kufa journal Physical Education Sciences

(The effect of the self-learning strategy (the tactical program) in learning the technical performance of the effectiveness of the 100-meter hurdles for female students)
This research included four chapters: The first chapter included the introduction and the importance of the research, which focused on the fact that the learning of female students in faculties and departments of physical education and sports sciences depends to a large extent on the teaching method, and that the provision of appropriate aids during the education process helps in saving time and effort, and thus success in The correct performance, and the research problem focused on the lack of use of the self- learning strategy (the tactical program) in learning the effectiveness of running 100 meters hurdles for female students within the arena and field lessons, while the aim of the research was (identifying the effect of the self-learning strategy (the tactical program) in learning the technical performance of the 100-meter event meters hurdles for female students), and the hypothesis for this research was (there is a statistically significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in learning the effectiveness of the 100-meter hurdles).

The study included five chapters:
The first chapter contained the introduction and the importance of the research, as an idea of the friction coefficients and the force of friction and their impact according to the ratios on the self-confidence and achievement of hammer throwers was clarified with an explanation of the importance of this study to help find psychological and mechanical determinants of the nature of the floor of the throwing circle according to legal specifications, while the research problem was focused On the presence of hammer throwing circles in the arena and field stadiums in Iraq in particular without any controls or law and the issue is how, which negatively affects the achievement of the shooters as well as generating cases of joint injuries, especially the knee joints as a result of the high friction coefficient between the foot of the thrower and the floor of the throwing circle, or Falling in cases of legal errors as a result of a low friction coefficient ratio, and the research has four goals, including identifying the friction coefficient ratio between the hammer thrower's foot and the throwing circle.
The second chapter: the researcher used the descriptive method due to its suitability to the nature of the study, while the research sample was selected from the heroines of Iraq for the effectiveness of hammer throwing. Then the hammer throwing test is conducted to measure the percentage of self-confidence of the laboratories and achievement in the various departments, and to compare the result with the achievement in the legal department to determine which composition of concrete is suitable for throwing the disc according to the international standard, and then the results were processed according to the appropriate statistical laws.
The third chapter: the results of self-confidence and the achievement of hammer throwing were presented, analyzed and discussed, and scientific explanations were given to compare the results of the hammer throwing test in the legal and experimental circles.

The effect of the six hats strategy on different thinking and some basic football skills for first-year students at Al-Qadisiyah University, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences

The importance of the research lies in the use of the Six Hats strategy, which was designed to train a person to practice thinking in all styles by imagining him wearing the Six Hats to identify their effect on different thinking and some basic football skills for first-stage students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Qadisiyah University for the academic year (2021). - 2022) The number of which was (152) students representing (6) divisions, and the researcher used the experimental approach in the style of two equal groups for its suitability in applying his field procedures. The research sample included (32) students, which were chosen by lottery and were from the two divisions (D and E). Which were chosen by lottery, Division (D) became the experimental group and Division (E) the control group, and the necessary tools and equipment were used in the research and the steps for its implementation, which included preparing the Six Hats strategy, the reconnaissance experiment, the main field experiment included in the pre-tests, and the application of the Six Hats strategy, then the tests. Dimensionally, the researcher concluded that students need the Six Hats strategy to help them develop divergent thinking and some basic football skills. The researcher recommends taking advantage of modern strategies and models in lectures because of their major role in alternative thinking and some basic football skills.

The aim of the research is to find out the following:
-Differences between pre- and post-tests among the experimental group that used the training method in kinematic and geometric variables.
- Differences between pre- and post-tests among the control group that used the command method in kinematic and gonometric variables.
- Differences between post-tests and post-tests between the experimental and control groups in kinematic and geometric variables

The role of marketing crisis management in developing sports clubs from the point of view of administrative bodies in the Kurdistan Region - Iraq

Shifting attention accurately and continuously to the movements of other players. In order to achieve this, the researcher used targeted skill exercises to develop attention shifting. A practical study was carried out to measure the effect of these exercises.The researcher assumed that there were statistically significant differences between the experimental group that underwent the exercises and the control group that did not receive the exercises. The experimental method was used in the research, and the two groups were adopted،experimental and control with
Pre- and post-tests to measure attention shifting. The sample was chosen intentionallyclub
Al Jazeera Sports Federation questionnaires, expert opinion polls, and experiments were used to collect
Information related to the study according to the pilot experiments.The researcher found that there are significant differences in the effect of using the provided exercises between the pre and post test. Based on this, the researcher recommends adopting the test that he prepared to measureAttention shifting, and stresses the need to use attention shifting exercises in developing the skill aspects of football players .

Studying the reality of organizational work through organizational charts, which is considered a useful and effective process, must integrate all its elements so that each element is compatible with the rest of the elements. Every sports body has an appropriate organizational chart imposed by the nature of its work and its goals. The organizational charts for handball teams differ from the rest of the various sports because of their Of privacy at the level of the club, administrators, or players, so the researcher decided to delve into this field because of its importance in the organizational and development process for the technical and administrative side. The research community included players of the handball teams for the Premier League in Iraq, administrators, technicians, and employees of the handball team cadres. During the competition period, their number is (300), for the season (2022-2023), and their number is 15 clubs: the Police, the Army, the Popular Mobilization Forces, Diyala, the Municipality of Basra, Kufa, Al-Taawoun, Karbala, Kut, Al-Musayyab, the Arabian Gulf, Al-Karkh, Al-Fatwa, Naft Maysan, and Al-Nasiriyah, where the exploratory sample was (20) and the construction sample ( 180) and the application sample was (100) people, and the researcher concluded the following: that there is no complete organizational structure for any of the handball teams during the competition period in Iraq, and that all clubs have something like (the coach - the players - the team supervisor - “with the exception of one Only ") and some clubs have (statistician, sports doctor, fitness trainer) while not everyone has a psychologist. The researcher recommends the necessity of serious and continuous work for the Iraqi Handball Federation, as well as follow-up and evaluation of the elements that make up the organizational structures, and emphasis on the quality of coaches, supervisors and administrators. As well as the quantity and type of some elements such as (the psychologist, statistician, sports doctor, and fitness trainer

Handball is a team game with a large audience and is subject to many conditions that would improve its reality. The success of this task is the training staff, as it represents the link between the administrative bodies of the clubs and the players. The coaches\' awareness of the Arab and international levels reached by the teams and national teams in handball represents attention and vigilance that leads to building strategic plans in order to improve the level of handball clubs. The importance of the research lies in studying the reality of mental health among coaches of the first and premier division handball clubs and its close connection to strategic vigilance. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method and the correlation method to suit the research procedures. The research community was defined as the Premier League and First Division handball coaches, numbering (60), who represent the coaches of the teams participating in the Premier League and First Division for the 2022-2023 season, numbering (15) clubs from the Premier League and (10) clubs from the First Division, as shown in Table (1). The sample was randomly divided into two samples: the first is a survey sample, amounting to (10) coaches, at a rate of (16.66%), and the construction and preparation sample, amounting to (50) coaches, at a rate of (83.33%). The application sample was the sum of the two samples (the survey sample, the construction sample) at a rate of (100%).

hierarchical training method (opposite and opposite) on a number of skill variables for advanced handball players and to reveal the significance of the statistical differences in a number of skill variables for the two experimental groups double hierarchy (opposite and opposite) for advanced handball players in The post-test, and the research community was deliberately selected from the handball players of the Soran Sports Club in Erbil Governorate. On two experimental groups of (8) players for each group by drawing lots, the first group applied the curriculum using plyometric exercises in the double pyramidal (opposite) method, while the second group applied the curriculum using plyometric exercises in the double pyramidal method (opposite), and (4) players were also chosen from The research community to conduct exploratory experiments on them, and also two goalkeepers were excluded, and the two research groups were homogeneous in (age, height, mass, and training age) and were equal in (some skill variables), and the researchers relied on sources, personal interviews, questionnaires, and tests and measures as tools Necessary means for collecting information in order to reach the objectives of the research, and the curriculum consisted of (36) training units for the two experimental groups over a period of (12) weeks, with (3) training units per week, and the duration of each training unit ranged from (32-47) minutes And the implementation of the two training curricula began by the two experimental groups from 21/5/2022 to 10/8/2022, with three units per week.

The importance of the research lies through the development of a psychological program based on the problem-solving strategy in developing some basic skills in table tennis for the students of the fourth stage in the school of physical education at Soran University for the academic year 2021-2022. The objectives of the research are to prepare a psychological program based on a proposed problem-solving strategy to develop some basic table tennis skills, as well as to know the effect of the program on the experimental group in order to develop some of their table tennis skills. The researcher used the experimental approach due to its suitability to the nature of the study. As for a research sample, it was from the fourth stage students, and the researcher used a set of equations for the purpose of the research procedures, as well as homogeneity and equivalence for the two groups. The researcher concluded that the psychological program based on problem-solving was effective with a good percentage for developing some basic table tennis skills of the experimental group. In the light of the conclusions, the researcher recommended the need to use relaxation exercises and pay attention to the psychological aspect of students in the practical lessons, and also to workers in the field of psychology the need to use psychological tests in order to know the extent of psychological readiness among physical education students in order to develop a program and psychological directions if any.

The importance of the research lies in strengthening the sources of high containment management in order to achieve an effective functional reality that enables decision-makers to benefit from the orientation towards the training role and education towards the process of high containment management and how to provide work tools and inform the beneficiaries of what achieves their success and gains their trust, which achieves integration and functional interaction for them. The current research aimed at building and applying the measure (management of high containment), as well as identifying the reality of high containment for school administrations in the Baghdad Karkh education directorates from the point of view of male and female physical education teachers, on the target sample of the original community in the Baghdad Karkh education directorates, which numbered (3) Directorates with (992) male and female teachers distributed over (762) schools (intermediate, preparatory) according to their description (boys, girls, mixed), and the target sample was determined from the original community, with a percentage of (45.36). As the research sample was adopted by (450) male and female teachers, from the total number and in a simple random way, then the researcher divided the sample according to the scientific conditions required to achieve its goal into (exploratory experiment sample, construction and preparation sample, and application sample), as it was built The research scale, which consisted of (five fields) with (46) paragraphs, and the data was processed according to the statistical work system (spss) in accordance with the requirements of the objectives and problem of the research. The most important conclusions: The process of building a research scale is of great importance to reveal the reality of the high containment of school administration in the Baghdad Karkh education directorates, and how to employ work tasks effectively and feasibly for them. The competitive environment requires the school administration and the educational administration to interact with the variables of educational work and to provide all that is required to achieve the management of high containment of them and its positive effects on male and female teachers of physical education. The research recommended the necessity of adopting the application of the scale as a scientific method to reveal the extent of the effectiveness of the school administration in gaining effective performance with what male and female physical education teachers provide. And the need to plan and prepare training programs during the academic year for physical education teachers, in line with the prepared curricula and the available capabilities, and to contain them continuously to gain their confidence and the effectiveness of their performance. And constant encouragement to urge them to join training courses, seminars and workshops, regardless of their level and practical and scientific experience, to increase their educational capabilities.

The research aimed to identify the effect of (ABC) exercises on the speed and to identify of the counters after 200 meters race to develop the angle of inclination of the calibrations in the 200-meter race. ) with the pre and post-test, and the research community for test requests were from the research community and they were taken intentionally. The research community consisted of young women runners in Kirkuk province for short distances, whose number was (10) runners, which ages ranged between (18- 19) years old representing (100%). They were taken from the research community by the intentional method. The members of the research sample were divided into two equal groups with (4) female runners in each group. While (2) female runners were excluded because of their exposure to injury. Therefore, the percentage of the research sample reached (80%) of the research community, and the process of homogeneity and equivalence was carried out in the pre-tests And then applying the main experiment, which included (ABC) exercises with relative weighting, then conducting post-tests, and after collecting the data, the appropriate statistical operations for the tests were performed to reach the results, and the researchers concluded that (ABC) exercises had a positive effect on the 30-meter run. By running (200) meters, the experimental group was at a better level than the control group. The variable inclination angle was most affected by the (ABC) exercises, which outperformed the control group in the post-test, and this led to an improvement in the percentage of the total completion time of (200) m. These levels may lead to changing the reality of achievement even if it does not reach moral, and the researchers recommended the need to give (ABC) training to all male and female runners and all age stages and give (ABC) training with relative weight for its importance in developing the special muscles in the sprint And the need to emphasize that the weight training is like the skillful performance (technique) to include the muscles working in the movement or skill.

This study aimed to identify the effect of a proposed training and psychological program associated with video technology on the defensive skills of volleyball juniors. The results of this research showed a clear improvement in the attacking skills of the experimental group under study, where the field defense came in the first place, while the skill of passing from above came in the second place, and the skill of receiving the serve came in the third place. The results of this research also showed the superiority of the training and psychological program, accompanied by video technology, in improving defensive skills over the traditional program significantly.
The two researchers recommend the trainers to use the training and psychological program accompanying the techniquethe video.

The aim of the research is to know the reality of measurement and evaluation from the point of view of physical education students in the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq and then determine the standard levels of the subject.
The researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey method to suit it with the nature and objectives of the research, the research community included (722) male and female students who studied measurement and evaluation in the departments and faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the universities of the Kurdistan Region - Iraq, representing students of the second and third stages for the academic year (2022-2023), while the research sample consisted of (321) male and female students, with a percentage of (44.46%) of the total research community.
It was reached to develop the standard levels of the scale of measurement and evaluation from the point of view of physical education students in the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and it was concluded that the research sample has an average level in the direction of measurement and evaluation of physical education in the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.
The researchers recommend to use the standard levels extracted from this research as a standard reference for the evaluation of the measurement and evaluation of physical education, and then review the content of the curriculum of the measurement and evaluation material concerned in the light of modern scientific trends of the educational process in the universities of the Kurdistan Region - Iraq.

The urgent need to follow new and unconventional exercises and methods, and put them under experimentation and research to know their effectiveness and what they bring new to serve the training process in its various physical and skill fields and components, for futsal.
The research problem focused on: Through the researchers' experience as former futsal players, will the use of compound exercises in the style of playing (power play) have an impact on the physiological indicators, physical abilities and offensive playing positions of futsal players?
The research aimed to: Prepare compound exercises in the style of playing (power play) as well as identify the effect of compound exercises in the style of playing (power play) in developing some physiological indicators, identify the effect of compound exercises in the style of playing (power play) in developing the physical abilities and offensive positions of futsal players, identify the advantage of the effect on some physiological variables, physical abilities and offensive positions of futsal players between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests.
As for the research methodology and field procedures, the researcher used the experimental method to solve the research problem, i.e. the method of the control and experimental groups with a pre- and post-test. As for the research sample, the research sample was determined by the players of the Naft Al-Wasat Club for the advanced futsal players for the 2022-2023 season, numbering (24) players, from which the researcher chose a sample of (24) players for the main experiment, as they were divided equally into two groups (experimental and control) using the simple random method (lottery).

The arbitration aspect is one of the important aspects and the basic pillar in various sports. Referees should understand and possess an appropriate amount of aspects that serve their interests, especially legal knowledge and visual abilities. These aspects are necessary topics that the referee must be characterized by, considering them an important and complementary part of other training aspects such as physiological variables, nutrition and health aspects, which should not be neglected.

Arbitration competence is necessary for any referee because it contributes and helps in referees acquiring good performance and repeating this performance in other and new duties and benefiting from correcting errors that occurred previously and working to avoid them according to the requirements of the tasks assigned to them. These features are unique to competence in general and arbitration competence in particular, which makes the referee in an ascending or continuous line with the same good performance when performing matches and duties assigned to him. Accordingly, attention must be paid to them to have good results in performance and employ them in official matches in the game of basketball.

Therefore, the importance of the research came in identifying the relationship between arbitration competence and legal knowledge of basketball referees in Iraq.

The importance of the research lies in finding or searching for performance obstacles (skills, physical, motor, and tactical) for volleyball players in the Baghdad national teams so that the coaches can modify the training program and constantly introduce guidance and codify it according to the results that the research will obtain. Volleyball skills require speed of performance, focus, and continuous attention in order for the player to succeed in getting the ball to the right place, which leads to gaining a point. Therefore, it is possible to summarize the problem with a question: Do volleyball players in Baghdad Governorate have psychological pressures?
Keywords: construction and regulation, spatial awareness and distance test, badminton. The aim of the research was to: adapt the psychological stress scale for players of the Baghdad Governorate volleyball teams. Identify the psychological pressures of the players of the Baghdad Governorate volleyball teams. After that, the researcher selected a sample from the research community and divided it into a sample to adapt the scale (46) players. As for the main experiment sample, it amounted to (20) players. He also used the psychological pressures scale and adapted it to the research sample. He extracted the scientific foundations for it and then used statistical methods in order to obtain the results of the research and reach several conclusions, the most important of which are: The players of the Baghdad Governorate educational teams suffer from psychological pressures. There is no psychological energy among volleyball players in Baghdad Governorate schools. The researcher recommended several recommendations, the most important of which are: the necessity of conducting periodic tests and subjecting players to guidance programs that reduce the pressure on them. Working to provide ways of development and achievement as a positive motivation and reason for getting rid of a large part of psychological pressure.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of specific exercises on the development of accuracy in the offensive backhand stroke with both hands.
The research hypothesis stated that the use of these specific exercises has a positive impact on improving the accuracy of the offensive backhand stroke with both hands.The researcher employed an experimental method using two equivalent groups.The research population consisted of 12 tennis players from the Al-Muthanna University team for the year 2022-2023. They were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups.The training method followed by the coach was adopted for both groups, while the experimental group performed the backhand stroke exercises with both hands that prepared by the researcher.The training sessions consisted of three weekly units, with each unit including three exercises. The training program lasted for eight weeks, a pre-test was conducted for both the experimental and control groups to measure the accuracy skill.The researcher administered six attempts for each player in the sample, resulting in a total of 72 attempts for both the experimental and control groups. After that, the exercises were implemented from February 12, 2022, to April 12, 2023.Subsequently, a post- test was conducted under the same conditions as the pre-test. The statistical software SPSS was used to extract the research results.The researcher presented, analyzed, and discussed the results obtained from the pre-test and post-test.The most significant finding was the priority of the impact of specific exercises on the performance of the offensive backhand stroke with both hands.The main recommendation emphasized the necessity for coaches to focus on comprehensive evaluation of strokes in order to achieve positive results during the training process.

The research aims to prepare a training curriculum by the two methods of fartlek and low-intensity interval for the junior 1500m runners, to identify the effect of exercises prepared by the two methods of fartlek and low-intensity interval in the development of some physical abilities (maximum speed, speed endurance, agility) and physiological (anaxic capacity, oxygen capacity, number heartbeat) and the achievement of 1500 m for the junior runners in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, and to identify the differences between the two methods of the fartlek and the low-intensity interval in the development of the research variables and the research sample.
The researcher used the experimental approach by designing two equal experimental groups with pre and post tests. The research community was confined to the clubs (Sirwan Nawa, Khanaqin, Peshmerga) in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, while the research sample are the runners of the Sirwan Nawa Sports Club for the youth category for ages (14-16) years, which numbered (12) running. The researcher used a number of tools and means to collect information in the research. Determine the appropriate tests to measure the research variables and conduct the exploratory experiment. And then the research procedures included (the pre-test and the preparation of exercises in two ways and the application of the method on the two groups and the post-tests) The researcher used the electronic statistical bag to process the data. The researcher reached the following conclusions, the effect of the low-intensity interval training program on all physical and physiological characteristics and achievement, the effect of the fartlek training program on all the physical and physiological characteristics and achievement under study, the validity of the two training programs to develop the physical and physiological characteristics of the junior 1500m runners, where the differences were not statistically significant In the variables in the telemetry between the two programs.

The research consisted of four chapters, the first chapter included the definition of the research, and it dealt with the research problem, the objectives of the research and the research hypotheses as well as what it includes for the limits and fields of the search and the definition of the most important terms. And experimental, as well as discussion of all results, in order to investigate the validity of the hypotheses. As for the fourth chapter, it contains conclusions and recommendations.

The aim of this study was to find equations to predict the level of performance of the smash skill of volleyball players in terms of some of the most important physiological and hormonal variables. The research sample was the players of the Babylon and Nasiriyah youth volleyball clubs. The researcher tried to address the problem of coaches relying on tests only to know the level of players, so they sought to find equations to predict the level. The researcher reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which was deriving a final predictive equation through which the smash skill can be predicted in terms of some functional indicators. Deriving a final predictive equation through which the smash skill can be predicted in terms of some hormones. An increase in the level of some functional indicators, which are both (high and low blood pressure rates) among the research sample members. The most important recommendations are to adopt the research results and benefit from them by volleyball coaches to know the hormonal and physiological effects of volleyball players on the skill performance of the smash. Conducting similar research and studies by researchers to standardize and determine standard levels for the scores of the smash skill test in individual and team games.