Iraqi Journal of Humanitarian, Social and Scientific Research

This study attempts to identify the concept of modern technologies and their impact on supporting and developing the quality of education, what are the pros and cons of using them, and the controls to be observed which will develop the educational process in the case of the use of modern technology by talking about the role of modern technologies in improving the quality of education and restrictions on the use of these technologies in education and their educational constraints. We also discuss the future of the Kingdom in light of the use of technology and the resulting changes, and address and conclude our study of the most important recommendations not to make the most of these techniques in education until the goal is achieved.

Individual behavior plays an important role in influencing the performance and behavior of the entire organization (agency). There is more than one definition of behavior, and it usually means that it is a motor and glandular response, that is, a response from the organism's muscles or glands of the body. According to this definition, human behavior expresses the various external movements of human beings, as well as various internal activities, such as thinking, perception, etc. Just as the concepts and information that one acquires in life can have positive or negative effects, so does what the individual acquires and possesses instinctively or instinctively.
Bernard was one of the first writers to demonstrate the importance and sensitivity of individuals to change in the workplace. For example, he said that one of the key elements of an organization is the willingness of individuals to contribute their individual efforts to a cooperative system, adding that the individual is always the main strategic action in the organization, regardless of the individual's history and obligations. You must induce cooperation, otherwise there will be no sustained cooperation.
The importance of this research stems from the dynamism of the topics it deals with, as labor cultures direct work and human motivation according to their assumptions, values and beliefs, thus creating a culture of organizations in which they work. The importance of employees, loyalty and commitment in influencing the general behavior of the employee in the work environment and levels of organizational performance and levels of public service. Enriching the knowledge of the different influences of organizational culture on the employee's behavior of employees and managers and their level of job commitment.

The current research aims to implement the integration approach between the two technologies of target cost and cost based on specifications in the heaters factory of the General Company for Electrical and Electronic Industries because they have an effective impact in reducing the cost of the electric heater product 120 liters. To achieve the goal of the research, the researchers relied on the company’s data through field livelihoods and interviews with officials in the company, the research community, as well as interviews with retailers. Cost based on specifications and target cost technology because of their great impact in facing developments and fluctuations in the contemporary business environment as well as facing fluctuations in prices by reducing product costs commensurate with what is offered in the market of competing products, and as for the most important proposals The ones mentioned in the research emphasize the application of the above techniques in order to achieve the required cost reduction.

The current research aims: "Defining the effectiveness of the proposed strategy based on Posner's model in modifying and retaining some alternative spelling perceptions of first-grade students." To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher followed the experimental approach procedures, using an experimental design with two groups (the experimental group and the control group). Partial tuning designs, pre and post test. The research sample consisted of first-average students in Babil Governorate for the academic year (2019-2020), as the number of the study sample reached (61) students, the experimental group was (30) students and the control group was (31) students, as the researcher rewarded between the two groups, Prepare an achievement test using spelling concepts, then verify its validity and consistency. The experiment was applied in the first semester, at the end of which the research tool was applied and the results were analyzed according to a number of statistical means, including the T-test for two independent samples. The search resulted in the following result: “There is a statistically significant difference at a significance level (0.05) in the mean scores of the experimental group that I studied the proposed strategy and the average score of the control group that was studied in the traditional way in amending and maintaining alternative spelling concepts. In light of the research results, the researcher concluded a number of conclusions, including: The proposed strategy has proven effective in modifying alternative spelling perceptions among first-grade intermediate students, in comparison with the traditional method. Strategies based on conceptual modification meet the needs of learners and contribute to providing educational feasibility.

Basic education is those ‘educational activities or practices’ aiming at achieving learning needs as possible as it can. It comprises those two levels: Primary education and secondary education, according to the International Standard Classification of Education. In other words, it refers to the most two vital stages of first seed that will establish and build pupils and students. Institutions and committees like Ishwarbhia Patel Review Committee, Education Commission 1964-1966, National Policy on Education and others all agree each other that basic education starts from classes ‘I to X’ (6-14 ages) in which education should be free and compulsory for all children in these stages, though they used different labels, ‘primary education, primary classes, elementary education or elementary stage of education’
The objectives of this type of education are “determined by the objectives of a nation as contained in its constitution”. It must be said that basic education “prepares’’ students for “life and self-learning”

Objective: Investigating the social dimensions of such global mandatory education in Iraq (basic education) and what its impact on the future.

This study aims to identify (the effect of the classroom environment on academic achievement). And the social and social represented by the teacher’s relationship with his students and the students’ relationship with each other, as well as the curriculum that is given within the classroom environment. Therefore, providing the appropriate classroom climate within the classroom environment is a prerequisite for the achievement of any educational goal, whatever its nature. It is necessary to spread an atmosphere based on friendly interactive relations between the teacher and the students. And between the students themselves, and creating this atmosphere and psychological and social requirements is a prerequisite for achieving the desired goals of the educational process within the classroom environment. Pupils behavior and emotions

The aim of this research is to prepare composites material in a simple way (Manual Moulding Method) of which is reinforced by polyester resin glass fiber and continuous carbon fiber in fraction volumetric (20%, 30%, 40%) and the wear was measured, and the result declared that wear was decreased by increasing the fraction volumetric and curing time.

The decline in the level of education caused a lack of knowledge and a weakness in acquiring information, leading to the creation of knowledge gaps between the educational and knowledge reality, which generates individuals unable to keep pace with the development taking place in advanced societies.
Therefore, the current research aims to identify:
1- The knowledge gap among middle school students.
2- There are statistically significant differences according to the variable:
Gender (male-female).
- Academic branch (biological - literary).
In order to achieve these goals, the two researchers adopted the knowledge gap scale for (Awaid, 2019), which in its final form consists of (28) items that may define the current research for middle school students. class(182) males, (218) females, (218) for the scientific specialization, and (227) for the humanistic specialization. The psychometric properties of the scale and the test were found, which are honesty and stability, apparent honesty, by presenting them to a group of arbitrators with specialization in measurement, evaluation and educational psychology, with a percentage of agreement (80%). Scale and test on agreement of all arbitrators (100%) , The stability was extracted in two ways: the test and retest, and the reliability coefficient of the knowledge gap scale was (0.79) and the Cronbach’s alpha equation method, and the value of the stability coefficient of the knowledge gap scale was (0.75). The following results were shown:
1- The middle school students have a knowledge gap
2- There is no difference in the relationship with statistical significance according to gender (male-female) and specialization (human-scientific) according to the knowledge gap variable

Economic markets are accelerating every day because in the past few decades the most powerful companies that own machines, technology and materials, where the human element was neglected and treated as machines without regard to their capabilities, feelings, development and capabilities. At present, the importance of this component. Through his primary role in organizational development and growth. In the modern era, the application of human resources management has become an urgent need, in planning and analyzing work, applying optimal recruitment, selection, training, development, and maintaining and motivating human resources. Through this, it becomes clear the important role that human resources management plays in improving the performance of employees, as it provides a professional and effective human element that affects the organization and its performance.

The aim of this study is to identify the method of Dr. Munther al-Bakr, in which he was able to write his books on the history of the Arabs before Islam. Including the book Studies in the History of the Arabs before Islam, this book, which was a curriculum taught in the Department of History, the College of Arts and the College of Education, at the University of Basra. and archaeological missions. Al-Bakr was able to study, photograph and read inscriptions, as he was familiar with ancient and modern languages such as English and German.

The aim of the research is to know the effect of the inquiry wheel model on the scientific curiosity and the level of ambition of the fifth Biological grade students.The researcher adopted the experimental design with partial control, the research sample consisted of an experimental group that studied in the stages of the model and a control group that studied in the traditional way, where two tools for research were adopted, the scientific curiosity scale consisting of (25) items and the level of ambition (22) items, the results of the research showed that there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) between the two research groups with regard to the scale of scientific curiosity and the scale of the level of ambition, and for this, the researcher put some conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

The aim of the current research is to know the reality of the use of blended education in teaching physics for the secondary stage from the point of view of physics supervisors and teachers and ways to develop it. The General Directorate of Al-Qadisiyah Education, the Planning Department, as well as the specialized supervision for the governorates of the middle Euphrates (Karbala, Najaf, Babil, Qadisiyah and Muthanna) for the supervisors of physics specialization, supervisors, where the researcher used the questionnaire as a tool for data collection, and the number of respondents was (400) teachers and (14) supervisors and supervisors. Independent Samples T-Test), Pearson Correlation Coefficient, and Alpha Crown bch Correlation Coefficient, all through SPSS, and the results of the research showed a high approval of the sample of supervisors and teachers on the four axes of the questionnaire, which are the positives of using e-learning in teaching physics, the second axis, the negatives of using e-learning in teaching physics for the secondary stage, and the third axis the positives of using classroom education in teaching physics for the secondary stage. Secondary and the fourth axis are the negatives of using the classroom instruction in teaching physics for the secondary stage, and the results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in the responses of the research sample due to the variable of the workplace (supervisor and teacher) in relation to the axis of the positives of using e-learning in teaching physics for the secondary stage and the axis of negatives The use of classroom instruction in teaching physics for the secondary stage, which leads to the acceptance of the null hypothesis, while there are statistically significant differences in the responses of the research sample due to the workplace variable (supervisor and teacher) in relation to the negatives axis of using e-learning in teaching physics to the secondary stage and the positives axis of using Classroom instruction in the teaching of physics for the secondary stage for In favor of the group of teachers, which leads to rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternative hypothesis, and the researcher also found that there are statistically significant differences in the responses of the research sample due to the variable gender of the respondent (male or female) for each of the positive aspects of using e-learning in teaching physics for the secondary stage and the positives axis The use of classroom instruction in teaching physics for the secondary stage for the benefit of the female group, which leads to rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the alternative hypothesis. We also note the absence of statistically significant differences in the responses of the research sample due to the gender variable (male or female) for each of the negative aspects of using education. Electronic in teaching physics for the secondary stage and the focus of the negatives of using the classroom teaching in the teaching of physics for the secondary stage, which leads to the acceptance of the null hypothesis. The researcher also found that there are no statistically significant differences in the responses of the research sample due to the variable years of experience to the axis of the positives of using e-learning in teaching physics for the secondary stage, so we accept the null hypothesis. There are statistically significant differences for the responses of the research sample due to the variable years of experience and the source of those differences between the third and fifth groups in favor of the third group, as well as to the axis of the positives of using the classroom instruction in teaching physics for the secondary stage. Those differences between the second group and the fifth group in favor of the second group and between the third group and the fifth group in favor of the third group, and also to the axis of the negatives of using the classroom instruction in teaching physics for the secondary stage, it was found that there are statistically significant differences in the responses of the research sample due to the variable years of experience and The source of these differences between the first group and the second group is in favor of the patient The second group, as for the questionnaire as a whole, there were statistically significant differences in the responses of the research sample due to the variable years of experience. The sources of the differences were between the first group and the second group in favor of the second group, as there are differences between the first group and the third group in favor of the third group, and also There are differences between the second group and the fifth group in favor of the second group, and there are also differences between the third group and the fifth group in favor of the group in favor of the third group, and finally there are differences between the fourth group and the fifth group in favor of the fourth group, knowing that the groups of years of experience follow the following division:The First group: Those with 1-6 years of experience.The second group: Those with 7-12 years of experience. The third group: Those with 13-18 years of experience. The Fourth group: Those with 19-24 years of experience.The Fifth group: Those with 25-30 years of experience. Based on the research findings, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and suggested a number of suggestions.

The aim of the research is to indicate the importance of the subject of accounting creativity, or as it is called creative or creative accounting at the present time due to the technical development of information and communications that various economic units go through or whatever their form, activity and size, as well as openness to global markets as well as the emergence of many problems and difficulties facing these Economic units that need non-traditional or non-routine solutions that the management accountant should find, and here it has become necessary for the accountant or administrator to keep abreast of these developments and find creative solutions to confront these problems and help the economic unit to take appropriate decisions through it, and the external auditor must address such Illegal solutions and confronting any actions issued by the administration to beautify the image of the financial statements. The research used the questionnaire as a basic measurement tool to collect data that was employed to test the research hypothesis, and the research reached a number of conclusions, the most prominent of which were (The task of the auditor is to discover accounting errors and also to discover the deliberate manipulation of accounting data, that the great importance of creative accounting is not limited to the technical dimension For the accounting profession, but it goes beyond to the ethical dimension, which is the most important, the results of the research sample confirmed that there is an impact of creative accounting methods on the financial statements).

John Garang was keen to combine military and academic qualities in his personality, and consider this dimension in his personality a basic dimension in which the feature of arrangement and preparation in order to reach a specific situation and goal appears more than it is a tendency to aim at it unintentionally, and that Garang's study in Tanzania was a turning point in his life, as He did not have the opportunity before the successive events in his homeland to grow and elevate, but he grew and developed until he became a determined man abroad, where young people can engage in different cultures and traditions that cannot be tracked without the guidance of the sponsor, but his eyes focused on specific goals and greatly helped him to Realizing his dreams. Garang’s first dream was to continue his education, which he did with distinction, starting with the arrest in Kenya until the opportunity took him first to Tanzania and its socialist ideology, which he preferred over all neighboring countries, and secondly to the United States of America and its democratic regimes, which gave Garang an opportunity to reflect and see the future. At a time when the United States was witnessing the rise of the movement of black
citizens demanding their civil rights, which had a profound impact on John Garang and his proposals on building a state of citizenship in Sudan.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of an educational design based on the theory of cognitive flexibility in the achievement of chemistry and mental skills among fifth grade students, compared to the usual method. The cognitive group consisted of (30) students, and the second group was a control group, comprising (31) students, and it was studied in the usual way. Two tests were prepared, the first was an achievement test in chemistry, and the second was a mental skills test, and their validity and reliability were verified. After applying the two research tools, the results using the t-test for two independent samples showed a statistically significant difference in favor of the experimental group students who studied according to the educational design in the achievement test in chemistry as well as in the mental skills test.

The current research aims to know the effectiveness of a teaching strategy based on argumentation in the achievement and emancipatory thinking of fifth-grade literary students in the subject of history. By verifying the following research hypotheses:
1- There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study the history of Arab-Islamic civilization according to the argumentation strategy, and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject according to the usual method in the achievement test.
2- There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study the history of Arab and Islamic civilization according to the argumentation strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject according to the usual method in the scale of liberal thinking dimensional.
The researcher chose the experimental method as it suits the nature of the research, and the researcher chose an experimental design with partial application in the experimental and control groups and the pre and post tests, since the objective of the current research requires such a design. Babylon the Center and by a simple random drawing method, the Al-Thawra Preparatory School was identified as the research sample. The researcher rewarded the two groups with the variables of the grades of the history subject in the final exam for the third intermediate grade for the previous academic year (2017-2018), Intelligence test, chronological age calculated in months. Academic achievement of fathers and mothers, a scale of tribal libertarian thinking. As for the two research tools, the researcher prepared an achievement test in the subject of history and a scale of liberal thinking, whose validity and stability were confirmed, after they were presented to a group of arbitrators in the field of educational and psychological sciences. After applying the two tools and processing the data statistically, results were reached that confirm the superiority of the students of the experimental group who study the subject of the history of Arab Islamic civilization according to the argument strategy over the students of the control group who study the same subject according to the usual method in the achievement test and liberation thinking A set of recommendations were reached, including the need for history teachers to use the argumentation strategy that needs training and practice, and this in turn requires history teachers to use teaching methods and strategies that focus on the learner, and the researcher suggested conducting a similar study in other variables, such as reflective thinking. Deductive and critical thinking.

Current research aimed to :
1- Building an educational and learning programme in the subject of environmental education in accordance with the theory of the mental scheme of students of the faculties of education.
2- The effectiveness of the educational programme - learning in the acquisition of environmental education material in first grade students in the faculties of education.
The following zero hypothesis emerged from the research objectives:
1-There are no statistically significant discrepancies at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group studied environmental education according to the educational and educational programme and the average scores of the control group studied the same subject according to the prescribed vocabulary of the deans' authority for achievement.The current research identifies the first graders in the Department of Educational and Psychological Sciences in the Faculty of Education of Wasit University for the academic year 2021-2022 .The researcher adapted the partial _ control experimental design. The sample of the study consists of ( 65 ) students , ( 33 ) students for the experimental group and ( 32 ) students for the control group. The two groups were equalized in variable of intelligence, age , previous achievement. To fulfill the two aims of the study , the researcher adopted the descriptive and experimental approach. The study instruments include the achievement test that was prepared by the researcher which consists of ( 40 ) items , ( 30 ) items are of multiple _ choice questions ( MCQ s ) and ( 10 ) are of essay questions. The research verified the authenticity of the instrument by presenting it to a group of experts and arbitrators. After the application of the instrument and statistical data processing by using t-test for two independent samples. The results have shown the excellence of the experimental group that was taught according to the Educational _ Learning program in achievement tests in environmental education over the control group that was taught the same materials . In the light of the results , the researcher came up with a set of conclusions, recommendations , and proposals.

The prof. Atwaan discussed a set of the topics that considered the pre- foundation of the state of AL- Amawia, the " Al- Saqifa" was its initiation. It regards as the first conference after the death of the prophet Muhammed ( P.B.U.H.). A group of the racists met during the conference.the result was , given the leadership to Abu Bakr .Atwaan discussed the reasons behind the revolution against Othman , he regards it as the first disorder that attacked the muslim people. Atwaan stated its reasons to the economic situations, He, then stayed the prop of the people to the Imam Ali ( P.B.U.H), he clarified the reasons for the choice of Imam Ali (P.B.U.H) for the leadership.Atwaan stated the procedures that Imam Ali took to reform the economy and the first of them was dismissing the workers of Otman from the " Amsar". Most of those workers were from Bani Omia. Atwaan states the opposing of the lady Aa'asha, Talha and Al -Zuber to the Imam Ali. He highlights on this event that followed by the fighting between the muslims in the battle of" AL - Jamal".the grabbling between Imam Ali( P.B.U.H) and Ma'awia bin Abi Sofian was discussed.Atwaan stated the claims that Ma'awia used to oppose Imam Ali.After showing simple picture about the martyrdom of Imam Ali, Atwaan discussed how Imam AL- Hassan (P.B.U.H) made reconciliation to save muslims' souls and avoiding them the disorder . Atwaan stated the reasons behind the win of Ma'awia in the leadership and the main claims that he used to achieve that.

This research deals with the duality (I and the Other) in the book (Al-Musha) by Abu Al-Tayyib Muhammad bin Ishaq Al-Washa (d. 325 AH), and the manifestations of this duality in the selected texts of this book, and the effect of this duality in highlighting the poets’ repressions and providing them with enough space to express their feelings within the text. The duality (I and the other) dominates these texts through its discourse to the other and the ego’s attempt to express what is going on in its mind and inside of emotions and feelings and the thoughts it controls, thus trying to achieve its purpose. She takes from her an image of the other, through which she broadcasts her pain, suffering, and psychological crisis that surfaced on the surface of the text.

The study aimed to analyze the content of the basic the third grade social studies book in light of the behavior objectives of its teaching The study followed the descriptive and analytical approach and its society consisted of all the topics included in the content of the basic the third grade social studies book(2021-2022). To achieve the aim the researcher prepared in addition to the content analysis tool. Researcher prepared form included paragraph behavior objectives to the subject and matter presented to a panel of experts and arbitrators the field of education and teaching methods psychology and measurement. Achieved the researcher stability analysis agreement over time between the researcher and analyst with the first other and After the disaggregation of data and treated statistically using the percentage as a calculation .Based on the results of the study the researcher recommended the necessity of reformulating the behavior objectives of teaching social (historical, and geographical, the national studies more clearly. And the researcher came up with a set of recommendation and proposals.

The research aims to know the effect of the Collins, Loftus model on acquiring historical thinking skills for first-grade students , Loftus, and Division B represented the control group that studies in the traditional way. The number of students in the two groups was (64) students, with (32) students in each group. The students of the two groups were rewarded in the variables: chronological age, and intelligence. The researcher prepared a research tool to test the acquisition of historical thinking skills according to five main skills, and each skill includes 6 sub-skills. The apparent validity, construction validity, and stability of the test of acquiring historical thinking skills were verified using the Kuder Richardson.20 coefficient and re-testing, using and the T-test for two independent samples (T-test). ) for data processing, and the results showed the superiority of the experimental group that was studied according to the Collins, Loftus model in acquiring historical thinking skills, and the researcher recommended using the Collins, Loftus model in teaching.

The research aims to know the effect of the strategy (see before you hear) in the collection of history material for the students of the fifth literary grade. (A) The experimental group, numbering (30) students, and (B) the control group, numbering (30) students as well .The researcher conducted a statistical equivalence between the two research groups in a number of variables, and after the researcher identified the scientific material, and formulated the behavioral goals, which numbered (192) goals, she prepared an achievement test consisting of (43) items of the type of multiple choice, and (7) items Of the essay type, and the researcher verified the validity, stability and objectivity of the test, applied it at the end of the experiment.The results resulted in the presence of statistically significant differences between the average scores of the students of the two experimental groups who studied according to the strategy (see before you hear) and the average scores of the students of the control group who studied according to the traditional method, in favor of the experimental group, and the researcher reached a number of conclusions and recommended a number of recommendations and suggestions.

British control of the American is a term that refers to the history of control of the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland, than the Kingdom of Great British ,after these Two Kingdoms united in 1707 AD on the Two continents of the American and settled them before decolonizing them .Control began in the late sixteenth century .The efforts made by the Kingdom of England to establish colony in Jamestown in 1607AD.In the subsequent centuries, it reached its climax with the establishment of more colonies throughout the Americans. Most of the colonies gained their independence ,but some of them still belong to Britain until now .Before 1492 AD ,North America was inhabited by todays inhabitants for thousands of years .Than the Europeans began to explore it after Christopher Columbus expedition outside the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 AD .British exploration began in the late fifteenth century Before Sir Walter Raleigh, was able in 1585 AD to establish the colony of Roanoke ,which did not live long .Then in 1607AD ,British wasn’t in Jamestown, its first successful colony in North America, it was on the Chesapeake Bay it developed in to the colony of Virginia .In 1620 AD nether colony was established Successful in Plymouth ,followed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1620 another colony was established Successful in Plymouth, followed by Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630 AD .The colonies of Virginia and Massachusetts allowed the establishment of more English colonies ,and they greatly increased settlement activities .In light of this ,many peoples coming from large areas of the world settled in these colonies, led by the peoples of the European continent, who are the most and the most and the most influential ,then the peoples of the African continent ,the least and the weakest link. Because of its importance in the study of modern American history .The research is divided in to two sections ,as well as an introduction and conclusion .The first section deals with the European peoples, In which he reviewed the most important peoples who immigrated from Europe, especially Britain ,to the American continent ,which varied between immigrants due to persecution ,which was facing especially religious and ecclesiastical persecution that was facing especially religious and ecclesiastical persecution and made them look for a safe haven and work in this new world alongside the British capital owners who continued in these new areas ,As for the second topic, it reviewed the most important American peoples that settled in American with black skin ,and most of them came as a result of the at the stage to work in this new world .The regions of West Africa were the regions that exported the most of these human groups, these people were subjected to persecution and ridicule from the colonists for working on their large plantation.
The research relied on many sources that dealt with this subject ,especially foreign sources in the English language ,which shed light on the most prominent of these peoples and the nature of their lives in the new world and the developments that occurred to them , transformations that passed through the new American continent.

The current research aims to analyze the content of the social book for the first intermediate grade in the light of the criteria of civil peace, by answering the following question / To what extent does the first grade social book include an average of civil peace standards? Are there statistically significant differences between the repetitions of the contents of the civil peace criteria at the significance level (0,05) according to the educational units of the book? Determining the research community represented in the book of social studies to be studied in the first intermediate grade .The main results :There is a very specific inclusion and the general level of inclusion was very weak and did not rise to the level of the stage and the Iraqi society`s need for civil peace standards the general rate of recurrences of the sociology book was (15) recurring only and for very limited paragraphs, some of which were implicit and not explicit, and it is clear that there was no percentage of saturation and prevalence in the content of the social book for the first intermediate grade.B/ The significance of the difference between the repetition according to the educational units and according to the results that appeared, the differences are not significant between the contents of the civil peace standards according to the units.

The research aims to know the effectiveness of the movement discussions strategy in the deep understanding of primary fifth grade female students and deep understanding in science subject. To achieve this, the two null hypotheses were formulated. The researcher adopted the experimental design for two equal groups (experimental group and control group), according to this design, the researcher chose (Al-Nakhil Primary School for Girls), which is one of the government day schools affiliated to the General Directorate of Thi Qar Education / Shatrah Education Department for the academic year of 2021-2022 which was selected randomly and contained two classes (A, B), and this choice was made by lottery. Class (A) is the experimental group, which included 30 female students who studied by the strategy of movement discussions, and class (B) is the control group, which included 30 female students who studied by the traditional method .Equivalence was conducted for the two groups in the variable . The researcher defined the material in four chapters from the science book for the fifth grade of primary school. As for the first and second chapters, it has been deleted from the Iraqi Ministry of Education. The behavioral objectives of these chapters have been formulated, as their number reached 122. The researcher also prepared 24 teaching plans for the experimental group and 12 teaching plans for the control group. With regard to the two research tools, an deep understanding test consisting of 31 items was prepared by the researcher. The experiment was applied in the first semester of the academic year 2021-2022, and continued for three months with four lessons per week for each group; at the end of the experiment, the two research tools were applied to the two groups (experimental and control groups). The results showed the superiority of the experimental group students who studied with the movement discussions strategy over the students of the control group who studied in the usual or normal way. In light of that, the researcher came up with a set of conclusions, recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to identify the effect of the six-dimensional strategy on the post-cognitive thinking for fourth-grade literary students in the subject of history.to achieve the goal of the research, the researchers used the experimental method for their research, and it was confirmed that the two groups were equal in some variables, as the research sample consisted of (51) students, distributed by (26) students for the experimental group, and (25) students for the control group, and one of the researchers taught The two groups in the previously identified topics, and the researchers prepared a post-cognitive thinking scale, and the validity and reliability of the research tool were verified. The control group in the post-cognitive thinking scale.

The research aims to Building an analysis tool in the light of multiple intelligences.
Activities Analysis of physics books for the intermediate stage in the light of multiple intelligences. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher followed the descriptive approach through the following: First Objective: The researcher prepared the analysis tool in the light of multiple intelligences, and its validity was verified by presenting it to a group of experts and arbitrators in the field of physics, science teaching methods, and specialized supervisors. Musical intelligence, natural intelligence, kinetic intelligence, personal intelligence, social intelligence, existential intelligence), and (72) sub-paragraphs emerge from it. As for the second goal: the researcher analyzed the physics books for the intermediate stage scheduled for the academic year ( 2021-2022 AD) in light of the multiple intelligences, as the number of analyzed pages reached (292) pages, and the researcher relied on the unit of the idea (explicit, implicit) as a unit of analysis, registration, census and repetition.

Research summary the current research aims to know "The effect of the digital story strategy on acquiring basic concepts for first –level kindergarten children" the current study was conducted. in Iraq Wasit governorate, and to achieve research objective The following null hypothesis was formulated There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level of significant (0.05) between the scores of the experimental group who studied according to the and the average scores of the control digital stories strategy and average scores of the control group who did not study according to the digital stories strategy in the post-test basic concepts. Experimental approach experimental design (the design of the experimental and control groups with the post-test) and the research sample amounted to (60male and female children , with (30) experimental, and (30) control, and before starting the experiment, all the variables effect by two Research variables the experiment and the results two groups are statistically equivalent, the researcher used the SPSS statistical package above the experimental group that was studied according to the strategy of digital stories over the control group in the post test for acquiring basic children concepts and in the light of the research results, it came up with asset of conclusions, recommendations and proposals for research complementing the current research.

This current research analyzed grammar exercises of Arabic language books for the intermediate stage, the researcher prepared a list of the skills of Inferential thinking which include three main skills and twenty three criteria, then presented them to some experts and specialists in curricula and methods of language teaching. The results then were analyzed according to the skills of inferential thinking.To ensure the stability of the analysis, the researcher used the method of analysis with the help of another analyst and using the Cooper equation, (98%) for the first intermediate grade, (96%) for the second intermediate grade, and (91%) for the third intermediate grade. For the purpose of extracting the results, the researcher used the frequencies and percentages of the inferential thinking skills, and the research settled that the highest achieved skill is (the skill of inference) with (463) recurrences, which is equivalent to a percentage of (51%), while (the induction skill) at (225) iterations with a percentage of ( 25%), then followed by (deduction skill) at (211) recurrences, equivalent to (24%), so that the total repetitions are (899) recurrences, distributed over six books .In light of the research results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations, including: The necessity of including inferential thinking skills in grammar exercises for the intermediate stage in a balanced manner according to their levels. In terms of the size and quality of the educational material, activities and exercises in proportion to the mental level of the students of each grade of the intermediate stage, and to complement this research, the researcher suggested several proposals, including: Analyzing Arabic grammar books for the preparatory stage according to the skills of inferential thinking.

The research aims to know the effect of teaching science with the Janeh educational model on the achievement and retention of the fifth grade students. To achieve the goal of the research, the researchers put the following hypothesis: - There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average degrees of achievement of the experimental group students who study science With the Janeh educational model and between the average achievement scores of the control group students who study the same subject in the achievement test.There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study the science subject with the Janeh educational model and the average scores of the control group students who study the same subject in the information retention test. The General Directorate of Salah Al-Din Education / Dujail Education Department has been deliberately tested to apply the research. Division (B) has been chosen by random assignment to be the experimental group that studies using the Janeh educational model, numbering (32) students, and Division (A) to be the control group that studies in the traditional way The number of (32) students, and the science subject included the first three units of the first semester of the year 2021/2022, and the result was statistically processed using the T-test for two independent samples, where the research result showed:- The superiority of the students of the experimental group who study the subject of general science with the Janeh educational model over the students of the control group who study the same subject in the traditional way in the achievement test and the information retention test.

The aim of the current research is to identify the effect of the strategy of the alternate history on the achievement and the development of logical thinking among the literary fifth grade students in the subject of history. In light of the research objective, the research formulated three hypotheses:
There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study the different history and the average scores of the control group students who study in the usual way in achievement and logical thinking (pre- and post-test). To achieve this goal and its hypotheses were adopted. The researcher designed an experimental design located in the field of experimental designs with partial adjustment for the post test of achievement and logical thinking for the two research groups (experimental and control) .The researcher chose Al-Mahdawiya Secondary School for Boys, which is affiliated to the Muthanna Education Directorate/Center, randomly, and by random drawing method, Division (B) was chosen as the experimental group that will study the history subject according to the strategy of the different history, with (33) students, while Division (E) represented the control group that It will be taught in the usual way, with a rate of (32) students, and the researcher made an equalization between the students of the two research groups in the following variables: (chronological age calculated in months, academic achievement of fathers, academic achievement of mothers, grades for the history period for the first semester of the academic world (2021, 2022 AD), a test logical reasoning.

The current research aims to find out the effect of the focused listening method on the reading comprehension skills of the fourth grade students of the middle school in the preparatory subject for the academic year 2020 (Al-Jumhuriya Al-Azhar) of the 21st grade of the academic preparation for the academic year 2020 For the purpose of applying the experiment, the sample consisted of (69) students, with (35) students representing the experimental group and (34) students representing the control group after making parity between them. A behavioral goal in light of the general goals and according to Bloom’s classification of the cognitive domain at its first five levels (remember, understanding, application, analysis, installation, evaluation). And critical, tasteful and creative, and the researchers verified its sincerity, stability and psychometric properties. The researchers applied the experiment in the first semester of the academic year (2020-2021), which lasted Experiment (8) weeks, and the researchers studied the two groups together. After the statistical analysis of the data, the results showed the superiority of the experimental group that studied according to the focused listening method over the control group that studied in the traditional way in the reading comprehension skills test.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the most honorable of creation, Muhammad, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, his family and his companions.
The grammar in the Arabic language is of great importance, especially the parsing, as it shows the true meaning of the words. Glory be to God and praise be to Him, the number of His creation, the pleasure of Himself, the weight of His Throne, and the ink of His words (), which was addressed and explained by a number of scholars, but Sheikh Mahmoud Shukri Al-Alusi dealt with it in a different way as he mentioned, he said: (... and what happened in this incident, I found it unaccounted for. Except after liberating it from twelve sciences, namely the science of hadith, language, morphology, grammar, meanings, eloquence, badi, rhyme, creation of prose, science of hadith etiquette, logic, and the origins of religion, so I made it a mainstay for this classification and a pillar on which this classification is based...). Then commenting on it based on what he possessed of scientific wealth, he used to refer sometimes to the scientist, and to his book at other times without mentioning the name of the author, from the books he mentioned: Sahih Muslim, The End by Ibn Al-Atheer and others.

Suffered human societies of many problems and acute crises and wars raging throughout its long history violated the dignity of man and his rights did not distinguish these violations between male or female, or between large or small, which was born struggle bloody between the two sides (the authority and the citizen), has contributed to this conflict and significantly distorted form social relationships, and it was the biggest victim is a child for not being able to defend himself and claim their right. That talk about human rights in general and child rights in particular, needs to know a lot of issues concerning private rights and public because the Iraqi society, a society is homogeneous predominantly tribal dominated by customs and traditions, community must albeit simple to get rid of Gore these habits that weaken the community , through a deep understanding and awareness of human rights derived from Islamic law. That the adoption of sharia law of human rights does not mean that he will meet with modern trends absolute pro-freedom rights in everything but controls define the relationship between the individual and the community to ensure the safety of the individual and the community when the use of the individual to such rights. That Islam as a theory of international and global dimensions approved the Rights of the Child by the other systems and intellectual trends of contemporary though this recognition stems from the perception Quranic how to handle man with life and with his future eschatological He agrees with others that there are rights to breed with humans and are an integral part of his character can not be overcome being one of the main pillars underpinning the philosophy of human existence on earth. Rights of the Child is separate from human rights in general, they are human rights in the life-stage, and therefore the international community cared much attention to children's rights, not only through the protection of human rights in general, but through special procedures to ensure adequate protection for children and distinguish them as adults, due to the serious problems faced by children who make up today's one-third of the world's population, and United Nations was able to conclude a global agreement for the Rights of the Child in 1990, represents the international law of the child today, while the Islamic sharia law before all laws, and laws to protect the rights of the child, since fourteen centuries. That faced by the child of the problems and difficulties in obtaining even slightly on his rights, and these diverse problems vary greatly from one society to another, and Iraqi children suffered from a wide range of problems traditions and discrimination resulting from Misconception to interpret religious texts . The results of this research:
The wrong government policies have helped the absence of human rights in general and child rights in particular.
There are recommendations came out of her research, including:
The need to move away from the wrong methods of socialization such as methods of punishment and the threat of censure and reprimand and other methods that negatively affect children's behavior and their character building.

The aim of the current research is to identify the quality of blended education for male and female Arabic language teachers in the preparatory stage. In order to achieve the goal of the current research, it required the availability of a tool to measure the quality of blended education, after reviewing the literature and previous studies related to the research variable, the researcher built a scale of the quality of blended education, because he did not obtain a local or Arab scale that fits the sample of the current research, in addition to that the standards The foreign language is complex and does not suit the Iraqi environment, which requires the researcher to build a scale that is compatible with the teachers of the Arabic language and its teachers in the preparatory stage. SPSS), the result showed that Arabic language teachers and teachers have the quality of blended education, but it is below the required standard.

This paper focuses on studying the new concept of imposed constitutions as this new term has been lately discussed among constitutional scholars. This type of constitution is related on certain situations when a state goes through a harsh international and internal situation that affect its absolute sovereignty in a negative way. Such situations pave the way for international actors to intervene in multiple ways in the process of making a new constitution by implementing different manners. Such constitutions are labelled as imposed constitutions, in which the degree of the imposition varies from one case to another. These degrees of imposition are measured by different measures, most prominently in regards with will of the people and their degree of consent when it comes to the three main phases of the constitution making process which are the drafting, ratifying and implementing it.

The research aims to establish the proper application of improvement in the quality of service provided by the internal audit units in the government service sector in Iraq by identifying the most important organizational factors that affect the quality of the audit service, as well as determining the importance (the size of the impact) of each factor by means of Pareto analysis. The research problem was the existence of a gap between the required improvement in the quality of service provided by the internal audit agencies and what exists on the ground, which requires finding an appropriate mechanism or arrangement to reduce that gap.The research community is represented by the internal audit units operating in the government service sector, while the research sample included the departments and divisions of the internal audit in the Department of Control and Internal Audit of the Municipality of Baghdad, and the researchers relied on conducting personal interviews as a tool for data collection, which were conducted for the period from (1) June to (1) July 2022 AD with (29) interviews, where the answers were taken and arranged in a table and considered (frequencies), and the cumulative frequency was found from the sum of the repetitions after they were arranged in descending order, and the cumulative ratios were found from the cumulative frequency division by the total number of iterations using the (Microsoft Excel) program 2016) and using Pareto analysis to test the main hypothesis of the research. The research concluded that the presence of some of the influencing organizational factors led to a gap in improving the quality of the audit service and my agencies (experience, qualification, cooperation and coordination, completion of audit work, technology) respectively. Among the most important recommendations is the need to create an administrative unit or department within the formations of the Department of Control and Internal Audit of the Municipality of Baghdad, specialized in maintaining the level of quality of the audit service and working to improve it, as well as the need to put the responsible departments into a mechanism or a program for improvement that includes each of the most important factors and the impact of the quality of the audit service and How to use optimization tools.

The current research aims to know the effectiveness of the Robin table strategy in the peripheral thinking of third-grade intermediate students in Arabic language, where the research community consisted of third-grade intermediate students in schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad Karkh / First, and the research sample consisted of (62) students And the researcher worked to reward them statistically in the variables (chronological age, intelligence test, previous information, grades of the second intermediate class), and the research tool was a test of peripheral thinking consisting of (40) items, and after applying it to the research sample, data collection and processing statistically, the results showed superior The experimental group over the control group, and the Robin table strategy showed its effectiveness.

The study aimed to identify the explosive power of the two legs and the level of achievement of a 100-meter sprint among female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Al-Qadisiyah. Statistically significant between the explosive power of the two men and the level of achievement of the sample under study, while the research community was using the descriptive approach using the survey method, while the research community were students of the first stage - College of Physical Education. The number of students is (39) and the proportion of the sample to the community is (100%). The homogeneity of the sample was carried out in the variables of length, weight and age) and included the results of the research, which confirmed the existence of a positive relationship between explosive power and achievement.

The aim of the current research is identify impact of a strategy based on analogical thinking on development divergent thinking of the second intermediate female grade students. In order to reach the goal, the researchers formulated two null hypotheses, and to verify the hypotheses of the research, an intentional sample of the second-grade students in the middle school in Al-Resala for girls in Mosul city for the academic year (2021-2022) was selected, numbering 101 students, divided into two divisions, one representing the experimental group and the other The control group is represented by (50, 51) female students respectively, and the two research groups were rewarded in the following variables (chronological age in months, the academic achievement of the parents, the general average, intelligence quotient, pre- divergent thinking test). The experimental group was taught according to an existing strategy on analogical thinking and the control group according to the usual method
The researchers prepared the necessary supplies for the research, namely defining the scientific material, and formulating the behavioral objectives of the material specified in the chapters (seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth) of the science book for the second intermediate class, and the teaching plans for teaching the experimental and control groups were prepared according to the strategy of the list of analogical thinking and the method Ordinary . With regard to tools, the researchers prepared a test for divergent thinking, and in its final form it consisted of (6) skills (associative fluency, intellectual fluency, form fluency, verbal fluency, automatic flexibility, adaptive flexibility of meanings), and the discriminatory strength and stability were calculated for him as his stability reached ( 0.81).The experiment was applied starting from the first semester of the academic year (2021-2022), as the pre-test for divergent thinking was conducted for the students of the research sample on (11/14/2021) and the experiment began on (15/11/2021) and continued for an entire semester with two lessons per week, to be a total The total lessons are (16) for each group. After completing the experiment, the tool (the dimensional divergent thinking test on 18/1/ 2022) was applied. When data was collected, analyzed and processed statistically by using the T-test for two independent and interrelated samples, the results showed the following:
1- There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average degrees of divergent thinking (before - after) for the experimental group that was studied with a strategy based on analogical thinking.
2- There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group that studied with a strategy based on analogical thinking and the control group that studied in the usual way in the divergent thinking test.
In light of the results of the research, the researchers came out with a number of conclusions, including the effectiveness of the analogical thinking strategy in developing divergent thinking among first-grade students in favor of the experimental group compared to the usual method. In teaching, including the strategy of analogical thinking, as well as the interest of book-writing committees to include biology books with intellectual and skill activities in a way that stimulates the energies of students and enhances their thinking skills in general and divergent thinking in particular. To complement the current research, the researchers put forward proposals for future research.

This research paper aims to understand mobile learning and teaching social studies in primary schools by understand the first beginnings of e-learning, where it appeared, how it appeared and everything related to it, which resulted in mobile learning in recent years. Furthermore, the researcher explains the origin of mobile learning and its historical roots and clarifies the idea through which the term mobile learning was used for the first time. The researcher then aims to investigate how mobile learning is a translation of online learning in order to reach a statement of the characteristics and advantages of mobile learning. It is also necessary to know the most important justifications that led to the use of mobile learning in the educational process, and then to address the relationship between mobile learning and learning theories. Then the researcher referred to the most important experiences of countries in employing mobile learning in the educational process and the most important recommendations of conferences, as the researcher mentioned the educational benefits of employing mobile learning in the teaching and learning processes and the most important requirements for introducing mobile learning. Finally, it is necessary to mention the difficulties that may face any type of learning. The researcher mentioned the difficulties that faced mobile learning, including: technical, educational and social difficulties, as well as the latest challenges related to security and privacy, and the most important treatments for these challenges.

The poet’s perceptual vision of heritage and history, and takes from the literary text as a field for its conflict between the constants in the predicates of the historical horizon, and the artistic summons by the creator dazzled with a conscious cover of the truth of what the heritage contains of radiant connotations capable of satisfying the poet’s taste and translating his psychological interior, trying to appear in a costume of the poet’s social culture, and its broadcast of a bundle of new visions, and its identities with the heritage and historical dimension of the poetically manifested themes. The study is an attempt to reveal the extent of the disintegration of the cultural system in the poetic texts in an authoritarian narrative tendency and seeking to keep the impact of the cultural of the textual intentionality in the societies of the historical event and the extent of the interaction of the cultural patterns with each other in Khazal Al-Majidi's poetry.

In the present era, the Arabs have been subjected to Western and colonial invasions and Zionist occupation on many occasions. The Arab masses rose with counter-revolutions against this brutal aggression in various parts of the Arab world. He is one of the most prominent poets of Kuwait who adopted the revolutionary thought and the duty to defend his Arab nation against the hordes of colonialism and occupation.
After our thorough study, it became clear that we saw that Al-Saqqaf was an Arab-Islamic intellectual in every sense of the word, and that the national chord is the strongest of the strings resonating in the guitar of his poetry. Likewise, the occupation forces in Palestine and the Levant, and the poet sought the help of the poet to inflame the masses’ feelings in various rhetorical aspects, such as intertextuality, simile, metaphor, metonymy, contrast, and repetition... He drew the finest artistic images with the aim of the intifada and charging souls with the element of anger and enthusiasm. It embodies the size and dimensions of the Arab tragedy in order for souls to become aware of it and rise up against it.

The current study aims to identify the cognitive distortions of orphans of adolescent students, and to know the significance of the differences in the cognitive distortions of orphans of adolescent students according to the gender variable (males, females), and the school stage (intermediate, preparatory), and to achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers built a scale of distortions which consists of (26) in its final form, divided into four areas: exaggeration (7) paragraphs, excessive generalization (6) paragraphs, personalization (6) paragraphs, selective abstraction (7) paragraphs, The study sample included orphaned adolescent students distributed by (200) males and (200) females, and distributed by (200) from middle schools and (200) from middle schools, and the sample was chosen by random method with equal distribution, the results of the research reached to: The orphaned adolescent students have cognitive distortions. And to complement the research, several recommendations and proposals were developed.

Self-serving bias is one of the important personality variables, whether in the structure of the self or in the pattern of the individual's interactions with others. It means the individual's inclination and pride in himself in the case of achieving something and his denial of his responsibility in the event of his failure to achieve any achievement. It is an attribution bias that shows that individuals have a general tendency to adopt positive and successful outcomes, and a less tendency to blame oneself for unsuccessful outcomes, in order to protect and enhance self-esteem, and this tendency in self-serving bias may have a relationship with the emotional balance trait, which is one of the factors responsible for health. Psychology and the strength of the ego in the context of the individual’s dealing with life’s difficulties and its varied and continuous pressures. Emotional balance is a complex feature in the human being that pushes him to develop an integrated and balanced way to realize the problems of life and deal with them according to the features available to him of optimism, calmness, tolerance, independence and sympathy in contrast to the features of pessimism and Anxiety, aggression, dependence and indifference as traits indicative of the inverted balance, which is neuroticism. Such variables (self-serving bias and emotional balance) and the relationship between them are worthy of attention and research among different segments, especially educational counselors, which represents the problem of the current research, which will be examined through a set of objectives It identifies the self-serving bias, knows the levels of emotional balance among educational counselors, and knows the high A correlation between self-serving bias and their levels of emotional balance. To achieve the objectives of the research, the two researchers built a measure of self-serving bias according to Haider's theory (1958), which in its final form consisted of (24) items, and building an emotional balance scale according to Eisenk and his group's theory (1985). ) whose scale in its final form consisted of (36) items, and their validity and reliability were verified and their paragraphs analyzed statistically on the sample of the research of (300) male and female counselors from the school counselors of Al-Diwaniyah primary and secondary schools. The high scores of educational counselors on the measures of self-serving bias and emotional balance, and the weak relationship between self-serving bias and the high and low levels of emotional balance, while the relationship was statistically significant between self-serving bias and the average level of emotional balance. The research concluded with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The study aims to know the measurement of emotional regulation strategies among the sons of martyrs and to know the differences in the strategies of emotional regulation among the sons of martyrs according to the gender variable. The sons of the martyrs of the popular crowd and the sons of the victims of terrorism, who are males (197) and females (203). The sample was chosen randomly. The results of the research concluded that the sons of the martyrs have emotional organization strategies, and there are no differences between males and females in emotional organization strategies. And to complement the research, several recommendations and proposals were developed.

The study aims to know the measurement of self-protection behaviors among vaccinated and not vaccinated with the COV_19 virus, and to know the differences in self-protection behaviors among university students according to the sex variable and the vaccine variable. The study sample included vaccinated and unvaccinated students, who numbered )49( vaccinated and non-vaccinated (351), and the sample was chosen by random method. Between males and females, vaccinated and unvaccinated, with self-protection behaviors. And to complement the research, several recommendations and proposals were developed.

Foreign companies played an important role in the emergence of the transport, trade and banking sectors in Ottoman Iraq from 1850 until the beginning of the First World War in 1914, and this role continued in Iraq occupied by British forces after 1914 until 1925, when these companies established the ground for the emergence of the public sector in Iraq In the fields of (transportation, trade and banking), but the role of these companies in the emergence of the public sector in the aforementioned fields has changed its strategy according to the political changes that followed 1925 (the year of the mandate), and what this research focused on is the period from 1850 - 1925, where companies were active Foreign transportation and agencies of foreign commercial companies that were dominated by Iraqi Jewish merchants after their commercial movement expanded in Iraq as a result of the reforms made by Sultan Abdul Hamid II.
The research resulted in a number of results that clarified the role of foreign companies in the emergence of the public sector in the fields of (transport, trade and banking).

The public sector had no identity before 1925, because the economic activity was primitive and within the limits of the local civil activity, but after the Iraqi state was established, and Britain adopted support for the formation of the government to preserve its interests in Iraq, it began to support its foreign companies in the fields of Many in the service of its economic presence, especially industries that did not have a role in their investments have been neglected, despite the care of the Iraqi government, but that interest did not yield a satisfactory result, but the sectors that received the most attention from the British government is the oil sector.

The aim of the research is to identify the percentage of preparatory students possessing the skills of scientific argument. The researchers followed the descriptive survey approach in order to suit the goal of the research, and the research community was represented by the students of the morning preparatory stage in the center of the city of Diwaniyah, which numbered (16592) male and female students in (32) middle and secondary schools, and the sample of students included (360) male and female students were identified in a random manner. The (Scientific Argument Skills Test) was adopted by (Bruce, et al, 2015) to find out that middle school students possess it. The test was presented to a group of experts and specialists in the field and methods of teaching life sciences to achieve the apparent validity of the test and clarity of the paragraphs. The psychometric properties were verified and after Making adjustments according to the test on the basic sample of (360) male and female students Using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel 16, the results showed the weakness of preparatory students' possession of scientific argument skills.

The current research aims to know the effectiveness of the Robin table strategy in the achievement of fourth-grade students in science in physics, and to verify this, the following null hypothesis was formulated:1. There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who teach using the Robin table strategy and the scores of the control group students who teach in the usual way in the achievement test. The researchers adopted the partially controlled experimental design for two equal groups (experimental and control) with The post test, and equivalence was conducted for the two research groups in the variables: (chronological age in months, intelligence, previous information in physics, grades of the first semester). The researchers identified the scientific material from the fourth-grade physics book in four chapters (fifth, sixth, eighth and ninth), the research sample consisted of (60) students distributed by (31) students for the experimental group and (29) students for the control group. The number of them is (122) purposes, the researchers also prepared (24) plans for the experimental group and (24) plans for the control group. With regard to the research tool, the researchers prepared the achievement test consisting of (40) paragraphs of the type of multiple choice, and the validity, reliability, and difficulty and ease coefficients were calculated. The coefficient of excellence and the effectiveness of the wrong alternatives to it. The experiment was applied in the second semester of the academic year (2021-2022) and lasted eight weeks, with three lessons per week for each group. Those who studied in the usual way in the achievement test, and in light of that, the researcher came up with a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Studies have increased in the modern era about the image of the other in various forms of research, including psychological, social, and even political ones, most of which specialize in studying the different nationalities and sects in one society or between different societies, until some literary studies in the Arabic language specialize in the other, mostly in books of literary criticism and psychological analysis. The product of the writers and the other’s view of them or their view of the other, and this research aims to reveal the image of the other with a great poet who has weight in religious literary poetry, namely, Assayed. Haider Al-Hilli, through the descriptive analytical research method, and he reached the most important results: The image of the other has several forms, Sometimes the self is dominant and the other is hidden, or the other is clear and clear to which the speaker addresses. Each of the pictures has a special purpose, such as addressing him in order to share in joy and happiness, or in tragic sadness, or in the occasion of courtship; For these reasons the other is brought, and addressed.

The current research’s goal is to identify:
1) Levels of depth of knowledge for fifth-grade biological science students.
2) The differences in the levels of depth of knowledge among the fifth-grade biological science students in the gender variable.
To achieve the objectives of the research, the researchers chose a sample of (300) male and female students from the fifth grade of biological sciences affiliated with the Director of Al-Qadisiyah Education for the academic year 2021-2022. SPSS) The researchers reach the results:
1) The fifth-grade biological science students have levels of depth of knowledge.
2) There are differences in the levels of depth of knowledge according to the gender variable and in favor of males.

The objective of the research was to uncover the direct and indirect causal relationships of Suicidal thoughts, parental neglect, economic status, and mood management mediated by perceived academic stress. To achieve the objectives of the research, used scale Suicidal thoughts, parental neglect , mood management and perceived academic stress . And the sample of the study consisted of 300 students from the sixth grade of middle school, who were selected by Stratified Random Sample . The results of the study showed a high level of conformity indicators and the parental neglect and perceived academic stress contribute to the prediction of suicidal thoughts, while mood management reduces suicidal thoughts.

Binding term
This research aims to study the term “binding” in the Book of Gardens of Subtles on the model of Al-Zamakhshari - a grammatical study - as this term appeared in grammatical literature in abundance. The term absolute and restricted was mentioned through grammatical issues in their writings and books, and they did not put a special research for it. There has been a lot of talk about these two terms in the explanations and Al-Hoshi; And the advanced did not delve into it, but the later ones are the ones who put it in their footnotes and commentaries. This is due to the participation of sciences in that period, as they began to study all sciences at the same time. And clarification of its features and interpretation of its rules, and among the lines of the book is the mention of the term restriction in the explicit sense, and the term “the most specific and the most general” in the non-explicit sense.

In light of the need to answer scientific explanations, this study was conducted, which aims to develop special exercises and know the effect of training those exercises on each of the enzyme (ACHE) and the electromyography of the brachial muscle (top and area under the curve). Practicing two exercises for the exploratory experiment and (14) practicing the main experiment, in addition to the use of the training curriculum, the method of implementing the experimental procedures, in addition to the use of several tools, means and devices, the most important of which was the use of the special exercises program that was implemented for a period of (10 weeks) and for four training units, the time of each unit (60- 90) minutes were used for this purpose, blood drawing tests were used first to extract the value of the enzyme (ACHE) and then an (EMG) test to extract the electrical muscle (the top and the area under the curve) before and after the exercise, after that the results were collected and treated statistically as explained in the fourth chapter. In this regard, several conclusions were reached, the most important of which were:
- Special exercises significantly affect the activity of the enzyme (ACHE) as well as the electromyography of the brachial muscle (apex and suborbital area).
As for the recommendations:
- Using the exercises in the research and other research variables.

The research touched on Queen Amani Chakiti, who ruled in the Kingdom of Meroe during the period (1-10 BC). The research consists of six axes.
The first axis, entitled (Queen Amani Chakiti's personal life in the Kingdom of Meroe, her titles, badges, roles, and body), was one of the great queens in the history of Meroe; As she ascended the throne after the death of Amani Rinas, she was known by several titles, "Qori", which means the ruling person, and "Kandaka" which means mother, as well as the Egyptian title "Neb Tawi", meaning the master of the two lands, and the lady of all women and the lady of the south. The Queen's body was also seen in terms of the head covering and the weapons she possessed against the enemies of the kingdom. Her body appeared as a fighter against the enemies of the Meroe Kingdom.
The second axis entitled (The Monuments and Inscriptions of Queen Amani Shakheti in Upper Nubia) Queen Amani Shakheti was the most famous because of what was discovered of her monuments and inscriptions, as the great prosperity during her reign was an indication of her activity and expansion in several areas, which indicates the spread of her influence and those sites are from the south to the north of Meroe, including the northern cemetery in Meroe, where there is still its beautiful tomb.
The third axis is entitled (Treasures of Queen Amani Chakiti in Al-Bajrawiya), as her life was characterized by interest in jewelry, treasures, exotic copper sculptures, and a group of beloved shield-shaped jewelry, necklaces, bracelets and other decorative things that constitute religious symbols and rituals.
The fourth axis, entitled (Tomb of Queen Amani Chakiti in Al-Bajrawiyeh), was the burial of the queen in the northern royal cemetery of Al-Bajrawiyeh. As the sixth pyramid was one of the largest in the necropolis, it is a reflection of the high status of royal women and their advancement to the fore. These tombs were equipped with jewellery, weapons, and colored pottery.

This study, tagged with (administrative reforms during the reign of King Dara I 522-486 BC) aims to shed light on King Dara's policy in managing and reforming the conditions of the Achaemenid state during his reign, which coincided with the outbreak of revolutions in some regions and the leadership of King Dara in the expansion of the borders of his state. Relying on this on the policy of tolerance and the policy of carrot and intimidation, as well as dividing the state into regions (straps) and making each region a ruler (strap) special to rule the region to obey the king’s orders and implement laws, appointing numbers of employees who work to monitor and evaluate the work of the rulers, and they inform the king in every little thing. and large, and the region is backed by a military force whose duty is to protect the security and stability of the region and is directly linked to the king The king created a house in the administration of the Achaemenid state, especially in the military aspect, because he came from the core of this institution, and the kings who succeeded him followed his path with their interest in various fields.

The vocabulary of the Arabic language is characterized by the diversity of its uses in light of its location in different contexts, based on its linguistic root and the basic meaning for which it was developed. This meaning often expands according to a group of influences that contribute to introducing new meanings to a single word. The need to convey new meanings is governed by a group of factors. It is often related to the linguistic custom and culture common in a specific time and place and influences to a certain extent the emergence of new meanings for a single word used in special linguistic contexts. Anyone who examines the words of the blessed Qur’anic text notices this meaning clearly in many places, as we find that there are many words used by the Holy Qur’an in special contexts that start from the basic positivist meaning of the word and reach precise branches with a deep meaning. One of these words is “murder.”Which took on great importance in Arab culture in general and Islamic culture in particular, as it was used in the blessed Qur’anic text in many ways, and its use expanded according to the verbal context required by the ruling.From here came the idea of research to compare the linguistic status of the word (murder(And the usage situation in the Holy Quran An attempt to touch upon the convergence and divergence between the linguistic situation and Qur’anic usage, and this is what will be explained in the sections of this research.