Al-Bahith Journal

Gossip is a communicative phenomenon which involves sharing information about others’ lives. The present study examines gossip in Jane Austen’s epistolary novella ‘Lady Susan’ by tackling six letters to be analysed in light of socio-pragmatics due to its interest in human communication and the implications it has. Adopting Lakoff’s (1973) theory of politeness (also known as Lakoff’s pragmatic competence) and Foster’s (2004) social functions of gossip while following qualitative method, the study determines that gossip is a double-edged sword that could be utilized in a positive and negative way either to create influence or to enhance communication. Consequently, it is a powerful social communicative tool for its effective functions which are information, influence and friendship. Moreover, while gossiping there is a flouting and violation of rules of conversation in which the speaker is not clear concerning the information he/she conveys or includes unrequired information. Besides that, rules of politeness have not been followed very much except rule (3) which is frequently employed to create a sense of camaraderie between the speaker and the addressee that has to enhance gossiping in the long term. Finally, it comes across that violating rules (1) and (3) of conversation in the context of Lady Susan saves rule (3) of politeness

Today and throughout history myths once born, grow and transform. Myths and their quality of growing and transforming are regarded as universal human commonality. Myths are also long-enduring as they usually portray—in addition to gods, spiritual and supernatural occurrences—the processes of human existence, reality, understanding, knowledge and so on. They offer clues and insights into the origin and beginnings of creation, man, the universe and the like. Hilda Doolittle’s novel Hermione is a symbolic depiction of traditional myths and their growth and transformation. Therefore, the current research study aims to examine the process of reimagining classical myths and their mythological transformation in H. D.’s novel Hermione. It also intends to explore how the novel brings back to life the ancient Greek myths showing with a gentle touch the process of transformation such myths undergo

The concept of geography of time revolves around a spatio-temporal analysis of the paths of phenomena based on the analysis of movement during the time traveled, and this concept began from the Swedish geographical analysis Torsten Hägerstrand in the fifties of the last century. Daily trips are based on two bases, the first is the point of departure from one point to several destinations, and the second is several starting points towards one point of arrival, by drawing the paths of these trips and displaying them in a three-dimensional way. In order to represent the third dimension, the geographic information systems technology has been adopted and the capabilities it offers in the process of drawing, representation and presentation.

This research aims to know the geographical factors, including climatic factors, and their impact on the cultivation of olive trees in Karbala Governorate, as well as to know the spatial variation of agricultural lands invested in the cultivation of olive trees, as well as to develop the necessary proposals for their development, and to know the extent of the relationship between them and variables such as radiation, temperature, rain, etc., as well as the nature Surface, soil quality, irrigation and fertilization methods, and combating diseases and pests that affect it and reduce its quality, quality, and productivity, considering that this is a durable tree that is resistant to difficult environmental conditions, both in arid and semi-arid areas. In addition to olive fruits, they have nutritional and economic value due to the financial returns they bring to the country. As a result of the large increase in population numbers in the world, the demand for olives and olive oil has increased, as great attention has been paid to raising production rates, especially in the study area, which has led to increased rates of road use. Modern cultivation requires the use of chemical additives, such as fertilizers, pesticides, and other requirements. The study also showed the relationship between the productivity of olive trees and the agricultural processes related to their cultivation.

The aim of the research is to identify the extent to which students possess the dimensions of physical enlightenment and what is the level of achievement of students, what is the extent of the relationship of achievement among students to physical enlightenment, as the researcher followed the descriptive approach as a methodology for conducting the current research, and in order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared the physical enlightenment test, which includes (35) A paragraph and an achievement test that includes (40) paragraphs, and the psychometric characteristics of each of them represented by stability and honesty were extracted, and the current research community was determined by middle school students and the middle school section in secondary schools / the scientific branch throughout Karbala Governorate for the academic year (2022-2023), as it was used The researcher used the random stratified sampling method in selecting the students of the main sample, and the number of the sample was (100) students.
The research led to in a set of results, the most significant of which are:
1. Students of the fourth science have an average level of physical enlightenment, desiring them to possess the instruction capabilities that meet the requirements of them to carry out their role effectively.
2. Fourth grade students have an average level of academic achievement.
3. There is a correlation among physical enlightenment and the academic achievement of the fourth middle school students

Knowledge of palm varieties in the study area and their geographical distribution, with palm numbers in the study area (352096)Palm of the total palm trees in the governorate (1455,000) Palm and up to 24% of the total palm trees in the governorate Birmana and Birmana Arab districts are the foremost in the palm trees cultivated in the study area.With an area of 10,491 dunums and 13% -10% each, palm trees are exposed to diseases in the Medhatyaarea.The most important of these diseases is the Dupas, Alimera and Spider Dust Insect and Black Flimsy Palm Tip,Palm leg diggers, where these diseases cause significant losses in palm productivity as well as their spatial variation of these diseases in all parts The study area and the development of successful solutions also have an impact on the quality and quality of dates.

Palestine was and is still the axis of the Palestinian- Israeli conflict on the land. It is a present sample of occupation colonization that Europe practiced since the sixteenth century. It is displacement for it adopts the principles of replacing the new settlers of the immigrants Jewish in place of the original population if we exclude the Palestinian geopolitical significance to the intersection of the old world continents and in the heart of Arabic and Islamic world and its influence as geopolitical motifs of colonization powers towards the region and Palestinian in particular. Then, the research tries to understand the innovated nature of that conflict and its potential motifs that relates to population variable in three directions. The first is the demographic conflict to control over the land and to dominate the whole Palestinian geographical region. The second is to Judaise the land and change its identity by emptying it from its people or by gathering a Jewish majority that other nations and social identities of the original population melt. The third is to control over the natural resources of Palestine land and to direct them in a way that support the new entity from one side and confiscate the original population earth economy, and the ability to resist and continue from the other side.
Through searching these variables, the researcher reached to tendency of demographic powers on earth to the benefit of Israel. Zionism that supported by great Britain and by international cover succeeded in organizing big waves for Jewish immigration from all over the world and settle them in Palestinian land, and later by spreading of killing operations and compulsory immigration of Arab population in order to achieve geographical zone so as to get a United Nation resolution that admit forming the new state entity over 56% of the Palestinian land.
The researcher also concluded that the Zionist movement succeeded in politicizing the religious- historical Jewish dimension and its use as a basic operator and a main motif to push Jewish towards Palestine, then by feeding Jewish national feeling, and forming their policies, nature of their relations with the earth and with other societies excluding Jewish with thoughts such as divine promise and Jewish divine right in Palestine rather than others which formed principal starting points that still rule these policies and the nature of relations that govern the Palestinian- Israeli conflict.
Finally, the natural resources especially agricultural lands, permanent water resources, and later oil and gas formed economic motifs to raise forces on earth and renew the conflict. Since Israel adopts one policy towards these variables of the religious national political doctrine towards the Palestinian people in confiscating their land and in its settlement and their right in its natural resources, one can understand that Alaqsa operation in the seventh of October 2023 as a desire for survival and a typical response against these policies and their national and historical starting points.

This paper adopts a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to explore the ideological dimensions embedded in Kevin Powers' novel, The Yellow Birds (2012). The analysis delves into linguistic choices, metaphors, and narrative structures employed by the author to convey the psychological toll of war on individuals, the broader societal implications, and the nuanced exploration of power dynamics. Through the lens of CDA, the study aims to uncover how language functions as a vehicle for conveying ideological perspectives on war, trauma, and the human experience. Special attention is given to metaphors as linguistic devices, examining their role in shaping the narrative's ideological framework. Moreover, the paper explores the impact of the novel's first-person narration on the reader's understanding, considering the subjective perspective and emotional engagement it fosters. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the ideological underpinnings of war literature and how the language constructs meaning in narratives of conflict and its aftermath.

The current research aims to identify school happiness for middle school students and identify the significance of differences in school happiness according to sex (males, females). For the purpose of achieving this goal, the researchers chose a sample consisting of (400) male and female students from the middle school in the Holy Governorate of Karbala for the academic year (2022-2023). The researchers built a measure of school happiness based on the model (Renshaw, 2016). The researchers also statistically analyzed the items and verified the psychometric properties of (validity, reliability). After confirming the validity of the tool through validity and reliability indicators, applying this tool to the research sample and then collecting the data and processing it statistically , The current research concluded that middle school students feel happy at school. The results also indicated that there are no statistically significant differences in school happiness according to sex. In light of these results reached in the current research, a set of recommendations and proposals were developed.

The research includes a study of the historical narrative of the Sasanian King Shapur I, inscribed on the walls of the Zoroastrian Ka'ba. It contains highly significant information for scholars of Sasanian history, providing insights into the territorial boundaries of Iran during the early period of the Sasanian state, descriptions of Iran's wars and victories over Rome, as well as titles and administrative and military positions in the Sasanian court.

The socialist nationalization laws were issued on July 14, 1964, as a result of policies foreign to the Iraqi economy and politics after 1963, which led to the widespread nationalization of the commercial, industrial, and banking sectors in Iraq in favor of the state at the expense of the private sector. Egyptian influences had a clear role in the crystallization of these laws in terms of direct impact. On some Iraqi politicians who believe in Nasserist Arab socialism, this coincided with the desire of Iraqi President Abdul Salam Muhammad Arif to seek to consolidate the foundations of his new authority after the coup of February 8, 1963. All of this was in order to know the wrong policies that were practiced against the Iraqi people after 1963.

While D.H. Lawrence is better known for his novels than his poetry, the present paper examines his symbolic language. It explains why symbolism became a significant literary movement in the 20th century. The three selected poems originate from a solitary anthology entitled \"Birds, Beasts, and Flowers\" (1923), which additionally encompasses the poetry \"Figs\" (1923), \"Snake\" (1923), and \"Almond Blossom\" (1923). Lawrence\'s use of biblical and other universal symbols in these poems allows for a complete understanding of his message. The present research analyses, uncovers and evaluates the poetic methods of these three poems using symbols and images. This paper aims to illuminate D.H. Lawrence\'s use of symbols in specific poems from \"Birds, Beasts, and Flowers.\" The paper focuses on analyzing Lawrence\'s unique approach to symbolism within the context of this poetry collection since symbols are powerful tools that allow Lawrence to convey his complex ideas, emotions, and themes in these three poems. Examining symbolism in D.H. Lawrence\'s poetry enables readers to uncover profound meanings, investigate the intricacies of human existence, interact with many interpretations, establish a connection with nature, and explore the psychological aspects of his writing. It enhances the reading experience and provides a more detailed comprehension of Lawrence\'s poetic perspective.

The research sheds light on the different types of etymological forms, and examines each type with the analysis, clarification, and explanation given to it by the imams of the Arabic language, penetrating through this into the depth of the language that formed the poem “Fath Amoriya” by the modernist Abbasid poet Abu Tammam.
Every word does not come out of the mind in the poetry of a skilled poet. It was formulated in such a way that it fulfills the purpose decided by the poet’s mind, determined by his imagination, and drawn by his sweet taste and penetrating thought, so that the poetic text shows the poet’s creative and inventive thought in his composition of the poem.
The text in our hands tells, in an analytical linguistic style, the story of an Arab honor that rose up to repel the machinations of the aggressors, and shake off the dust of the humiliation that almost befell an entire nation, had it not been for a famous cry from a free woman who was horrified by what she witnessed of the horror of the calamity and the enormity of the tragedy, so she uttered her loud cry (Wa Mutasemah) so that the cry would resonate. Sooner than later, let the poet Abu Tammam catch the event, and he was the mirror on whose page the dust of the battle was cleared, revealing with the eye of his artistic taste what happened in that event.

The current research aims to identify " the effect of using the scientific stations strategy on the efficiency of cognitive representation of historical information among fourth grade literary students.
To ensure the achievement of the research objective, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: - (There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the experimental group who study history according to the scientific stations strategy and the students of the control group who study the same subject according to the usual method in terms of efficiency. Information cognitive representation of historical information.
The research population consisted of secondary and preparatory schools in the center of Babylon Governorate, which includes 17 schools. Al-Hillah Preparatory School, which includes 69 students in the fourth literary grade, was chosen by random drawing. After excluding those who failed, the research sample became composed of 64 students, with 32 students in both groups, and before starting the experiment. The researcher verified the external soundness of the experiment by conducting statistical control for the two groups in several variables, namely - chronological age calculated in months - the students’ achievement scores in the mid-year exam - and the Raven’s intelligence test -. The researcher also made sure of controlling the internal soundness, the most important of which are: -
Determining the scientific material for both groups - and the teacher is the researcher for both groups - and preparing plans and goals - and controlling the physical conditions by ensuring that both subjects have similar conditions - and experimental extinction where the students did not drop out of the study - and the time period - and the measurement tool is the same for both groups.
The researcher prepared the research requirements, which are defining the scientific material represented by the fourth, fifth, and sixth semesters of history, and the study plans according to the scientific stations of the experimental group and according to the usual method for the control group. Its validity was confirmed by presenting it to specialists in the educational and psychological sciences, along with the behavioral objectives, and according to their opinions statistically, they were valid.
As for the research tool, it is a measure of the efficiency of cognitive representation of information, which was prepared by the researcher based on the scale (Muhammad, 2008). The validity of its paragraphs was confirmed by presenting it to specialists and it was statistically valid. At the end of the experiment, which lasted nine weeks, the researcher applied the tool to the two research groups and the results were analyzed. Statistically using the SPSS statistical package, the study reached a number of results, including:
- The effectiveness of the scientific stations strategy in increasing the efficiency of cognitive representation of information by including more than one implicit strategy and skills to achieve educational goals that work to organize knowledge and best represent it in the cognitive structure, as it represents a homogeneous mixture of cognitive methods for teaching, and these methods describe different images and formulas for representing knowledge, where It makes the student employ investigation, deduction, and scientific thinking skills.
The researcher presented several conclusions, including:. The use of modern strategies in teaching history, such as the scientific stations strategy, is more effective and influential than the usual methods in influencing the increase of self-efficacy in representing information.
In light of this, the researcher makes several recommendations, including: The Ministry of Education concerned and specialists should develop educational and training programs for teachers and students that include modern strategies, including scientific stations, in order to develop the efficiency of cognitive representation of information.
The researcher proposes several proposals, including: studying the relationship between the efficiency of cognitive representation of information and some types of thinking, such as students’ creative thinking.