magazine aldhakwat albedh

Abstract
The Secret History of the Mongols is the most important source for the history of the Mongols, as it is considered one of the earliest Mongolian sources that dealt with early Mongol life and the origins of the Mongol people. This research examines the most significant social systems through an analysis of its historical texts.

Travel books are an important source for tracking the conditions of the cities visited by travelers in different periods of time, as they recorded their observations, what they heard from its people, or what they read. They left us indispensable material in various aspects of life at that time, including the city of Sulaymaniyah, about which our traveler, Mr. Rigg, spoke at length about the most precise detailsThe details are there, so we divided our research into three sections. The first dealt with a brief biography of Mr. Reig, the second with his observations in the city of Sulaymaniyah, including his description of the road, the procession to welcome him, and the visits he made. The third section provides us with information about the public life of the city, including its name, climate, inhabitants, and their social and economic life.

This study examines the semantic dimensions of the expression “ma kāna” in Sūrat al‑Tawbah, as a Qur’anic construction that transcends simple linguistic negation to establish precise doctrinal, legislative, and organizational principles. The topic was chosen due to its deep semantic implications related to disavowal of polytheists, regulation of the believing community, and affirmation of divine norms, alongside the scarcity of independent studies addressing this expression within the sūrah’s context.
The research adopts an analytical‑inductive method, surveying occurrences of “ma kāna” in Sūrat al‑Tawbah, analyzing their contexts, and linking them to the sūrah’s thematic unity, while drawing on classical and modern exegetical sources. The plan is structured into three sections: the first outlines the sūrah’s background, thematic unity, and the meaning of “ma kāna”; the second explores its role in doctrinal disavowal and severing ties, through negating polytheists’ eligibility to build mosques, prohibiting seeking forgiveness for them, and safeguarding prophetic integrity; the third highlights its function in affirming divine norms and organizing the community, by negating misguidance after guidance, rejecting abandonment of the Prophet, and regulating collective mobilization.
The study concludes that the sūrah’s unity revolves around disavowal of polytheists, exposing hypocrites, organizing the believing ranks, and urging jihad. Moreover, “ma kāna” is not mere negation of an act but of its very nature, serving as a precise semantic and legislative tool that reinforces doctrinal separation, divine justice, loyalty, and jihad as immutable principles.

The study of the interpretive questioning styles of Imam Abu al-Saud al-Imadi (may God have mercy on him) is of paramount importance, as it serves the study of the Holy Quran. Its aim is to analyze the types of interpretive questions presented by Imam Abu al-Saud in his book, “Guiding the Sound Mind to the Merits of the Noble Book,” in order to explore the interpretive and rhetorical purposes derived from this research.By «interpretive questioning styles,» we mean the methods of construction and expression employed by the Imam when posing questions about the interpretive and rhetorical aspects of the Quranic text. He then clarifies the answer, explaining the words and meanings of the verses through a rhetorical or interpretive approach to the Quranic text. This reflects the Imam›s understanding of the reader›s mind and the difficulties it may encounter, which he addresses with his responses.

This research presents an architectural and historical study of the doors of the Holy Alawi Shrine in Najaf Al-Ashraf, focusing on their artistic and symbolic evolution through different eras. It highlights the types, construction materials, and decorations that embody the unique Najafi-Islamic style. The study also examines the functional and aesthetic role of the doors as connectors between sacred space and Islamic art, documenting restoration and preservation efforts that maintained their historical authenticity.

The study examines the phenomenon of urban expansion through informal housing encroachments at the expense of agricultural lands in the city of Al-Hindiya. The research aims to highlight the seriousness of the continuous residential urban expansion within the agricultural areas located inside the master plan boundaries, and to analyze its spatial, economic, social, and environmental impacts. This is achieved by tracing the stages of growth of informal residential clusters, determining their areas and expansion directions, based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technology and satellite imagery. The research adopts both analytical and descriptive approaches in studying and assessing the current urban situation. The findings reveal that the problem of urban expansion through informal residential units has significantly contributed to the reduction of agricultural land in the study area as a result of increasing population growth and migration from rural areas to the city. Moreover, weak law enforcement and the absence of effective urban planning have further exacerbated this phenomenon. The study concludes by emphasizing the need to establish planning and urban development policies that can limit informal housing encroachments and promote the sustainable use of agricultural land in the study area.

The family constitutes the fundamental nucleus of society and represents the primary foundation for shaping generations capable of contributing effectively to the process of comprehensive and sustainable development. It is the first institution where moral values and social principles are instilled, and where the individual’s psychological, behavioral, and spiritual dimensions are cultivated. From an Islamic perspective, the family acquires a more comprehensive role, as it is regarded as the primary environment for fostering responsibility and solidarity, and as the essential source of peace and stability, thereby serving as a cornerstone for achieving social balance.
Moreover, the family plays a pivotal role in preparing a balanced individual who adheres to laws, safeguards the environment, and actively participates in the advancement of society. Its continuous educational function is reflected in transmitting values and principles to children and preparing them to become conscious members of their nation and community. This function further contributes to strengthening security and stability while enabling society to engage positively with environmental and social challenges in alignment with the requirements of sustainable development. Therefore, the strength and stability of the family are not merely social values, but rather strategic foundations for building a cohesive society capable of confronting challenges and achieving progress

This research aims to study the impact of theatrical activity on enhancing teamwork values ​​among students in the Department of Art Education, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University. The researcher adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to study the phenomenon in its natural environment, using a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool. The sample consisted of 100 male and female students, divided into an experimental group (participants in the theatrical activity and a control group (non-participants(.
The research results showed that theatrical activity has a clear positive impact on teamwork values. The data revealed higher mean scores among participating students compared to non-participants. Furthermore, a strong and statistically significant positive correlation was found between the level of participation in theatrical activity and teamwork values. The results confirmed that theatrical activity contributes to improving students’ communication, discipline, cooperation, and problem-solving skills, in addition to fostering mutual respect and team spirit.
Based on these findings, the research recommends strengthening theatrical activity within the curriculum, training faculty members in the use of theater as an educational tool, and encouraging students to actively participate in theatrical activities to promote teamwork values ​​and social skills.

This study examines the development of Arabic phonetic studies in light of the methodological shift from descriptive phonetics, originally linked to preserving the Qur’anic text and safeguarding the Arabic language from linguistic errors, to functional phonology in modern linguistics. The research traces the transformation of the concept of sound from a physiological and physical phenomenon to a functional unit within a structured linguistic system. It highlights the origins of Arabic phonetic studies and the contributions of early scholars in describing articulation points and sound features. Furthermore, it clarifies the methodological distinction between phonetics and phonology, with particular focus on the concept of the phoneme and its distinctive function. The study also addresses the presence of traditional phonetic terminology in modern linguistic discourse and discusses the terminological challenges arising from conservative, reformist, and reconciliatory approaches. The findings indicate that renewing the Arabic phonetic perspective requires not abandoning the classical heritage, but reinterpreting it through contemporary linguistic frameworks, thus achieving a balance between authenticity and modern functional analysis.

This study aimed to examine the level of positive thinking skills among educational counselors and to investigate gender-based differences (male–female) in these skills. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher adopted the Positive Thinking Skills Scale developed by Hussein (2024), which consists of 38 items in its final form. The scale was administered to a randomly selected sample of 200 male and female educational counselors drawn from six educational directorates in Baghdad Governorate during the academic year 2025–2026.
The findings indicated that educational counselors demonstrated a high level of positive thinking skills. Furthermore, the results revealed no statistically significant differences in positive thinking skills attributable to gender. Based on these findings, a set of recommendations and suggestions were proposed to enhance counseling practices and support positive thinking skills among educational counselors.

This study examines the juridical rulings related to the tasting of beverages that are sold or pledged with the mortgagee. It analyzes the opinions of classical jurists and discusses their evidences in light of the general principles governing sales and pledges in Islamic jurisprudence. The research focuses on clarifying the permissibility of the mortgagee tasting the pledged beverage, the limits of his benefit from it, and the impact of such actions on the validity of the contract and the liability of the sold item. It also addresses the issue of the buyer tasting the beverage before the completion of the sale and the legal implications that arise from this act, while highlighting points of agreement and disagreement among the different schools of Islamic law. The study adopts a comparative fiqh methodology to reach a precise juridical understanding that aligns with the textual foundations and the higher objectives of Shariah concerning the preservation of rights and the prevention of transgression between contracting parties.

This study examines the juridical rulings related to the tasting of beverages that are sold or pledged with the mortgagee. It analyzes the opinions of classical jurists and discusses their evidences in light of the general principles governing sales and pledges in Islamic jurisprudence. The research focuses on clarifying the permissibility of the mortgagee tasting the pledged beverage, the limits of his benefit from it, and the impact of such actions on the validity of the contract and the liability of the sold item. It also addresses the issue of the buyer tasting the beverage before the completion of the sale and the legal implications that arise from this act, while highlighting points of agreement and disagreement among the different schools of Islamic law. The study adopts a comparative fiqh methodology to reach a precise juridical understanding that aligns with the textual foundations and the higher objectives of Shariah concerning the preservation of rights and the prevention of transgression between contracting parties.

This scientific review aims to identify the concept of sustainable development and its dimensions, and the mechanisms for integrating it into the teaching of Arabic language content in general. The researcher followed the descriptive-analytical approach in analyzing this review and previous reviews, articles, and research, defining its research population as a set of international, Arab, and local databases. The review sample consisted of (18) articles published within these databases.

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The research deals with the connotations of semiotics in the contemporary Iraqi novel through studying the semiotics of the framework structure of the novel Khatoon Baghdad by the Iraqi writer Shaker Nouri. It is an important novel that has won several Arab awards. The research discusses the connotations of semiotics in the structure of characters, time and place, which are components of the framework structure according to the Paris School of Semiotics. The research consists of an introduction and a framework of concepts that clarify the role of place in narrative work and in novels in particular. Then it enters into the applied study where the research discusses the connotations of semiotics among the actors, i.e. the characters of the novel. Then it clarifies the connotations of time and place in it.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the educational pillars strategy on the achievement of second-year middle school students in physics and their reciprocal thinking. The researcher chose the experimental design (experimental group and control group) with a post-test for both the achievement test and the reciprocal thinking test. The research sample amounted to (60) students who were distributed into two groups, experimental and control, each group amounted to (30) students. The two research groups were rewarded in the research variables (chronological age in months, intelligence test, previous achievement in physics, previous information test, reciprocal thinking test). An achievement test of (40) multiple-choice items and a reciprocal thinking test consisting of (30) items were constructed. The results showed statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the two experimental groups that studied with the educational pillars strategy and the control group that studied in the usual way in the achievement test and the reciprocal thinking test in favor of the experimental group. The researcher concluded that teaching physics using the educational pillars strategy improves Students› academic achievement is better than the traditional method and it also increases their interactive thinking.

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This research presents an analytical study of the Constitution of Medina, which is considered the first civil constitution established by the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) to regulate social and political relations in Medina. The research focuses on the social and political dimensions established by the Constitution to build a cohesive society based on justice and equality, amidst unprecedented religious and tribal diversity. The research reviews the historical and political context that led to the drafting of the Constitution, highlighting its role in consolidating unity among Muslims, Jews, and other inhabitants of Medina. The research also highlights the Islamic principles derived from the Holy Quran and the Prophetic Sunnah, which formed the basis of the social and political structure, such as justice, collective responsibility, and respect for pluralism. The research employs a historical analytical methodology, utilizing Quranic texts and Prophetic hadiths to examine the values ​​and principles contained in the Constitution. Through this study, the research aims to clarify the lasting impact of the Constitution of Medina as a model for peaceful coexistence and the building of civil societies.

This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of Marzano’s Dimensions of Learning model in developing higher-order thinking skills among fifth-grade secondary students in the subject of geography. Al-Furat Secondary School for Boys, affiliated with the Second Karkh Directorate of Education, was purposefully selected for the experiment. The research sample consisted of 80 students who were randomly assigned to two groups: an experimental group taught using Marzano’s model, and a control group taught using traditional methods. A pre- and post-assessment tool was employed to measure higher-order thinking skills (analysis, comparison, inference, and evaluation), and its validity and reliability were statistically verified. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of Marzano’s model in enhancing higher-order thinking skills. The study recommends integrating this model into teaching strategies and training teachers to apply its five dimensions in classroom practices, given its positive impact on fostering deep thinking and encouraging students to employ advanced cognitive skills in analyzing and interpreting geographical phenomena.

This study examines the linguistic symbol in ancient Arabic poetry as a structural and semantic element that contributed to shaping poetic discourse and expressing the civilizational awareness of the Arab individual. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach, the research clarifies the concept of the linguistic symbol, its characteristics and expressive and semantic functions, traces its literary, religious, and social sources, and analyzes the mechanisms of its operation within the poetic text. The study also discusses the relationship between symbolism and civilizational identity, highlighting its role in transmitting human experience and documenting social and political transformations. The findings indicate that the linguistic symbol demonstrated flexibility and development in response to changing civilizational contexts, while maintaining its role in expressing identity and belonging, thus becoming an effective tool for preserving cultural memory and fostering civilizational communication.

Praise be to Allah, who sent His Messenger with guidance and the religion of truth, so that it may prevail over all other faiths. He blessed the Muslim nation with men who remained true to their covenant with Him, becoming the best examples for future generations. May peace and blessings be upon our master Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his pure family), his noble companions, and all who follow them in goodness until the Day of Judgment.
Studying the lives of the honorable Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) is one of the greatest paths of knowledge, for their stories are full of lessons in faith and character. They were a living example of Islam’s teachings and a clear reflection of the values called for by the Holy Qur’an and our noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family). They carried the message, supported the truth, and showed unmatched sacrifice, patience, and sincerity, so much so that their memory is always linked to the spread of Islam and the raising of its word.
In this manuscript, we will look into the life of one of these blessed Companions (may Allah be pleased with him): his name and lineage, how he entered Islam, and why he was given the title al-Muhammadi. We will highlight his character, his role in serving Islam, his life, rank, and qualities, up until his passing—unveiling some of the bright pages of the history of a nation that Allah granted endurance through such chosen individuals.

This research analyzes and evaluates the role of sports diplomacy in enhancing Saudi foreign policy within the framework of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, in light of increasing regional and international challenges. The study’s importance stems from the need to understand what sports can offer to solidify the Kingdom’s regional and international standing and improve its image in all global forums. However, many difficulties exist, perhaps the most prominent being measuring the direct impact of sports on the political stances of other countries. The research concluded that the Kingdom’s efforts in hosting major sporting events have contributed directly and tangibly to improving its global image. Investments in the sports sector have also demonstrated relative effectiveness in supporting foreign policy objectives. The results confirm that sports diplomacy represents a promising strategy for enhancing Vision 2030, provided it continues to be developed and linked to clear national strategies.

This study aims to analyze the content of physics textbooks for the intermediate stage in Iraq (Grades 7, 8, and 9) according to the Service-Learning standards adopted by the National Youth Leadership Council (NYLC-SL). The significance of the study lies in identifying the extent to which these textbooks incorporate the principles of service-learning—an educational approach that bridges theoretical knowledge with real-life application, while fostering civic responsibility and active student engagement.The researcher employed the descriptive analytical method, utilizing a content analysis tool based on eight core NYLC-SL standards: Meaningful Service, Link to Curriculum, Reflection, Diversity, Youth Voice, Partnerships, Progress Monitoring, and Duration & Intensity, encompassing 40 sub-indicators. This tool was applied to all three physics textbooks used at the intermediate stage.The findings revealed varying levels of integration of the service-learning standards across the textbooks. The physics textbook for the third grade (Grade 9) ranked highest in standard inclusion, while the first-grade textbook (Grade 7) showed the least alignment. Notably, the standards «Meaningful Service», «Partnerships», and «Progress Monitoring» were the weakest across all books, whereas the «Youth Voice» standard showed relatively better inclusion.
In light of these findings, the study recommends revising the content of physics textbooks to align more closely with NYLC-SL standards, and to incorporate realistic and community-based learning activities. It also suggests conducting similar studies for other science subjects and providing teacher training on how to effectively implement service-learning principles in classroom instruction.

The Holy Quran and the Prophetic Sunnah established the methodology of moderation in Islam, which means a state of balance and moderation in all matters. Moderation in the Holy Quran means balance in worship, and not excess or negligence in matters of belief, and material matters in terms of spending and worship. As for the foundations of moderation in the Prophetic biography, they included moderation in love and not exaggeration in the love of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them. The importance of the principle of moderation can be observed in achieving balance in the personal and social life of the individual and the community, and the call to stay away from extremism, extravagance and excess, which leads to an insecure society dominated by ruin and transgression against the freedoms of others.

The Holy Quran and the Prophetic Sunnah established the methodology of moderation in Islam, which means a state of balance and moderation in all matters. Moderation in the Holy Quran means balance in worship, and not excess or negligence in matters of belief, and material matters in terms of spending and worship. As for the foundations of moderation in the Prophetic biography, they included moderation in love and not exaggeration in the love of the Ahl al-Bayt, peace be upon them. The importance of the principle of moderation can be observed in achieving balance in the personal and social life of the individual and the community, and the call to stay away from extremism, extravagance and excess, which leads to an insecure society dominated by ruin and transgression against the freedoms of others.

Science and art have gone hand in hand since the dawn of humanity. Continuous scientific discoveries have posed a challenge to modern humans, instilling in them a desire for exploration and expression. The world is a repository of images that remain waiting to be discovered.Artistic works have undergone changes based on science and its transformations, as well as on rapid scientific discoveries and their technological advancements. Many scientific theories have emerged, such as the theory of gravity (the theory of the universe›s order) by Isaac Newton (1633-1727), considered the first physical theory, and the theory of the Italian scientist Galileo (1564-1642), who was the first to use the telescope to observe the movement of stars and view the celestial sphere. Other significant theories include thermodynamics and, in astronomy, the Big Bang theory.

This research aims to study the methodology of Imam Ibn Kamal Pasha (d. 940 AH) in interpreting the Holy Qur’an, by tracing his interpretive statements scattered throughout his works, particularly in his book, Tafsir Ibn Kamal Pasha. It seeks to elucidate the characteristics of his approach to the Qur’anic text in terms of its sources of interpretation, its reliance on the Arabic language, Qur’anic readings, Prophetic traditions, jurisprudence, and creed, while also highlighting his position among the methodologies of earlier and later Qur’anic commentators. The research employs an inductive analytical method, with meticulous documentation of sources in the footnotes.

This study dealt with the nature of the relationship between the federal government and the Kurdistan Regional Government after 2014, highlighting the structural problems that this relationship suffers under a young federal system that still faces accumulated constitutional, political and economic challenges.the structure of the federal system in Iraq was reviewed as approved by the Constitution of 2005, indicating the theoretical foundations on which the political system is based, especially the principle of sharing powers between the center and the regions, the frameworks of legislative representation and the status of the region within the federal state.The most important principles of the Iraqi political system, including pluralism, partnership in decision-making, and the balance between authorities, were addressed, but they revealed the size of the gap between constitutional principles and practical application, especially in the absence of many detailed laws such as the oil and gas law and the Federation Council, which led to fragility in dispute resolution mechanisms between the parties, and the study devoted much space to regional and international, that the continuation of these differences and problems Without radical and institutional remedies, it not only threatens the stability of the relationship between the two parties, but also weakens the ability of the federal system as a whole to consolidate the pillars of a Democratic state based on balance and integration, not conflict and division.

The present study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of an instructional program based on the principles of sustainable development in teaching Biology and to examine its impact on developing the level of scientific thinking among fourth-year general education students. The research population consisted of fourth-year students in schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Salah al-Din for the academic year 2024–2025. The researchers adopted the descriptive–analytical method due to its suitability for the nature of the problem and the objectives of the study. To achieve the aim of the study, the researchers designed an instructional program grounded in the requirements of sustainable development, integrating educational activities and classroom situations that cultivate scientific thinking, stimulate logical and analytical reasoning, and help students connect biological concepts to sustainability-related issues. Furthermore, a specialized scale was developed to measure the scientific thinking level of the study sample, consisting in its final form of 18 items distributed across the main dimensions of scientific thinking .The validity of the two instruments was verified through expert judgment and review, in addition to establishing construct validity by analyzing the discriminatory power of the scale items and examining the correlations between individual items and the total score. The reliability of the scale was also confirmed using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the split-half method. After applying the instructional program to the experimental group and conducting the appropriate statistical analyses, the results showed a clear improvement in the scientific thinking level among students who were taught using the sustainable development–based program compared to those taught through traditional methods. The findings emphasized the importance of integrating sustainability principles into Biology instruction, given their role in fostering scientific awareness and enhancing students’ ability to interpret and analyze scientific phenomena. In light of these results, the researchers recommended adopting instructional programs based on sustainable development in teaching Biology and developing curricula and teaching plans that promote scientific thinking. They also suggested conducting future studies to apply this program to other grade levels and scientific disciplines.

This research aims to study the impact of the aesthetics of historical costume in school theater performances on the aesthetic and artistic appreciation of art education students in Baghdad-Rusafa I schools for the 2024-2025 academic year. The research used a descriptive-analytical approach with a quasi-field experiment. A sample of 60 students were surveyed before and after the performances, in addition to interviews with 10 teachers supervising the theater activity.The results showed that historical costumes designed with precision and attention to detail enhance visual perception, emotional interaction, artistic analysis, and overall appreciation of theatrical performance. A strong, significant, and positive relationship was also found between the quality of costume design and students’ artistic and creative engagement. The research concluded that the aesthetics of historical costumes are an effective educational tool for developing students’ artistic taste and theatrical creativity, emphasizing the importance of integrating them with other elements of the scene (décor, lighting, sound) to enhance the overall aesthetic experience.

The research aims to:
1-Identify the level of job enrichment according to Getzels’ theory among primary school principals from the perspective of the teaching staff.
2-Identify the level of organizational development among primary school principals from the teachers’ perspective.
3- The correlation between the job enrichment function and the organizational development function among primary school principals from the teachers’ perspective. The researcher used the descriptive correlational method. The research population consisted of primary school teachers in the Baghdad Al-Karkh Third Education Directorate, totaling (4967). The research sample numbered (500), representing (10%). The researcher developed two scales: one for job enrichment based on Getzels’ theory, and the other for organizational development. After establishing the psychometric validity and reliability of the two scales using the following statistical methods (Pearson correlation coefficient, one-sample t-test, arithmetic means, and standard deviation), the researcher arrived at the following results: The primary school principals’ level of job enrichment was satisfactory. The second objective was that the level of organizational development was average. Regarding the third objective, the researcher found a good correlation between job enrichment according to Getzels’ theory and organizational development. The researcher also presented several conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions.

During the Abbasid era, Baghdad witnessed an unprecedented scientific boom, transforming it into a cultural center that combined traditional, rational, and experimental sciences. Scientific institutions such as the House of Wisdom, schools, libraries, and mosques contributed to supporting the scientific movement and translating and developing ancient knowledge. Prominent Baghdadi scholars, such as al-Khwarizmi, Jabir ibn Hayyan, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, and al-Farabi, played a pivotal role in enriching human knowledge and transmitting science to Andalusia and Europe, influencing the European scientific renaissance. The study highlights Baghdad›s cultural impact on the course of human thought and the continuity of its scientific legacy in Islamic civilization, emphasizing that Baghdad was a beacon of knowledge that contributed to building a global knowledge base.

This study aims to assess the operational reality of the Library of the Basra and Arab Gulf Studies Center at the University of Basra. It analyzes three main aspects: the nature of the information services provided, the state of the library collections in terms of their diversity and modernity, and the competence of the human resources working there.
The study adopted the analytical descriptive method with a «case study» design. Field data was collected using two primary tools: direct observation of the library›s environment and sections, and semi-structured interviews with the head librarian and staff members, to obtain a comprehensive and analytical view of its reality.
The research results revealed a number of key challenges and obstacles facing the library, namely: the lack of a dedicated and independent budget, which hinders the development of its collections and services; the limited physical space of the library, which restricts user movement and limits the expansion of its shelves; and a noticeable shortage of modern devices and technologies necessary for providing advanced information services that meet the requirements of the digital age.
In light of these findings, the study presented a set of strategic recommendations aimed at addressing these challenges, most notably: emphasizing the necessity of allocating an independent annual budget to the library to enable its development; pursuing the expansion of the current building or providing a new space that suits the needs of users and the future growth of collections; and working to provide the latest information devices and technologies to improve service quality and ensure its efficiency, which would positively reflect on the research and academic process at the center and the university as a whole.

Revolution in Husseini poetry, or what is known as Husseini poetry, is not merely a collection of verses depicting the ugliness of the situation, the brutality of the battle, or the extent of the injustice and pain inflicted on the family of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him). Rather, these poems also represented a rebellion against the Arab reality at the time, and the injustice, oppression, and tyranny that Arabs and Muslims were suffering at the hands of the ruling class. These poems served as a means to renew the human values ​​​​embodied by the revolution of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him), such as patience, pride, and the support of truth. Poets of this type of Arabic poetry were able to immortalize the principles of the revolution and the Battle of Ashura, and work to pass them on to future generations despite the injustice and persecution these poets were subjected to at the hands of the rulers of that era, who worked to bury and obliterate these poems, so that only a few of them have survived, despite their great number at the time. Despite the suppression of Husseini poetry by the rulers of that era, and their failure to publish it, and even their burial, it remained a beacon for revolutionaries and a voice for all those who seek human dignity and reject humiliation. It is as if these poems came to tell us that every land is Karbala, and every day is Ashura.

This study addresses one of the Jewish schools that has not been highlighted in bulk studies and research, Pardes Heldim Jewish School (Boys› Paradise), founded in 1924 by Zionist Aharon Sassoon, who came from Palestine to Baghdad and founded this school with a suspicious denial of racism by relying on Western curricula and out of the contexts of the Ministry on Knowledge.
Although the establishment of the school was not with the previous approval of the government, for years it remained in hiding until it was completely closed down and distributed to other Jewish schools. It achieved the purpose for which it was founded through the nature of the school’s outputs. The majority of its methods ended in hostile strikes and foreign organizations with suspicious benefits, as well as the names of the majority of the school students or its tax in cases of espionage and intelligence with the Zionist entity and other political crimes.

The objective of this research is to examine the impact of psychological and educational treatments on alleviating social anxiety among students at the University of Al-Qadisiyah. Social anxiety is a major psychological problem that affects students’ academic and social performance. For example, they may be afraid to speak in front of others or take part in group activities. The research used a survey administered to a sample of students to assess levels of social anxiety in several academic and social contexts. The findings indicated that psychological therapies, including relaxation methods and psychological counseling, substantially enhance social interaction and academic communication, resulting in improved academic achievement and heightened engagement in university activities. The study suggests creating thorough psychological intervention programs to help university students improve their social skills and lower their social anxiety.

The role and significance of education and scientific research in the context of Imam Mahdi’s cause is one of the prominent topics within Islamic teachings. It contributes to deepening understanding and knowledge, broadening the horizons of study and research, promoting awareness and positive anticipation, and encouraging community participation regarding this vital issue. This subject has been extensively addressed in both Sunni and Shia literature, with numerous narrations and sayings from the Prophet’s household affirming the importance of waiting for relief. Anticipating relief can be regarded as an act of worship in its own right. This is evident through organizing seminars and lectures that delve into the dimensions of this matter, along with participating in cultural and social activities that reinforce concepts of cooperation. Furthermore, continuous efforts to nurture ethical and Islamic values are emphasized. These benefits extend to raising future generations on these faith-based principles, supporting society by addressing social issues, and contributing to efforts for positive reform and change.

Radicalism is one of the most important modern terms that emerged through its presence in the philosophical and political meaning of reform and revolution against flawed systems in an attempt to implement radical reforms. This meaning has moved from its political concept to the cultural system, including theatrical literature, as a result of the structural crisis suffered by Arab countries and the dysfunction in their governing systems and their handling of citizens’ issues in various ways marred by corruption, bureaucracy, and numerous suspicions. This necessitates an opposing force that attempts to challenge these systems in order to achieve change and reform. Thus, the Arab playwright has reclaimed this theme from daily life and employed it in his theatrical writings throughout the various stages of historical transformations in Arab countries. The researcher sought to investigate the most prominent manifestations of this radicalism in theatrical texts. The first chapter included the methodological framework of the research, where the researcher formulated her research problem with the following question: What are the most prominent manifestations of radicalism and its presence in contemporary Arab theatrical texts? The second chapter addressed The second section (the theoretical framework) comprised two chapters: the first, “Radicalism in Philosophical Thought,” and the second, “Radicalism and its Manifestations in World and Arab Theater,” in addition to the indicators derived from the theoretical framework. The third chapter was dedicated to the research procedures and sample analysis. The researcher selected the play “Palestinian Nationality” by the Syrian writer Radwan Abdelghani Shibli for analysis using the descriptive-analytical method. The researcher presented the results and conclusions in the fourth chapter, along with a list of the most important sources and references.

The Arab world is witnessing rapid urban transformations with the expansion of smart cities and the adoption of modern digital technologies in urban planning and services. Contemporary Islamic art has become an effective tool for enhancing the visual and cultural identity of cities by integrating Islamic symbols and motifs with modern digital display technologies. This research aims to analyze the role of contemporary Islamic art in shaping the identity of smart cities through an applied study of visual arts in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Doha.The research relied on the visual and applied analysis of digital facades, public sculpture, and interactive murals, focusing on modern technologies such as dynamic LED, augmented reality, and 3D mapping. The results showed that integrating contemporary Islamic art with these technologies enhances the visual and cultural identity of the city and creates an interactive urban experience that influences the perception of residents and visitors. The research also revealed that the absence of heritage elements in some scenes indicates a risk of losing visual identity if global modernity is adopted without considering local cultural heritage.The research concluded that contemporary digital Islamic art is not merely an aesthetic medium, but a strategic tool for promoting cultural identity in smart cities. It suggests integrating these elements into urban planning and architectural design to foster a balance between heritage and modernity.

Here is an accurate and academic English translation of your text:
One of the newly emerging issues that has forcefully presented itself in recent decades is the issue of artificial insemination, as it has touched upon a pressing human need in the treatment of infertility and sterility. In this context, medical scientists have engaged in experiments to search for solutions, while jurists have also put forward their views in order to examine its permissibility under a legitimate and legally justified framework. Among the foremost of these was Sayyid Muhammad al-Sadr (may his soul be sanctified), who addressed the subject on the basis of the system of probabilities. He proceeded by conceptualizing the possible scenarios within the field under investigation, dividing them into a large number of possibilities, which he termed “propositions.” He then moved on to examine the objections that might arise in relation to them, followed by an in-depth analysis and the establishment of supporting indications and evidences for those that are sound, thereby clarifying their validity or invalidity. Accordingly, he classified the propositions he studied into permissible propositions and prohibited propositions.It is worth noting that he (may his soul be sanctified) did not address all of the propositions, which numbered (11,520), but rather examined some of them that were of greater need and necessity, leaving the door open for other eminent jurists to research them and express their opinions. The method he adopted as a criterion for accepting a proposition was the presence of indications and proofs supporting its validity and the absence of any probability of its invalidity; for the existence of a possibility of invalidity in a proposition, coupled with the lack of evidence to dispel it, is sufficient to demonstrate its falsity and warrant its rejection. This is based on the principle that “when a possibility arises, the inference collapses.” Any of these propositions that are jurisprudentially sound and supported by evidence are therefore considered authoritative and legally valid.

This study examines the general methodology adopted by al-Shahid al-Thani (Zain al-Din al-Jub’i al-Amili, d. 996 AH) in evaluating narrators and analyzing transmitted reports, focusing on the criteria he used to assess their reliability and rank. The research aims to uncover the fundamental principles of narrator criticism on which al-Shahid al-Thani based his judgments—whether in affirming or weakening narrators—through four main axes that represent the most significant general standards he employed in evaluating the chain of transmission.
The first section analyzes al-Shahid al-Thani’s position on the narrations of the three major scholars (al-Kulayni, al-Shaykh al-Saduq, and al-Shaykh al-Tusi), examining the degree of trust he placed in their transmissions and his view of their selection of narrators and verification of texts.The second section discusses his view regarding the narrators known as the “People of Consensus” (Ashab al-Ijma’), whose reliability is unanimously upheld in Shia biographical tradition, clarifying the extent to which he relied on them in establishing the soundness of narrations.The third section explores the status of the “teachers of authorization” (Mashayikh al-Ijaza) in the methodology of al-Shahid al-Thani, and the epistemic weight that authorization grants to a narrator in terms of sanad continuity and transmission credibility.
The fourth section examines his stance on the narrators belonging to the circle of Imam Ja’far al-Sadiq (peace be upon him), who represent one of the most important and influential groups of transmitters in the Imami tradition. The study analyzes the criteria he applied in evaluating them and distinguishing between accepted and rejected narrators.

Fayd al-Kashani is considered one of the most prominent scholars of Islamic thought in the eleventh century AH, and one of the most prominent figures interested in the sciences of ethics and self-purification. Among his most important works in this field is *Al-Mahajjah al-Bayda› fi Tahdhib al-Ihya›* (The Clear Path in the Refinement of the Living), in which Fayd al-Kashani believes that true happiness is not achieved through material pleasures such as high positions like fame, prestige, and the accumulation of wealth, but rather through the perfection and refinement of the soul. Thus, happiness springs from the purity and tranquility of the heart resulting from purifying and striving against the lower self. Self-improvement is also the foundation for attaining inner peace, because when the soul is freed from vices and attached to God Almighty, it becomes stable and tranquil, unaffected by the vicissitudes of the world. Happiness then becomes a natural consequence of this moral and spiritual rectitude.
From this perspective, this study addresses two main points: the first concerns the concept of happiness according to Fayd al-Kashani, while the second addresses tranquility as one of the most important manifestations of true happiness and a result of self-purification.

The study aims to identify the main professional roles performed by social workers in the treatment of adolescents addicted to drugs, to analyze the intervention methods and therapeutic plans adopted by social workers within rehabilitation programs, and to measure the effectiveness of social workers’ interventions in supporting the psychological, social, and behavioral recovery of adolescents. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach (social survey method) using a sample technique, whereby a sample representative of the original population was accurately selected. The sample consisted of (100) medical staff specialized in addiction treatment working in rehabilitation centers and hospitals. The research tools were applied through questionnaires and interviews.

Lexical polysemy is a semantic phenomenon based on the unity of form and the multiplicity of meaning, a subject that has stirred considerable debate among scholars — between those who affirm it, deny it, restrict it, or expand it. The study shows that Arabic poetry, especially al-Khuḍarī’s dīwān, provides fertile ground for employing this phenomenon, as the poet used polysemous words in both nouns and verbs according to the poetic context. The study further traces the mechanisms of interpretation that allow a word to expand into multiple meanings without ambiguity, highlighting the role of context in determining the intended sense. The research aims to uncover the impact of lexical polysemy in enriching meaning and poetic imagery, and to demonstrate its ability to express emotion, place, and spiritual states.