Journal of Al-Farabi for Humanity Sciences (JFHS)

This research aims to estimate the extent of water erosion in the Wadi Al-Rumaytha basin using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model, utilizing remote sensing (RS) data and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques. This research contributes to supporting environmental and agricultural planning processes by providing spatial analysis tools that aid in risk assessment and informed decision-making to mitigate environmental degradation in the study area. The necessary spatial data for the model's factors were collected and analyzed. These factors included rainfall intensity (R), soil erosion susceptibility (K), topography (LS), vegetation cover (C), and conservation practices (P). Digital maps were created for each factor using satellite imagery, topographic maps, and soil data, and then integrated within a GIS environment to generate an annual soil loss map at the basin unit level. The results revealed clear spatial variations in erosion rates. Areas with steep slopes and sparse vegetation cover were found to be the most vulnerable to loss, while plains and areas near the wadi's course recorded low to moderate erosion rates. The study revealed that the Wadi Al-Rumaytha basin suffers from erosion rates ranging from mild to very severe, with the highest values concentrated in the central and western parts of the basin. The model's results also demonstrated its effectiveness in identifying sensitive areas and providing a reliable database that can be used to develop integrated soil management and conservation programs.

Geographical enclaves are among the most complex geopolitical phenomena in the contemporary world, due tothe challenges they pose in terms of sovereignty, spatial connectivity, and strategic influence. The Russian exclave of Kaliningrad stands as one of the most significant global examples of this phenomenon. Situated on the Baltic Sea and surrounded by Lithuania and Poland, the exclave lies approximately 368 km away from the main Russian territory, making it geographically separated and partially politically isolated.This study examines geographical enclaves from the perspective of modern geopolitical thought, analyzing the dimensions of Kaliningrad’s existence as a Russian enclave in the heart of the European space, focusing on its impact on the balance of power between Russia and NATO and the role it plays in Russian maritime and military strategy. The research also discusses the economic, demographic, and cultural dimensions of this geographical enclave and its effects on regional and international interaction, while dissecting the nature of the relationship between geographic separation and contemporary geopolitical deterrence mechanisms. The study aims to provide an analytical reading based on geographical characterization, political analysis, and the exploration of future scenarios for similar enclaves.The importance of this study derives from its focus on one of the geopolitical hotspots between East and West, raising profound questions about the nature of political coexistence in the context of geographical fragmentation, as well as the challenges of globalization and international competition for influence.

Abstract
This study examines the role of smart agriculture in promoting sustainable agricultural development in Salah al-Din Governorate. It evaluates the impact of modern technologies—such as remote sensing, smart irrigation, precision agriculture, GIS applications, and UAVs—on productivity, resource efficiency, and farm management
Using a descriptive-analytical approach supported by field data and farmer surveys, the study found that smart farming significantly reduces water waste, increases crop yields, and enhances operational efficiency. It also helps mitigate climate-related risks and lowers production costs. However, limited digital infrastructure and low technical capacity among farmers pose major challenges to the broader adoption of smart technologies.
The study concludes that smart agriculture is essential for advancing agricultural development in Salah al-Din. It recommends strengthening training programs, providing affordable technologies, and promoting partnerships that facilitate the integration of digital solutions across the agricultural sector.
Keywords
Smart Agriculture, Artificial Intelligence, Agriculture, Development

Abstract
Climate change and its impact on the vegetation cover in the Basiyah district
Studying climate change is one of the most important methods used to understand the degradation of vegetation cover in light of increasing population, overexploitation, and all human activities at accelerating rates. Many studies worldwide have indicated the potential of using remote sensing to identify and assess vegetation degradation based on vegetation indicators. Vegetation cover is therefore considered an indicator and measure of environmental degradation, as changes in vegetation cover have a significant impact on land cover and its uses in general. The study area was defined using geological maps, topographic maps, and satellite imagery. Fieldwork played a crucial role in identifying the natural phenomena of the study area using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study area is located in the northeastern part of the southwestern desert of Iraq, astronomically between latitudes 29°32\' and 30°51\' North and longitudes 45°30\' and 46°12\' East. Administratively, it falls within the boundaries of the Basya sub-district of the Salman district in Al-Muthanna Governorate.

Iraq's water resources are undergoing a dangerous transformation under the influence of multiple and complex factors. An LSTM model for multivariate intelligent forecasting and a hybrid CNN-LSTM model were applied, with the latter demonstrating notable superiority in prediction accuracy (R² = 0.92) compared to traditional models, achieving up to a 35%, characterized by intense reliance on transboundary water sources (46.2% of resources) and the concurrence of hydrological, climatic, and anthropogenic pressures.

Abstract:
The hot desert regions of western Iraq, particularly in Anbar Governorate, constitute a geographical space rich in natural diversity and cultural depth. However, they suffer from tourism marginalization due to harsh climatic conditions, scarce resources, and weak infrastructure.
This study is based on the idea that sustainable tourism in Iraqi desert environments is achievable if geographical and human resources are utilized within a flexible spatial vision that takes into account the local environment and aligns with prevailing social and cultural structures.
The study addresses fundamental issues, most notably the environmental challenges associated with the arid climate, extreme heat, limited water availability, and poor basic services. This contrasts with potential opportunities, including vast natural landscapes and a rich local cultural heritage that can be marketed for tourism, as well as the enormous potential of solar energy as a sustainable resource that can support tourism infrastructure. The study emphasizes the importance of adopting an integrated geographical approach that views tourism as a tool for spatial development, especially in marginal areas. It also highlights the need to develop institutional frameworks that support sustainable tourism and enhance the presence of desert areas on the national tourism map.
The study concluded that the success of any sustainable tourism model in these areas is contingent upon a number of determinants, most notably the suitability of tourism planning to the nature of the desert environment, the adoption of low-impact practices, the use of traditional architecture, and renewable energy. It also emphasizes the involvement of the local community in the tourism production process, and the orientation of tourism activity toward alternative models such as ecotourism, adventure tourism, and cultural tourism, while avoiding environmental stress and resource depletion Keywords:Sustainable tourism, desert environments, western Iraq, tourism geography, spatial development, environmental sustainability.

This study examined the change in temperatures (maximum, annual, and minimum) resulting from changes in land use. It relied on climatological data from stations in the study area (Al-Hay, Al-Kut, Al-Aziziyah, and Badra) over a 30-year period (1995-2024). The climate change equation was used to calculate the annual and 30-year percentage changes for each station in the study area and represent them on a map. Satellite imagery was used at the beginning and end of the study period to illustrate the changes in land use. Temperatures (maximum, annual, and minimum) increased over the 30-year period. Al-Kut station recorded a 13.44% change in minimum temperature during the study period, while Al-Aziziyah station recorded the highest percentage change in annual temperature at 7.2%. Al-Hay station recorded the highest percentage change in maximum temperature during the study period at 5.16%. This increase is attributed to the expansion of urban land use, which increased by approximately 2821.1 km² during the study period, while agricultural land use decreased. (527.6 km2) and water bodies (501.1 km2) and the increase in population, the increase in means of transport and the development of industry in the study area, which led to an increase in the percentage of greenhouse gases in the governorate and thus an increase in the phenomenon of global warming in the study area.

As artificial intelligence (AI) represents a prominent manifestation of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, it has simultaneously become a tool for innovation and a source of division among nations. This division has resulted in a clear fragmentation of the global system, placing smaller states in a precarious position due to their limited resources, thus jeopardizing their national security. This research aims to explore AI, how its applications have contributed to the intensifying competition between the United States and China, and the repercussions of this competition on smaller nations. The research reached several conclusions, including that artificial intelligence, due to its capabilities, has become a tool of national power. A country that makes progress in this field can secure a foothold in the global order. This explains the intensifying competition between the United States and China, which have achieved remarkable advancements and reshaped the global system. Smaller countries, however, remain heavily reliant on the advancements of the United States and China in the field of artificial intelligence. Moreover, they stand by as mere spectators to this technological revolution, which cannot be ignored or overlooked. Consequently, they will undoubtedly face significant threats that could jeopardize their very existence if they do not take the initiative and engage in building strong relationships with influential nations in this field, or join blocs that contribute to reshaping and directing artificial intelligence and defining the features of the global order. Singapore, Rwanda, Switzerland, and Ireland serve as excellent examples of successful small-scale experiences in this regard.

The world is witnessing rapid geopolitical transformations accompanied by increasing cross-border security threats, necessitating the adoption of advanced analytical tools characterized by accuracy and speed. In this context, artificial intelligence emerges as a strategic tool capable of supporting political geography by enhancing the understanding of spatial patterns, analyzing big data, and predicting potential risks. This study aims to analyze the role of artificial intelligence in shaping a model of digital political geography that contributes to enhancing global geospatial security. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, supported by real-world examples illustrating the use of AI technologies in monitoring regional shifts and geopolitical conflicts. The findings indicate significant potential for these tools, alongside ethical and political challenges, emphasizing the need for robust digital governance policies to ensure safe and effective use.

This research aims to analyze and model the correlative relationship between climatic variables and vegetation dynamics in the Al-Obour district for the period (2000–2025), utilizing remote sensing data and the Google Earth Engine platform to employ a suite of biophysical and climatic indices in a highly sensitive arid-fluvial environment. Analysis of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) revealed an expansion in the range of values, with the upper limit rising from (0.53) in 2000 to (0.70) in 2025. Conversely, the Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) exhibited increased extreme values, reaching a minimum of (-1.00), while the (SAVI) and (GNDVI) indices were utilized to monitor growth dynamics between the fluvial belt and the desert plateau. Climatically, the study recorded a significant increase in Land Surface Temperature (LST) from (21.3°C) to over (24.3°C), amid stable but critical annual rainfall rates (123–148 mm) and a marked decline in relative humidity. These shifts were reflected in the Vegetation Health Index (VHI) results, which indicated escalating climatic stress and varying ecological resilience. The temporal comparison confirms that vegetation improvement was localized and confined to irrigated areas, contrasted by expanding aridity in the plateau. These findings prove that the Al-Obour district represents a hydrological environment reliant on surface water as a decisive factor for vegetation sustainability against mounting thermal pressures, within an imbalanced relationship where climate exerts continuous pressure through heat and aridity.

The research aims to monitor annual changes in forest cover for the period (1982-2022) in northeast Sulaymaniyah, covering an area of 4,217.64 km² between longitudes 50°44' and 20°46' and latitudes 0°20'35“ and 0°30'36” (using Landsat 3-5-7-8 satellite imagery) (on different dates to extract annual changes for four seasons using the Model Builder application for every ten years using NDVI and IPVI indices). The results of the study showed that human behavior plays a clear and effective role in causing change and that climatic conditions are the most prominent factor in the decline of forest area in light of decreasing rainfall and rising temperatures. Keywords (detection and analysis, annual changes, forest range, NDVI, IPVI)

Mind maps are considered a versatile tool in the field of geography, as they contribute to enhancing analytical thinking, supporting qualitative research, understanding spatial perceptions, and developing learning skills in geography across different educational levels. They can be effectively integrated into curricula, academic research, and educational tools to achieve a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of geographical topics. However, their use has not received sufficient attention from researchers, and the method of their production is likely a main reason for this limitation. Accordingly, the research problem is defined as follows: What is the role of artificial intelligence in the production of mind maps, and how does this reflect on geography in its structural, research, and educational dimensions?

Paying attention to retirees is a necessity dictated by life's circumstances, given their essential role in providing services to society in past years. The core of this study lies in determining the size of the retired population in Al-Muthanna Governorate and its geographical distribution across the districts of the study area in 2024. This is based on their demographic and social characteristics, such as their age and gender composition, as well as their environmental makeup, marital status, and educational level. The number of retirees receiving pensions in Al-Muthanna Governorate in 2024 reached 38,744, of whom 25,000 were civilian retirees and 13,744 were military retirees. The gender ratio of the retired population was 170.5 males per 100 females. Regarding environmental distribution, 55.7% of retirees resided in urban areas, while 44.3% resided in rural areas. The age group comprised 60-64 years. The highest percentage of the retired population was (24.3%) within the age structure (60 years and over), and retirees with a diploma recorded the highest percentage at (23.5%), while retirees with higher degrees recorded the lowest percentage (2.4%). Regarding their health problems, it was found that the highest percentage suffers from high blood pressure and diabetes, at (47%) of the sample of the retired population in the study area. The most important problems suffered by the retired population were identified, and some proposals were found that the study seeks to alleviate the burden on this segment and reduce their suffering.

Abstract: The Qatari–Turkish gas pipeline project, which began as an economic idea to transport gas from Qatar to Turkey and then to Europe via Syria, evolved into a geopolitical conflict and a competitive arena that plunged Syria into a nightmarish mix of civil war, invasion, and foreign terrorism.
This pipeline is one of the most prominent examples of what can be described as \"angry pipelines\"—projects that have gone beyond their economic dimension to become a focal point of intractable geopolitical conflicts. Consequently, Turkey and Qatar adopted a conflict management policy rather than a settlement policy, relying directly on supporting armed groups opposed to the Syrian regime—groups largely driven by Turkish and Qatari interests.
The study focuses on one of the most significant external geopolitical visions of Turkey and Qatar today—the Qatari–Turkish gas pipeline—by examining Syria’s geostrategic importance and its impact on global geo-security and geo-economics. It also measures the extent of international and regional competition, particularly from Iran and Russia, amid escalating struggles to safeguard economic interests and avoid allowing any single actor to dominate global energy management. The study concludes that this pipeline was a major catalyst for the events of 2011 and beyond. It also highlights the significant challenges facing its construction, including high economic costs and opposition from Iran and Russia, as it threatens their energy interests—though the issue remains dynamic and under evaluation.
Keywords: Pipes - Angry - Qatar - Türkiye - Gas

This study aims to analyze the efficiency of water purification (potable water) stations in the city of Al-Madina from an urban-geographical perspective. It examines the current situation of the water treatment stations in Al-Madina, the pollutants affecting them, and the water sources that supply these stations. Through this research, it is possible to identify the level of efficiency of the water purification stations in the city, as well as the number of stations, their production and design capacities, and to compare these with the overall water consumption of the city’s population. The study also explores how these stations are distributed across the residential neighborhoods, which number sixteen (16), with a population of 72,109 .

This study investigates the behavior of atmospheric water vapor and its role in enhancing the greenhouse effect in Baghdad’s climate during the period 1988–2018. Seasonal and annual averages of water vapor recorded at the Baghdad meteorological station were analyzed using the Mann–Kendall Trend Test to determine long-term trends—whether increasing, decreasing, or stable. The results indicate a general annual decline of −0.113 mm and an overall trend of −0.461 mm. To interpret this behavior, related climatic elements—solar radiation, air temperature, and relative humidity—were examined. The findings show that decreasing water vapor corresponds with declining relative humidity, which recorded a general trend of −0.521%, accompanied by rising temperatures across all seasons. Temperature changes reached 0.623°C annually, with an overall increasing trend of 0.067°C. These combined shifts have weakened the role of water vapor in forming precipitation, leading to reduced rainfall, increased dryness, and the expansion of desertification within the study area. The diminishing water vapor and relative humidity, alongside continuous warming, have contributed to intensifying the local manifestation of the greenhouse effect and altering Baghdad’s climatic conditions.

Iraq is among the countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change globally, facing severe challenges including drought, accelerating desertification, water scarcity, rising temperatures, and frequent dust storms. In light of these pressing challenges, the need for artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has emerged as a promising tool with transformative potential to support climate adaptation and mitigation efforts. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of AI applications in Iraq by 2024, focusing on the available opportunities and the structural challenges hindering full adoption. It can be concluded that the effectiveness of AI in mitigating climate change in Iraq is currently at a stage of "high potential with partial activation." While pilot projects show promising results, the nationwide rollout of these solutions remains limited due to structural constraints. Artificial intelligence (AI) applications demonstrate significant theoretical potential for addressing the severe climate crises facing Iraq. This potential includes managing water resources through accurate drought forecasting and the activation of smart irrigation systems; improving climate models and early warning systems for dust storms and floods; increasing energy efficiency and integrating renewable energy sources; and monitoring land degradation and combating desertification through satellite image analysis. However, the actual effectiveness of AI in Iraq remains limited and faces significant structural challenges. These include weak digital infrastructure, the lack of standardized and reliable environmental datasets required to train AI models, a shortage of qualified personnel, and the absence of integrated national strategies that ensure funding and sustainability. Therefore, the effectiveness of AI in Iraq can be assessed as being at a "high potential with partial activation" stage. Transitioning to full adoption requires urgent and intensive investment in data infrastructure and local capacity building to enable Iraq to transform these promising technologies into an effective tool for climate resilience.

The research aims to analyze the spatial distribution of the population of Basra Governorate in terms of numbers, proportions, and environment for the year 2024 and to arrive at the type of geographical distribution pattern of the population using statistical measures for the geographical distribution of the population and the available data, using the descriptive and analytical approach in order to achieve the research objective and relying on official statistical data. The research reached the most important results: The population of Basra Governorate for the year 2024 is distributed in a different manner at the district level, as they are concentrated primarily in Basra District, amounting to 1,662,702 people, representing 49.18% of the total population of Basra Governorate. The lowest number of residents was Al-Faw District, amounting to 51,158 people, which constituted the lowest percentage of the district population, amounting to 1.51% of the total population of the governorate. The percentage of urban residents in Basra Governorate amounted to 81.7% of the total population, compared to the percentage of rural residents, which amounted to 18.3% of the total population. The percentage of urban residents in the districts rises to its highest in Al-Faw District. The highest percentage of rural population is in Al-Zubair District, amounting to 24.71% of the total rural population of the governorate, concentrated within the center of Al-Zubair District, while the percentage of rural population in the rest of the districts decreased to reach its lowest in Al-Faw District, amounting to 1.18% of the total rural population of Basra Governorate. The population density in Basra Governorate for the year 2024 reached (177) people/km2 and rose to the highest rate at the district level in Basra District, where it reached (1532) people/km2. The lowest rate of general population density in the districts of Basra Governorate was represented by Al-Zubair District, which amounted to 52 people/km2. The population concentration rate for the total Basra Governorate is 49.07%, meaning that the population distribution in Basra Governorate in 2024 tends towards dispersion and is not ideal and unequal. The relationship between the relative distribution of area and population in Basra Governorate in 2024 is largely ideal in the districts of (Al-Ezz and the center of Al-Qurna District). The Gibbs-Martin coefficient for population concentration at the level of the districts of Basra Governorate in 2024 amounted to (2.99) and for the districts it amounted to (2.33). This indicates the lack of population concentration in the districts and districts of Basra Governorate, with the value of the Gibbs-Martin coefficient being far from zero.

This research aims to utilize the Geoxp application for "cumulative exposure to climate change" anywhere and at any time for the period 1956–2095. The web application displays the cumulative index for 11 climate hazards: global warming, drought, heat waves, wildfires, rainfall, floods, storms, water scarcity, sea-level rise, changes in natural land cover, and ocean chemistry. It presents these hazards under three alternative scenarios: strong mitigation (RCP 2.6), moderate mitigation (RCP 4.5), and business as usual (RCP 8.5). An experimental approach was used to analyze the alternative scenarios for risk changes by year on a map of Iraq for the period 2000–2025–2050 to monitor the extent of change in the worst-case scenario (1) or the amount of reduction (-1). The research concludes that AI-powered web applications have revolutionized map analysis and the interpretation of spatiotemporal data. The variation in the rate of change for each climate hazard was monitored across the years. The research recommends the application of this technology in geographical studies, particularly in analyzing maps and climate data. A world map can be viewed to see the cumulative climate change index according to the three alternative scenarios, thus enabling an understanding of the risks and facilitating informed decision-making to mitigate and address them. Keywords: Maps; Artificial Intelligence; Web Applications; Environmental Pollution; Climate

This research aims to study affordable housing planning in Babylon Governorate, focusing on the Abu Gharq housing project as a case study, and to explore the possibility of integrating artificial intelligence technologies to improve urban planning and service distribution. Babylon Governorate faces increasing challenges in providing suitable housing for a large segment of the population, especially those with limited income, in light of rapid population growth and weak infrastructure. The research focuses on analyzing the reality of affordable housing in terms of spatial distribution, population density, and the extent to which current projects meet the needs of the target groups. It also reviews the possibility of integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and Internet of Things (IoT) technologies in the Abu Gharq housing project, which includes 334 housing units designated for teachers and educators, as an applied model for improving efficiency and smart urban planning. The research adopted a descriptive and analytical approach, and it is expected that the research will contribute to providing a smart urban planning model that is replicable, supports housing policies in Iraq, and enhances the efficiency of resource and service distribution (such as transportation, schools, and health centers), which will positively impact the quality of life for the population. The research addressed three main topics: the first topic: the conceptual and planning framework for affordable housing and the concept of artificial intelligence; and the second topic: the reality of the challenges of affordable housing in Babylon Governorate. The third section: A case study of the Abu Gharq residential project – proposals for employing artificial intelligence technologies. In addition, the research presents several practical proposals for decision-makers on how to employ artificial intelligence technologies in affordable housing projects in the future. Keywords: Affordable housing, artificial intelligence technologies, Babylon Governorate, Al Safwa Residential Complex.

The research aims to analyse geopolitical competition over artificial intelligence technologies and its impact on cybersecurity in Iraq. The research uses a descriptive analytical approach and relied on data from international reports and previous studies, along with a geopolitical analysis of the major world powers (United States, China, Russia and the European Union). The results of the research show that Iraq is located in a geopolitically sensitive region .The weakness of its digital infrastructure and the absence of a clear national cybersecurity strategy make Iraq vulnerable to regional and international cyber threats and attacks. International competition over artificial intelligence technologies increases these risks, but at the same time represents an opportunity to strengthen national digital capabilities, if a comprehensive national strategy linking artificial intelligence and cybersecurity is adopted. The research proposes a set of recommendations to enhance cybersecurity, including developing digital infrastructure, improving national legislation and policies, building specialised human capacity, strengthening international cooperation, and applying artificial intelligence in threat monitoring and detection systems. It also provides a strategic framework for dealing with future challenges. Keywords: Digital geopolitics, National security, Technology, Digital soft power, Information security.

This research aims to study the effect of current climate change on the factors producing oxygen gas O2 in the atmosphere. About the production of oxygen and pumping it into the atmosphere. The area of these forests in the earth’s surface has reached about (8,305,943,200 hectares) of the land surface area of (14,842,900,000 hectares 2), i.e. an estimated rate of (55.9%), but this percentage includes the forest cover as a whole and not only the dense forests As 34% of this area is primary forests, and it became clear that the area of these forests is gradually being lost, as the world lost from 1990 to 2020 an area of forest cover estimated at (420 million hectares) due to its conversion to other uses for activities According to the latest estimates, the rate of deforestation is estimated at (10 million hectares annually), in addition to damage to more than (100 million hectares) due to forest fires, pests, diseases, drought and unfavorable weather phenomena. Phytoplankton, and the second animal called zooplankton, has also been affected by climate change, as ocean water temperatures rise, its level increases, and its acidity increases due to the absorption of more carbon dioxide (CO2), in addition to the occurrence of large changes in the movement of ocean currents, which caused the loss of a high percentage of Plankton (plankton) and their damage in terms of size, type and life period.Keywords: climate change, oxygen gas, plankton, plankton, forests.

Abstract
This study aims to analyze the spatial variation of the physical properties of soils in Al-Dabuni District, located within Wasit Governorate, and to examine their impact on agricultural production efficiency. The research focused on the main physical soil indicators, including soil texture, bulk density, particle density, and porosity, as these factors play a crucial role in controlling water and air permeability, soil moisture retention, root growth, and ultimately crop productivity. The study relied on laboratory analysis of soil samples distributed spatially across the district, in addition to geographical and descriptive analysis to interpret spatial differences among locations.The results revealed the dominance of clay loam and silty clay loam textures across most of the study area, reflecting the alluvial nature of the sedimentary plain associated with the Tigris River. Bulk density values were found to fall within ranges suitable for agriculture, although relatively higher values were recorded in some locations, indicating variation in soil compaction and its influence on water infiltration and aeration. In contrast, particle density showed clear similarity among regions, suggesting a homogeneous sedimentary and mineral origin of the soils. Porosity also displayed noticeable spatial variation and an inverse relationship with bulk density, as less compacted areas recorded higher porosity and better aeration characteristics.The study concludes that soil physical properties represent a key factor in explaining spatial differences in agricultural productivity within Al-Dabuni District. River levee soils demonstrated higher production efficiency compared with more compact clayey soils in other areas. The findings highlight the importance of adopting integrated soil management practices to improve soil structure, enhance productivity, and achieve sustainable agricultural development in the region.Keywords: Spatial variation, soil physical properties, Al-Dabuni District, agricultural production efficiency.