to the variable of the first school stage and the third stage for female students in the kindergarten department.
5- The relationship of self-efficacy with alexithymia among female students in the kindergarten department.
The current research is determined by the female students of the Kindergarten Department in the College of Education for Girls / University of Baghdad/ College of Basic Education / Al-Mustansiriya University for the first and third academic stages, for the academic year (2019-2020). The research sample is consisted of (200) students selected in a random class method and equal distribution. To achieve goals Research: The two researchers built the Perceived Self-Efficiency Scale, which consisted of (47) paragraphs, and presented the scale to a group of experts in the field of educational and psychological sciences and in kindergartens. The Toronto scale has been adopted to measure alexithymia (Taylor, 1994), reliability indicators have been used, namely, the apparent reliability and construction reliability. For each measure of reliability, it has been extracted by the Alpha Cronbach equation. After applying the measures to the sample members, the data have been analyzed and statistically processed with the help of the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS). The research reached the following results: The students of the kindergarten department have perceived self-efficacy and do not suffer from alexithymia, and there are statistically significant differences on the aptitude scale according to the variable of the school stage and in favor of the third stage, and there are statistically significant differences on the alexithymia scale according to the variable of the academic stage and in favor of the first stage, and there is a positive relationship between perceived self-efficacy and alexithymia. In light of the results a number of recommendations and proposals have been putdown.

Abstract:
The current study aims to identify the level of verbal communication among autistic children from the point of view of their teachers, as well as to identify the differences according to the gender variable of autistic children from the point of view of their teachers.
The sample of the study consisted of (30) female teachers of autistic children distributed into six autism centers, and they were chosen randomly, either the study tool that used the verbal communication scale for autistic children according to the viewpoint of their teachers was prepared by Zeina (2016) and consisting of (37) paragraphs.
After verifying the validity and reliability of the scale, it was applied to the study sample and the results of the study resulted in the absence of verbal communication among children with autism from the point of view of their teachers and the presence of statistically significant differences in the gender variable in favor of females and the absence of differences in the age variable for autistic children from the viewpoint of the teachers.

Abstract :
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by disturbances of social communication and restrictive repetitive behaviors, and there is wide heterogeneity in etiology, clinical presentation, and management. Autism is characterized by impaired communication and mutual social interaction, and these disabilities can affect relationships with family members, increase tension and frustration, and contribute to behaviors that can be described as difficult. While there is evidence indicating that individuals with autism and family members benefit from psychological interventions designed to reduce stress, improving mental health, and enhance coping, we wanted to examine family assessment of autism as well as address coordination family therapy that aims to enhance communication or relationships and adaptation for individuals with autism, And their wider family network.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify
1- Knowledge of domestic violence among adolescents and adults according to two variables: (gender, and academic achievement).
2- The significance of statistical differences in knowledge of domestic violence among adolescents and adults according to the two variables: (gender, and academic achievement). To achieve the goals of this study, the researchers adopted the measure of domestic violence prepared by (Spence & Helmreich, 1978), which consists of (39) items. After verifying the research tool validity and features it was applied on a sample of (241) respondents from both genders as well as both adolescents and adults, the duration of the application lasted (10) days after the application was announced through a group of social networking sites, and after processing the data statistically, the results showed the following:
1- The 164 female respondents had domestic violence.
2- The males numbered (77) Respondents also had domestic violence.
3- Those with any education (elementary, intermediate, intermediate, intermediate, institute, bachelor, and higher) of adolescents and adults, and for both sexes, have domestic violence as well. 4. There are no significant differences in domestic violence according to the variables of sex and education. The researchers came up with a set of proposals and recommendations.

Abstract
The entitled research (The Existing Belief in the Justice of the World among the Female Teachers of Children with Autism Spectrum) aims for achieving the following objective:
Identifying the existing belief in the justice of the world among the female teachers of children with autism spectrum. To achieve the objectives of this research, the researcher has built a measurement of the existing belief in the justice of the world depending on the theory of existing belief in the justice of the world by (Lerner & Melvin) and their definition of that concept. Additionally, the researcher has checked the psychometric properties of this measurement, where the validity of the research is concluded by two means which are: face validity and construct validity. Besides, the reliability of the research is found by two means which are: re-test where the reliability coefficient is (0.79) and Cronbach\'s alpha where the reliability coefficient is (0.78). The final forma of the measurement consists of (21) valid items for measuring the existing belief in the justice of the world.
The measurement is applied after that upon the research samples which are (100) female teachers of children with autism spectrum in Baghdad. Those teachers are selected in a random way and after processing the data statistically, the following results are reached: the individuals who represent the date of this study have the existing belief in the justice of the world. Also, the researcher reaches to a group of conclusions and recommendations.

Abstract
Poor nutrition with its signs and sequences has become the disease of the modern age. The world has witnessed a spread of fast readymade meals, coloured food, soft drinks and foods which depend on taste only as a means to attract all consumers and particularly children. Pupils are considered a group mostly suffer from the problems of poor nutrition and its serious sequences which are represented by emaciation, anemia, schooling deterioration, decrease of concentration and pupils' paying of less attention to their lessons. The researcher notices the signs of poor nutrition on the faces of the pupils of the primary schools at Al-Tareef governorate which has pushed him to tackle such a subject as a consequence of his work in the domain of education. In the current study, a special pedagogical programme for the pupils of primary school has been applied where that programme and its efficiency have been tested upon 200 pupils (whose ages are between 6-12 years) who suffer from poor nutrition which in return has led to their schooling deterioration and their bad academic average. The efficiency of this programme has been evaluated by following the academic average of the pupils weekly along (six sequential weeks) which is the period for applying of the prepared pedagogical programme. The results and statistics of the current study have shown the efficiency of the pedagogical programme for the pupils as a medium of rising their awareness and instructing them about the importance of essential food and the food elements for building healthy body as well as mind. Besides, this programme directs those pupils theoretically and practically to the appropriate nutrition behaviours, ways of cleaning the consumed foods and washing their hands before having their meals and further issues which have been applied on the pupils with the aid of their teachers along with their instructions. The application of this programme led to the rising of the pupils' academic average and improving the level of the meant pupils (average 1) by a percentage reaches to (94.5%), and reaching about 9.5 % to the highest academic average (average 4). The previously mentioned percentages have been reached after the application of this programme for six weeks. Therefore, the current study advises organizations and societies for applying special programmes for poor nutrition in order to increase the cultural and healthy awareness among pupils and their families as well and particularly schools, universities and pedagogical institutions.
 

Abstract:
The current research aimed to build a measure of Learned helplessness in visually disabled children. The scale consisted of (16) items divided into four domains. The difference between the average responses of the members of the research sample and the average of the community with acquired disability is known, and the differences of statistical significance between the members of the research sample are known according to the variables of sex, (males, females) and age, (10-14) years. The results showed that there is a difference between the average responses of the members of the research sample and the average of the community and for the benefit of the sample members. There are no statistically significant differences according to the sex and age variables of the research sample’s individuals with acquired disability. The researcher recommended recommendations to the concerned authorities and suggested some proposals for researchers after him.

Abstract:
The current study aims to identify: The meta-motivation and the productive thinking and The correlated relationship among them .The present study sample consists of (400) students from the colleges of engineering , University of Baghdad, and the University of Technology in the academic year (2019-2020) , and the researcher has adopted the Chen Scale (1995) to measure the meta- motivation after its translation into Arabic by(Al-Samawi,2011).The scale includes six dimensions . Furthermore, the researcher has adopted and translated Pols 's (2002) productive thinking test. According to the Gestalt theory, the test involves ten items of classic games to solve the problem of insight .The results show that students of the Faculties of Engineering have high meta-motivation levels, while they suffer from weakness in productive thinking. Furthermore, there is a significant and predictive correlated relationship among the meta-motivation , and productive thinking

Abstract:
The study aims to investigate the correlated relationship between logical- deductive thinking and creative thinking. A sample is represented in (400) distinguished high school students, male and female, from the fourth grade of secondary school. The deductive logical thinking scale has been constructed, and the creative thinking test of Sayed Khairallah (1975) has been adopted. Both scale and test have been submitted to the validity and reliability processes, and then data have been collected and processed statistically.
The results show that distinguished high school students have a high level of logical deductive thinking and middle-level creative thinking. Furthermore, there is a significant correlated relationship between logical- deductive thinking and creative thinking. There is a significant difference in the relationship according to the gender variable in favor of females. Accordingly, several conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions are set forward.

Abstract
Multiple studies have revealed a disorder of the self with the level of integrating sensory information, and it is possible that the senses of sight, hearing, touch, and other senses are affected. When the sensory inputs in the brain are not integrated or organized appropriately, the children's experience of the surrounding world is different, as well as uneven problems in the growth of information processing and behavior, as they cannot easily adapt to the information received from the senses, and the individual's ability to properly perceive the world comes from their ability To perceive and interpret the information that enables them to recognize the surrounding world, and if they are unable to do so, this makes them feel uncomfortable with the presence of the sensory integration defect (SID), which is an important influencing factor, especially if the child responds in a stereotypical way to repeated sensations.
The current research aims to apply the early intervention program based on sensory integration to develop the physical security skills of the autonomous child (Moussa, 2013) after developing it to know its effect on developing physical security skills by treating the sensory disorder they suffer by following the theory of sensory integration by scientist Jane Ayers 1977 on a sample of (10) Children of autism spectrums whose ages range between (4-6) years. As the results resulted in the effectiveness of the early intervention program, sensory education enabled to raise the physical security skills of autonomous children, which positively affected visual communication, reduced frequent stereotypical movements, improved physical fitness and motor aptitude, which gained them confidence in their abilities and provided the opportunity for them to form a positive image of themselves.

Abistract:
This study aimed to recognition the tools, methods of diagnosis and methods of intervention program in according to international standards for children with autism in special education centers in the Hebron aria . The researcher use Qualitative research methodology where the conducted a number of individual depth interviews. with target group of (8) specialists who are work in the special education centers. These interviews were analyzed, the results showed that the diagnosis process is carried out in two ways , through a neurologist and a psychologist,In addition to The results indicated that the specialists in the Hebron region use the Glyam Standard - Second Edition CARS2 ,and that the specialists use international programs for therapeutic intervention with autistic children, The researcher recommends that institutions and associations operating in the Hebron Governorate provide a team of specialists to autism

Abstract
The current study aims to find out:
First: The psychological separation of the junior high school pupils.
Second: The psychological separation of the study sample according to the following variables:
1- The gender variables (male-female),
2- The specialization (scientific-humanities,
3- The grade variables (fourth-fifth),
4- The parents’ academic achievement variable (elementary - intermediate – preparatory- bachelor - higher studies), and
5- The parents’ economic level variable (weak - medium-high).
To achieve the study's aims, the researcher adopted (Hoffman 1984) theory of psychological separation , the researcher adopted Hoffman's (1984) theory to construct a psychological separation scale. and the construct validity was verified with the internal consistency index of the Psychological separation scale (0,86) and Alpha Cronbach (0.87).
The researcher administered the two scales in their final form to (400) male and female intermediate school pupils in Baghdad.
The study has got a number of results:
1- Psychological separation is low among intermediate school pupils.
2- Identifying of psychological separation of the research sample according to the following variables:
A. There are statistically significant differences in psychological separation according to the gender variable and in favor of (males) in the level of psychological separation.
B. There are no statistically significant differences according to the parent academic achievement variable (elementary, intermediate, preparatory, bachelor, and higher studies) and according to the stage variable (fourth-fifth) and according to the specialization variable (scientific - humanities) and according to the variable of the parents’ economic level (weak - medium- High) in the level of psychological separation
Recommendations
1- The necessity of holding fathers' and mothers’ councils to highlight the importance of parents' role in their children's lives, taking into consideration the pupils' independent opinion in making decisions from the simplest to the most difficult in advance.
2- Emphasizing the educational counselor's role inside the school to help students solve their problems without resorting to parents.
The suggestions
1. Conduct a contribution study to the university students and then compare it with private universities.
2. Conduct a study to follow the concept of psychological separation of parents

Abstract
The research aims have set as follows:Self-determination of graduate students.Personal intelligence of graduate students.The correlational relationship between self-determination and personal intelligence of graduate students. The research sample consisted of (400) male and female students of Baghdad University, the sample of this research was chosen in the random stratified method. For achieving the aims"self-determination," the self-determination scale consists of (33) in its final form. The second variable"personal intelligence," the scale consisting of (21) items in its final form. The following is a summary of the research results:Postgraduate students have self-determination.Postgraduate students have interpersonal intelligence.There is a positive correlation between self-determination, and interpersonal intelligence.
Thus, the study ended with several recommendations and suggestions

Abstrac:
The study aimed to identify the 'challenges and needs of mothers of children with autism spectrum and strategies to address them'.
To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher used the descriptive method, and the measure of the challenges and needs of mothers of children with autism spectrum was applied to a deliberate sample of (33) or children with autism spectrum in Kirkuk governorate, and calculated the psychometric characteristics of the tool, and the honesty was calculated in a manner of internal consistency, as the coefficients of correlation ranged Between (0.84) and (0.93), stability was calculated in two ways: the half-hash method (0.87) and the Alpha Kronbach method (0.91), which are high coefficients that reflect the sincerity and stability of the questionnaire and the percentages were used to determine the characteristics of the sample. - Mathematical averages and standard deviations to determine the degree of challenges and needs of mothers of children with autism spectrum , test (T) to determine the differences between mothers in terms of the variables of the study and the results of the research came as follows:
- Mothers of children with autism spectrum suffer from a moderate level of challenges and needs with an average calculation (3.28).
- There are no statistically significant differences in the challenges and needs of mothers of children with autism spectrum depending on the variables (age, educational level, job).
In the light of the results of the study, the researcher recommended a review of the health insurance law by adding a substance that obliges the state to bear all the therapeutic expenses of children of the autism spectrum and provide centers for them and take care of their care, provide guided treatment services to alleviate and reduce obstacles and their impact on the mother of the autistic child, and train parents of autistic children to develop the life skills of their children.

Abstract:
The teacher is considered the most important input to the educational process because ,it is the most important element in achieving educational outcomes and goals, and his role in the twenty –first century differs from his role in the past .The teacher is no longer merely a transmitter of information from the textbook to the minds of learners, but he must work on the positive participation of the learner in obtaining information because the aim of education is to develop the creative mind ,skills development and scientific thinking. Therefore ,the current research aims to identify the occupational and personal characteristics of the university professor from the viewpoint of the university students ,and the significance of the difference in the occupational and personal characteristics of the university professor from the viewpoint of the university students according to the specialization (scientific, human) .The researcher adopted the descriptive approach , the research tool consisted of two scales ; the occupational characteristics scale ,which includes (20) items, and the personal characteristics scale, which includes(12) items ,the research was applied to a sample of (100) students from scientific and humanitarian colleges ,who were randomly selected. The results of the research showed the occupational characteristics included (being able to master his scientific subject) obtained a high average from the viewpoint of university students , compared to the rest of the occupational characteristics .Also , the personal characteristics included (his commitment to the ethics of the occupation) obtained a high average from the viewpoint of university students compared to the rest of the personal characteristics .There are statistically significant differences between occupational and personal characteristics according to the variable of specialization and in favor of the human specialties, the research came out with a set of recommendations and proposals , including the adoption of these characteristics in curricula and programs for preparing and training faculty members before service.

Abstract :
The aim of the research is to identify the relationship between memory performance and academic achievement among middle school students. The research sample included (180) male and female students. The researcher relied on the memory performance test (TOMAL) for memory performance, the second version, which was expressed by (Amani Abdel-Khaleq Abdel-Hussein, 2016). ) It was presented to a number of specialists in the field of education and psychology, and the paragraphs were subjected to statistical processes, the internal consistency of the test items, and the stability was extracted by the method of the Alpha Cronbach coefficient.
The statistical bag (SPSS) for the social sciences was used (the T-test for one sample, the T-test for two independent samples, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Pearson correlation coefficient, the Alpha Cronbach coefficient), and results were reached, including: The presence of a correlation relationship between memory performance and academic achievement of stage students The average, as it was found, there are differences in the relationship between memory performance and academic achievement according to the gender variable and in favor of males, and based on the results of the research, the researcher came up with a number of recommendations and proposals.

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to know the average of fear of contact and its relation to self confidence in university students according to the variations of gender and major. The sample of the study was consisted of 200 students (male and female). 100 male students and 100 female. 50 students were majored in science and 50 were majored in human sciences. Therefore, the researcher prepared a scale called fear of contact consisted of 20 items in the light of the previous research papers and studies taking into account the basics of designing the rationales of the scale. The scale was consisted of 20 items and after getting the face goal and consistency of the scale using the method of repeating the test, the stability coefficient was 83.0 while self-confidence scale was 82.0. then, the sale was applied on the sample of the study using statistical methods like percentage, K square, T-test and the Pearson test.
The study has reached the following results:
1- University students have fear of contact.
2- University students have self-confidence.
3- There are differences according to gender (on the behalf of the females).

Abstract
The research aimed to identify the level of perceived electronic competence and self-learning among university students, and the correlation between them, as well as the contribution of electronic competence to self-learning. The researchers selected a sample of (474) students from Anbar University, and prepared two tools to measure the aforementioned concepts, and after they obtained the data Electronically from the subjects, analyzed by the Statistical Package (SPSS), and the results showed: that university students enjoy high levels of perceived electronic competence and self-learning, and that there are differences in perceived electronic competence between students in favor of males and those with scientific specialization, and no differences were indicated. In that, according to the stage of study, it also did not indicate that there are differences in the variables (gender, specialization, and stage of study) between students in the self-learning variable, and there is a positive correlation between the two variables, and that perceived electronic competence contributes to self-learning, and the researchers presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract

The aim of the current research is to identify the dynamics of the students of the kindergarten department, as well as to identify the dynamism according to the variable of the study stage. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the two researchers built the dynamics scale based on the theory of (Sullivan,) And the theoretical frameworks, as the items of the scale reached (29) paragraphs in its final form, and its psychometric properties were verified and the tool was applied to a sample amounting to (400), A student who was selected by the random stratified method from the kindergarten department of Baghdad and Al-Mustansiriya University for the academic year (2020-2021). And in light of the objectives of the current research, the following results were reached: -
1- The current research sample of female students in the kindergarten department has dynamism.
2- There are no statistically significant differences in the dynamics of female students in the kindergarten department according to the school stage variable.

Abstract:
The research aims to identify the narcissistic personality of High school principals from the point of view of their assistants, and to know the differences in this personality according to gender (males, females).
To achieve these two goals, the researcher built a narcissistic personality scale consisting of (40) items, and verified its psychometric characteristics (veracity, reliability) and appropriate statistical methods were used. The results showed that secondary school principals have a narcissistic personality from the point of view of their assistants, and there are no differences according to gender.

Abstract
Logical and probing thinking, from the point of view of psychologists, is the ability to analyze, solve problems and make the right decisions, and it has a clear impact on scientific creativity and innovation. The Saber among university students according to (the gender variable)” and to identify the “correlation relationship between logical thinking and the probe thinking among university students, and the current research sample consists of the basic application sample of (400) male and female students, as the number of male students reached (200) students The number of female students was (200), and the research sample was chosen by the stratified random method for both sexes. The researcher reached through her goals a number of results, the most important of which are:
1- The members of the research sample, according to comparing the arithmetic mean with the hypothetical mean, have the logical thinking of the students of the University of Baghdad at the level of significance (0.05(.
2- The individuals of the research sample, according to comparing the arithmetic mean with the hypothetical mean, have the ability to think saber among the students of the University of Baghdad at the level of significance (0.05(.
3- There are no statistically significant differences on the logical thinking scale according to the gender variable (male - female) at the significance level (0.05(.
4- There are statistically significant differences on the probing thinking scale according to the gender variable (male - female) at the significance level (0.05).
5- There is a significant correlation between logical thinking and probing thinking, the amount of which was (0.80) for university students at the level of significance (0.05), and the researcher reached a number of recommendations, suggestions and conclusions.