Misan Journal for Physical Education Sciences

Research objective: Preparing Footworks training for the Musharrah Youth Forum team club, identifying the effect of Footworks training on the bio-motor abilities of volleyball players for the Musharrah Youth Forum team club. The researcher used the one-group experimental approach, and the research population was determined by year-round volleyball club players, and the research sample was chosen from the (10) players of the Musharrah Youth Forum Team Club. If the one-group experimental design with the same test was used Pre and post, the sample was chosen intentionally from the players of the Musharrah Youth Forum Team Club. (4) Players were chosen to take part in the exploratory experiment, and the sample size reached (100%) from the Musharrah Youth Forum Team Club.
The researcher came to the conclusion that the Footworks exercises had a positive effect on the bio-motor variables of the study and improved the players' skills. The exercises that the researcher used didn't directly help the skills they were studying get better, but they did help the participants' overall skill level get better. The players were eager and willing to do the Footworks exercises because they had seen real results on the field. Using a variety of modern training methods adds an element of fun and gets the players interested in practicing them. This was very clear during the experiment.
The suggestions were: The researcher suggests using Footworks training because it cuts down on the time it takes to improve a player's skill level. The researcher says that this method should be used during competition times because it leads to the rapid development of bio-motor skills as a final result. The researcher suggests mixing up the training work and making the training To save time, skill training is directly linked to physical training.

The research is summarized by preparing an educational curriculum according to the (Driver model) as an active educational model used to correct alternative concepts, which is based on the constructivist philosophy, to facilitate conceptual change in building and planning educational units, including the experiences and experiences of female teachers to create an effective educational climate in which both the teacher and the learner participate, towards Achieving the best educational goals for the skill of serving from below in volleyball. The research sample was selected from the students of the second grade of the intermediate school of Umm Al-Baneen in Misan Governorate for the academic year 2022-2023, with a total number of (356 students), and (24 students) were chosen randomly as a sample for the research by (12 students) for each of the two groups (the control and experimental) and (6 female students) as an exploratory sample, and the researchers used the experimental approach with two equal groups, and they concluded that the experimental group was superior to the control group because of the effectiveness of using (Driver’s model) in the educational units of the experimental group, and the researchers recommended the need to apply this model in teaching skills The basics of the other volleyball game, as well as the application of this model to the rest of the sports skills in the physical education lesson for this stage and the rest of the stages and other games.

Many educational methods, strategies, and models have been employed in the field of physical education to teach a wide range of basic skills. These methods allow teachers the opportunity to identify learners' potential, readiness, interests, and motivations. Adopting such models also contributes to motivating learners to acquire knowledge and experience in a manner that is more effective than the traditional methods previously followed.
The Wallace Model is a scientific model of a creative nature, and it has been used as a basic reference for the
subsequent models. This model focuses on the stages an individual goes through to reach a state of creativity, and includes sequential steps that lead to generating an innovative idea. The model consists of four basic stages: preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. The Daniel Model is also a cognitive educational model that relies on a guiding plan that includes a set of steps that facilitate the teacher's process of organizing and implementing his educational activities to achieve the desired behavioral objectives. The teacher begins with the direct teaching method by presenting the new lesson and reviewing previous concepts, then presenting information related to the topic of the lesson Next, the teacher poses questions to verify the students' comprehension of the material. This is followed by an interaction phase in which students express their ideas through dialogue and discussion, in addition to applying what they have learned within the context of the lesson. The model concludes with a diagnostic evaluation phase in which students' performance is evaluated. The importance of the research lies in a conscious research attempt by the researcher during his (academic) phase to invest in two learning models (Wallace and Daniel), with the aim of revealing their impact on students and their potential contribution to facilitating the learning of some basic football skills, as well as developing the ability to employ them properly in academic application. This aims to support the educational process by providing a more effective mechanism for teaching and learning, thus contributing to achieving the desired goals of the educational path.
The research objectives were:
1- To identify the effect of the Wallas-Daniel model and the method used in teaching some basic football skills to students.
2- To identify the superiority of methods in teaching some basic football skills to students
The most important conclusions were the superiority of the Wallas learning model over the Daniel learning model and the method used by the teacher in teaching some basic football skills. The suspense and excitement used in using these methods increased students' motivation to learn, which facilitated the performance process.The following recommendations were made: Emphasizing the importance of using the Wallas model as a successful teaching model that helps teachers move away from the methods used that bring boredom and weak motivation to learn among students. The necessity of change and diversification in modern educational models, including the Wallas model, due to its great importance in enriching the learning process.

The importance of this study lies in using accurate tests and measures to select the best students, which in turn will raise the level of both the student and the college she belongs to. These tests are used to predict the student's future academic performance during her studies at the college. The third objective of this research is to select accurate measures for admission tests for female students applying to the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mesopotamia. The research aims to establish standard levels for physical fitness tests for admission to the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mesopotamia. Regarding the research methodology and sample, the researcher used the descriptive survey method, as it is suitable for the nature of the problem being addressed. The study sample consisted of (410) female students nominated for admission to the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mesopotamia. Based on the research results, the researcher reached the most important conclusions, assigning each student a percentile score corresponding to their raw score. If the raw score falls between two percentiles, the student will be credited with the percentile (percentile) score closest to the score she obtained.

Skillful and physical training is based on fixing or learning the basic skills so that they are accurately and quickly under training conditions similar to the conditions of matches such as combined exercises with a colleague or competitor, thus raising the player's physical and skill ability under the pressure of competing players. Fencing is a struggle between two competitors who exchange attack and defense, each of whom tries to reach the competitor's goal to get a touch of the legal goal specified on the surface of the competitor's body during the time period specified by the law. The research problem was manifested and through the researcher's experience of being a teacher of physical education and watching and following the duel game. He noticed that skill training is one of the most methods that can arouse the motivation of players. Their enthusiasm towards performance and improving the adequacy of changing situations and thus contributes to the individual's knowledge of his level in relation to his competitors and progress in scoring points with the highest degree of accuracy and speed, as the attacking player must remove his opponent's weapon first so that he counts preference in attacking and recording the touch. The research aims to identify the impact of skill and physical exercises in developing the speed of stabbing and accuracy of performance for offensive skills among duel players in the Shisha weapon for the research sample. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the tribal and distance measurements in the speed of stabbing and the accuracy of performance of the offensive skills of the research sample. As for the research method, the researcher used the experimental method, with one experimental group suitable for the nature of the research, The research sample was formed from (8) of the players of the Dhi Qar education team in the duel game, deliberately in order to implement the study and achieve its goals. The researcher concluded that physical skill training according to the high and low-intensity method had a positive impact on the efficiency of the players in physical and skill terms and thus helped to achieve consistency in the transition between attack and defense and the ability to extend the armed arm in a timely manner. The researcher recommended the need to use skilled and physical training widely to develop all physical, motor and skilled abilities.

Interval training is one of the basic training methods in which the components of the training load are precisely formed according to the training objectives, and the development and improvement of many physical qualities and their effect on functional variables such as heart rate, blood lactate level and fatigue index. As a result of the modern training trend towards developing the body's efficiency by developing energy production systems and relying on
them when designing training programs and paying attention to the specificity of each system and its effect on the physical and skill aspect by improving the athlete's aerobic and anaerobic capabilities, the table presented by the scientists (Fox & Mathews) was adopted. This table has proven its success through previous research in various sports and games, and its design is based on sound scientific and physiological training principles. The importance of the research is highlighted by using different proportions of the first and second regions of interval training through the design of three training programs whose contribution proportions differ in terms of training volumes and selected intensity.

Football stands as one of the most prominent global team sports, garnering significant attention from academic circles and specialists in physical education and sports sciences. This interest stems from the sport’s rigorous demands for elite-level physical, technical, and tactical attributes. The youth stage holds exceptional importance as the foundational phase and the primary platform for developing professional athletic cadres. This stage is pivotal in the development of players' physical, physiological, and psychological capacities. Consequently, systematic measurement and precise evaluation of performance variables constitute a fundamental pillar for ensuring effective and integrated preparation programs. This research aims to identify statistically significant differences in the fatigue index, aerobic capacity, and neuromuscular coordination (eye-foot coordination) between youth players of the Rania and Sangsar football academies. The researchers adopted a descriptive-comparative approach. The research population consisted of youth football players from the Rania and Sangsar academies for the (2024–2025) sporting season. The research sample comprised (40) players, selected via a purposive sampling method. The procedures involved the application of a battery of standardized tests to measure the fatigue index, aerobic capacity, and neuromuscular coordination. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentages, independent samples t-test, and the skewness coefficient to assess data distribution. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences in either the fatigue index or aerobic capacity between the two groups, reflecting a convergence in the efficacy of the endurance programs implemented at both academies. This may be attributed to the relative similarity in the content and characteristics of the aerobic and anaerobic training protocols. However, the results demonstrated a statistically significant superiority of Rania Academy players in the neuromuscular coordination variable. The superiority of Rania Academy in neuromuscular coordination indicates higher efficiency in the functional integration between the nervous and muscular systems, alongside rapid and precise motor responses. This excellence can be attributed to the adoption of specialized training programs that focus on multi-directional and multi-level exercises, which enhance dynamic balance and advanced motor coordination.

The study aimed to identify the values of some kinematic variables for the stage of ascension, and the achievement of pole vaulting and also to find a correlation and contribution ratios between some kinematic variables and the achievement of pole vaulting, As for the hypothesis of the study, the researchers imposed that there is a statistically significant correlation and contribution ratios between some kinematic variables for the stage of upgrading the achievement of pole vaulting, The researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method and correlation relations to suit it with the nature of the problem to be studied, and the research community was determined by the players of the Iraqi national team by jumping with the stick (pole) for men for the sports season (2023), which numbered (3) players, and the research sample included (3) players, who constitute 100% of the original community, The most important conclusions and recommendations were that all the variables of the study have achieved positive contribution rates with achievement, while the most important recommendations were attention to the jumping technique, especially the variables of upgrading because of their significant contribution to achievement.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on developing specific physical abilities and physiological variables among female volleyball players. HIIT is considered one of the most effective modern training methods within relatively short training periods compared to traditional methods. The researcher employed an experimental design with pre- and post-tests on a sample of 12 female volleyball players from the Akad Ankawa Sports Club who participated in the 2025 Iraqi Premier League. A HIIT-based training program was implemented for eight weeks, consisting of three training sessions per week, adhering to the principles of intensity, repetition, and workload levels appropriate to the nature of the game. The program included training sessions designed to develop physical abilities while also improving physiological indicators related to the circulatory and respiratory systems
The results revealed a significant improvement in all measured physical abilities, as well as notable enhancements in physiological variables such as VO2 max, heart rate, aerobic capacity, and respiratory rate. This finding indicates the positive impact of HIIT training on both physical and physiological performance in female volleyball players.
The study recommends incorporating HIIT into volleyball training programs as an effective method for developing physical and physiological performance, taking into account the principles of training load and the players' skill levels.

This research aims to identify the effect of using specific physical exercises based on the CrossFit method in developing explosive power and anaerobic endurance, and their impact on the accuracy and power of the tennis serve skill among third-year students. To achieve the objectives, the researcher adopted the experimental method with a two-equivalent group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of (40) third-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Muthanna University, randomly divided into two equal groups. The experimental group underwent a proposed training program using the CrossFit method for (8) weeks, while the control group continued with the traditional curriculum. The results showed statistically significant differences in the post-tests in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of CrossFit training in significantly developing explosive power and anaerobic endurance, which positively improved the accuracy and power of the serve. The researcher recommends incorporating CrossFit exercises into tennis curricula to enhance students' physical and skill efficiency.

This research aims to investigate the relationship between psychological barriers and the concentration level of serve accuracy in tennis given the pivotal role of psychological factors in individual sports The descriptive survey method was adopted where the participants included 10 National Team players selected via total enumeration of the available elite population in addition to 2 players for the pilot study Data were collected using the Psychological Barriers Scale and the Serve Accuracy Test The results revealed a statistically significant inverse correlation between psychological barriers and serve accuracy indicating that higher levels of psychological barriers are associated with decreased concentration and skill accuracy The study concludes that psychological stability is a prerequisite for precise skill execution and recommends integrating pre-performance psychological routines into training programs to mitigate performance anxiety rather than relying solely on physical training.

The current aims to prepare units according to the information processing strategy and applied them to three-year students female in College Sports Sciences to determine their effect on kintic satisfaction and learning the circular defense skill with the foil weapon. To achieve aim , the researchers use experimental design of (2 group), (experimental , control ) , pre test and post-tests. Their research consists population of third-year students female in College of Sports Sciences, University Al-Muthanna for academicl a year (2025-2026), totaling (48) female students distributed across two sections (A, B), with (24) female students in each section. The research sample was determined by lottery, with section (A) representing the experimental group sample and section (B) representing the control group sample.
The researchers then used the Kinitic Satisfaction Scale, developed by Sara Kadhim Shaker, which consists of 30 items with five options: (1-5). For the performance evaluation form, the researchers used the form developed by Amir Hussein Safih (2023). The performance evaluation form is based on the parts of the movement and their appearance. Therefore, the skill was filmed and presented to experts, who assigned a score from 1 to 10 for evaluation. The score was distributed as follows: (Preparatory Section 3, Main Section 4, Final Section 3). The evaluation method involved filming the skill and distributing the recordings to three experts, who were each given a CD containing a recording of each student's skill performance. The researcher then administered pre-tests and subsequently implemented the educational curriculum using an information processing strategy for four weeks, with unit one per week. After completing the curriculum, the students administered post-tests. Upon obtain the results, researcher use SPSS statistical software analyze to the data. The research conclud that the information processing strategy... Information plays an important role in improving performance in kinitic satisfaction and learning the circular defense skill with the foil weapon for female students.

This study aimed to identify the nature of the relationship between certain motor skills (balance, agility, coordination) and the explosive power of the striking arm, on the one hand, and the accuracy of the overhand serve skill in volleyball, on the other, among students in the College of Physical Education.
The study relied on a descriptive approach with its correlational methods. It was applied to a sample of (20) students from the College of Physical Education at [University Name] University, who were randomly selected from the original research community.
The researchers used a set of tests to measure the variables under study, including: a balance board walking test to measure balance, a cone-based work test to measure agility, a target throwing test to measure coordination, a seated medicine ball toss test to measure the explosive power of the arm, and a serve accuracy test designed specifically for the study.
The results of the statistical analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant positive correlation at the level (α ≤ 0.05) between:
1. Explosive power of the striking arm and overhand serve accuracy.
2. Motor skills (balance, agility, coordination) and overhand serve accuracy.
Combined independent variables (explosive power and motor skills) and overhand serve accuracy.
The study concluded that developing the explosive power of the striking arm, along with developing basic motor skills such as balance, agility, and coordination, significantly contributes to improving the accuracy and quality of students' overhand serve performance.
In light of these results, the researchers recommended that coaches and teachers should include specific exercises to develop the explosive power of the striking arm in their training curricula for volleyball players, and focus on developing basic motor skills as an important pillar for improving the level of precise skill performance.

The importance of the study is manifested in the nature of the activities carried out by the Department of Sports Activities in Iraqi universities through its provision of various sports, recreational, educational, and pedagogical services, as well as getting to know the servant leadership style in strategic performance exhibited by the heads of these departments, which plays a significant role in achieving the level of work accomplishment assigned by using the best methods and means in implementing and selecting new ideas. It also involves understanding the level of professional compatibility within the institution, which greatly contributes to increasing enthusiasm and motivation at work through its leadership, working in the spirit of cooperation, commitment, and dedication within the educational institution to which the managers of the departments, divisions, and units of sports activities belong, in order to achieve the best results and minimize possible failures. The problem can be formulated by the following question: (Do servant leadership, professional compatibility, and the strategic performance of sports activities department managers play an important and strong role in developing the technical and administrative work to open the field for others to express their capabilities and readiness in performing all the tasks assigned to them in order to achieve the desired objectives in the best way and in the fastest time?). The researcher used the descriptive method with the survey approach due to its suitability and the nature of the research problem. The research population and its samples were identified, and the researcher followed the steps of preparing and applying the three scales, and the data were processed using the statistical methods employed in the research. As for Chapter Four, it included the presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results of the three measures and the extent of the relationship between them. The researcher concluded that educational institutions do not pay attention to strategic performance through their employment of servant leadership by encouraging and motivating their human resources, in addition to ensuring professional alignment and adaptation to their environment. The researcher recommended holding courses on servant leadership, professional alignment, and strategic performance due to their important and distinctive role in developing and improving working individuals in order to achieve all the objectives that the institution aspires to accomplish as quickly as possible.

This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of analyzing movement patterns in racket sports (such as tennis and table tennis) using machine learning techniques and employing the results of this analysis to design customized learning strategies. The study adopted a multi-method approach (descriptive, experimental, developmental) on a purposive sample comprising (40 players, 10 coaches, 5 experts). A hybrid machine learning model (CNN-LSTM) was designed to analyze and classify movement patterns, achieving a classification accuracy of 94.5%. The results showed a statistically significant mediating effect of the learning strategies in the relationship between movement pattern analysis and learning effectiveness (β = 0.70, p < 0.01). The application of the proposed strategies also led to a remarkable improvement in performance by 35%, cognitive achievement by 40%, and learning motivation to 85%. The study concluded that the proposed model is effective in transforming movement data into customized learning strategies and recommended adopting this model in physical education colleges and designing training programs for coaches based on machine learning analytics.