Sport culture

Sports have witnessed a rapid and effective development in recent years due to the use of the best modern scientific methods in the process of motor learning and sports training, and their theories have taken a new direction to keep pace with the development to achieve the best good results in sports games based on accurate and studied scientific foundations, and those interested in sports games and events have worked hard and diligently to develop aspects of player preparation, and what we see of amazing development in physical qualities and skill performance that has reached the peak of excitement is the best evidence of this interest and seriousness Basketball is one of the group games that is loved by young and old because of the fun and excitement it brings. The aim of the research is to build a measure of ego flexibility for basketball players in Iraq and to identify the differences between the Premier League and First Division clubs. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational relationships. The research community was determined intentionally, represented by the Premier League and First Division basketball players, numbering (199) for the sports season (2023-2024), distributed over (16) clubs. The research community was divided into the constructive sample (110), the application sample (70), the exploration experiment (20), and the excluded (9). The researcher concluded that the differences between the Premier League and First Division are not significant. The researcher attributes this to the fact that the ego flexibility of basketball players has two degrees of insignificant significance because the two degrees are close in understanding their ego flexibility.

The aim of the research is to: - Identifying the level of psychological sports readiness among the players of the Al-Nour University sports teams in Nineveh Governorate, identifying the level of athletic achievement motivation among the players of the Al-Nour University sports teams in Nineveh Governorate, identifying the relationship between the level of psychological sports readiness and the level of achievement motivation among the players of the Al-Nour University sports teams. For sports in Nineveh Governorate. The researcher used the descriptive approach in the style of studies because of its suitability and the nature of the research. The current research population consists of players from Al-Nour University sports teams in Nineveh Governorate. For the academic year (2023-2024), the number reached (120) players (100%) divided into (13) teams (football, volleyball, handball, basketball, track and field, gymnastics, chess, badminton) . . . Volleyball, fencing, table tennis, tennis, swimming, and futsal), while the research sample consisted of (80) players, with a percentage of (66.66), The sample was selected randomly, and the researcher used the (Psychological Sports Readiness) scale prepared by (Al-Hadidi, 2024) and the (Sports Achievement Motivation) scale prepared by (Al-Taie, 2022). The researcher used the questionnaire as a means of collecting data, and statistics on the number of players were obtained from Student Activities Division at Al-Nour University in Nineveh Governorate.

Sports training in itself is a means, not an end. It is the core process that involves using exercises to provide an opportunity for athletes to perform their duties with the highest level of efficiency by developing and enhancing their capabilities and potential, using them to gain the greatest benefit for themselves and, consequently, for their team. This requires the selection of various methods and different means of training, focusing on specific physical and skill-related aspects. Therefore, training plans should take into account individual differences between players. Many researchers and experts in the field of sports in general, and combat sports in particular, emphasize the importance of having a holistic approach in the training plan and the necessity of diversifying its methods and techniques. Combining these methods and techniques allows for achieving multiple training goals at the same time, thus maintaining a high level of performance for as long as possible. The most logical and optimal solution for diverse and comprehensive training is the use of elastic bands. It is an effective tool to achieve the highest possible competitive level. It also helps avoid the negative effects associated with training, such as the phenomenon of overload, while also adding fun to training, reducing boredom for athletes and coaches. Additionally, it contributes to the development of various body systems and aids in distributing the training load in a balanced manner.

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of the Renz and Lee model on the logical mental thinking style of students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the subject of teaching methods. And to identify the measurement of the effect of the Renz and Lee model on the logical mental thinking style of students of the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the subject of teaching methods. The researchers used the experimental method to achieve the goal of their research and verify the validity of their null hypotheses

The basic skills in all sports are an important base for building complex skill performance, which requires time and high effort to reach the form of their general performance. The aim of the research is to identify psychological hardness and its relationship to the performance of some skills of acrobatic motor groups on the Floor Exercises in artistic gymnastics for men. The hypothesis of the research is the existence of a correlation between psychological hardness and its relationship to the performance of some skills of acrobatic motor groups on the Floor Exercises in artistic gymnastics for men. The researchers used the descriptive approach in the style of correlation relations to fit the problem of the research community was determined by (9) players for the national gymnastics team in Baghdad, while the research sample settled on (7) players and the research sample constituted (77.7%). The researchers concluded 1- The players of the national team for technical gymnastics have high psychological hardness and a good skill level 2- The use of average complex motor difficulties value (D) gave his readers correct for the paragraphs of the scale of psychological hardness. The researchers recommended 1- The need to pay attention to the psychological aspects and develop psychological hardness among the players of the junior and youth national team. Because the study showed solidity in skill and physical performance and its high mark. 2- The need to study the relationship of psychological hardness to the performance of skills on other gymnastics devices because there are devices that generate a negative reaction in some technical gymnastics' players

The first chapter of the research included a simple introduction to handball, especially the goalkeeper, the research problem and the research objectives, including (identifying the effect of exercises according to auxiliary means on the performance of special abilities of young handball goalkeepers) and also the research hypotheses, including (there are statistically significant differences in the pre- and post-test of special physical abilities among young handball goalkeepers). The research sample also included (6) goalkeepers from the training center at the Ministry of Youth and Sports. The research procedures included selecting the sample and applying the exercises after the pre-test, and at the end of the method, applying the post-test of the research. The results were presented after the statistical treatments under study in a special table, and the conclusions included (the special exercises used have an effectiveness and positive effect on the performance of some special physical abilities of handball goalkeepers) and recommendations, including (emphasizing the importance of the special physical preparation stage and its role in developing the physical and skill level and its reflection in achieving positive results).

The aim of the research is to identify the reality of emotional reassurance and design a (cognitive-behavioral) program in the weights lesson for students of Kut University College for the academic year (2023-2024), and to identify the effect of the cognitive-behavioral program on emotional reassurance and the performance of the two snatch and jerk lifts for students for the academic year (2023-2024). The researchers assumed that there is an effect of the (cognitive-behavioral) program on emotional reassurance and the performance of the two snatch and jerk lifts for the research sample.
The researchers determined their research community to be the first-year students at the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - Al-Kut Private University College for the academic year (2023-2024), numbering (115) students. The research sample was selected (50) students for the main sample and (15) students for the exploratory experiment. The sample percentage from the community was (50%), as the sample best represented the community. The researchers concluded that the emotional reassurance scale that was prepared by them according to scientific foundations is valid for application to the research sample of first-year students in the weights lesson. They also found that (56%) of students had a low level of emotional reassurance among those who obtained grades below the hypothetical mean score of the scale, and (44%) of students had emotional reassurance and obtained grades within or above the hypothetical mean score of the scale.
The guidance program is effective in improving the emotional reassurance and technical performance in the weights lesson for students, due to the modification it made to the students’ knowledge about the weights lesson environment and the modification of their behavior towards the lesson and learning the performance.

Vacuum exercises are one of the effective methods for fat burning, and practicing vacuum exercises helps maintain general body health and fitness. Since these exercises rely on deep breathing, holding the breath, and breathing calmly, they have a significant impact on the functional efficiency of the respiratory system. Given that a shooter needs to hold their breath before performing to achieve complete balance and accuracy in aiming, these exercises are related to the accuracy of shooting with an air rifle. The research aimed to prepare vacuum exercises for air rifle shooters, identify the effect of vacuum exercises on the functional efficiency of the sample, and examine the impact of vacuum exercises on shooting accuracy with an air rifle among the sample. The researchers adopted the experimental method due to its

The study aimed to identify the differences in the basic basketball skills tests for Al-Tawz Sports Club players on the days (the summit, the hurdle and the bottom) for the emotional biorhythm. The researchers assumed that there are no statistically significant differences in the basic basketball skills tests for Al-Tawz Sports Club players on the days (the summit, the hurdle and the bottom) for the emotional biorhythm. The study sample consisted of (16) players representing Al-Tawz Sports Club participating in the First Division League for the 2024-2025 sports season, (6) of whom were excluded for participating in the exploration experiment. The researchers used statistical methods (percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, (t) test). The researchers concluded from the results obtained from the research sample the following:
- The level of players in the skill tests on the summit day is better than the rest of the days for the emotional biorhythm.
- The level of players in the skill tests is better on the summit day for the emotional biorhythm than on the bottom day.
The researchers recommended the following:
- The necessity for coaches to train their players on complex and high-difficulty skills during the peak days of the emotional biorhythm.
- Raising awareness among players about understanding the emotional biorhythm and its impact on their athletic career and its major role in improving their performance.
- Keeping players away from high-intensity training during the low days of the emotional biorhythm.
- Conducting similar studies to determine the impact of the emotional biorhythm in its mental and intuitive cycle on the level of basketball players.

The study aims to assess the impact of digital technology on the quality of higher education in Arab universities, analyze the impact of digital tools on the productivity and efficiency of scientific research, and explore the challenges facing universities in adopting digital technology conclusions. The study demonstrated that the use of digital technology in education greatly contributes to improving the quality of education by providing advanced and interactive educational tools. The use of digital technology helps researchers to obtain and analyze accurate data quickly and efficiently, increasing the quantity and quality of published research, - providing good digital infrastructure, including high-speed Internet and appropriate hardware and software, is a basis for improving the quality of education and scientific research. Training teachers and staff in the use of digital tools is an essential part of improving the quality of education and scientific research. - Cooperation between universities government and private entities strengthens digital infrastructure and supports scientific research by providing financing and advanced technologies. - AI, virtual reality, and augmented reality applications can provide advanced and personal learning experiences, enhancing the effectiveness of education. Recommendations were to develop digital infrastructure - provide ongoing training programs for teachers - promote cooperation between universities - utilize modern technologies - provide electronic platforms for research cooperation improve sustainability policies.

Archery is one of the most important Paralympic games, as it was one of the first games to participate in the first session in 1960 until the last session in 2020.The problem of the research is the acuity and scarcity of research that is concerned with this category of society, as well as a lack of comprehensive studies. The aim of the research is to know the results of the Paralympic Games in archery from the first session in 1960 to the last session in 2020.The researcher adopted the retrospective historical approach to record and document everything related to the study of the Paralympic Games and the game of archery from the first Paralympic Games in 1960 to the last session in 2020. The research sample is the teams participating in the Paralympic Games for archery and archery for the period from 1960 to 2020.The most important conclusions are: The game of archery with a bow and arrow is one of the important games as it is one of the games participating in the first session of the Paralympic Games. The number of male participants increased compared to the first session in 1960, from 10 to 79 players in the 2020 session, while women in the first session increased from 9 players to 60. Player in the 2020 tournament. The number of countries participating in the first tournament is 8 countries with eight events. Compared to the 2020 tournament, the number of countries increased to 43 countries and the number of events increased to 9 events.

The researchers conducted the current study to identify the extent of the effect of combining sports practice and electronic games on the focus of attention and mental toughness of female university students. The descriptive approach was used to suit the nature of the study, on a random sample of (62) female students from the Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Activity, where they were divided into three groups: (22) female students who practice electronic games only, (20) female students who practice physical activity only, and (22) female students who practice electronic games and physical activity together. The Dorothy Harris Concentration Network Test (Harris,1984, P.89) was used, and the Mental Toughness Questionnaire (Sheard, Wearsh, 2009, P.186-193) as measurement tools. The results showed that the highest level of mental toughness was achieved among female students who practice physical activity and electronic games regularly, followed by the group that practiced electronic games only regularly, then the group that practiced physical activity only regularly. The researchers recommended the need to encourage individuals to integrate electronic games programs into the programs for preparing sports practitioners within sports clubs.

The problem of the research lies in the lack of using different teaching methods that give the student a role in the educational process, as most of the lesson plans of the faculties and departments of physical education and sports sciences depend on the personal experience of the instructor. The aim of the research is to identify the effect of using the reciprocal teaching method in teaching the skills of the back roll curled and the front roll open in artistic gymnastics for female students, and to identify the superiority of the two groups in teaching the control and experimental groups in the skills of the back roll curled and the front roll open in artistic gymnastics for female students. groups.
The researchers used the experimental approach and the research community included (54) female students, while the research sample consisted of (48) female students from the second stage (morning study) in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Kirkuk, for the academic year 2024-2025 AD. The sample was divided into two equal groups (control and experimental) with (24) students for each group by lottery.
2- The use of the reciprocal teaching method is better than the teaching followed by the teacher in learning the technical performance of the front roll skill and the development of the back roll skill in artistic gymnastics.
The researchers recommended the following:
1- Benefit from using different teaching methods in learning in order to raise the level of skill performance better.
2- Benefit from changing and diversifying teaching methods in order to use different educational applications when applying the principle of synchronization in methods, which makes the teaching process more interesting.

The decline in technical performance and achievement in the pole-vaulting event at the level of local team players and that one of the reasons for the poor technical performance is due to. The researchers also noted that there is a weakness in the application of all technical stages by the jumpers clearly, especially the pole folding stage, and compatibility with the pole, which begins after the pole planting stage in the box and rising, which leads to a lack of investment in the subsequent technical stages of this event. The research aims to identify the level of achievement of the technical performance of the pole-vaulting event for the Arab countries champion. And to identify some values of the biomechanical variables of the art of performing the rising stage of the pole-vaulting event for the Arab countries champion. And to identify the correlation between some values of the biomechanical variables of the art of performing the rising stage of the pole-vaulting event for the Arab countries champion and the level of achievement. The researcher used the descriptive approach for its suitability and the nature of the research in achieving its objectives. The research sample consisted of the champions of the country and the Arab countries in the pole-vaulting event. The researchers used self-assessment and scientific technical observation, and modern scientific analytical programs using computers to extract data. The researchers used the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and Kendall's correlation coefficient to process the data statistically using the program (SPSS, 11.5). The researchers concluded that the rise time has a positive effect on the level of achievement, which is appropriate for the rise movements, and that the distance, time, speed and linear momentum of the three-dimensional resultant have a positive effect on achievement. The height of the body's center of gravity at the moment of leaving the rise phase has a positive effect on achievement.

The study aimed to identify the level of management by walking around and the level of entrepreneurial orientation among the directors of youth and sports forums, as well as to identify the role of management by walking around in enhancing the level of entrepreneurial orientation among the directors of youth and sports forums from the point of view of those working in them. The researchers used the descriptive approach in my style (survey and correlational relationships). The research community consisted of workers in the youth and sports forums in Salah al-Din Governorate, which numbered. (17) A forum distributed throughout the governorate, and the total study sample numbered (218) workers. As for the construction sample, it was represented by (150) workers who were chosen by a simple random method (lottery) with a percentage of (68.80%) and were divided among the statistical analysis sample, consisting of (135). Two workers represent the construction sample, represented by (61.92%) of the total study sample, and (15) workers represent the exploratory application sample, represented by (88.6%) of the total study sample. As for the application sample, they are represented by (68) workers, with a percentage of (31.19%) of the total study sample.

The study aimed to identify the extent of the relationship between psychological flow and basic offensive handball skills for students. The researchers assume: There is a significant statistical correlation between psychological flow and basic offensive handball skills for students. The researchers adopted the descriptive approach as it is the appropriate approach to solve the research problem. When the research community was chosen intentionally, which included second-stage students, Section (B) of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Kufa for the academic year 2023\2024, numbering (34) students, the research sample numbered (18) students who were chosen randomly (lottery) with a percentage of (52.94%) of the research community after excluding (6) students (4) for participating in the exploratory experiment (2) club players. In light of the results reached by the researchers, the research sample has a high psychological flow that qualifies them to perform the basic offensive skills in handball, including (accuracy of shooting, tapping and passing), and this is what the results of the relationship between psychological flow and the basic offensive skills in handball showed.

The research aims to build a scale of complex thinking among students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences in basketball in Iraqi universities, to identify the level of complex thinking among students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences in basketball in Iraqi universities, to identify the dimensions of the scale of complex thinking among students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences in basketball in Iraqi universities, the researchers used the descriptive approach using the (survey and correlation) method, the current research community consisted of (1793) students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences in basketball in Iraqi universities for the academic year (2024-2025), and the research sample consisted of (343) students and the researchers built a scale of complex thinking to reach the research results and the data were processed using the statistical package (SPSS), and the researchers reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: The fourth-stage students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences in basketball possess a good level of complex thinking.

The study aimed to identify the level of job involvement and innovative capabilities among physical education teachers in Salah al-Din Governorate, as well as to identify the relationship between job involvement and enhancing the level of innovative capabilities among physical education teachers in secondary schools in Salah al-Din Governorate. The researchers used the descriptive approach using the two methods (survey and correlational relations). The research community consisted of physical education teachers in Salah al-Din Governorate, as the total study sample numbered (353) teachers, as the construction sample represented (250) teachers, and they were selected by simple random method (lottery) at a rate of (70.82%), and (13) teachers represented the exploratory application sample and represented (3.68%) of the research community. Thus, the statistical analysis sample became represented by (237) teachers and represented (67.13%), while the application sample amounted to (103) teachers and represented (29.17%) of the total research community.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of the reality of augmented learning in learning three basic skills in basketball (dribbling skill, handling skill, and goal skill from a standstill). Identify the best group in learning the skill and cognitive performance of some basic skills in basketball. The researchers used the experimental method (with equivalent groups) because it is one of the most effective means to reach reliable knowledge. The research sample the researchers chose the research community represented by the first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Ork University College, numbering (50) students. The research sample was chosen in a non-significant way from this community with a number of (28) students and using the regular non-significant method, the research sample was divided into two groups, the first control group with a number of (14) students and the second experimental group with a number of (14) students. Thus, the sample represented a percentage of (56%), which is an appropriate percentage to represent the research community in a real and honest way. The researchers used many scientific procedures, the pre-test and the preparation of educational units as well as the post-test. The researchers used the statistical bag for social sciences, which led them to many results that led the researchers to conclusions, the most important of which is that the educational units have an effective impact in augmented learning. It has a clear and positive impact on the skill and cognitive performance of students in learning the basic skills of basketball, which enhances the effectiveness of this technology in the educational process. The use of augmented learning reality contributed to an improvement in cognitive achievement, which indicates the importance of providing rich and comprehensive information about the game. Among the most important recommendations, the researchers recommend adopting augmented learning units as an essential part of basketball teaching curricula, due to their noticeable positive impact on performance and knowledge. Educational content should be developed that includes historical information, technical explanations, and practical examples, to ensure the provision of comprehensive information that contributes to improving student performance.

The research aims to build the information technology scale among the employees of the student activities departments (sports divisions and scout divisions) in Iraqi universities, to identify the level of technological capabilities of the employees of student activities departments (sports divisions and scout divisions) in Iraqi universities, to identify the dimensions of the technological capabilities scale among the employees of student activities departments (sports divisions and scout divisions) in Iraqi universities, The researcher used the descriptive approach in a method (survey and correlational relationships), the current research community consisted of (235) affiliates in the divisions and departments of student activities for a number of Iraqi universities for the academic year (2024-2025), and the research sample consisted of (196) affiliated with the Department of Student Activities for a number of Iraqi universities, and the researcher built a measure of technological capabilities to reach the results of the research and the data was processed by the statistical bag (SPSS).), and the researcher reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: technological capabilities are not just the availability of devices and equipment such as computers, equipment and programs, but also include the presence of the human element qualified to interact with these machines and benefit from them effectively to achieve development, the results of the answers of the study sample to the dimensions of technological capabilities diagnosed by the study sample showed the importance of technological capabilities in their combined dimensions in enhancing organizational sustainability.

The study aimed to:-
1- Prepare rehabilitation exercises to improve the level of pain and muscle strength for patients with De Quervain syndrome
2- Know the effect of rehabilitation exercises and shock waves in improving the level of pain for patients with De Quervain syndrome
3- Know the effect of rehabilitation exercises and shock waves in improving muscle strength for patients with De Quervain syndrome
The researchers used the experimental method to suit its suitability and the nature of the research and by designing a single experimental group on patients with De Quervain syndrome, numbering (8) patients who were selected intentionally and the data were processed statistically using the bag (SPSS) and the researchers reached: -
1- The rehabilitation exercises used play a role in improving the level of pain and muscle strength for patients with De Quervain syndrome.
2- Shock waves and rehabilitation exercises have an effective role in improving muscle strength and pain for patients with De Quervain syndrome.

organizational prosperity, as well as to identify the role of leadership vigilance in the level of organizational prosperity in organizational prosperity in youth and sports forums in Salah al-Din Governorate from the point of view of its employees. The researchers used the descriptive approach using methods (survey and correlational relations). The research community consisted of workers in youth and sports forums in Salah al-Din Governorate. The total study sample number was (218) workers, while the construction sample was represented by (160) workers. They were selected by simple random method (lottery) at a rate of (73.39%) of the total research community as follows: (10) workers represent the exploratory application sample and represent (58.4%) of the research community, and (150) workers represent the construction sample and represent (68.80%) of the research community. The application sample was represented by (58) workers and represent (26.60%) of the total research community.

The study aimed to prepare educational exercises using the EDGA model and to know their effect on sensory-motor perception and learning some skills on the basic movements mat and the jumping platform in artistic gymnastics for female students in the experimental group. The researchers assumed that there is a positive effect of educational exercises using the EDGA model on sensory-motor perception and learning the skill of the front hand jump on the floor movements mat in artistic gymnastics for female students, The researchers used the experimental method by designing equivalent groups with pre- and post-measurement. The research community consisted of female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Karbala, second stage, numbering (40) students, and they constituted (51.9%) of the research community. Thus, the sample was divided into two groups (control and experimental). The researchers used the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) to process the data, The results showed that the students of the experimental group who used the educational exercises in the model that he gave to the students were superior, as they were in line with the learners’ preferences in learning, meaning that the student learns the skill according to what he prefers, and this is what gave the student the opportunity to learn the skills.

The study aimed at: -Learn about the relationship between psychological anxiety and the accuracy of the short serving among the players of the northern region of the badminton.-
Learn about psychological anxiety and the accuracy of the short serving among the players of the northern region of the badminton. The researcher used the descriptive approach in the style of correlation to suit it with the nature of the problem. The research sample was represented by the players of the northern area of the badminton, who underwent a psychological anxiety scale to obtain the data for the research. After collecting the data, it was statistically processed, and the researchers reached the following conclusions: 1. There is a significant correlation between psychological anxiety and short serve performance in badminton among the research sample. 2.The sample members have low anxiety and good self-confidence. 3. Comprehensive psychological preparation is of great importance in achieving optimal sports performance, along with physical and tactical preparation, and the psychological sessions provided by coaches contribute to raising players' morale and enhancing their self-confidence, which reflects positively on their performance and contributes to achieving better results.
The researcher recommended the following:
1.Encourage players to realistically assess their performance and boost their self-confidence by highlighting their strengths and identifying areas for improvement.
2.Build positive relationships between players by preparing them for the different circumstances they may face during competitions.
3.Conducting research on different age groups and different genders for the basic psychological skills that are essential for the player's distinctive performance with different game skills and identifying and developing their weaknesses.
The study aimed at: -Learn about the relationship between psychological anxiety and the accuracy of the short serving among the players of the northern region of the badminton.-
Learn about psychological anxiety and the accuracy of the short serving among the players of the northern region of the badminton. The researcher used the descriptive approach in the style of correlation to suit it with the nature of the problem. The research sample was represented by the players of the northern area of the badminton, who underwent a psychological anxiety scale to obtain the data for the research. After collecting the data, it was statistically processed, and the researchers reached the following conclusions: 1. There is a significant correlation between psychological anxiety and short serve performance in badminton among the research sample. 2.The sample members have low anxiety and good self-confidence. 3. Comprehensive psychological preparation is of great importance in achieving optimal sports performance, along with physical and tactical preparation, and the psychological sessions provided by coaches contribute to raising players' morale and enhancing their self-confidence, which reflects positively on their performance and contributes to achieving better results.
The researcher recommended the following:
1.Encourage players to realistically assess their performance and boost their self-confidence by highlighting their strengths and identifying areas for improvement.
2.Build positive relationships between players by preparing them for the different circumstances they may face during competitions.
3.Conducting research on different age groups and different genders for the basic psychological skills that are essential for the player's distinctive performance with different game skills and identifying and developing their weaknesses.

Research objective:
To know the effect of aerobic exercises according to biomechanical variables to rehabilitate patients with knee osteoarthritis.
Field research procedures:
The research procedures were carried out using the experimental method on a sample of (20) patients with knee osteoarthritis aged (40-50 years) from Diyala Governorate. The researchers used aerobic exercises according to biomechanical variables and pre- and post-tests were carried out using a goniometer.
Research conclusions:
The researchers reached several conclusions, the most important of which were:
1- Aerobic exercises according to biomechanical variables have a positive effect on the rehabilitation of patients with knee osteoarthritis.
2-Aerobic exercises according to biomechanical variables contributed to reducing the feeling of pain in the knee joint for the research sample by increasing the functional capacity of the muscles working around the knee joint.

The research aims to: Know the effect indirect mental training method according to Laban's classification in developing perception the location and learning a skill scoring in futsal .The researchers used the experimental method, and the research sample was selected from the primary schools in Kirkuk Governorate for fifth grade students. Noor Al-Ilm School was selected intentionally, and the researcher divided the research sample into two groups randomly, the first experimental group - applied mental training in the indirect method and their number was (20) students representing the fifth (A) section, and the control group - their number was (20) students representing the fifth (B) section. The main research experiment took (8) weeks with two educational units per week for each group. The researchers concluded:
1-The indirect mental training method according to Laban's classification contributed in a positive and effective way to developing perception the location and learning a skill scoring in futsal. The researchers recommend the following:
. Applying the indirect mental training method according to Laban's classification to have an effective impact on of developing perception the location and learning a skill scoring in futsal

The research aims to the following:
- Determining the scale of Internet addiction and personal traits at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Tikrit.
- Dealing with the police between Internet addiction and some personality traits among students of the College of Education and Sports Sciences/Tikrit University.
- Use the descriptive approach of the survey method appropriate to its nature and the objectives of the research.
Research community:
The research community consists of students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / Tikrit University for the academic year 2023/2024, morning study, numbering (737) students. The researchers chose the final application sample in a random manner from students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, where their number reached (147) male and female students, by (20%) of the total research community, and through the research results, the researchers reached a set of conclusions
As follows:
The degree of addiction to the Internet was low among the research sample.
- There is an inverse correlation between Internet addiction and a measure of personality traits.
The researchers recommended the following:
- The need to pay attention to personal aspects by developing personal traits when qualifying and teaching students in teaching methods lessons in particular and physical education lessons in general

This study aims to know the effect of an educational program based on Karen's educational model in developing positive thinking and learning some offensive skills in handball among students. The research indicates the importance of education based on contemporary scientific strategies, especially in the field of physical education, as a basis for developing sports performance. Karen's model seeks to invest the learners' prior knowledge and build a comprehensive cognitive structure that is in line with the requirements of educational situations, making the learner the focus of the educational process. The research shows the effectiveness of this model in improving the ability to focus and attract learners' attention, which enhances the quality of learning sports skills through discussion and activation of different senses.
The study includes an experimental group that uses Karen's educational model and a control group that follows the traditional teaching method. The results of the pre- and post-tests of the two groups are also compared to determine the differences and their statistical significance. Measurement tools such as the handling and shooting test are used to evaluate basic skills in handball. The results aim to emphasize the role of positive thinking in improving skill performance and highlight the importance of using Karen's model in teaching and developing handball skills, which supports the success of the educational process and contributes to achieving its goals by facilitating the acquisition and retrieval of skills

The importance of the research lies in providing an overview of the level of the best players practicing this event and estimating the extent of their possession of motor qualifications according to the Fosbury model and trying to evaluate the efficiency of their performance by analyzing a complete motor chain through which the features and details of the movement become clear. The aim of the research is to: - Analyze and evaluate the performance of the national team players in the high jump race and extract the values of the important biomechanical variables through the motor chain. The researcher assumed: - Analyzing the motor chain and extracting the values of the important biomechanical variables in performance enables us to evaluate and determine the level of performance efficiency objectively for the national team players in the high jump race. The descriptive approach was used in the case study style, due to its suitability and the nature of the research problem, and the research community and sample were deliberately chosen from the players of the national team for the high jump event in the men's category, and they are only two players representing the elite among the best players in the high jump event. The research variables were chosen, which represent the essence of the race and its scale, which are the biomechanical indicators of the final preparatory steps before the ascent and until the crossing. The researcher reached the following conclusions: - Three-dimensional kinematic analysis and showing the kinematic chain is appropriate for evaluating the performance efficiency of high jump players, especially advanced levels, including those representing the national team. - Determining the height of the body's center of gravity and analyzing the amount of horizontal and vertical speed and the amount of kinetic energy were the biggest factors in the process of evaluating performance efficiency. The researcher recommended: - Developing performance techniques to help achieve optimal performance in the high jump by relying on the studied variables and enhancing their values in line with the requirements and duties of each stage. - Introducing kinematic analysis techniques as an essential part of evaluating overall performance, and adopting the collection of extracted information and integrating factors with other specializations such as training, to raise the level of our national team players.