JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

Most economists agree that seigniorage is one way to finance governments deficits, but there is less agreement about the political, institutional, and economic reasons for relying on it.
This paper investigates the main determinants of seigniorage using multi measures and take IRAQ as a case study .
Furthermore , the role of monetary policy options and their relation with seigniorage will be explained , and what would be the transference effect from discretionary monetary policy which prevailed in the nineties to the monetary policy rules after 2003 in IRAQ , and their reflections on nature and volume of seigniorage

The economic reforms proposed by the IMF and the World Bank, did not achieve prosperity and social welfare in countries that applied them , but they contributed in dismantling the economic structures and increased unemployment and poverty. The Decreasing public development spending in the eighties, after the debt crisis , had a Negative impact on infrastructure. while the developing countries are no longer able to create enough jobs to absorb the incresceing number of workforce, while addressing the deepening unemployment crisis and poverty requires levels of investment cannot be provided by these countries.

The study of the correlation between economic growth and human development index are of great importance as a means to know the effect of each one on the , and the relationship between the economic growth and-geta human development is a direct correlation can Observation through the side of human development in the development of human capacity and use it to achieve economic growth, and benefit from the fruits of economic growth in expanding people's choices, and have included research three sections where included first topic on the conceptual framework of both economic growth and human development, while the second section has included measuring the relationship between economic growth and human development in Iraq ,to be mentioned third topic to draw Futuristic Relationship between economic growth and human development in Iraq, has reached search there was no correlation between economic growth and human development index, to adopt economic growth on exports of crude oil, and thus be Quartz depends international policies, while human development does not constitute aside impetus for growth the extent that the economic aspect dependent upon only to keep up with the economic situation as well as data that lacks precision and communication.

That development and population, both are problems going together .
E each one affect on the other and are the study the influence of this interdependence and this exchanged influence has become a great deal of importance and occupies a large portion of the efforts of intellectuals, economists, sociologists and demography at the level of the whole world. in spite of the contrast of points of view about these two problems, development and population, between different Intellectual schools in the world Starting from different bases which depend on it each one of them, the common Basis which has been agreed among by the all in away does not accept doubt or controversy is that interdependence and correlation and mutual influence between rights and development Just as human .
This research aims to shed light on the relationship between population and sustainable development, and come to group findings and recommendations. The research includes three axes, the first address to the theoretical framework, The second and third are to the practical side.

Increasingly important business organizations, day after day, for they represent the mainstay of the national economy in any country , and because of the rapid movement and important developments taking place in the global system , and in order to cope with crises contemporary by organizations today highlights the importance of social capital it represents one estimators strategy in organizations for the protection of public funds and represented the research problem in trying to answer the question a fundamental effect Does the top of the social protection of public funds and set the dimensions of social capital independent variable (b social relations - cooperation - values and norms correct ) the dependent variable was public money. has included research three hypotheses concerning the test influence and the relationship between the variables of research for the purpose of testing those hypotheses applied research on a sample of managers and department heads in the Department of Health Diyala and health institutions and its affiliates. , and the researcher to a number of results the most important of a relationship effect significant correlation between social capital and between the public money as well as a correlation between the variables of the search .
The researcher has recommended a set of recommendations to the beneficiaries was the need to work to promote and strengthen social relations and strengthen cooperation and work to implement the correct values and norms in order to maintain public money.

This research on the study of Phenomenology a trend philosophical rumored about the term (return to the roots), one of the propositions philosophical spread in the early twentieth century, and has had extensions influential aspects of human life until the present time, including administrative thought, it is the source of many ideas administrative which spread in the past five decades, particularly in the public administration, such as new public management, sunset legislation, and the zero-based budget, and others.
The idea of this research is based on the possibility of adopting this trend philosophical as input for the reform of public administration in Iraq, especially with the presence of a number of indicators that show poor performance of government in Iraq, The return to the roots could result in reconsideration of everything related to public administration in Iraq start of structures, systems, and access to the values and beliefs, and to achieve this goal has been divided Search within three Investigation head, preceded by a prelude, eat first section clarification intended Pal Phenomenology and the most important management practices associated with it, while focusing the second topic on the public administration in Iraq in terms of origination and problems, and the most important indicators of poor performance, The third section concerns the possibility of relying on the concept (return to the roots) as an input to improve the performance of government in Iraq, and finally the search is over a short conclusion followed by a list of confiscated.

The research aims to determine the impact of the flexibility of the supply chain of represented (delivery flexiblity, supply flexiblity, information systems flexiblity, and new product flexiblity) on the strategic performance on according to the Balanced Scorecard and was deported to (financial perspective, customer perspective, internal business processes perspective, innovation and learning perspective), and by providing a model demonstrates the nature of the relationship between the flexibility of the supply chain and its impact on strategic performance.
The model of research was tested in a sample selected from companies belonging to the Ministry of Industry, The research population consists of all corporate executives and their representatives, in addition to some of the managers of laboratories, or factories, and technicians, and numbered )5( directors and technicians.
The questionnaire was distributed to all members of socity, and it has been returned from them (52) forms, which are useful to make a valid statistical analysis, The finding of the research indicated that the level of the supply chain flexibility is acceptable in these mentioned companies, the total average was (3.34), where the new product got the highest level, and it was (3.38), the level of the reached strategic performance was (3.40), which is a good level, , the highest level of strategic performance was in the customer perspective, with a value of (3.43).
The other findings of the research indicated the presence of positive significant correlation with a significance relation between supply chain flexibility and strategic performance, in addition to the confirmation of search on the ability of companies, under discussion, to achieve the strategic performance through the increased interest, and the support of supply chain flexibility dimensions employed in this research.
The research conclud to make some recommendations, including the emphasis on attention to supply chain flexibility dimensions adopted, in addition to other dimensions that can provide support for strategic performance, in addition to the need for follow-up the managements of companies to promote strategic performance dimensions, through the adoption of the most influential dimensions of supply chain flexibile, because the high uncertainty and constant change nature of the business environment.

Research sought to identify the strategic marketing planning Otramilit in organizational Performance in Iraqi companies is the company's general woolen industries in Baghdad and the State Company for Cotton Industries / Baghdad focused on the problem can be identified in (do strategic planning processes catalog has a role in achieving the organizational Performance )
For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the research has been constructing a model is determined nature of the relationship between the independent variable (strategic planning processes catalog) and the dependent variable (performance organizational) and emerged from them three hypotheses President, I miss them several hypotheses subset show correlation and influence between the variables of the research, sample research (48) Director of the Department and adopted the resolution form for this purpose as well as personal interviews in order to support the accuracy of data resolution, has been used a set of statistical methods in data analysis. Based on the description and diagnosis of the research variables and test the relationship between the influential variables of the model search was a set of conclusions in the side of the field, including:
1-Planning makers need to have all the ingredients that make it eligible for this position and most importantly the ability to skill and experience
2-are available in the organizations examined, and strategic planning processes that contribute to the support organizational performance indicators and an acceptable level in spite of availability, but they need to support these processes and development
3-to validate the hypothesis which refers to the existence of relations of association and effect between variables, gaining variable resources on the highest value in me and this shows that the planning processes is the core of improving the management planning. While his index increase profits through performance indicators Organizational at the highest value of the link so as holders of the increase represents the change in companies.

The research aims to find out the role of training in improving the efficiency of performance in Fallujah for the production of construction materials, one of the mixed sector companies in Iraq, where the research community has been selected data 4 years depending on the records of the company. The research divided into three sections included First research Abstract and research methodology and included the second topic on the theoretical side on the concept and definition of training and its importance, benefits and defined human resources management and productivity as contained third section the practical side, which included measurement of productivity based on the equation (index) labor productivity, which is equal to the amount of production divided by the number of persons involved production actually reached Find Conclusions including:
That the company in question has given increasing attention to training existing and this explain table (2) which leads to increased efficiency of employee and increase their output in spite of some of the constraints imposed by the conditions of the occupation and the insurgency. The research was presented several possible recommendations to be useful for the company.

This research tests the relationship of the linkage and effect between the knowledge and service quality, The research problem is how to understand the knowledge role in the service quality in national insurance company. A questionnaire has been used in data collection depending on the distribution of (30) forms to the research sample. Data have been analyzed Using (SPSS) program. Using a number of statistical tools for tests the research hypothesis has been used . The research reached a set of conclusions, one of the most important thinqs is, that there is a linkage and impact relation between knowledge, its variables (implicit knowledge and explicit knowledge) and service quality as a whole. The research concluded with many suitable recommendations.

The research focuses on the uses of computers and the applications such as databases in the banking business, especially the process of opening letters of credit issued and the most important differences between the traditional method and automated in terms of flexibility, speed, accuracy, and data retrieval and duplication and cost, by reducing the procedures and processes in the traditional manner and therefore is the delivery of the goods quickly and reduce routine operations in the traditional manner and high flexibility in data retrieval and update.

Most contemporary studies refer to the fact that the challenges of the globalization, technological development, information technology (IT), and the competition pressures are surrounding the organizations in general and the service organizations in particular. These challenges have increased the importance of the organizations’ preparedness with durable mechanisms, to acquire the competition success. The studies refer to the Organizational Climate and Perceived Organizational Support to positive effective in achieve competition success .The objective of the Present research is reveal the relation of Organizational Climate dimension represented by (communication , incentive , leadership pattern , decision making ) at the level of developing the intentional Perceived Organizational Support in Al-Rasheed bank . The research sample includes every superior management (represent by general manager and his deputies), then midst management ( represent by branches and department managers) and direct and supervisor management ( represent by units managers) . the sample group consists of (75) managers . To achieve the research objective a questionnaire was improved to be distributed for (90) individuals, to receive back ( 75) forms that are suitable for statistic analysis to reach the a response ratio (85%). In order to analyze the data many statistical methods are used like (descriptive statistic, and Spearman.
The most distinguish result of this research is the existence of moral relation of organizing Climate of social capitalism level . As for recommendation, the most important represents by the efforts to use various connection chancels to deal with transparence and to redeem confidence between management and employees and the necessity to give more attention to banks in order to achieve higher degree of participations in decision making and retain confidence to themselves to enable them be in charge in away that can increase their cognition of Perceived Organizational Support in banks .

The research aims to study the relationship between the information technology and customer relationship management for a sample consisting of Gas Filling Company managers to diagnose the real use of techniques and computers and their influence in the customer relationship management and how to continuous in relation and effect in customers through information technology. The researcher has reached to number of conclusions related to the subject and a reasonable recommendation to develop the productivity of the searched company.

Religious legislations have a significant importance in our society especially in financial institutions The research aim to illustrate the effect of religious especially the Fatwa that is related to interest rates in Iraqi banking activities. actually most of the previous researches focused on transforming the traditional banking environment to the Islamic banking environment that’s because the bank works according to religious limitations but the appearance of another generation of scholars whom have brought in the necessities of the culture as a priority .In fact the religious legislation is a big struggle for the banking system where it will result in a hard competition to attract deferent kinds of deposit. The sample of the research contains a sample of 52 person from varity of structural levels in Iraqi banking sector , The data will be analyzed using the correlation by defining the problem of the research, forming the hypotheses then determining the variables related to the research The Research reached that there is a relation between the two variables .

No the institutional day just systems and procedures followed by organizations in order to protect shareholders and other stakeholders related organization but has became corporate governance to achieve successful performance of the organization does not happen only consciously organized to its responsibilities towards many parties concerned by and carry out the Board of Directors a new role in achieving these responsibilities that Organization open system in a dynamic environment imposed on the organization new challenges make change and development is very important for the purpose of maintaining the reputation of the organization and make it add value to the environment in which they live, so come this study highlights Alytodih strategic dimension of the responsibilities assumed by management and the possibility of achieving accountability for their commitment these responsibilities towards society and the environment. study the reality of the environment in the expression of Iraqi responsibility in the organization of joint stock companies and study used style questionnaire to collect and analyze information through some statistical methods. And concluded that face contemporary management is a growing need for the disclosure of environmental and social performance of customers, shareholders and other stakeholders for the purpose of achieving accountability for financial performance and is the organization's financial direction of the application of corporate governance and companies are contributing Iraqi arena fertile ground for the application of the principles.

The universal economy, in general, and national Financial markets, in particular, suffer from a number of disturbances which have not been noticed since the great universal depression "stagnation" in 1929. There has not been such disturbances in money and energy markets and precious metals as it occurs nowadays. These Financial crises had caused a dangerous economical stagnation in the past, and they may have the same influences in the future.The continuous financial crises in most countries from an important phenomenon which should be paid attention to, since their negative effect have threatened the political and economical Constance "stability" of the nations intended. Among the most important characteristics of financial crises is the ability to move from one country into another one weather the latter is a developing or an advanced country. The nowadays universal crises which the universe suffers from is regarded as the most dangerous one which has never been seen or faced before. It's first remarks have appeared in U.S.A since 2007. In September 2008, it has been developed into frequent or continuous collapses "crashes" in many great financial organizations, in banks, assurance companies and investment boxes. Great continuous reductions in universal stock markets have accompanied in this crisis and spread, all over the world, into the economical sides taking the form of stagnation which affected on market movements.
In the present research, the researchers try to shed light on the main financial crises which the world has passed through or experienced focusing on the universal one due to its modernity as far as its notion, reasons, and effects on the universal economy. As parallel to that, focus is given to the Islamic Accounting standards and their main inventor or exporter, then the Islamic model is presented as substitutive style to avoid the present crisis.

Regarding the importance of the auditor's opinion on which most financial statements users depend upon when making their economic decisions and because of large projects, events momentum and processes, it becomes difficult to have comprehensive inspection for all financial events and operations which affect the balances of financial statements and therefore attention and concentration were converted to the test exam for selected samples and getting evidences of results derived from inspection and test procedures and generalizing the results of other community items.
The sampling method requires the auditor testing of the internal control system and basic tests for financial operations to reach an understanding' studying and evaluating risks and methods of control processes and assertions that support the audit's opinion and convictions in actual results of the tasted samples.
Auditors use statistical and unstatistical sampling teqniques (Judicious) in determining the suitable samples size and evaluating results of inspection methods of control and financial operations and the extent of their representation for the community items.
Methods of statistical inspection were preferred in practical operations for judicious inspection method because of it's ability for quantitative measurement of risk inspection which the auditor wants to undertake and be in control of
evaluating test results of selected samples.
The common method of statistical inspection in selecting internal control system and financial operations is called (preview qualities) which provide auditors with prospects on rates of exception (deviation) in control methods applied on planned and designed systems and polices. .
The basic factors which must be available in choosing sample size and evaluating test results in this method are identifying the acceptable risk to estimate the control risk towered a very low rates and determining the rate proposed or acceptable exception and estimating rate of exception in community.
This research used applying preview qualities method in testing and evaluating the internal control system and the basic tests of the purchasing operations in the Institute of Administration/ AL- Rusafa.

To monitor a multivariate process classical Hotelling's T2 control chart is often used. However , it is well known that such control charts are very sensitive to the presence of outlying observations in the historical phase I data used to set up its control limits .
In this paper we used arobust Hotelling's T2 type control chart for individual observations based on robust and efficient estimators of location and scatter known as re_weighted minimum covariance determinant (RMCD) estimators .

Rayleigh distribution is considered as a special case of Weibull distribution from important distributions, which considered one of common failure models in reliability field and life tests and signals analysis.
In this research ,scale parameter is being estimated for Rayleigh distribution using Bayes method depending Jeffrey's information method then enhanced in Jeffrey's extended as a second method, then been used density function probability preliminary accompany natural (Natural conjugate prior p.d.f ) as a distribution first and represents inverse distribution (Inverted Gamma) to become the third method proposed and used for this purpose samples sizes ( 100,50,25,10 ). The results showed superiority way Bayes third the rest of the other methods as especially when large volumes of samples and (M.L.E) in some cases small sample sizes, depending on the standard statistical sum of the squares error(MSE).

The research aim to study and analyze the influential factors which cause hypertension and diagnose them according to their impact on lsample containing (60)patients in medical town hospital in Baghdad .
The research has come to a vesult that the genetic and the patients age factors have the greater impact in increasing causing for disease , while the other factors comes in later rank , finally some recommendation have been presented due to it .

This research is oriented to reveal the relation managing organizational culture whit changing guest behavior – inside hotels organizations. The study is applied on first – class hotels in Bagdad, it depended on the questionnaire which prepared to measure the study variables and then on statistical analysis made to reach to the conclusion that there is a relationship between managing organizational culture whit changing guest behavior in general .

Tourism is a social phenomenon and a pattern of individual and collective behavior of group events are interrelated and continuous and sophisticated, a part of the requirements of modern civilization and an indicator of the level of progress and development in any country, as it can not imagine a country without tourism and tourism without hotels and theme without services, and on this basis, heading departments tourism and hospitality to adopt the philosophies keep pace with the evolution and change that occurs in the community.
From this perspective has been chosen theme and the reality of tourism activity in Iraq and the extent of distribution and focus of tourism services in the governorates of Iraq, and to try and plan to keep pace with progress in the countries of the world in this domain, and the most important conclusions reached are the reduction of Iraq's provinces into four groups, each group shared characteristics depend on the distribution of elements and variables that have been adopted in the research.

The hotel industry is one of the business fields which the success of its establishments is related to the continuous changes of guests preferences and favors .
So employees training specially in the operational departments came in the head of the priorities to the development of quality of services to reach high levels of guest satisfaction , and that will lead to achieve the high percentage of Occupancy and increasing sales and profits .