Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

There are several types of dams and reservoirs in Iraq, most of which were built to control the risks of flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and distribute water to agricultural lands. The most prominent of these dams (Mosul, Haditha, Ramadi, Samarra, and Kut(,
in particular, are to control the fluctuating behavior of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and
ward off Flood risks threaten the city of Baghdad and other cities and governorates. Dam
and reservoir projects in Iraq provide significant economic benefits and have limited negative impacts. However, Iraq’s rivers suffer from the harmful effects of dams on water supply
and quality, mostly due to the huge irrigation projects built by countries. The neighboring
area adjacent to the two rivers includes the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and their tributaries
Water dams and their effective role in determining the country’s economy and distributing
it equally across the various cities of Iraq, which determines the nation’s food security, the
impact of water dams is in creating damage to the climate, especially in areas with high
humidity, as they pose a risk to the spread of diseases and epidemics that affect humans,
animals and plants.

Water resource management in Kirkuk Governorate is a major challenge, given its reliance on only
two main sources: surface water from the lesser Zab River and groundwater extracted from deep wells.
With increasing pressures resulting from rapid population growth, the effects of climate change, and the
scarcity of water resources, it has become imperative to explore alternative water sources to meet rising
demand. In this context, the Khasa River area stands out as a promising water resource that has not yet
been adequately studied or optimally exploited. This study aims to achieve evaluate the hydrogeological
characteristics of groundwater in the area. The research methodology relied on precise field techniques
that included repeated measurements of groundwater monthly over an entire year. groundwater, an accurate hydrogeological model was created by monitoring the levels of (6) wells strategically distributed
along the river’s course, using a sounder device specialized in measuring groundwater levels. The results
showed groundwater, the data showed variations in depths between 7.26 and 27.81 meters below the
ground surface. Through analysis of the integrated hydrogeological profiles, a clear recharge relationship
from the surface system to the groundwater system was revealed. Groundwater level maps and their
correlation with surface river levels confirm this reciprocal relationship.

Nineteen groundwater samples were collected from several groundwater wells located at different
depths and locations throughout the Valley Awaina basin. The samples were collected in November 2024.
The research aims to ensure that the concentrations of elements are within the acceptable limits of the
Iraqi drinking water standards, as well as the suitability of this water for irrigation. Testing was conducted
for a group of anions (Na+, Mg+2, Ca+2) and the main cations (Cl-, So4-2, Hco3-2) whose concentrations
were concentrated in the center of the basin, total dissolved solids, pH, electrical conductivity, and other
properties. The groundwater samples were classified based on the classification of Baber (1944), Steiff
(1951). The results indicated that all groundwater samples are unfit for human consumption due to the
high levels of elements exceeding the Iraqi standards for drinking water. The total hardness of the water
samples was also calculated, and the hardness results indicated that most of the water quality in the Valley Awaina basin is very hard. As for the rates of water analysis results from the irrigation aspect, the results show that the water is characterized by high concentrations of (magnesium, sulfates, bicarbonates)
above the permissible levels. As for relying on the value of residual sodium carbonate (RSC)

stract:
The study area is administratively located within the Ramadi district, located in the central
west of Iraq. It is bordered to the north by District 17, Zawiyat Al-Budhiab, to the northeast by
District 14, Zawiyat Al-Jaraishi, to the east by District 26, Al-Sahalat, to the south and southwest
by the Euphrates River, and to the northwest by District 18, Zawiyat Al-Tali’a. It is located between latitudes (33°29’21”-33°26’18”) north, and longitudes (43°19’12”-43°15’12”) east, and its
area is (20.7) km2. The district is witnessing a significant deterioration in the vegetation cover.
The researcher followed the descriptive and analytical approach in the study and concluded
during the research that the medium-density vegetation category constituted an area of (9.76)
km2 and a percentage of (48.8%) of the total area of the region. This explains the region’s lack
of vegetation cover. The low-density vegetation category constituted an area of(6.38) km2 and
a percentage of (31.9%) of the total area of the study area, while the sparse-density vegetation
category constituted the largest area of (3.86) km2 and a percentage of (19.3%) of the total
area of the region. Here, Landsat satellite images were relied upon, using two images of the
study area.

This study addresses the analysis of student dropout from education in the districts of Al-Anbar
Governorate and identifies its main causes and impacts. The findings reveal that economic factors are
the leading causes of dropout, with poverty recording the highest rates in Rutba (75%) and Amiriya
(55.6%), accompanied by weak family awareness of the importance of education, particularly in Al-Qa’im
(72.7%) and Karma (71.2%). Social and psychological factors also play a significant role, especially family
disintegration, which reached 71.4% in Al- ‘Uboor and 64.3% in Fallujah. At the level of human development, rising illiteracy rates in the governorate clearly contribute to higher dropout levels, with Amiriya
recording 88.9% and Karma 75.8%. Dropout also negatively impacts income and productivity indicators,
such as in Rawa where it reached 36.4%. On the security dimension, the likelihood of youth engaging in
deviant behaviors rose to 75% in Rutba and 63.6% in Karma. The results indicate that the relationship
between student dropout and poverty is multidimensional, where economic, social, and cultural factors
intertwine, leaving profound effects on human development and community security. Therefore, the
study recommends adopting integrated policies that include economic support, strengthening family
awareness, improving the school environment, and employing technology as mechanisms to reduce this
phenomenon.

The research aims to evaluate the efficiency and adequacy of prosthetic limbs provided by the Center
for Orthopedics and Prosthetics in the city of Fallujah. It focuses on analyzing the extent to which prosthetic
limbs meet the needs of beneficiaries in terms of functional suitability and quality. Additionally, the study
assesses the efficiency of manufacturing, maintenance processes, and supporting services. It also seeks to
measure patient satisfaction regarding the functional performance of the prosthetic limbs and to examine
the challenges facing the center, particularly in terms of human resources, the technologies used, and the
availability of raw materials. The research adopted both the descriptive and analytical methodologies, utilizing tools such as direct interviews with patients and staff at the center. The study found a relative improvement in quality compared to previous years; however, there remains a pressing need to upgrade the technologies in use and to increase technical training for the staff. The actual production capacity of the center
ranged between 80 to 100 prosthetic limbs per month, including upper and lower limbs—both complete and
partial—as well as orthotic devices for both adults and children. Nevertheless, the actual demand exceeds
this number, with no fewer than 150 to 200 new cases or follow-up visits for maintenance and adjustments
reported monthly. As a result, the correlation coefficient was found to be very high, reaching (0.98), indicating a very strong positive correlation between production volume and demand. In other words, as production increases, demand also increases, and vice versa. The study concluded with the necessity of introducing
modern technologies into manufacturing processes, enhancing rehabilitation programs for patients, and ensuring sustainable financial and technical support to improve the efficiency and quality of services provided.

The study addressed the feed industry in Anbar Governorate by examining its development, including natural, human, and economic aspects. It also analyzed the geographical distribution of feed industries at the district and sub-district levels, identifying the main challenges and potential solutions.
This research aims to reveal the geographical analysis of the feed industry in Anbar
Governorate and the production it provides to meet the needs of the local livestock
sector. The study also explores ways to develop the industry to align with the current
situation, as the study area has a large livestock population, including sheep, cattle, and
poultry.
One of the main preliminary conclusions of the study is the need to improve the
quality of local raw materials, especially grains like wheat, barley, and yellow corn, instead of importing them. It also recommends establishing specialized mills for properly drying grains, such as yellow corn, using special thermal ovens to prevent rot and
fungal infections, making them suitable for industrial use.

The escalating rivalry between China and India represents the most prominent geopolitical feature
redrawing the map of alliances and influence in South Asia. This struggle for hegemony is not simply a
bilateral confrontation between two rising nuclear powers; rather, it is a complex arena in which the interests and strategies of major international and regional powers intertwine. Internationally, the United
States is the most influential player in this rivalry, as China’s rapid rise represents a direct strategic challenge to its global influence. Therefore, it is adopting a clear policy aimed at counterbalancing this rise
by strengthening its partnership with India. This policy is embodied in the Indo-Pacific Strategy, which
seeks to build a network of alliances to counter Chinese influence. The Quad, which brings together the
United States, India, Japan, and Australia, is the primary vehicle for implementing this strategy, through
which security and economic policies are coordinated. Russia, in contrast, plays a more complex and
sensitive role, finding itself in a position that requires it to balance its strong historical ties with India,
its largest arms importer, and its growing strategic partnership with China, which shares its vision of a
multipolar world order opposed to Western hegemony. Regionally, Pakistan’s role as China’s key strategic ally in South Asia stands out, representing India’s greatest security challenge. This enduring alliance
serves Beijing’s interests by providing it with strategic depth in the region.

This research addresses a significant phenomenon that has become increasingly evident
in many urban centers: the fragmentation of land plots and residential units, whereby parts
of these properties are repurposed for smaller-scale uses that differ in both form and function. This process has led to a variety of consequences—often negative, though occasionally
positive. The study aims to identify the urban, regulatory, economic, and social impacts
associated with this phenomenon. It adopts a comprehensive field survey approach, including the distribution of a structured questionnaire as shown in Appendix (1), targeting a 3%
sample of the total population. A total of 227 questionnaires were distributed out of 3,772
recorded cases in which fragmentation and subdivision had occurred. The study reached
a number of key findings. Most notably, it revealed that the subdivision of residential units
has had substantial and far-reaching urban effects. These include the introduction of new
construction materials, structural alterations, vertical extensions, and significant variation
in the city’s skyline—observable not only across different neighborhoods but even within
the same street. In some cases, building heights varied dramatically, with some structures
standing at just 4 meters while adjacent buildings exceeded 25 meters.

This study came to provide an objective picture of the impact of the urban appearance of shops and
residential units in terms of organization, coordination, public cleanliness, periodic maintenance, coordination of green spaces, and organization of parking spaces and their entrances in strengthening stability and
social cohesion. It followed the descriptive approach in describing the urban and social reality and the analytical approach in analyzing the relationship between the studied indicators, The statistical methods include Pearson’s correlation coefficient to measure the strength of the relationship between urban appearance indicators and social stability indicators, and simple regression analysis to determine the strongest
urban indicators affecting social stability, and cartography using ArcGIS 10 to display spatial variations between residential areas in the indicators, The most important results were: A strong positive relationship
appeared between the indicators of the urban appearance of the residential area and the residential unit
and the indicators of social stability, through Pearson’s correlation coefficient, This indicates the impact
of urban appearance on residents’ sense of belonging, security, desire to stay, and strengthening social
relations Among the strongest urban indicators that had a positive impact on social stability indicators
were the cleanliness of the external environment, the organization of entrances and parking lots, and the
periodic maintenance of residential units, with high statistical significance levels through regression coefficient analysis, The index of coordination of residential unit facades and surrounding green spaces also
showed an impact on strengthening social relations among residents, indicating interest in the aesthetics
of the urban appearance in a thoughtful manner that reflects the awareness, culture, thought and taste of
residents and creates social and cultural interaction that strengthens social ties among residents .

Transportation, in its various modes, represents the lifeline of all nations, including the
study area, and plays a vital role in sustaining all forms of human activity: agricultural, industrial, commercial, and residential in addition to the population’s demand for various fuel
products, including a large portion dedicated to operating various transportation devices.
Therefore, attention must be offered to the development of the organization of these stations
to ensure the provision of high-quality, efficient services to population, which ultimately contributes to the overall improvement of the district’s infrastructure. The study aims to identify
the geographical distribution of fuel stations within Heet in 2024 through field-based methods
so as to determine any deficiencies in this distribution across the study area. Fieldwork findings indicate that fuel stations are predominantly concentrated along major transportation
routes, forming a linear distribution pattern. Furthermore, the findings reveal a clear variation
between public or private fuel stations in terms of their general and structural characteristics
— including the number and capacity of storage tanks, the number of fuel pumps, the workforce size, operating hours, and the total fuel consumption.

The population size of any nation is among the essential elements that influence its power. Population plays a significant role in a state’s acquisition of
political, economic, social, and military strength, both domestically and internationally. Given Iraq’s notable population growth and its possession of a large,
young demographic capable of economically exploiting and developing Iraq’s resources, in addition to its distinct geographical location connecting world continents and serving as a land bridge for them, as well as its maritime position
overlooking the Arabian Gulf, Iraq has gained international power, coupled with
its population’s ability to drive development across all economic activities of the
state.

This study addresses the morphological stages of the industrial function in the city of Hit,
where the spatial expansion of the city was influenced by multiple factors, including population
growth, technological development, and the growth of economic and social activities. In the first
stage, industries (66 establishments) were concentrated near the old city and its main streets,
such as Al-Jari and Al-Masraf streets. These industries included food, textile, wood, pottery, and
handicraft sectors, occupying an area of 2.57 hectares (0.84% of the total area), reflecting a positive contribution to spatial expansion ,In the contemporary stage (1977–2020), urban planning of
residential areas and services became more organized, and industrial activity gained greater attention as a key factor in urban development. The number of industrial establishments reached
631, occupying 13.5 hectares (1.1% of the total area), with significant intermingling between industrial, residential, and commercial uses. Industrial activity can be classified into two categories: planned industries, located in the industrial district along the main road toward Haditha,
mainly comprising construction and mechanical workshops; and unplanned industries, dispersed
within the city, predominantly small-scale craft and commercial activities, such as tailoring, bakery, confectionery, and equipment repair, benefiting from the flow of residents and shoppers.

The present study included the study of the microfacies and the depositional environment of Balambo Formation within the sequences of Cretaceous cycle in two sections represented by the first surface section (Chombarok), The second is represented
by a section (Ja-18) in the Jambur field of northeastern Iraq. Balambo formation consists of marly limestone, cherty limestone, shall, and marl. In the surface section the
study showed that the sequences of this cycle are conformity with lower ChiaGara
Formation, while its upper boundary is unconformable with Shiranish Formation. In the
subsurface section, it has lower boundary is absent due to the lack of successful drilling, while its upper boundary is conformable with Dokan Formation. Petrographically,
four limestone facies have been distinguished: mudstone, wackestone, Packstone, and
grainstone. Microfacies and biogeographic studies indicate that the Balambo Formation was deposited in deep marine environments, ranging from open sea to slope.

The Al-Junaa Factory in the city of Hit, Anbar Governorate, is a significant industrial project due to its strategic location and economic impact. The factory specializes in
the production of plastic pipes used in water and sewage networks. Its products include
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes for high pressure, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes,
as well as perforated pipes for agricultural drainage, fittings, and special connections. The
factory employs approximately 85 employees who receive regular training. Its annual production averages between 1.2 and 1.5 million linear meters, with quantities varying depending on demand and infrastructure projects in Anbar and other governorates. The factory
relies on modern manufacturing technologies and international quality standards to ensure the efficiency and durability of its products. The factory contributes to supporting
the local economy by reducing dependence on imports and providing job opportunities
for the region's residents, thus contributing to lowering unemployment rates. However, it
faces challenges related to high production costs and difficulty obtaining raw materials. In
the future, it seeks to expand its production lines and upgrade its equipment, in addition to
adopting environmentally friendly technologies to reduce negative impacts and promote
sustainability.

Desertification is one of the most serious environmental problems facing arid and semi-arid regions.
Its severity is evident in Ramadi District, western Iraq, where human and natural factors interact to accelerate and exacerbate this phenomenon. The importance of the research lies in revealing the extent
of the impact of human variables, such as urban expansion, population pressure, and overgrazing, on the
degradation of productive lands and the decline of natural resources. The research area is geographically confined between longitudes (42°26’36”E - 43°37’27”E) and latitudes (32°38’11”N - 33°46’56”N), and
includes (27) agricultural districts, all of which fall within the semi-arid climate range according to the
Köppen and Demarton classifications, making it a fragile environment vulnerable to desertification.
These changes are attributed to a rapid population growth of 133,851 people, which has contributed
to increased pressure on agricultural land and the transformation of large areas into urban areas. This
is in addition to the increase in livestock numbers (720,513 heads) with the shrinking of pasture areas,
which has led to the spread of overgrazing. The study also revealed an increase in the salinity of groundwater used for irrigation (1.4 - 8.9 dS/m), which has caused soil salinization, deterioration of its fertility,
and made it more vulnerable to desertification.
The study concluded that desertification in Ramadi district is no longer merely a natural environmental phenomenon, but rather a complex product of accelerating human factors. This calls for the
adoption of sustainable development policies that balance human needs with environmental conservation.

This research aims to examine the geographical distribution and trends of marriage and
divorce cases in the provinces of Iraq (excluding the Kurdistan Region) by analyzing the spatial
and demographic relationships associated with these phenomena, as well as their temporal
development during the period between 2021 and 2023. The study also seeks to identify the
main demographic, social, and economic factors influencing marriage and divorce by relying
on four main indicators: the number of marriage contracts, the authentication of marriages
conducted outside the court, the authentication of external divorces, and judicial separation
cases. The data used in the study were obtained from the Supreme Judicial Council, through the
federal appellate courts in the provinces, as well as poverty and unemployment indicators from
the Ministry of Planning. The research adopted an analytical quantitative approach in processing and analyzing the data to achieve a deeper understanding of the social and demographic
changes reflected in marriage and divorce rates in Iraqi society.
The research findings revealed a variation in marriage and divorce cases among the provinces of Iraq, with a general increase in the number of marriage cases during the period 2021–
2023 compared to previous rates. The proportion of marriage contracts registered in court
was relatively high, whereas the number of divorce cases occurring outside the court was also
notably elevated

The Baltic region holds significant strategic importance in international politics due to its
unique geographical location and complex history. The Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) stretch along the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, making them a crucial intersection between
Eastern and Western Europe, effectively forming a bridge between the two. These nations are
also strategically situated on Russia’s western border, establishing them as a focal point of competition. Historically, this region has been a hotbed of conflict between major powers, particularly between Russia and Western Europe, a dynamic that continues to influence the contemporary
policies of the states in the area.
Since gaining independence from the Soviet Union, the Baltic States have undergone radical political and economic transformations, striving for full integration into the Western system
through accession to the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO).
This study aims to explore the importance Russia places on the Baltic States within its policies.
It analyzes the strategic significance of the Baltic States in the context of Russian foreign policy,
drawing upon a geopolitical approach, and examines the challenges and strategies Russia employs toward these nations located on its western borders.

This research discusses the natural factors for the utilization of agricultural lands in Qaimah Heet. The study clarified that the geological formations
present in the study area date back from the Miocene epoch to the recent
Quaternary period. The study also showed that there are variations in the
climatic elements of the area, especially in temperature and rainfall, which
exceed (141 mm). It was found that there is a diversity in the soils of the study
area, represented by alluvial, desert, gypsiferous, sandy, and loamy soils of different types. Alluvial soils are considered among the most fertile and suitable
soils for agriculture

The research aims to conduct a geographical analysis of the pure water service in
the cities of Haditha and Al-Qaim for the year 2023 AD، to know the extent of the efficiency of this service quantitatively and qualitatively in the two study areas by studying
its spatial distribution، studying and analyzing its patterns and the extent of its quantitative and qualitative sufficiency and efficiency in the city based on the population
numbers and their spatial distribution، and drawing up future plans for these services
for the year 2040 AD، in line with the population and urban development، by using modern means and technologies such as Geographic Information Systems (GIS)technology
to analyze the variation in service provision according to residential neighborhoods.

e aim of the research is to identify and analyze the main reasons behind the change in
land use type on Doctors Street in the city of Hit, as well as to evaluate the environmental,
economic, and social impacts of these changes. The questionnaire results revealed that residential use along this street has declined significantly over the past two decades, reaching
only 10%, in contrast to commercial use, which has increased to approximately 90%. The study
of functional changes along the street connecting Al-Jari and Al-Umal neighborhoods showed
that the most evident effect was the shift in residential function, as residential use significantly
declined in favor of commercial use during the period 2009–2025. This shift played a major
role in the rise of land prices and rental values. One of the main incentives for homeowners
to convert parts of their house facades into commercial use was the increase in the value of
the land occupied by their homes due to the centrality and vitality of this street. Land prices
ranged between 500,000 and 750,000 Iraqi dinars per square meter ten years ago, whereas the
current price has exceeded one million dinars per square meter

This study involves a microfacies analysis and interpretation of the depositional environment of the Pila Spi Formation in northeastern Iraq, based on the
petrographic description of the main components and diagenetic processes
using a petrographic microscope. The study reveals that the formation comprises three primary microfacies: mudstone limestone facies, wackestone limestone facies, and packed limestone facies. Sedimentary and biotic evidence indicates that the formation was deposited in a semi-restricted coastal lagoonal
environment in the lower part of the section, transitioning upward into an open
lagoonal environment. The most significant diagenetic process affecting the
rocks of the formation is dolomitization. Dolomitic textures identified in the
formation’s rocks include finely crystalline, drusy mosaic, cloudy mosaic, and
sucrosic mosaic textures, which were used in determining.

A suitability assessment was conducted for lands of Hit Distrust and its affiliated
districts for the cultivation of sensitive crops, The (sys1980)method was used in
evaluation process By conducting a morphological , physical and chemical characterization of seventeen soil pedon ,represented the study arid .The values of properties were taken and their weighted average was calculated . Evaluation grades
were given for each characteristic . The results of the study showed that the salty
clay loam and silt loam were taken high degree of Evaluated. The study also showed
that the lower the soil salinity and exchangeable sodium values and the deeper the
soil, the higher the degree of Evaluated The results of the sys equation. showed
that the study soils were divided into (S2, S3, S4, S5) which formed the proportions
(3.7,28,63.0,4.3%) respectively of the total area. The study identified that the production determinants are soil texture, depth, salinity and Exchangeable sodium per
cent age

This research aims to analyze the geopolitical dimensions of Turkey’s military
presence beyond its national borders, focusing on the cases of Qatar, Syria, and
Azerbaijan. The study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach supported by maps
and tables to highlight how this military expansion contributes to strengthening
Turkey’s strategic depth and expanding its vital sphere of influence. The findings
indicate that Turkey’s overseas deployment reflects a shift from a defensive posture
to a proactive intervention strategy, enabling advanced deterrence, safeguarding
national and economic interests, and reinforcing its regional role. Moreover, the
study demonstrates that Turkey’s military presence has evolved into a long-term
strategic project, serving not only as a means of protection but also as an instrument for reshaping the regional order and consolidating Turkey’s position as a key
regional power.

Population growth is a global issue that attracts the attention of both developed
and developing nations, including even the poorest countries. Some governments view
rapid population growth as a challenge and take measures to curb it, while others
actively seek to increase population numbers in hopes of revitalizing the age structure and ensuring demographic renewal. Population growth has often been blamed
for various problems faced by certain countries, including natural disasters, economic
pressures, and profound social transformations.
This study contributes to understanding the patterns of population growth in Al-Anbar Governorate and its future prospects. Findings reveal that population growth has
fluctuated due to a series of events and changes affecting the governorate’s residents.
Nevertheless, the overall annual growth rate has shown a decline, largely due to advancements in science, economics, and healthcare, alongside shifts in social customs
and traditions related to marriage and childbirth

Geographical thought has undergone profound intellectual and methodological transformations that have
redefined its theoretical foundations and analytical practices. This study traces the historical evolution of geographical concepts through five interconnected stages—environmental determinism, possibilism, the quantitative revolution, critical geography, and the digital turn—demonstrating that each phase did not replace the previous one, but restructured it within a broader epistemological framework.
The findings indicate that the quantitative revolution marked a fundamental shift from descriptive accounts
of spatial phenomena toward the search for spatial laws and predictive modelling. Critical geography later restored the human dimension of space, highlighting its construction through social relations, power structures,
and cultural narratives. With the advent of digital geography—GIS, remote sensing, big data, and artificial intelligence—the very notion of space has been reshaped into a dynamic, data-driven construct produced by algorithms as much as by human practices.
The study further reveals that spatial power in the digital age has shifted from physical territorial control
to epistemic dominance through data ownership, algorithmic governance, and digital representations of space.
This has produced new forms of “algorithmic spatial authority” that influence planning, decision-making, and the
perception of geographic reality.
The research proposes an integrative conceptual model that unifies environmental, social, cultural, and digital layers of space, emphasizing that contemporary geography has become an interdisciplinary field capable of
addressing global challenges such as climate change, urban complexity, and spatial justice. By bridging the gap
between conceptual evolution and digital transformation—a gap largely overlooked in previous literature—this
study contributes a comprehensive understanding of the ongoing reconstruction of geographical theory