ECONOMICS AND ADMINISTRATIVE STUDIES JOURNAL (EASJ) (formerly AL-DANANEER JOURNAL)

This study aims to analyze the impact of proactive marketing، with its dimensions (innovative capacity، flexibility، opportunity seeking، and risk tolerance), on the financial performance of Rafidain Bank - Al-Amiriya Branch in Iraq. The research relied on a descriptive analytical approach، where data was collected via a questionnaire that included 45 randomly selected employees. Descriptive statistical methods were used، in addition to correlation and regression analysis to analyze the relationships between variables. The results showed a statistically significant positive impact of all dimensions of proactive marketing on financial performance، as enhancing creative capabilities and flexibility has contributed to improving financial results and increasing competitiveness. These findings provide valuable insights for Iraqi banks to enhance their performance in an environment characterized by increasing competition and rapid technological development.

The research aims to find the mediating role of quality proficiency in the relationship between manufacturing strategies and sustainable manufacturing, as well as formulating a set of questions that expressed the research problem at the level of theoretical framing and the level of the applied aspect. The research was applied in the General Company for Textile and Leather Industries for a sample of (84) respondents from the company's employees, where the questionnaire was used as a main tool for collecting data. Then, that data was analyzed and tested using a set of appropriate statistical tools and interpreted after using a set of ready-made statistical programs (Excel, SPSS, Amos, and Sobel). The research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a mediating role for quality proficiency in the relationship between production strategies and sustainable manufacturing within the limits of the two dimensions of the production strategy for the purpose of storage and the assembly strategy on demand.

The research aimed to recognize the digital currencies and central digital currencies and their impact of these digital currencies in monetary policy in way that demystify it, with an offer some experiences of governments that have issued these central digital currencies, such as China and Nigeria, with a reference to the possibility of introducing these currencies for Iraq, and the research relied inductive method to analyze and describe the possible events and impacts of the issuance of central digital currencies, in the monetary policies of some governments in the world and their transmission channels to determine the suitability of their monetary policies. The research has come to several conclusions. The most significant was that central digital currencies represent a new type of digital money, as they are regulated by a central authority. However, the introduction of such currencies could cause an effect on the monetary policy, particularly through interest rate channels. If the digital currency offers dividends, it may supplant bank deposits, impacting commercial banks If that is not the case, the central digital currency may fail to generate enough demand because it does not offer any bonuses. The recommendation in this research is to design the central digital currency in a manner that does not cause any damages in the performance of commercial banks and monetary policy, as this would impact banking intermediation.

The study aims to investigate the role of Business Intelligence (BI) in achieving competitive advantage among telecommunications companies in Jordan by examining the relationship between the dimensions of BI (data quality, performance management systems, and technology) and the dimensions of competitive advantage (cost, quality, and innovation). The scientific contribution of the study lies in presenting a modern analytical framework that highlights the impact of utilizing BI tools on achieving competitive advantage for telecommunications companies, particularly in a dynamic environment that increasingly relies on big data and smart technologies. The research is grounded in an expanded theoretical framework that supports the concepts of business intelligence and competitive advantage, enriched by contemporary literature. The practical framework adopted a quantitative (descriptive and analytical) approach through analyzing the responses of a representative sample of employees in upper and middle management at Zain, Orange, and Umniah telecommunications companies. The sample size was 284 individuals drawn from a study population of 567 employees. The findings revealed a growing awareness among telecommunications companies of the importance of adopting BI technologies, which contributed to improving data quality, enhancing the efficiency of performance systems, and utilizing technology in a way that boosts operational effectiveness. Furthermore, the results indicated that these companies achieve a moderate level of competitive advantage, with a greater emphasis on quality and innovation compared to cost-reduction strategies. This reflects a strategic orientation focused on delivering high-quality services and keeping pace with technological advancements to ensure sustainability and leadership in the Jordanian market.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of ethical marketing on enhancing consumer trust within the framework of sustainable entrepreneurship through three primary dimensions: transparency, adherence to ethical values, and social responsibility. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach, using a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool administered to a sample of 200 consumers from the following companies: Rim Al-Rafidain Company, Bly Company. The results tested the extent to which ethical marketing practices influence trust and loyalty among customers. The findings revealed that adopting ethical marketing strategies enhances institutions’ positive brand image, increases their competitive superiority, and deepens customer trust through transparency, ethical values, and social responsibility. Based on these insights, the study recommended urging organizations to integrate ethical marketing into their strategic plans, raise societal awareness about the benefits of these practices through effective communication channels, and focus on aligning ethical marketing with strategic visions to ensure sustainable impact.

This study aims to clarify and highlight the importance of evaluating and assessing the performance of organizations and production facilities (factories) in particular, as this process represents a means of knowing the efficiency of (factories) in completing their activities and their efficiency in achieving their goals. The researcher relied on the quantitative approach using one of the linear programming methods represented by the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology with an orientation to the inputs and according to the constant returns to scale (CRS). In addition, he used the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, which is one of the most important quantitative methods in evaluating the performance of a group of similar units, based on determining their level of efficiency using a set of inputs as independent variables represented by (capital, value of raw materials, energy and fuel) and outputs as dependent variables represented by (profits). This study was applied in the Iraqi General Cement Company, and the electronic program Deap 2.1 was used to evaluate and measure the technical efficiency of the company's factories during the year 2023. The results showed that out of 13 factories, only three (3) factories were able to reach the full efficiency level of 100%, namely Karbala Factory, Kirkuk Factory and Sinjar Factory, i.e. 23%, which is considered a low percentage, which qualifies the rest of the inefficient factories to follow them as a reference to improve the level of performance and utilize resources in the best way, and that the average technical efficiency of cement factories according to the constant returns to scale (CRS) of the input orientation model reached 0.582%, which is considered a very low percentage.

Abstract: The aim of the research is to show the effect of using operations research (OR) on the effectiveness of accounting information systems (AIS) from the point of view of economic unit management. 100 questionnaires were distributed to the research community consisting of accountants of economic units. 70 questionnaires were relied upon and the rest were excluded. The research reached a set of results, the most important of which is that there is a statistically significant effect relationship at a significance level (0.05) for the use of operations research in AIS in providing appropriate data for the decision-making process.

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of monetary and fiscal policies in addressing poverty in Iraq for the period (2003–2023), using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology. The study relied on two main variables: the growth rate of money supply to measure monetary policy, and the ratio of government expenditure to GDP to measure fiscal policy, while the output was measured using the inverse of the poverty rate.
The results showed a notable superiority of monetary policy in terms of efficiency and flexibility, especially during crisis periods (such as 2014 and 2020), where it maintained stable performance despite economic fluctuations. In contrast, fiscal policy showed significant fragility, with its efficiency dropping to 19% in 2020 due to its heavy reliance on resource stability. However, fiscal policy achieved ideal efficiency (100%) during stable periods, such as in 2011. The main conclusion is that monetary policy was generally more effective in addressing poverty in Iraq's unstable environment. The study recommends enhancing coordination between the two policies, linking fiscal policy to direct poverty alleviation programs, and increasing its flexibility to withstand shocks, to achieve more comprehensive efficiency in reducing poverty.

This research addresses liquidity management in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), as one of the primary challenges these businesses face, significantly impacting their sustainability and success. The study aims to explore the financial challenges hindering these businesses from maintaining adequate liquidity, such as lack of funding, poor financial planning, and ineffective debt management. Furthermore, the research discusses strategies and solutions that can help SMEs improve their financial performance and alleviate liquidity burdens, including fintech adoption, inventory management optimization, and diversification of funding sources. A descriptive analytical approach was employed to collect data through surveys and interviews with SME owners, contributing to the validation of research hypotheses related to liquidity management challenges and solutions. In conclusion, the study recommends improving financial planning, enhancing financial technology, and promoting public-private partnerships to provide affordable financing and additional support for these businesses.

This study aims to analyze the impact of the integration between monetary policy instruments and trade openness in enhancing the efficiency of the labor market in the Iraqi economy. This is achieved by measuring the effect of money supply, inflation rate, trade openness, and foreign direct investment on the unemployment rate during the period 1980–2022, using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model. The study finds evidence of cointegration among the variables, indicating the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship linking monetary policy, trade openness, and labor market variables. The long-run results show that money supply, inflation, and trade openness have significant effects on unemployment, while foreign direct investment does not exhibit a significant impact in the long run. The findings further confirm that coordination between monetary policy and trade-openness policies can serve as an effective approach to improving labor market efficiency, particularly through reducing unemployment and enhancing productive capacity in Iraq.

The research sought to demonstrate the role of artificial intelligence techniques that include (artificial neural networks, expert systems, algorithms, and intelligent agents) in improving banking marketing strategies with its dimensions that include (offensive marketing strategy, defensive marketing strategy, and rational marketing strategy), as an exploratory study in a sample of private commercial banks in Iraq, which included four banks, namely : (National Bank of Iraq, Iraqi Credit Bank, Iraqi Union Bank, and Mansour Investment Bank), and the sample included (48) individuals from the employees to whom the questionnaire form was distributed in the research sample banks, and the research data were analyzed using multiple statistical methods and using the statistical analysis program (SPSS V.27) , According to the research results, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most prominent of which is that there is an important role for artificial intelligence techniques in improving the banking marketing strategies of the research sample banks . Based on the conclusions reached by the researcher, many recommendations were proposed, the most important of which are : The need to enhance investment in artificial intelligence techniques, especially algorithms and artificial neural networks, as they are the most influential, by activating customer classification algorithms according to specific segments and adopting dynamic pricing algorithms to provide smart promotional offers , in addition to the need to develop neural network models to predict customer preferences and recommend appropriate products, and to use these networks to detect cross-selling opportunities based on analyzing user patterns.

The research aims to analyze the structure of public spending on university education in Iraq during the research period, measure the efficiency of public spending indicators in terms of academic and societal returns, and identify the challenges facing educational spending management in Iraqi universities. The importance of the analytical research lies in shedding light on the reality of public spending on university education in Iraq and its efficiency, and contributing to the diagnosis of shortcomings and financial waste within Iraqi universities. The research problem is represented by answering the following question: Is public spending on education in Iraqi universities efficient enough to achieve effective results in developing university education? The research found that spending on education in Iraq is low compared to the level of allocations directed to university education in developing and developed countries. The allocation rates among Iraqi universities also witnessed a noticeable disparity, with Al-Mustansiriya University taking first place, followed by Tikrit University, while Diyala University received the lowest percentage of allocations. The research recommends the need to provide sufficient funding to meet the requirements of higher education by diversifying sources of public revenue, particularly through reforming the tax system and reducing reliance on oil revenues as the primary source of spending on education, while ensuring that resources are allocated fairly to the governorates and groups most in need.

domestic borrowing on monetary policy in Iraq during the period (2008-2024), the study relied on the descriptive analytical approach using official data issued by the Ministry of Finance and the Central Bank, where time fluctuations were analyzed in the indicators of domestic public debt, money supply (M1 and M2), interest rates, exchange rate (official and parallel), as well as the issued currency, inflation rates, and foreign reserves, and the tables reveal that the Iraqi economy has witnessed periods of Apparent surpluses, which after calculating advances turned into a large deficit, with sharp increases in domestic public debt during 2015 and 2024. This reflects the increasing reliance on domestic financing in the context of declining oil revenues and higher operating expenses. The data also showed significant fluctuations in the money supply, with growth rates peaking in periods such as 2022 and then starting to decline due to austerity policies. In terms of monetary indicators, interest rates recorded a gradual decline, with exceptional cases coinciding with market volatility, while exchange rates (official and parallel) suffered from overlapping fluctuations, and the study also confirmed that the appreciation of the value of the issued currency in certain periods reflects the increase in monetary financing of public expenditures, and that inflation rates witnessed sharp fluctuations between periods of expansion and austerity, while foreign exchange reserves fluctuated due to the impact of improved oil revenues and budget deficit crises, and the results indicate that domestic financing of the budget deficit fluctuates between the expansion of liquidity in light of inflationary pressures and austerity periods that reduce monetary activity, which negatively affects the stability of monetary indicators and the ability of the Central Bank to achieve its goals, and the study highlights on the need for integrated fiscal and monetary policies.

This study aims to analyze and measure the impact of a selected set of macroeconomic variables on foreign reserves in Iraq over the period (2004 – 2024), using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model and bounds testing methodology. The independent variables included broad money supply, oil revenues, external public debt, the Corruption Perceptions Index, foreign exchange window sales, exchange rate, imports, and the political stability index, in addition to dummy variables for negative and positive shocks. The results revealed a long-term cointegration relationship between foreign reserves and these variables, with oil revenues being the most influential determinant of increased reserves, while external debt, currency sales, and corruption had the most significant negative impact. These results confirm the rentier nature of the Iraqi economy and its heavy dependence on oil revenues, highlighting the importance of institutional reforms and coordinated monetary and fiscal policies to enhance the sustainability of foreign reserves in Iraq.

This study investigates key Business Intelligence (BI) factors that influence user satisfaction with electronic payment (e-payment) systems. The examined factors include customer resistance, technology access, trust and security, cost, speed, and efficiency. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to 22 insurance companies in Jordan and analyzed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The results indicate that all BI-related factors, except for trust and security, have a positive and statistically significant impact on user satisfaction. These findings underscore the critical role of BI in enhancing the performance and user acceptance of e-payment services, particularly in developing economies such as Jordan. Importantly, the results offer valuable insights for policy makers, digital transformation leaders, and investors, highlighting which BI factors contribute most effectively to user satisfaction. This can support more informed investment decisions, help optimize digital financial strategies, and guide the design of future e-payment systems to better align with user expectations and market needs.

This study aimed to reveal the impact of human resources development in achieving sustainable development by the Greater Jarash Municipality from the perspective of the employees of the Greater Jarash Municipality. The study population consisted of all workers of the first and second categories in the Greater Jarash Municipality and its affiliated areas for the year 2023, whose number is (177) male and female employees.The sample of the study was (122) chosen by the simple random method. To achieve the objectives of the study, the study used the descriptive analytical approach, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection, as it consisted of (42) paragraphs. distributed on the independent variable; The reality of human resources development, and the dependent variable; The level of sustainable development in its dimensions (economic development, social development, environmental development). The results of the study showed: The reality of human resources development in the Greater Jarash Municipality from the viewpoint of the employees of the Greater Jarash Municipality came to a medium degree. Also, the level of achieving sustainable development came to a medium degree, and the results showed a statistically significant effect of human resources development in achieving economic development in the Greater Jarash Municipality in achieving sustainable development in all its fields. In light of the results, the study recommends: The Greater Municipality of Jarash must implement the royal directives to transform the role of municipalities into a developmental role through change in all fields in line with the objectives of the municipality in order to achieve sustainable development for the local community.

Operational excellence is a managerial approach aimed at enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of government operations. It constitutes a critical strategy to ensure the sustainability of public services, improve institutional performance, and reduce procedural complexity, thereby enabling the swift and seamless delivery of services. This study seeks to develop a conceptual framework for classifying government services based on service production systems, contributing to the advancement of operational efficiency and excellence in public service delivery. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology alongside comparative content analysis, the study reviews relevant academic literature and selected international public sector case studies. As a conceptual paper, it does not involve empirical data collection but rather belongs to theoretical-analytical research that proposes a foundational model applicable within governmental frameworks. The study identifies five primary categories of government services according to their production systems: Specialized, Periodic, Mass, Continuous, and Project-Based Services, each associated with distinct operational excellence requirements. The study recommends adopting flexible and tailored operational strategies aligned with the classification of government services based on production systems, alongside enhancing digital integration and continuous capacity building of staff to achieve operational excellence and improve user experience. Emphasis is placed on flexible resource management and leveraging digital transformation to accelerate processes, increase efficiency, and ensure the sustainability of public services.

Global market variables, in all their forms, must be examined quantitatively and meticulously, with an assessment of these markets to mitigate future risks and uncertainties and achieve results that reduce risk levels. The aim of this research is to analyze and measure the dynamic conditional correlations between the returns of the digital currency Bitcoin (BTC), the returns of global gold (GC) contracts, and the returns of global Brent crude oil (BRN) contracts. This is achieved using the Corrected Dynamic Conditional Correlation (CDCC) model within the framework of Multivariance Models (MGARCH). This model allows us to characterize the evolution of correlational relationships between financial variables and other markets, such as gold and cryptocurrency markets, over time, taking into account the heterogeneity and fluctuations of conditional variances that may occur along the time series. Therefore, the model's results contribute to providing quantitative evidence regarding the nature of the correlation between digital assets and traditional commodities traded in global and local markets. This supports diversification decisions and risk management in investment portfolios, particularly during periods of financial and commodity instability. As for the most important findings, the experimental results showed that the conditional correlations between Bitcoin and gold returns are weak and fluctuate over time. This suggests the limited role of cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin, as a safe haven compared to gold, especially during periods of financial crisis. Meanwhile, the results revealed dynamic and fluctuating correlations between Bitcoin and Brent crude oil returns, which tend to rise at times. This reflects the sensitivity of cryptocurrency assets to shifts in energy markets and macroeconomic conditions, which can change from time to time. The results also indicated that the correlation between gold and Brent crude oil tends to be relatively stable compared to correlations involving Bitcoin. Therefore, the study recommends that investors and portfolio managers avoid relying on fixed correlations when making diversification decisions and emphasizes the importance of using dynamic models, such as the CDCC model, to improve risk management and uncertainty. The researcher also recommends that policymakers and researchers broaden the scope of future studies to take into account other digital assets and longer time periods, considering the impact of global financial crises and geopolitical events on the structure of correlations between financial markets and other commodity markets.

This study aims to analyze the impact of applying the ISO 22301 standard on the performance of commercial banks in Jordan. The study population consisted of all employees working in Jordanian commercial banks, with a sample of 140 respondents. To achieve the study objectives, a quantitative descriptive-analytical approach was employed, using a questionnaire comprising 39 items. The results revealed that the level of ISO 22301 implementation across its dimensions was high, as was the overall level of bank performance. Furthermore, the findings indicated a significant positive effect of applying training and awareness policies, as well as readiness and preparedness assessments, on enhancing the performance of commercial banks in Jordan.
These findings underscore that adherence to ISO 22301 contributes to strengthening banks’ resilience, minimizing potential risks, and ensuring operational stability. The study provides practical value for decision-makers in the banking sector by offering empirical evidence that supports policies aimed at improving institutional resilience and crisis management. It also highlights to investors the positive implications of adopting international standards in enhancing sustainability and reliability in the financial market. Accordingly, the study recommends continuous application of ISO 22301 and the establishment of specialized risk management units within Jordanian commercial banks.

Time series is one of the important statistical topics in the analysis of forecasting, which leads to identification and interpretation of their behavior, and the more accurate the description of the features of the process leads that to generates the time series with greater the possibility of building an appropriate model for explain behavior of that phenomenon. Research deals with the study the Variance estimators for (Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH)) and time series models that aim to Variance modeling with process of building these models which depends on the analysis of the time series Analysis process begins with the diagnosis stage of the model followed by the stage of estimating and stage of examining extent of suitability and then using the candidate model in prediction. Aim of the research is to reach the best prediction model for ARCH models with four types of statistical distributions, namely (normal distribution, t distribution, Skewed t distribution and general error distribution). The comparison was made on real data (Iraqi oil prices in dollars). The results showed that the ARCH model (2 ) When a Skewed generalized t distribution is the best predictive model. The aim of the research Scientific addition from the research Theoretical and practical framework for the research results.