Misan Journal for Physical Education Sciences

Research objective: Preparing Footworks training for the Musharrah Youth Forum team club, identifying the effect of Footworks training on the bio-motor abilities of volleyball players for the Musharrah Youth Forum team club. The researcher used the one-group experimental approach, and the research population was determined by year-round volleyball club players, and the research sample was chosen from the (10) players of the Musharrah Youth Forum Team Club. If the one-group experimental design with the same test was used Pre and post, the sample was chosen intentionally from the players of the Musharrah Youth Forum Team Club. (4) Players were chosen to take part in the exploratory experiment, and the sample size reached (100%) from the Musharrah Youth Forum Team Club.
The researcher came to the conclusion that the Footworks exercises had a positive effect on the bio-motor variables of the study and improved the players' skills. The exercises that the researcher used didn't directly help the skills they were studying get better, but they did help the participants' overall skill level get better. The players were eager and willing to do the Footworks exercises because they had seen real results on the field. Using a variety of modern training methods adds an element of fun and gets the players interested in practicing them. This was very clear during the experiment.
The suggestions were: The researcher suggests using Footworks training because it cuts down on the time it takes to improve a player's skill level. The researcher says that this method should be used during competition times because it leads to the rapid development of bio-motor skills as a final result. The researcher suggests mixing up the training work and making the training To save time, skill training is directly linked to physical training.

The research is summarized by preparing an educational curriculum according to the (Driver model) as an active educational model used to correct alternative concepts, which is based on the constructivist philosophy, to facilitate conceptual change in building and planning educational units, including the experiences and experiences of female teachers to create an effective educational climate in which both the teacher and the learner participate, towards Achieving the best educational goals for the skill of serving from below in volleyball. The research sample was selected from the students of the second grade of the intermediate school of Umm Al-Baneen in Misan Governorate for the academic year 2022-2023, with a total number of (356 students), and (24 students) were chosen randomly as a sample for the research by (12 students) for each of the two groups (the control and experimental) and (6 female students) as an exploratory sample, and the researchers used the experimental approach with two equal groups, and they concluded that the experimental group was superior to the control group because of the effectiveness of using (Driver’s model) in the educational units of the experimental group, and the researchers recommended the need to apply this model in teaching skills The basics of the other volleyball game, as well as the application of this model to the rest of the sports skills in the physical education lesson for this stage and the rest of the stages and other games.

Many educational methods, strategies, and models have been employed in the field of physical education to teach a wide range of basic skills. These methods allow teachers the opportunity to identify learners' potential, readiness, interests, and motivations. Adopting such models also contributes to motivating learners to acquire knowledge and experience in a manner that is more effective than the traditional methods previously followed.
The Wallace Model is a scientific model of a creative nature, and it has been used as a basic reference for the
subsequent models. This model focuses on the stages an individual goes through to reach a state of creativity, and includes sequential steps that lead to generating an innovative idea. The model consists of four basic stages: preparation, incubation, illumination, and verification. The Daniel Model is also a cognitive educational model that relies on a guiding plan that includes a set of steps that facilitate the teacher's process of organizing and implementing his educational activities to achieve the desired behavioral objectives. The teacher begins with the direct teaching method by presenting the new lesson and reviewing previous concepts, then presenting information related to the topic of the lesson Next, the teacher poses questions to verify the students' comprehension of the material. This is followed by an interaction phase in which students express their ideas through dialogue and discussion, in addition to applying what they have learned within the context of the lesson. The model concludes with a diagnostic evaluation phase in which students' performance is evaluated. The importance of the research lies in a conscious research attempt by the researcher during his (academic) phase to invest in two learning models (Wallace and Daniel), with the aim of revealing their impact on students and their potential contribution to facilitating the learning of some basic football skills, as well as developing the ability to employ them properly in academic application. This aims to support the educational process by providing a more effective mechanism for teaching and learning, thus contributing to achieving the desired goals of the educational path.
The research objectives were:
1- To identify the effect of the Wallas-Daniel model and the method used in teaching some basic football skills to students.
2- To identify the superiority of methods in teaching some basic football skills to students
The most important conclusions were the superiority of the Wallas learning model over the Daniel learning model and the method used by the teacher in teaching some basic football skills. The suspense and excitement used in using these methods increased students' motivation to learn, which facilitated the performance process.The following recommendations were made: Emphasizing the importance of using the Wallas model as a successful teaching model that helps teachers move away from the methods used that bring boredom and weak motivation to learn among students. The necessity of change and diversification in modern educational models, including the Wallas model, due to its great importance in enriching the learning process.

The importance of this study lies in using accurate tests and measures to select the best students, which in turn will raise the level of both the student and the college she belongs to. These tests are used to predict the student's future academic performance during her studies at the college. The third objective of this research is to select accurate measures for admission tests for female students applying to the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mesopotamia. The research aims to establish standard levels for physical fitness tests for admission to the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mesopotamia. Regarding the research methodology and sample, the researcher used the descriptive survey method, as it is suitable for the nature of the problem being addressed. The study sample consisted of (410) female students nominated for admission to the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mesopotamia. Based on the research results, the researcher reached the most important conclusions, assigning each student a percentile score corresponding to their raw score. If the raw score falls between two percentiles, the student will be credited with the percentile (percentile) score closest to the score she obtained.

Skillful and physical training is based on fixing or learning the basic skills so that they are accurately and quickly under training conditions similar to the conditions of matches such as combined exercises with a colleague or competitor, thus raising the player's physical and skill ability under the pressure of competing players. Fencing is a struggle between two competitors who exchange attack and defense, each of whom tries to reach the competitor's goal to get a touch of the legal goal specified on the surface of the competitor's body during the time period specified by the law. The research problem was manifested and through the researcher's experience of being a teacher of physical education and watching and following the duel game. He noticed that skill training is one of the most methods that can arouse the motivation of players. Their enthusiasm towards performance and improving the adequacy of changing situations and thus contributes to the individual's knowledge of his level in relation to his competitors and progress in scoring points with the highest degree of accuracy and speed, as the attacking player must remove his opponent's weapon first so that he counts preference in attacking and recording the touch. The research aims to identify the impact of skill and physical exercises in developing the speed of stabbing and accuracy of performance for offensive skills among duel players in the Shisha weapon for the research sample. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the tribal and distance measurements in the speed of stabbing and the accuracy of performance of the offensive skills of the research sample. As for the research method, the researcher used the experimental method, with one experimental group suitable for the nature of the research, The research sample was formed from (8) of the players of the Dhi Qar education team in the duel game, deliberately in order to implement the study and achieve its goals. The researcher concluded that physical skill training according to the high and low-intensity method had a positive impact on the efficiency of the players in physical and skill terms and thus helped to achieve consistency in the transition between attack and defense and the ability to extend the armed arm in a timely manner. The researcher recommended the need to use skilled and physical training widely to develop all physical, motor and skilled abilities.

Interval training is one of the basic training methods in which the components of the training load are precisely formed according to the training objectives, and the development and improvement of many physical qualities and their effect on functional variables such as heart rate, blood lactate level and fatigue index. As a result of the modern training trend towards developing the body's efficiency by developing energy production systems and relying on
them when designing training programs and paying attention to the specificity of each system and its effect on the physical and skill aspect by improving the athlete's aerobic and anaerobic capabilities, the table presented by the scientists (Fox & Mathews) was adopted. This table has proven its success through previous research in various sports and games, and its design is based on sound scientific and physiological training principles. The importance of the research is highlighted by using different proportions of the first and second regions of interval training through the design of three training programs whose contribution proportions differ in terms of training volumes and selected intensity.

Football stands as one of the most prominent global team sports, garnering significant attention from academic circles and specialists in physical education and sports sciences. This interest stems from the sport’s rigorous demands for elite-level physical, technical, and tactical attributes. The youth stage holds exceptional importance as the foundational phase and the primary platform for developing professional athletic cadres. This stage is pivotal in the development of players' physical, physiological, and psychological capacities. Consequently, systematic measurement and precise evaluation of performance variables constitute a fundamental pillar for ensuring effective and integrated preparation programs. This research aims to identify statistically significant differences in the fatigue index, aerobic capacity, and neuromuscular coordination (eye-foot coordination) between youth players of the Rania and Sangsar football academies. The researchers adopted a descriptive-comparative approach. The research population consisted of youth football players from the Rania and Sangsar academies for the (2024–2025) sporting season. The research sample comprised (40) players, selected via a purposive sampling method. The procedures involved the application of a battery of standardized tests to measure the fatigue index, aerobic capacity, and neuromuscular coordination. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentages, independent samples t-test, and the skewness coefficient to assess data distribution. The findings revealed no statistically significant differences in either the fatigue index or aerobic capacity between the two groups, reflecting a convergence in the efficacy of the endurance programs implemented at both academies. This may be attributed to the relative similarity in the content and characteristics of the aerobic and anaerobic training protocols. However, the results demonstrated a statistically significant superiority of Rania Academy players in the neuromuscular coordination variable. The superiority of Rania Academy in neuromuscular coordination indicates higher efficiency in the functional integration between the nervous and muscular systems, alongside rapid and precise motor responses. This excellence can be attributed to the adoption of specialized training programs that focus on multi-directional and multi-level exercises, which enhance dynamic balance and advanced motor coordination.

The study aimed to identify the values of some kinematic variables for the stage of ascension, and the achievement of pole vaulting and also to find a correlation and contribution ratios between some kinematic variables and the achievement of pole vaulting, As for the hypothesis of the study, the researchers imposed that there is a statistically significant correlation and contribution ratios between some kinematic variables for the stage of upgrading the achievement of pole vaulting, The researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method and correlation relations to suit it with the nature of the problem to be studied, and the research community was determined by the players of the Iraqi national team by jumping with the stick (pole) for men for the sports season (2023), which numbered (3) players, and the research sample included (3) players, who constitute 100% of the original community, The most important conclusions and recommendations were that all the variables of the study have achieved positive contribution rates with achievement, while the most important recommendations were attention to the jumping technique, especially the variables of upgrading because of their significant contribution to achievement.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on developing specific physical abilities and physiological variables among female volleyball players. HIIT is considered one of the most effective modern training methods within relatively short training periods compared to traditional methods. The researcher employed an experimental design with pre- and post-tests on a sample of 12 female volleyball players from the Akad Ankawa Sports Club who participated in the 2025 Iraqi Premier League. A HIIT-based training program was implemented for eight weeks, consisting of three training sessions per week, adhering to the principles of intensity, repetition, and workload levels appropriate to the nature of the game. The program included training sessions designed to develop physical abilities while also improving physiological indicators related to the circulatory and respiratory systems
The results revealed a significant improvement in all measured physical abilities, as well as notable enhancements in physiological variables such as VO2 max, heart rate, aerobic capacity, and respiratory rate. This finding indicates the positive impact of HIIT training on both physical and physiological performance in female volleyball players.
The study recommends incorporating HIIT into volleyball training programs as an effective method for developing physical and physiological performance, taking into account the principles of training load and the players' skill levels.

This research aims to identify the effect of using specific physical exercises based on the CrossFit method in developing explosive power and anaerobic endurance, and their impact on the accuracy and power of the tennis serve skill among third-year students. To achieve the objectives, the researcher adopted the experimental method with a two-equivalent group design (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The sample consisted of (40) third-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Muthanna University, randomly divided into two equal groups. The experimental group underwent a proposed training program using the CrossFit method for (8) weeks, while the control group continued with the traditional curriculum. The results showed statistically significant differences in the post-tests in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of CrossFit training in significantly developing explosive power and anaerobic endurance, which positively improved the accuracy and power of the serve. The researcher recommends incorporating CrossFit exercises into tennis curricula to enhance students' physical and skill efficiency.

This research aims to investigate the relationship between psychological barriers and the concentration level of serve accuracy in tennis given the pivotal role of psychological factors in individual sports The descriptive survey method was adopted where the participants included 10 National Team players selected via total enumeration of the available elite population in addition to 2 players for the pilot study Data were collected using the Psychological Barriers Scale and the Serve Accuracy Test The results revealed a statistically significant inverse correlation between psychological barriers and serve accuracy indicating that higher levels of psychological barriers are associated with decreased concentration and skill accuracy The study concludes that psychological stability is a prerequisite for precise skill execution and recommends integrating pre-performance psychological routines into training programs to mitigate performance anxiety rather than relying solely on physical training.

The current aims to prepare units according to the information processing strategy and applied them to three-year students female in College Sports Sciences to determine their effect on kintic satisfaction and learning the circular defense skill with the foil weapon. To achieve aim , the researchers use experimental design of (2 group), (experimental , control ) , pre test and post-tests. Their research consists population of third-year students female in College of Sports Sciences, University Al-Muthanna for academicl a year (2025-2026), totaling (48) female students distributed across two sections (A, B), with (24) female students in each section. The research sample was determined by lottery, with section (A) representing the experimental group sample and section (B) representing the control group sample.
The researchers then used the Kinitic Satisfaction Scale, developed by Sara Kadhim Shaker, which consists of 30 items with five options: (1-5). For the performance evaluation form, the researchers used the form developed by Amir Hussein Safih (2023). The performance evaluation form is based on the parts of the movement and their appearance. Therefore, the skill was filmed and presented to experts, who assigned a score from 1 to 10 for evaluation. The score was distributed as follows: (Preparatory Section 3, Main Section 4, Final Section 3). The evaluation method involved filming the skill and distributing the recordings to three experts, who were each given a CD containing a recording of each student's skill performance. The researcher then administered pre-tests and subsequently implemented the educational curriculum using an information processing strategy for four weeks, with unit one per week. After completing the curriculum, the students administered post-tests. Upon obtain the results, researcher use SPSS statistical software analyze to the data. The research conclud that the information processing strategy... Information plays an important role in improving performance in kinitic satisfaction and learning the circular defense skill with the foil weapon for female students.

This study aimed to identify the nature of the relationship between certain motor skills (balance, agility, coordination) and the explosive power of the striking arm, on the one hand, and the accuracy of the overhand serve skill in volleyball, on the other, among students in the College of Physical Education.
The study relied on a descriptive approach with its correlational methods. It was applied to a sample of (20) students from the College of Physical Education at [University Name] University, who were randomly selected from the original research community.
The researchers used a set of tests to measure the variables under study, including: a balance board walking test to measure balance, a cone-based work test to measure agility, a target throwing test to measure coordination, a seated medicine ball toss test to measure the explosive power of the arm, and a serve accuracy test designed specifically for the study.
The results of the statistical analysis using Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a statistically significant positive correlation at the level (α ≤ 0.05) between:
1. Explosive power of the striking arm and overhand serve accuracy.
2. Motor skills (balance, agility, coordination) and overhand serve accuracy.
Combined independent variables (explosive power and motor skills) and overhand serve accuracy.
The study concluded that developing the explosive power of the striking arm, along with developing basic motor skills such as balance, agility, and coordination, significantly contributes to improving the accuracy and quality of students' overhand serve performance.
In light of these results, the researchers recommended that coaches and teachers should include specific exercises to develop the explosive power of the striking arm in their training curricula for volleyball players, and focus on developing basic motor skills as an important pillar for improving the level of precise skill performance.

The importance of the study is manifested in the nature of the activities carried out by the Department of Sports Activities in Iraqi universities through its provision of various sports, recreational, educational, and pedagogical services, as well as getting to know the servant leadership style in strategic performance exhibited by the heads of these departments, which plays a significant role in achieving the level of work accomplishment assigned by using the best methods and means in implementing and selecting new ideas. It also involves understanding the level of professional compatibility within the institution, which greatly contributes to increasing enthusiasm and motivation at work through its leadership, working in the spirit of cooperation, commitment, and dedication within the educational institution to which the managers of the departments, divisions, and units of sports activities belong, in order to achieve the best results and minimize possible failures. The problem can be formulated by the following question: (Do servant leadership, professional compatibility, and the strategic performance of sports activities department managers play an important and strong role in developing the technical and administrative work to open the field for others to express their capabilities and readiness in performing all the tasks assigned to them in order to achieve the desired objectives in the best way and in the fastest time?). The researcher used the descriptive method with the survey approach due to its suitability and the nature of the research problem. The research population and its samples were identified, and the researcher followed the steps of preparing and applying the three scales, and the data were processed using the statistical methods employed in the research. As for Chapter Four, it included the presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results of the three measures and the extent of the relationship between them. The researcher concluded that educational institutions do not pay attention to strategic performance through their employment of servant leadership by encouraging and motivating their human resources, in addition to ensuring professional alignment and adaptation to their environment. The researcher recommended holding courses on servant leadership, professional alignment, and strategic performance due to their important and distinctive role in developing and improving working individuals in order to achieve all the objectives that the institution aspires to accomplish as quickly as possible.

This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of analyzing movement patterns in racket sports (such as tennis and table tennis) using machine learning techniques and employing the results of this analysis to design customized learning strategies. The study adopted a multi-method approach (descriptive, experimental, developmental) on a purposive sample comprising (40 players, 10 coaches, 5 experts). A hybrid machine learning model (CNN-LSTM) was designed to analyze and classify movement patterns, achieving a classification accuracy of 94.5%. The results showed a statistically significant mediating effect of the learning strategies in the relationship between movement pattern analysis and learning effectiveness (β = 0.70, p < 0.01). The application of the proposed strategies also led to a remarkable improvement in performance by 35%, cognitive achievement by 40%, and learning motivation to 85%. The study concluded that the proposed model is effective in transforming movement data into customized learning strategies and recommended adopting this model in physical education colleges and designing training programs for coaches based on machine learning analytics.

The current research aims to develop physical training programs and administer the glutamine dietary supplement to young 800-meter runners, and to determine their effect on heart rate, lactic acid buildup, and performance in the 800-meter race.
To achieve this objective, the researcher employed an experimental approach with a pre- and post-test design, using both a control and experimental group. The research population consisted of eight 800-meter runners from Najaf Governorate, who were randomly divided into two groups of four runners each.
The researcher then administered pre-tests for three days before implementing her plan, which included physical training prepared by the coach, in addition to the provision of a nutritional supplement under the researcher's supervision. The athletes received the supplement three times per week for eight weeks, totaling 24 doses. The supplement was administered half an hour before and immediately after training. Each dose was 0.15 grams per kilogram of body mass, mixed with room temperature water at a rate of 3 milliliters per kilogram of body weight. After the final training session, post-tests were conducted. The researcher then used the SPSS statistical software to analyze the results. The findings indicated that the physical training combined with the glutamine supplement contributed to improved resting and exertion heart rates, reduced lactic acid buildup at rest and exertion, and improved performance in the 800-meter runners. The results also showed that the experimental group performed the most The control group outperformed all research variables.
The current research aims to develop physical training programs and administer the glutamine dietary supplement to young 800-meter runners, and to determine their effect on heart rate, lactic acid buildup, and performance in the 800-meter race.
To achieve this objective, the researcher employed an experimental approach with a pre- and post-test design, using both a control and experimental group. The research population consisted of eight 800-meter runners from Najaf Governorate, who were randomly divided into two groups of four runners each.
The researcher then administered pre-tests for three days before implementing her plan, which included physical training prepared by the coach, in addition to the provision of a nutritional supplement under the researcher's supervision. The athletes received the supplement three times per week for eight weeks, totaling 24 doses. The supplement was administered half an hour before and immediately after training. Each dose was 0.15 grams per kilogram of body mass, mixed with room temperature water at a rate of 3 milliliters per kilogram of body weight. After the final training session, post-tests were conducted. The researcher then used the SPSS statistical software to analyze the results. The findings indicated that the physical training combined with the glutamine supplement contributed to improved resting and exertion heart rates, reduced lactic acid buildup at rest and exertion, and improved performance in the 800-meter runners. The results also showed that the experimental group performed the most The control group outperformed all research variables.

This study aimed to identify the reasons for the reluctance of some female students in co-educational secondary schools in the Abu Ghraib district to participate in physical education classes, and to find solutions to these reasons. The researcher conducted this study on female students in co-educational secondary schools in the districts and sub-districts affiliated with the Abu Ghraib Education Department in the Baghdad Al-Karkh First Education Directorate. The study included (10) morning schools during the academic year (2023-2024), and the study sample consisted of (250) students, representing (73%) of the total study population of (345) students. Questionnaires containing several items related to the study topic, selected after expert review, were distributed. The questionnaire comprised (19) items. The researcher used the descriptive survey method, as it was suitable for the nature of the study. To arrive at the study results, the researcher used Pearson's simple correlation coefficient and percentages as statistical tools. In light of the study results, the researcher concluded that there is a desire among female students to participate in physical education classes, despite the difficulties that affected some of them. Physical education is one of the reasons that led to the reluctance of female students to participate in physical education classes. This is due to the lack of available spaces, playgrounds, equipment, and sports tools for female students. Also, the factor of shyness and embarrassment played a major role in the reluctance of female students to participate in physical education classes. The researcher recommends the necessity of providing spaces and playgrounds for female students and revealing the weaknesses that female students face, especially at those age stages in mixed secondary schools.

The aim of this study was to identify the effect of a mental training program combined with skill training on improving the accuracy and speed of motor response in some basic football skills among first-grade intermediate students. The research problem emerged from the limited attention given to mental training in physical education lessons, with an excessive focus on physical and technical aspects despite the importance of cognitive processes in motor performance development. The experimental method was adopted using a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The research sample consisted of (30) students from Al-Allama Al-Hilli Intermediate School for Boys during the academic year (2024–2025). The mental training program included relaxation skills, motor imagery, and attention concentration, alongside skill training in ball control, passing accuracy, and dribbling. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests in favor of the post-tests for all mental and skill variables, indicating the effectiveness of mental training in enhancing nervous system efficiency and organizing motor responses. The study concluded that integrating mental training with skill training contributes significantly to improving football skill performance and motor response accuracy and speed among students. The researcher recommends incorporating mental training programs into physical education curricula and expanding their use across different educational stages.

The research aimed to:
Identify the level of emotional exhaustion and the level of psychological satisfaction, and to identify the relationship between the level of emotional exhaustion and the level of non-emotional satisfaction among students in the colleges and departments of physical education and sports sciences at universities in Nineveh Governorate. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a study methodology. The correlation was determined based on its suitability and the nature of the research. The original research population consisted of students from the faculties and departments of physical education and sports sciences at universities in Nineveh Governorate, totaling (1592) male and female students, representing (100%). The study sample comprised (400) male and female students, representing (25.12%). The sample was randomly selected from the research population. The researcher used the Emotional Depletion Scale and the Psychological Satisfaction Scale, both developed by Al-Ta'i (2025). The researcher reached the following results regarding the level of students in the physical education and sports science departments of universities in Nineveh Governorate. High levels of emotional exhaustion and high levels of psychological satisfaction, and there is a statistically significant correlation between the level of emotional exhaustion and the level of psychological satisfaction.

This study aimed to identify the effect of preventative and restorative aquatic exercises on reducing quadriceps muscle injury in 400-meter freestyle runners. An experimental design with a single pre-test and post-test was used. A purposive sample of six (6) runners was selected from a total of eight (8) runners after excluding two (2) runners from the national team representing the Army, Police, and Popular Mobilization Forces clubs. The researcher implemented a preventative and restorative aquatic training program that included massage and relaxation exercises for a period of (8) weeks, with four (4) sessions per week. The researcher used pre- and post-tests, including a 400-meter endurance test, a 200-meter speed endurance test, a 150-meter strength endurance test, and a standing long jump explosive power test, along with heart rate measurement. The results of data analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) showed statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests, favoring the post-test, across all research variables. The results confirmed the effectiveness of the exercises used in improving the 400m sprint time, developing speed endurance, strength, and explosive power, and reducing the heart rate after exertion. This demonstrates the efficiency of the recovery process and the prevention of fatigue. The researcher concluded that adopting specialized preventative and recovery programs as an essential part of the training curriculum contributes to improved performance, reduces the risk of quadriceps injuries, and enhances the physical recovery of runners.

The study aimed to design special physical exercises based on contemporary training techniques and to identify their effect on developing speed-strength and agility among beach soccer referees. The experimental method was adopted due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (10) referees, who were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with (10) referees in each group The experimental group applied a training program that included special physical exercises based on contemporary training techniques at a rate of (3) training units per week for a period of (8) weeks, while the control group followed the traditional training program. The results revealed statistically significant differences in the post-test results of speed-strength and agility in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of special physical exercises based on contemporary training techniques in developing these physical abilities among beach soccer referees.

This research includes a study (a historical study of the real beginning of the emergence of the game of gymnastics in ancient civilizations and its stages of development) starting from ancient times and how man practices this sport and passing through the Middle Ages and the reason for the prohibition of practicing it at the beginning of this historical era and up to the modern era, in which the researcher stopped at the start of the modern Olympic Games in the year (1896 AD), because the game has entered a new stage with the launch of these courses, which may need to be specialized in statistics and evaluation. The researcher also addressed the mistake of naming the sport of gymnastics, as he tried through this research to prove that there is no relationship between the term gymnastics and gymnastics, and to identify the reasons that prevent women from practicing that game, and to identify the political and religious events that had a great impact in the early stages of the emergence of the game of gymnastics, this research was divided into three main chapters, where the first chapter dealt with the definition of research, and included On the introduction and the importance of the research, in addition to presenting the problem and objectives of the research. In the second chapter, the researcher reviewed the history and philosophy of gymnastics until its entry into the modern Olympic Games in 1896. In the first topic, gymnastics and its multiple events were defined, while the second topic discussed the relationship between the term "gymnastics" and gymnastics, where the researcher confirmed that the term "gymnastics" is inaccurate, and it is preferable to use the term "gymnastics" as the correct name. However, the researcher maintained the use of the word "gymnastics" as mentioned in the sources used, with the addition of "gymnastics" in parentheses to preserve scientific honesty, and in the remaining investigations of the second chapter, the origin of the sport of gymnastics and its historical origins were highlighted, and the researcher also reviewed the effects of ancient philosophies on gymnastics and how it developed over the ages. In the third chapter, he dealt with the history of gymnastics in ancient times, while in the third chapter, he dealt with gymnastics in the Middle Ages, pointing out the reasons that led to the decline of this sport during that period. Finally, this chapter, which dealt with gymnastics in the modern era until the start of the Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, concluded this date, where this date was considered a fundamental turning point in the path of gymnastics, through the development of laws and its inclusion in the official Olympic Games, while the fourth chapter of the research included the conclusions and recommendations reached by the researcher from his study of this subject, stressing the need to develop a strategy for the development of gymnastics by paying attention to the training of coaches and increasing the base of participants, with a focus on supporting Emerging talent to ensure the continuity of this evolution that the sport has made over the decades.

This study aimed to identify the effect of high-intensity free weight resistance training on developing muscular strength endurance and anaerobic capacity in young basketball players. The researcher adopted an experimental design with two groups (control and experimental). A high-intensity free weight training program was implemented with the experimental group. Strength endurance and anaerobic capacity variables were measured before and after the training program. The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group in all the physical and functional variables under study. The researcher concluded that high-intensity free weight training is an effective training method for improving muscular strength endurance and anaerobic capacity, thus contributing to raising the physical and skill level of young basketball players. The study recommended incorporating this type of training into the approved training programs of clubs and sports institutions.

One of the reasons for the stress experienced by tennis players is the inadequate training load during the training season. Therefore, this research aimed to develop an electronic program that includes several training units using VBT sensors, and to identify the impact of this program. It is assumed that there are significant differences between the two tests. The researcher used a single-group experimental design with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of four tennis players in Najaf suffering from partial ankle sprains. The research variables were defined as technological empowerment via VBT sensors, and the dependent variables were physical fitness components. The researcher selected appropriate tests for these variables. A pilot study was conducted on two of the injured players, followed by pre-tests. The main experiment, which lasted eight weeks, was then implemented, followed by post-tests. After obtaining the results, the statistical package was used to extract the findings, which were then analyzed and discussed. The researcher concluded that technological empowerment had a clear impact on the research sample, in addition to the sensors which contributed to the accuracy of the results. The researcher recommends further research. The researcher stressed the need to utilize modern technologies in the training field to reduce individual stress on players.

The strategy's concept stemmed from dividing students into fixed groups from the beginning of the semester until the end of the year. This organizational division psychologically impacts the quality of education and fosters harmony within each group, emphasizing consultation among members to improve skill development. Students were randomly divided (by lottery) into two equal groups: Section (W), the experimental group, with 30 students, and Section (Z), the control group, also with 30 students. Thirteen students were excluded due to non-compliance with the required number of units. Both the traditional curriculum and its educational units proved effective in influencing the learning of the three fundamental volleyball skills: setting, receiving the serve, and serving from above and below. The educational units accompanying the beehive strategy were a key factor in the experimental group's superiority over the control group in developing their performance in setting, receiving, and serving from above and below in volleyball. Therefore, the researcher recommends increasing the number of assistants in learning basic skills in order to develop the level of student performance by supervising work groups in order to reach the stage of perfection and using the aforementioned strategy in group performance activities.

The importance of the research lies in preparing an educational curriculum based on the Bayview model in order to improve the educational process. This model includes a set of organized stages that can be called the educational stages of the skill of passing football for students. The researchers attribute the research problem to the necessity of using educational models in the subject of football that keep pace with modern developments, and one of these models is the Bayview model. The research sample was determined from first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Maysan University for the academic year 2025-2026. Subsequently, the experimental research sample was selected from (35) first-year students from the Applied Sciences branch, and the control research sample was selected from (35) students from the Theoretical Sciences branch, while (10) students were selected for the purpose of applying the pilot experiment to them. The researchers used the experimental method with two equivalent groups, and the researchers concluded that the experimental group was superior to the control group due to the effectiveness of applying the stages of the Bayview model in the educational units of the experimental group. The researchers recommended the necessity of applying this model to the rest of the basic skills of football and other games.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of proposed rehabilitation exercises using strength and stretching on pain reduction and functional performance in middle-distance runners (800 m and 1500 m) with Achilles tendinopathy. An experimental design with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-tests was adopted. The sample consisted of 24 middle-distance runners, equally assigned into two groups (12 per group). The experimental group performed the proposed rehabilitation exercises for eight weeks (three sessions per week), whereas the control group followed the conventional approach. Pain and functional performance were assessed before and after the intervention, in addition to a supportive indicator related to lower-limb function, namely calf muscle endurance (heel-rise test). The results demonstrated statistically significant improvements in pain and functional performance in favor of the experimental group, with noticeable improvement in the supportive indicator, while no significant improvement was observed in the control group. The study concludes that strength and stretching-based rehabilitation exercises are effective for reducing pain and improving functional performance in middle-distance runners with Achilles tendinopathy.

This study examines the impact of social media engagement on fan interaction within sports clubs, incorporating the moderating role of team performance. Drawing upon Uses and Gratifications Theory and Social Identity Theory, the study proposes a comprehensive framework integrating user-generated content (UGC), firm-generated content (FGC), and social media advertising (SMA).A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected from 503 sports fans in India. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to analyze the data. The findings reveal that all three dimensions of social media engagement significantly influence fan interaction. Additionally, team performance strengthens these relationships, indicating its critical moderating role. This study contributes to the sports marketing literature by developing an integrated model and provides managerial insights for enhancing fan engagement strategies in the digital era.

The researchers adopted an experimental approach with an equivalent groups design (control and experimental) due to its suitability for the research problem. The research population and sample consist of second-year female students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for Girls, University of Baghdad, for the academic year 2025-2026. Two classes will be randomly selected and distributed into two groups following homogeneity and equivalence tests. The research procedure involves implementing 12 instructional units; the experimental group will undergo the curriculum designed according to Landa's model, receiving immediate feedback, while the control group follows the traditional curriculum. Data will be collected via pre- and post-tests to measure control and passing accuracy, and subsequently processed statistically using SPSS to verify the research hypotheses, which suggest statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group.

This study aimed to identify the level of administrative competencies among principals of gifted schools in Basra Governorate from the teachers' perspective. To achieve this objective, an administrative competencies scale for principals of gifted schools was developed, consisting of 6 domains which are (Leadership competencies, Faculty management competencies, material resources management competencies, Effective communication competencies, Material resource management competencies, Evaluation competencies) The researcher adopted a descriptive survey approach. The research population consisted of teachers of outstanding schools in Basra Governorate, numbering (520) teachers distributed across 17 schools. The sample was divided into three groups (survey sample, instrument sample, application sample), The research results showed that the level of administrative competencies of the principals of schools for gifted students in Basra Governorate was at the high level, and the competencies in managing gifted students came in first place at the high level, while the evaluation competencies ranked at the medium level and came last. The researcher recommended that the Ministry of Education and relevant officials adopt a strategy to enhance the administrative competencies of school principals for gifted students through advanced training courses.

The importance of this study lies in employing multi-directional SMIT training to develop functional strength in support of the skill aspect of players, represented by certain volleyball skills and the formation of appropriate and rapid motor programs for these skills. This is essential to cope with the height and direction of the ball on the one hand, and the ability to change body position in response to the opponent’s movement during performance on the other hand, with the aim of executing the back-row spike skill efficiently, economically in effort, and with high effectiveness for players with disabilities.
The study aimed to design multi-directional SMIT training exercises and to identify the effect of these exercises on the development of functional strength and skill performance of advanced volleyball players with disabilities.
The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem, using the equivalent groups design with pre- and post-tests for the purpose of comparison. The research sample was intentionally selected and consisted of (9) players from Al-Kut Paralympic Club for sitting volleyball in Wasit Governorate, representing players with physical disabilities.
After presenting and discussing the results, the researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which were that multi-directional SMIT training had a positive effect on developing skill performance in sitting volleyball. Furthermore, the adoption of variation and diversification in these training exercises led to an improvement in functional strength, which was reflected in enhanced performance across most sitting volleyball skills among physically disabled players.
Based on the conclusions reached, the researcher recommended adopting some of the multi-directional SMIT training exercises applied in this study within the training programs of the national sitting volleyball team. In addition, the study emphasized the necessity of developing a high level of physical fitness for physically disabled volleyball players, with particular focus on reaction speed and fast or explosive strength exercises related to crawling movements used by disabled players to move toward the ball.

This study aimed to identify selected anthropometric measurements and physical and skill-related abilities, as well as to examine the relationships among them in under-15 soccer players in Salah Al-Din Governorate. A descriptive survey design was employed. The sample consisted of 150 youth players selected through stratified random sampling from soccer clubs and football schools across different regions of the governorate.
Anthropometric measurements included body height, body mass, body mass index (BMI), and lower limb length. Physical abilities comprised speed, agility, lower-limb explosive power (standing long jump and vertical jump), and flexibility, while skill-related abilities included dribbling, passing, and shooting accuracy. A standardized battery of tests with established validity and reliability was administered under unified testing conditions. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
The results indicated statistically significant differences in certain physical abilities, particularly speed and agility, among the regions of the governorate, whereas no significant differences were observed in the basic anthropometric measurements. In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between lower limb length and sprint time, suggesting that greater lower limb length is associated with improved sprint performance. Significant correlations were also identified between physical abilities and fundamental soccer skills, highlighting the strong relationship between physical fitness and technical performance in youth players. Conversely, no significant relationship was found between body height and flexibility.
The study concluded that the evaluation of youth soccer players should be based on an integrated approach combining anthropometric measurements with physical and skill-related abilities rather than relying solely on subjective observation. These findings may contribute to the development of local evaluation criteria to support objective assessment and guidance of under-15 soccer players in Salah Al-Din Governorate.

Aims of study was identified level of anxiety and predict anxiety and self-esteem based on dimensions of psychological readiness. Survey research design was employed to collect data from sample of study, and used Arabic version of three questionnaires (psychological readiness, multidimensional dimension anxiety and self-esteem) to collect data from sample. The sample was 87 participants selected by convenience method. Result display there are players below to three levels(low-moderate –high). And dimensions of psychological readiness has ability to predict cognitive anxiety, mind concentration self-esteem. whilst multidimensional dimension have not predict somatic anxiety. Study recommended to pay more attention to psychological preparation and assign psychologist with team management to guide psychological training.

The significance of this research lies in keeping pace with the advancements in sports training science by employing standardized weight training to develop "Strength Endurance," a fundamental pillar for maintaining physical and technical stability in basketball players. The research problem addresses the insufficient attention given to strength endurance during the specific preparation phase and the lack of alignment between the skill's movement path and physical requirements, which negatively impacts technical performance during critical match periods.
The study aimed to design specialized weight training exercises for youth players (aged 18) and to evaluate their impact on developing leg strength endurance and complex offensive skills. The researcher employed an experimental approach using a two-group design (experimental and control). The program was implemented over eight weeks, with three sessions per week, utilizing circuit training and low-intensity interval methods for the experimental group.
Statistical results revealed significant differences between pre- and post-tests, favoring the experimental group in both leg strength endurance and the precision of complex offensive skills. The study concluded that weight training with high repetitions and wave-like intensity is highly effective in developing primary muscle groups without negative interference with other abilities. The researcher recommends integrating specialized weight training into annual curricula and emphasizing the simulation of technical skills during physical conditioning.

The importance of this research lies in its focus on Speed-Based Training (VBT) exercises, which rely on measuring the speed of performance during the exercise and adapting the training load accordingly. This contributes to improving the ability to generate force at the highest possible speed, which aligns with the requirements of the high jump. Furthermore, adopting this type of training helps develop motor performance in a precise and scientific manner by linking training intensity and movement speed, leading to improved kinematic variables and consequently higher performance levels. This research also sheds light on one of the modern training methods represented by VBT exercises. The research problem lies in the clear deficiency in incorporating VBT exercises into high jump training programs, and the lack of clarity regarding the impact of these exercises on developing certain kinematic variables and their relationship to performance levels. The training field lacks sufficient scientific studies linking performance speed during exercise to the kinematic changes accompanying movement during the jump, which limits coaches' ability to select appropriate training loads that achieve a balance between force and speed. The main objectives of this research were to identify the effect of VBT (Variable Foot-Blowing) training on developing certain kinematic variables. The experimental method was used, and the research sample consisted of advanced high jumpers. After applying the training techniques, the most important conclusions were reached: VBT training significantly improved the speed of the final step, which contributed to increased applied force and improved performance. Therefore, the researcher recommends using VBT training in the specific preparation phase for the high jump due to its direct effect on improving approach speed and explosive power.

Wrestling is considered one of the prominent global sports that has been included in both local and international Olympic competitions due to its excitement, appeal, and significant impact on the development of practitioners' mental, physical, and motor abilities. Therefore, wrestling is regarded as one of the essential and fundamental subjects in colleges and departments of physical education and sport sciences, as it encompasses a variety of defensive and offensive motor skills that require a clear understanding and an effective learning mechanism. Based on this, emphasis must be placed on the learning stages of this sport from both theoretical and practical perspectives to ensure optimal educational outcomes.
The research problem emerged through the researcher’s observation and field review, where it was found that most instructors do not employ modern teaching methods in delivering this subject, leading to a weakness in students’ acquisition of basic wrestling skills. The educational process in this field requires periodic diagnosis and continuous analysis to identify weaknesses and improve teaching methods. The researcher adopted the experimental approach using a one-group design, as it suits the nature of the problem. The study aimed to investigate the effect of special exercises based on the flipped learning strategy in teaching selected wrestling holds to students. The results indicated the effectiveness of this strategy in improving both the skill performance and cognitive level of the students