Damo Journal of Sports Sciences

This research aims to develop a measure of professional development for physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Najaf Al-Ashraf. The research problem lies in the following question: What is the nature of professional development for physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Najaf Al-Ashraf? The researcher identified the research community and sample, which includes all physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Najaf Al-Ashraf, for the academic year (2024-2025), totaling (749) teachers. The sample for constructing the measure consisted of (500) teachers, while the exploratory sample included (40) teachers, selected randomly.
Findings:
There is a good level of professional development among physical education teachers in Najaf Al-Ashraf, with considerable interest from the schools in the province that contributes to enhancing professional development among these teachers. There is no preference regarding gender or qualifications among physical education teachers in the center of Najaf Al-Ashraf.
Recommendations:
Focus on professional development for physical education teachers in Najaf Al-Ashraf, conduct seminars and practical workshops, and provide training lessons for physical education teachers due to their benefits in developing professional growth and classroom activities in physical education lessons. Provide material and moral incentives to encourage physical education teachers to participate in activities, training lessons, courses, and seminars.
Statistical Methods:
The data obtained were processed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel.

Objective: The study aimed to identify the level of psychological resilience and its relationship to achievement motivation among physical education teachers for people with special educational needs in the Jerusalem Governorate, and the relationship between them. It also aimed to identify differences in the level of psychological resilience and achievement motivation among teachers according to the variables of gender and years of teaching experience. Method: The study was conducted on a convenient sample of (67) male and female physical education teachers for people with special educational needs, representing approximately (56%) of the study population. The researchers used a descriptive, correlational, and analytical approach due to its suitability for the nature of the study. To collect data, a psychological resilience tool was used.
Results: The study results showed that the level of psychological resilience and achievement motivation among physical education teachers for people with special educational needs in the Jerusalem Governorate was high, with response averages of (3.66, 3.80), respectively. The results also revealed a statistically significant relationship between the level of psychological resilience and achievement motivation among teachers, with Pearson's correlation coefficient values being (0.75, 0.63), respectively. The results also indicated statistically significant differences in the level of psychological resilience and achievement motivation among physical education teachers for people with special educational needs in the Jerusalem Governorate attributed to the gender variable, in favor of (males). However, there were no statistically significant differences in the levels of psychological resilience and achievement motivation among teachers based on the variable of years of teaching experience.

The skill of spike hitting is considered one of the most important offensive skills in volleyball, as players rely on it primarily to score points and effectively finish attacks. Spike hitting is an offensive movement in which the player jumps and strikes the ball with power and precision towards the opponent's ground, aiming to surpass the defensive block and achieve maximum offensive effectiveness. The study aimed to prepare coordinated jumping exercises and identify their impact on the electrical activity of the quadriceps muscle and some biomechanical variables for volleyball players. To achieve this goal, the researcher used an experimental design with a single group and pre-test and post-test measurements. The research sample consisted of (8) players from the Diwaniya University team. After conducting the experiment, there were positive results that will be presented in detail in the body of the research.

The study's problem focused on: Through the researcher's observation of volleyball lessons, he found many educational curricula that may not take into account individual differences among learners, nor do they consider the mental aspect of thinking, deduction, and analysis to reach a solution to the problem of performing a learned skill. Therefore, the problem of the study lies in the use of educational curricula for the peer learning strategy, and the researcher believes that it will contribute to solving the problem. The study aimed to: develop an educational curriculum using a peer learning strategy to teach students the skills of serving and smashing in volleyball; evaluate the effects of the educational curriculum in light of the peer learning strategy to teach students the skills of serving and smashing in volleyball.
Using an equivalent design for two groups and an experimental technique with pre- and post-tests, the main study population was determined as third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Kufa, numbering (58) students, from whom the researcher selected (32) students.
The most important conclusions are: The peer learning strategy had a positive impact on learning and developing the skills of serving and smashing in volleyball. Furthermore, the time period during which the strategy was implemented significantly contributed to learning and developing the skills of serving and smashing in volleyball.

In the introduction to the study, the researcher pointed out the importance of motor learning in leading learners to perform well, as it utilizes a variety of methods that directly influence learning. The problem was embodied in the question: Which feedback methods are most appropriate for the stage and skill to be taught? The study also aimed to identify the effectiveness of some feedback methods in teaching the skill of the spear-shoot in volleyball, and the preference of some methods. The human resource scope included second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher used the experimental approach using groups (A, B, and C). The research community included (52) students, and the sample amounted to (45), with (15) students per group. To achieve the study objectives, the first group used a mixed feedback method, while the second group used a visual feedback method. The third group used a verbal feedback method. The researcher reached several conclusions, including:
1-Feedback methods had a positive impact on the learning process of the coordinated serve skill.
2- Mixed feedback is considered the most effective feedback method in the learning process of the coordinated serve skill.

Mastery learning using the peer teaching strategy is one of the modern strategies that takes into account individual differences in learners' experiences and abilities without compromising the educational and academic level and competence of the learning process. Sometimes, it may require segmenting the movements and skills to be mastered, as their complexity requires segmentation. There are other skills that need to be taught as a single unit without segmentation or dividing the group into smaller groups. This is in addition to bringing the learner group to a level of mastery. Herein lies the importance of the research in using mastery learning according to the peer teaching strategy to understand its impact on learning and mastering basic skills for intermediate-level female students. The research aims to identify the impact of mastery learning according to the peer teaching strategy on learning some basic handball skills for intermediate-level female students. The researcher used the experimental method, using a pre-test and post-test method for equal groups. The researcher concluded:
1. There was positive development for the experimental and control groups in learning the skill of passing from head level, the skill of scoring from a standing position, and tapping in handball.
2. The experimental group, which used mastery learning according to the peer teaching strategy, outperformed the control group in learning the skill of passing from head level, the skill of scoring from a standing position, and tapping in the post-tests.
3. The use of mastery learning according to the peer teaching strategy played an important and fundamental role in increasing interaction between students and increasing their desire and motivation to rely on themselves, especially in the main section of skills.

The objectives of the research were demonstrated by preparing compound exercises using a play and competitive style, identifying the effect of compound exercises using a play and competitive style on developing some basic skills in under-19 football, and identifying the differences between the experimental and control groups in developing some basic skills in under-19 football. As for the research methodology, the researcher used the experimental method using equal groups (experimental, control) with pre- and post-tests. The research population and sample were determined as young football players under the age of 19 at Karbala Sports Club for the 2024-2025 season, totaling (26). Player, where each group consisted of (13) players, and the data were presented, analyzed, discussed and processed statistically using the statistical package SPSS, and through the results, the researcher reached several conclusions that the nature of the exercises that were prepared are compatible with the capabilities of young players under 19 years of age, which led to the development of basic skills in football, and that the use of complex exercises in the style of play and competition within the training curriculum in the special preparation stage had a positive impact in developing basic skills in football.

The research aims to prepare exercises in the Superset style to develop explosive ability, strength characterized by speed, and accuracy of scoring with the inside foot in football for players under (20) years old, as well as identifying the effect of exercises in the Superset style to develop explosive ability, strength distinguished by speed, and scoring accuracy with the inside of the foot for individuals. Search sample.
To achieve the goal, the researcher used the experimental method withe a pre- and post-test ffor its suitability to the research problem. The research community consists of Baghdad clubs for players under 20 years of age for Iraqi youth clubs, numbering (16) clubs, with a total number of players of (430), which represents a percentage of ( 100% of the number of players, As for the research sample, it was represented by the Al-Sinaa Sports Club players for the youth category, who numbered (26) players, with a percentage of (6.05%). The research sample was chosen randomly through a lottery, and the goalkeepers (4) were excluded, as well as (4) players were excluded due to injury. Failure to adhere to the training modules, The researcher conducted a pre- and post-test for the members of the research sample, and the appropriate statistical treatments were carried out. The researcher concluded that the plyometric exercises in the Superset style led to raising the level of the muscular abilities of the research sample, and thus this was reflected in the development of the explosive ability and the strength distinguished by speed of the legs, and that the plyometric exercises in the Superset style had contributed. In raising the level of competition among sample members, which led to positive results.
The researcher recommends the need for coaches to pay attention to using the Superset method in order to develop the physical qualities of players in other team or individual games and for different categories, as well as choosing plyometric exercises similar to skill performance in the game to benefit from them in developing special skills in the game, and the need for those concerned with the game to pay attention to holding training courses. About using the Superset method for coaches working in the game and for different age groups.

The importance of raising performance and achieving results in basketball is evident through the use of appropriate training that simulates playing situations and builds appropriate motor skills that enhance skill performance, especially Sakio training, which has proven successful in many sports and plays a role in building the athletic base, namely the junior category. Building this age group helps lay the correct foundation for sports training. The research problem was the reasons for the weakness in skill level and the achievement of the desired accomplishments, which revealed that motor skills play an effective role in achieving results. Furthermore, the failure to use appropriate training that helps develop and enhance these skills may not achieve the training goal. Therefore, the use of Sakio training may address the research problem by specializing in a quarter of the motor skills level and skill performance of junior basketball players. The main objectives of the research were to identify the effect of Sakio training on developing some of the offensive motor and skill abilities of junior basketball players. An experimental approach was used, and the research community was the Basra Governorate Education Team. After implementing Sakio training, the most important conclusions were reached: Sakio training is one of the successful exercises in developing some of the offensive motor and skill abilities of junior basketball players. It was recommended that Sakio training be adopted as one of the successful exercises in developing some of the offensive motor and skill abilities of junior basketball players.

This research aims to identify some of the biomechanical variables related to the starting push to perform the 100m backstroke swimming for youth, as well as to identify the relationship between the biomechanical variables related to the starting push and the performance of the 100m backstroke swimming for youth. To achieve the goal, the researcher used the descriptive approach using the correlation method to suit the problem and objectives of the research. The research sample was chosen intentionally. They are swimmers from the national team in the 100m backstroke, numbering (4) for the youth category, aged (15-17) years, which represents (80%) of the original research community, numbering (5) swimmers, as one of the swimmers was excluded due to injury. The researcher conducted the test as well as the video recording. After that, the researcher conducted the kinetic analysis of the swimmers using the analysis program (kinovea) to extract the biomechanical variables specific to the starting push. Appropriate statistical treatments were carried out. The researcher concluded that in the (push) stage, high correlations appeared with the achievement in both the variable of force and time of the push at the beginning of the race. This indicates its importance and the extent of its impact on the final result. The increase in the force of the push comes from the decrease in the time of the push due to the inverse relationship between them, which is generated through the speed of extending the body’s joints when pushing). Also, the angle of the push at the beginning of the race takes on a special character, as it must be larger than Zero, but on the condition that it approaches zero in the horizontal direction more than it approaches 90 degrees in the vertical direction. This is to achieve the greatest propulsion value and the least resistance against the water, in addition to maintaining horizontal flow in the water after exiting the propulsion phase.

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence holds a significant position as one of the most important types of intelligence in physical education and sports science, according to the theory of multiple intelligences. It requires the use of the body or its parts to solve problems and the ability to coordinate movements using mental abilities. Football is a game characterized by a variety of skills and changing situations, which calls for an approach that relies on mental abilities to learn skills, including bodily-kinesthetic intelligence. Given our limited knowledge of students' capabilities and abilities in this type of intelligence, it is important to determine the level of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence to understand its role in the learning process and learner development. This study aims to identify the level of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence among first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Basra, and to examine its relationship to the performance of some basic skills in football. The study included specific hypotheses and used the Khawla Ahmed (2006) Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Scale. The study covered the period from February 16, 2022 to April 28, 2022. The results confirmed that the sample possessed a good level of bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, and that there is a positive relationship between this type of intelligence and the performance of some basic skills. The study recommends focusing on bodily-kinesthetic intelligence during skill performance, and conducting similar research on other sports skills.

The research aims to develop special exercises and demonstrations using tools and equipment to teach female students the skills of rolling and scoring in futsal for first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / College of Education for Girls / University of Kufa. The problem of the research is the weakness in learning these two skills (rolling and scoring) among female students and the lack of enjoyment and enthusiasm in the exercises used in teaching futsal in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The research population and sample were determined as female students in the first-year / Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Kufa for the academic year (2024-2025 AD), numbering (36). The student population was divided into two groups (control, experimental). The most important conclusions reached by the researcher are that the use of special exercises and demonstrations with various tools and equipment has a positive impact on learning the skills of dribbling and scoring in futsal. The researcher recommends the necessity of incorporating special exercises and demonstrations with various tools and equipment into the training unit for the purpose of teaching skill performance in futsal for female students.

The research aims to develop training using a slow-rhythm technique, characterized by performing exercises at different speeds, in an effort to develop the maximum strength of weightlifters and achieve an improvement in the digital performance of the chest lift. As for the research problem, through the researchers' review of previous studies and scientific sources, as well as their review of training modules, they noted that the training process is based on performing exercises using traditional methods with natural performance in the speed of executing the exercises with a single movement rhythm. Since the researchers are specialists in this activity and hold international training certificates, they observed a stable level of achievement for the lifters. Through conducting preliminary muscle strength tests, they found a weakness in the maximum strength values of the muscles involved in performing the chest lift. The researchers identified the research population and sample. They used the experimental method to suit the research requirements. The researchers identified the research population as the bodybuilding weightlifters of the Najaf Governorate Youth Team, numbering (40) weightlifters representing the training center accredited by the Iraqi National Weightlifting Federation in the governorate. The research sample was selected using a simple random method (lottery). The sample consisted of (20) young weightlifters aged (19-23). They were divided into two groups (experimental and control) randomly (lottery), with (10) participants for the experimental group and the same number for the control group. The research sample comprised (50%) of the original population.
Conclusions
• The slow-rhythm method led to the development of maximum strength values for the working muscles of bodybuilders by inducing adaptations within muscle cells due to the high training load using different speeds during performance.

This study aimed to identify the societal challenges facing female students when joining school teams in Baghdad. This study relies on a descriptive analytical approach and a study population of female students participating in school sports teams. A stratified random sample of female players representing the education teams from Baghdad Education was selected. The researcher developed a scale and conducted scientific procedures for it, analyzing four main areas: cultural and social challenges, academic and organizational challenges, psychological and personal challenges, and logistical and material challenges. The results showed that all challenges were statistically significant, indicating their significant impact on female student participation. Psychological and personal challenges ranked first, followed by cultural and social challenges, academic and organizational challenges, and finally logistical and financial challenges. These findings point to the need for supportive strategies that include community awareness, improving sports infrastructure, and providing academic and psychological support for female students. The study recommends intensifying educational and sports efforts to enhance female students' participation in school teams.

The importance of this research lies in raising the functional level of soccer players, particularly their maximum anaerobic capacity, which is required for certain attacks and ball launches, handling, and scoring. This is achieved through exercises implemented within the Slam Training Circuit, which is appropriate for this type of soccer training. The research problem was: The level of execution of basic offensive skills at the required speed does not meet the desired level, especially given the weak maximum anaerobic capacity necessary to perform these skills. This indicates that the exercises designed and the training circuit used may not meet the required high load level. Therefore, experimenting with a small Slam Training Circuit may achieve the goal and address the problem by raising maximum anaerobic capacity, which enhances the level of offensive skill performance. The main objectives of the research were to identify the effect of exercises according to the impact training circuit on developing maximum anaerobic capacity and some basic offensive skills in youth soccer. The researcher used the experimental method, and the research sample was the Al-Minaa Sports Club youth soccer players. After implementing the circuit, the most important conclusions were reached: The exercises implemented according to the impact training circuit achieved the goals of sports training in developing maximum anaerobic capacity and some basic offensive skills in youth soccer. It was recommended that the exercises implemented according to the impact training circuit be adopted because they achieved the goals of sports training in developing maximum anaerobic capacity and some basic offensive skills in youth soccer.

Athletic performance in futsal is the result of a complex interaction between physical, technical, and psychological factors. Perceived self-efficacy is one of the most prominent psychological variables influencing performance quality under pressure and decision-making in competitive situations. This study aims to analyze the impact of perceived self-efficacy on player selection and predicting their athletic performance. A sample of (153) players from the Iraqi Futsal League was selected and subjected to self-efficacy measurements using a standardized scale, in addition to a technical and tactical performance evaluation form. The results showed statistically significant differences in performance levels depending on the degree of self-efficacy, with players with high self-efficacy outperforming. Regression analysis also demonstrated that self-efficacy contributes significantly to explaining the variance in athletic performance. The study recommends incorporating this psychological indicator into selection criteria and developing targeted training programs to enhance self-efficacy among players, supporting performance stability in competitive contexts.

This study included an analysis of the reality of sports investment in Najaf Club in light of the developments taking place in the field of sports investment. The analysis focused on three main axes: first، the legal system in force; second، the suitability of the environment for investment; and third، the ability of the administrative staff and human resources to keep pace with، accept، and benefit from investors. The study reached conclusions through the researcher's use of a descriptive approach using a survey method and correlational relationships، as appropriate for the nature of the study. The research sample included (199) administrators، businessmen، players، and fans to measure sports investment in Najaf Club. The scale was prepared and applied to the sample. The research yielded a set of conclusions، including: The reality of sports investment in Najaf Club suffers from The shortcomings of the relevant authorities، and the lack of a clear vision and sufficient experience in the laws and regulations governing sports investment، are among the most important recommendations: Administrative bodies should coordinate and unify collective efforts among their members in administrative investment work to achieve the goals، as well as seek the assistance of specialists from among economists to present a feasibility study on the reality of sports investment. The media must play its role in encouraging and educating the public on the importance of sports investment.

Through the researchers' fieldwork and observation of the educational process, given their interest in artistic gymnastics, they noted the lack of interest of gymnastics teachers in providing specific exercises for some biokinetic variables and some ground movement skills in artistic gymnastics for students. Therefore, the problem of the research lies in the following question:
Is there an effect of special exercises on some biokinetic variables and some ground movement skills in artistic gymnastics for students?
The research aims to: develop specific exercises and identify the effect of specific exercises on some biokinetic variables and kinetic chain skills in artistic gymnastics students.
As for the most important conclusions: The specific exercises applied by the experimental research group helped improve some biokinetic variables and kinetic chain skills in artistic gymnastics students.