journal of the college of basic education

The poetic image is a meticulously woven construct, shaped by the poet’s skill and unique creativity. It serves as the external framework for the structure of poetry, encompassing the processes of depiction and verbal composition. A poetic image is akin to an artistic painting, brought to life through the interplay of imaginative and sensory meanings, supported by additional resources that enhance the aesthetic structure of the poetic text.
Human senses, with their active role, are among the most significant sources of artistic imagery, complemented by the tools of expression provided by imagination. By employing these senses, the poet expands the perceptions of the image, imparting depth and tangibility to the poetic text. This makes the senses a fundamental component in shaping poetic imagery.
Amid this extensive use of imagery, the poetry of Muwaffaq al-Din al-Mada’ini (d. 656 AH) stands out. He utilized sensory perceptions to infuse his poetry with both objective and aesthetic meanings, crafting images that evoke life, sound, and sensation in harmony with his poetic experience.

The current research aims to identify:
1- Immediate intentional awareness.
2- Differences in immediate intentional awareness according to the variables of gender (males, females) and specialization (scientific, humanities).
The current research is limited to Al-Mustansiriya University students of both genders (males, females), and specializations (scientific, humanities) for the academic year (2023-2024) morning study, and the researchers adopted the scale of immediate intentional awareness prepared by Baer, Roth, Smith, and Allen (Baer, R. A., Smith G. T., & Allen, K. B. 2004)). Which consists of (39) paragraphs, The scale was translated and the psychometric properties were verified, then it was applied to a sample of (400) male and female students from the university's colleges that were selected using the random cluster method, then the data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and the results were as follows.
1- University students have immediate intentional awareness.
2- There is no statistically significant difference in immediate intentional awareness according to the variables of gender (male, female) and specialization (scientific, humanities).
In light of the research results, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

Andalusian poetry was known for the diversity of its meanings and poetic purposes, and poetry emerged as one of these purposes. The works of Professor Omar Ibrahim Tawfiq are the lens through which he looked at the political, social and cultural aspects of life in Andalusia, relying on the available sources in the various sciences that are related to the study, and the poets’ collections. Those whose names are mentioned in his books, in the book The Picture of the Andalusian Society in the Fifth Century of Migration (politically, socially and culturally), poetry reflected the different images of their lives about sincerity and interaction and was influenced by them in its images, methods, language, music and content. Andalusian, as for praise poems, they are a series of long poems started by a group of Andalusian poets, and due to the Andalusian need for rhythmic poems suitable for chanting and chanting, they tended to systems of poems that correspond to the remembrance councils or councils of the Prophet’s celebration. The research was a comprehensive study of the praise of the Prophet in Andalusia through careful investigation of the Andalusian sources and referring to the least The mother who was blessed with this topic, as for the ruling and preaching of Ibn Leon al-Tajibi, in his time the area of wisdom poetry and sermons increased with the increase of strife and wars and the breaking of the thorn of the Islamic state, especially during the era of the kings of the sects when they were fighting among themselves, so a class of preaching poets appeared, the poetic experience of Ibn Leon’s passages is characterized With the elevation of the emotional, emotional and emotional tone with its human horizons, by virtue of the causes, issues and events that preoccupied Andalusia, and their effects were reflected on the human being, thought and vision, the lyrical passages were mixed with crying, grief, sorrow, bitterness, despair, determination, strength and patience in a molten rhetorical and preaching style.

Mental habits are not just the possession of information, but also the knowledge of how to work with it and use it, they are a pattern of intelligent behaviors that bad the student to produce knowledge and not just memorize, when habits of mind are real, they hinder the student's abilities and pot entail for learning and when they are strong, they raise and improve the student's level of learning . Through the current research the problem focused on answering the following question , De Third- year middle school and sixth- year habits of mind? To answer this question, the researcher formulated a number of objectives common habits of mind among middle school students and those that all and most high school students have in eluding identifying the most common habits of mind and summarizing them according. To the third-year middle school and sixth-year high school levels and the most common and least common habits opting by research objectives, the researcher applied (Johnson & et., al) The mind test prepared by a group of researchers . At the University of Vermont, USA, and based on costa and kallick's Theory. (11) mental habits, translated, Arabized and adapted to the Iraqi environment researcher fouad Ali Farhan (2013). The scal a consists of (50) Positive- direction paragraphs that include (16) mentel habits and the paragraphs were formulated in the style of declarative phrase and placed in front of each paragraph (3) alternatives for the response that ranged from always , often sometimes and their weights (3, 2, 1) and the scale coefficient on a sample consisting of (100) male and female and the sixth secondary stage, with (50) and the third intermediate stage. With (52) males and (98) females from the schools the first Rusafa in Baghdad. The researcher came out with the following result . The research sample has average mental habits, and there is a difference in the mental habits of students according to the gender variable in favor of males. There is no difference in the mental habits of students according to the grade variable. The percentage of students who have a high level of mental habits is (17%) of the total research sample, while the percentage of students who have a low level of mental habits is (10%). Also with a set of result and recommendation.

The explanatory and linguistic texts recorded some Qur’anic readings and marked an abnormal area; Sorry, you have exceeded the set admission criteria Although some Arabs use it; However, this use did not reach the level of popularity and frequency. This anomaly was not arbitrary; Rather, it was based on specific controls and standards In this research, I tried to approach the abnormal readings according to the linguistic preference theory, with its two criteria: the grammatical preference criterion and the usage preference criterion. And the choice adopted by scholars.

This research aims to build an educational program based on the theory of the creative self in developing the skills of analyzing literary texts among fifth-grade literary students, and to identify the effectiveness of the educational program. The researchers followed the procedures of the descriptive approach in construction and the procedures of the experimental approach in experimentation, as the researchers prepared an educational program and to verify the research procedures; The researchers adopted an experimental design. The research community consisted of (858) students, and they randomly selected the sample, with (30) students, the experimental group (31) students for. The researchers rewarded the students of the two research groups with chronological age, a linguistic ability test, parents' academic achievement, and a test of literary text analysis skills. The researchers prepared a test that measures the skills of analyzing literary texts, which included (35) paragraphs. They confirmed the validity and reliability of the test, and its psychometric properties. After applying it, they used the SPSS program. The researchers concluded that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the test of literary text analysis skills, as well as the effectiveness of the educational program. The researchers concluded that the educational program proved effective in developing the skills of analyzing literary texts among fifth-grade literary students, because it included new and interesting methods of learning. They recommended the need to focus on creative self-learning and encourage students to participate effectively. They suggested conducting a similar study to identify the effectiveness of the educational program based on the theory of the creative self in developing literary appreciation skills among fifth-grade literary students

Moral Awareness determines whether people are able to discover the moral content of other people\'s behavior, determine what Is unethical, and be a necessary part of overall moral behavior. Current research has sought to identify moral Awareness and differences between students in social and work status. The study sample was 100 undergraduate students. An aural awareness scale was adopted and the psychometric properties of the scale were calculated. After analyzing the data statistically, it was found that undergraduate students there was have Moral Awareness
University Research recommends raising the level of ethical awareness of university students using Instructions.

The aim of the current research is to evaluate the curriculum and teaching methods course at the College of Education in light of the requirements of comprehensive quality To achieve the research objective, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach as a study method. The research sample consisted of professors of the Curricula and Teaching Methods course at the College of Education, Al-Mustansiriya University, numbering (20) male and female instructors after excluding the exploratory sample.
. The researcher prepared the research tool (questionnaire) in light of previous studies and literature and presented it to a group of experts and arbitrators. The researcher confirmed its validity and reliability. The number of its paragraphs reached (20) paragraphs that were distributed to the individuals of the research sample. After conducting the statistical analysis, the researcher reached a number of results, the most prominent of which is that the standards of comprehensive quality were not fully available in the teaching methods course, and that the content of the teaching methods course faces many weaknesses and shortcomings in several areas of it
In light of the results reached by the researcher, the researcher concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals arising from the results of the study

This study talks about the estimated difference in morphological structures in which the verbal image is the same and the meaning is different, and this includes the structures of nouns and verbs, because knowing the difference between the structures is of great importance in understanding the meaning given by this or that structure, and this is done by understanding the verbal difference between them, as the two structures are similar in pronunciation and the difference between them remains estimated, and this can be known by referring to the origin of the word’s structure and weight, and this matter is not surprising in Arabic and has evidence and examples, and the context is what clarifies that.

The current research aims to identify (the effect of the confrontation strategy on the acquisition of Arabic grammar among students in the fifth grade of primary school). The researcher adopted the experimental method with partial control for the two research groups (experimental and control) As a research design, the researcher randomly selected the research sample consisting of (63) students, with (32) students in the experimental group, and (31) students in the control group. The researcher rewarded the two groups on variables (chronological age, Previous achievement, parents’ academic achievement) The researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of (30) test items from objective items. The results showed superiority among the students who studied Arabic grammar according to the coping strategy. For students who studied the same subject in the usual traditional way

The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of an instructional program based on active listening skills in enhancing reading comprehension among first-grade middle school female students." The researchers adopted an experimental design, specifically a non-randomized control group pretest-posttest design. The research population consisted of middle, secondary, and primary public schools for girls under the Directorate General of Baghdad Karkh/Third Governorate. Al-Ikhlas Secondary School for Girls was randomly selected as the sample for the study. A total of 71 first-grade middle school students were randomly selected, with section (B) serving as the experimental group (35 students) and section (C) as the control group (36 students). One of the researchers taught the experimental group using the proposed instructional program based on active listening skills, while the control group was taught using the traditional method. The researchers controlled for the variables of linguistic ability, intelligence, and pre-reading comprehension. The researchers studied eight reading topics and texts from the Arabic language textbook for first-grade middle school students for an entire semester (2024-2025). The experiment began on Tuesday, October 1, 2024, and ended on Tuesday, December 17, 2024, lasting for an entire semester, which is the first semester of the academic year (2024-2025). The experimental group was taught according to the proposed instructional program, while the control group was taught according to the traditional method.
The researchers prepared a reading comprehension test consisting of three reading passages followed by multiple-choice questions with three options, totaling 45 items, to measure the reading comprehension level of students in both groups.
Using the independent samples t-test, the following results were obtained:
The performance of students in the experimental group, who were taught reading material according to the proposed instructional program, significantly outperformed the performance of students in the control group, who were taught using the traditional method, in the post-reading comprehension test.

The research aims to address the spatial distribution of craft industries in archaeological sites in Iraq, and the extent of the possibility of tourism development through the tools, machines, and statues that represent the historical depth of Iraq and its effects, this factor is considered one of the most important factors influencing the revitalization of tourism in most countries with a touristic nature, as the people of the country are proud of the history of their ancient civilization, and the tourist coming from any country to another country is attracted by tools, machines and works that are foreign to his country and belong to the country to which he is coming, so he acquires and buys These artifacts are returned to his country to be a beautiful memory for the visiting country, and this is the case in all tourist countries.
In our country, Iraq, in many eras, there were no field visits for tourist delegations due to the restrictions that existed during the time of the previous regime before 2003, and the security turmoil after 2003, but they revived after 2020 after the Pope’s visit to Iraq in the third month of the year 2021, when he opened After that, there are many archaeological sites, and this in turn leads us to tourism development in the country. This research aims to develop tourism in Iraq by identifying the problems that hinder these industries and the possibility of developing them.

This study aimed to measure the level of awareness of secondary school principals in Baghdad Governorate of the 21st century skills and its correlation to their leadership behaviour. The researcher used the questionnaire as a main tool for collecting his data. The researcher designed two questionnaires for this study. It has been benefited from the 21st century school leadership skills questionnaire which produced by the National Association of Secondary School Principals (NASSP). The leadership behaviour scale included (21) statements divided into three dimensions (setting instructional direction, teamwork, sensitivity), while the 21st century skills questionnaire included also three dimensions (resolving complex problems, communication, developing self and others) which consisted of (34) statements. The questionnaires were distributed to a sample of (130) male and female principals in secondary schools in Baghdad Governorate. The outcomes indicated a high level of awareness of secondary school principals in the 21st century skills. Further, the vast majority of secondary school principals practice leadership behavior in their schools in a high degree. The results also showed a weak correlation between the degree of awareness of secondary school principals in Baghdad Governorate of the 21st century skills and its leadership behavior. The results also showed statistical differences attributed to gender variable, in favour of females.

The research mainly aims to identify the percentage of cognitiveeconomy skills included in the Arabic reading book for the fifth grade of primary school. The sample included the topics of the Arabic reading book for the fifth grade, except for the introduction and the content list, and it amounted to (57) topics. The researcher used the "descriptive approach" and relied on a questionnaire as a tool to obtain the necessary data to achieve the goal of the research through (40 skills) within (7 areas). The results indicate that most of the skills in the fields (mental development, cognitive, communication, and social) were achieved, and half of the skills (evaluation field) were not achieved, while all the skills of the two fields (economic, technological) were not achieved in the Arabic reading book for the fifth grade of primary school.
Accordingly, the researcher recommended reconsideration by curriculum developers in terms of achieving balance in including knowledge economy skills in the Arabic reading book for the fifth grade of primary school, and benefiting from studies and research in developing Arabic language books for the primary stage. She suggested conducting similar studies on other methodological books for other levels of study in light of cognitive economics skills

The research focuses on good education because education in today’s world has an impact on knowledge creation, skills acquisition, and community service. The research approaches the concept of education from the Qur’anic perspective, distinguishes between teaching and learning, and lists the quality elements on which good education is based to achieve its goals
Quality education is a fourth goal of the Sustainable Development Goals 2015-2030 Therefore, the research shed light on the definition of sustainable development. The research relied on various sources that contributed to developing a set of results and recommendations

This research, titled "An Enriching Reading of the Term 'Badi' and Al-Suyuti's Book 'Nazm Al-Badi'", aims to explore the various meanings of the word 'Badi' (innovative or rhetorical device) first, and then examine one of the books on the topic, Al-Suyuti's book, to determine which of those meanings the book has settled upon. Regarding the meanings of 'Badi', it was initially found that the term originally referred to a general concept encompassing rhetoric, but later evolved at the hands of rhetoric scholars to become a specialized term, specifically relating to a branch of rhetoric concerned with aesthetic issues. Consequently, the research had to begin by exploring the distinction between the concept and the term and the difference between them, in order to distinguish the views of rhetoric scholars on Badi and trace its developmental stages. This leads to an examination of Al-Suyuti's book to see what new terms related to Badi it introduced, particularly those concerned with aesthetic values. It was found that the book presented some additions that could have had a significant impact on the field of Badi if the author had attempted to further develop these rhetorical arts.

Since its dependence in the sixties of the last century, the state of Kuwait has sought to establish its existence as a country through agreements that included providing aid to countries with low economic resources benefiting from the substantial revenues generated from the production and exporting of petroleum, which spurred the Kuwaiti government to provide monetary loans that rivalled those of global organizations, by reducing interest rates and therefore, increasing the financial returns. These agreements were formalized by presenting them as legislation to the Kuwait National Assembly for discussion and approval, making the government obligated to implement them.

The Arabs-Muslims historians pay a great attention to the historical research method due to it is scientific method in general and its goal is to reach to the truth and reconstruct the past as it was. Moreover, they left to the contemporary historians a historical enormous legacy that it can be benefited from this legacy to reveal the events of past and the modern studies have registered that they are the first who mentioned the events across the men who narrated them in the precise time and accurate documentation besides penetrating in the reliable references and they have written about these references to the level that no one of the historians of the other nations reached to their efforts in this field. They did their best to document everything related to their history and their slogan was the honesty in judgment of the events and speeches of historical characters. They were the first who set the modern scientific methodology especially the rules of critics that attributed unjustly to the European historians in the 19th century. The most prominent historian of the 7th A.H was Ibin Al-Najjar, Muhib Al-Deen Abu Abdullah Mohammed bin Mahmood Bin Hasan Bin Hibat Allah Bin Mahasin Al-Baghdadi who wrote his masterpiece Postscript of Baghdad History (the renew history of Al-Salam City and news of its renowned characters besides its scientists). He wrote this postscript on The History of Baghdad written by Al-Khateeb Al-Baghdadi and explained what missed by Al-Khateeb, as result his book reached to thirty volumes. In fact, this indicates to his great knowledge in this field besides his memory and the historians after him took from his book to the biography of characters and mentioned them in their boos. Ibin Al-Najjar, as history told us, had a tremendous desire in classification of the different field of knowledge. This research tries to define one of the most important historians in the 7th A.H and study of his bringing, his teachers, students and his scientific journeys besides his intellectual achievement and how he influenced in the intellectual life in the 7th A.D through knowing his intellectual product and then study his methodology in his book (Postscript of Baghdad History) which is considered one of the wide references in the men biography as well as containing thousands of sayings of the Prophet.

Since its inception, man has been linked to animals in a multi-beneficial and emotional relationship. This connection has led to valuable knowledge of the animal's life, nature and behavior. It has come in many forms, through which it has expressed the formality and image of the human relationship with it. Since the pre-Islamic era, animals have received attention and care, and man has often sanctified them. In them, he found a friend as well as an enemy. While camels and horses were his close friends, the wolves of the desert and its snakes were his enemies. The image that the poet Ibrahim Nasrallah presented was not stereotypical as previous poets had known it. The wolf participated in most of his poems, and the rest of the animals were limited to a few mentions. The reason for this is the poet's aggressive psyche, in which he wished many times to be a wolf. The wolf is always and forever treacherous and mean in nature, but the question that arises is why did the poet want that? What is meant by adopting this view, and does it reflect a certain social reality.?

creativity, with novels becoming a powerful tool to document the suffering of the Palestinian people and express their experiences and hopes. Palestinian novels have often served as a witness to the tragedies experienced since the Nakba on 1948, a turning point in Palestinian and Arab history. These works detail the displacement, expulsion, and loss of homeland, successfully portraying the scenes of the Nakba with remarkable artistic precision, making them historical records imbued with literary finesse. The conflict with Israeli occupation has become a central theme in Palestinian novels, focusing on the resilience of Palestinians against attempts of erasure and uprooting. These novels, such as those by Ghassan Kanafani and works by Jabra Ibrahim Jabra, reflect the spirit of resistance and the dream of return while addressing the daily challenges faced by Palestinians both in exile and within their homeland. This is particularly evident in novels like Men in the Sun and Returning to Hai((f))a, where individual su((f))((f))ering intertwines with collective struggle, revealing the interconnectedness o((f)) personal and national anguish.. Palestinian novels also delve deeply into the themes of displacement and alienation, shedding light on the feelings of loss and identity crisis experienced by Palestinian refugees. These works highlight the cultural and social challenges faced by Palestinians in exile, torn between the desire for integration and the need to preserve their national identity. This blend of sorrow and hope has endowed Palestinian literature with a universal human dimension, resonating with readers both in the Arab world and internationally. The impact of wars and conflicts is also reflected in the narrative style of Palestinian novels, which are often characterized by an emotional and poignant tone, laden with pain and, at times, anger, yet infused with hope in other instances. This illustrates the ability of Palestinian literature to convey the depth of suffering through a sophisticated artistic approach that combines literary documentation with creative expression.

In light of the transformations the world is witnessing in various fields, educational institutions are facing the problem of keeping pace with developments and using modern working methods, especially in administrative work. In light of the technological revolution the world is witnessing that has encompassed all aspects of life, especially educational institutions, systems are forced to make radical changes in their administrative methods. Innovation management is one of the most important modern trends and concepts that has become indispensable and has imposed itself strongly and is considered one of the most important ways to develop educational curricula. Given the leadership and administrative role enjoyed by the director through the direct connection between faculty members and students, it is necessary to bring about a qualitative development in educational curricula This study aims to analyze the role of educational innovation management in developing educational curricula using modern technologies from the perspective of school principals in Baghdad. A descriptive analytical methodology was applied to a sample of 100 school principals in Baghdad, with a questionnaire used as the main tool for data collection. The study aimed to understand the views of school principals on how modern technologies are used in curriculum development and to measure the impact of these technologies on educational quality. The study found that significant improvements have been made in curriculum development through educational innovation, but challenges remain concerning infrastructure and training for using these technologies. The study also emphasized the need to enhance professional training for principals and teachers in using technology effectively. It recommended updating curricula to incorporate modern technologies more comprehensively and strengthening technical and administrative support to sustain these initiatives.

This research examines the topics addressed by Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr Al-Zuhri, who passed away in the mid-sixth century AH. His book is considered part of the Andalusian Islamic scholarly heritage. Early Arab writers recognized and referenced his work, citing excerpts and pages, as it contains significant historical information .
Given this importance, I aim to provide an overview of the civilizational aspects of the Islamic Maghreb as highlighted by Al-Zuhri in his work. Andalusian geographers followed a unique methodological approach, laying the foundations of geographical thought. Al-Zuhri is regarded as a continuation of a series of geographers who were deeply invested in geographical scholarship. The term Geography originally means map, and its synonyms include safrah (journey) or mufradah (singular term), as frequently mentioned in his book with expressions like we depicted or we drew.
Al-Zuhri composed his book based on earlier geographical works, his personal observations in Andalusian lands, and accounts from his contemporaries, some of whom he named. His references included prominent figures such as Al-Mas‘udi, Aristotle, Ibn Hayyan, and Al-‘Udhri. In Al-Zuhri’s view, geographical knowledge complemented historical studies. As he stated in his book, it encompassed all regions of the world, describing their inhabitants, appearances, morals, diets, and drinking habits, as well as the various resources, artifacts, perfumes, and luxuries each region produced. Additionally, he detailed the unique animals found across different parts of the world, noting their characteristics and toxic properties.

The current research aims to identify the level of psychological depression among sixth-grade students. To achieve this goal, the researcher adapted the Al-Huwaig Psychological Depression Scale, which consists of 52 paragraphs in its original version. After that, the paragraphs were analyzed through the two extreme groups, and the relationship of the paragraph to the total score of the scale, where 12 paragraphs were dropped, so the scale in its final form consisted of 40 paragraphs. This scale achieved validity represented by apparent validity, construct validity, and differences between groups, and its reliability reached 0.86 using Cronbach's alpha method. The research sample consisted of 200 male and female students, distributed according to gender (males - females), and both specializations (scientific - literary). After using appropriate statistical methods, the results showed the following: There are statistically significant differences between males and females in the degree of psychological depression. There are no statistically significant differences between the degree of psychological depression according to scientific and literary specialization. In light of the achieved results, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The most important thing that came from the research is the knowledge of the most important emirates and other Kurdish tribes, consisting of northern Iraq, as these clans enjoyed great influence and power that made them an autonomous authority and not subject to the control of the governors of Baghdad. The research also indicated the knowledge of Kurdish origins and the nature of the areas they inhabit, which had a large part of their steadfast survival under many military conditions. The research also touched on identifying the largest ruling emirates in Kurdistan, including the Emirate of Bahdinaniya, which is located in Al-Hammadiya in the far north of Iraq, which began its rule in 1329 and continued until the reign of Sultan Salim in 1514 AD. The Suranian Emirate, which was founded in the twelfth century AD, which became one of the strongest emirates during the reign of Prince Mohammed Al-Rawandozi, who is one of the most famous ruwand princes, and Prince Mohammed was distinguished by steverness and strength of personality. Muhammad Pasha was able to expand the scope of his rule and unify it under his leadership and build a great strength that can withstand Ottoman and Iranian ambitions.As for the most important strong Kurdish clans and nerves, it is the Al-Jaf clan, which is located in Sulaymaniyah on the borders of Iran, Iraq, the Shader clan, Al-Balbs, Al-Dizh Bei, Al-Hamwand, and the Yazi tribesm all live in the northern regions of Iraq. These clans realized the importance of their geographical location, which had an important role in strengthening their military strength. The Kurds of this region took cared about their interests first, as they used to use the Iranian forces, as they did not face danger from the governors of Baghdad once and again, using the governors of Baghdad, as they did not face the danger of Iranian forces. The northern region is also considered a permanent conflict and has constituted a heavy burden on the governors of Baghdad due Control of it, several families have been established in this region, the most important of which is the Papan family, which played a major role in the course of historical events in this region. As for the Pabanic family, whose origins go back to Lahijan, it is an Iranian city located in Ghilan province. This family arose in the late fifteenth century or early sixteenth century in the east of the Emirate of Soran, and included some tribes, the most important of which was Mokri. This family was also able to expand its influence until it reached the Emirate of Ardlan and then to Kirkuk, and at the beginning of the eighth century, this family became one of the strongest Kurdish families. These families were founded by a man named (Fakih Ahmed) in the district of Shadlar, and began to expand during the reign of Fakih Ahmed and his son Khan Bodak by seizing some areas, including Mahat, Shahrbazar and the neighboring districts. In addition to the joining of some neighboring clans, including the big Balbas clan and some of its inhabiting branches in Iran, Khan Boudaq died in 1665, thus ending the first era of the family.
In (1969-1699), Baba Suleiman, the son of Khan Boudaq, who is the true founder of the Bababan family, took over.His rule was characterized by the political character of the emirate after it was feudal or tribal character, and Bab Suleiman was able to control Qara Golan, which is currently Sulaymaniyah governorate, and took it as his center, and then the Papabani family began to expand at the expense of the neighboring emirates such as Sorani, Al-Bahdaniya, Rawndouziyah, Kafri, Harir, Qalja, Sarhak, Qara Dag and Idbel until its influence extended to Kirkuk, and in 1703, the emirate reached the peak of its strength when he took over its leadership in Bakr Bek, as he expanded the borders of The smaller, in addition to the mountainous section of the west side, and in 1704, the leaders of Hassan Bey, who is the governor of Baghdad, his army, and eliminated Bakr Bey and its right to the state of Shahrzor and Ain Khanh Bay as its ruler in 1721, which was characterized by the good relationship with the governors of Baghdad, which made the period of Khanah Bey a period full of prosperity and expansion, but this relationship did not last long. In 1726, the Babanese Kurds withdrew from the ranks of the Ottoman armies in a battle that took place between the Ottomans and the Afghans, and despite the return of Khanh Bey to the ranks of the Ottoman army and its participation in other wars, the governor of Baghdad did not forget that situation and managed the issue of killing him and that In 1728. After him, his brother Khaled Pasha was appointed, and the princes of the Babani family continued to dispute with the governors of Baghdad, relying on the Iranian force that was lurking on the eastern border.
In 1788, Abdul Rahman Al-Babani took over the emirate of the Al-Baban, as the emirate during his reign reached the peak of its glory, and Abdul Rahman was distinguished by his political ambition and nationalism aspirations. He worked to establish an independent government in Iraq through his continuous clash with the Baghdad forces in several battles, the most important of which was the battle of (Jazb Kafri) in 1812, which ended with the defeat of Abdul Rahman Al-Babani. In addition, political independence was not the only goal for Abdul Rahman, but he coveted the Pashoism of Baghdad as well. Mahmoud Pasha took power after the death of Bad Rahman's mother in 1813, and thus with the support of Shahzadehzad Muhammad Ali Mirza, and thus Mahmoud Pasha became a danger After the rule of Daoud Pasha, who was appointed governor of Baghdad in 1813, so Dawood Pasha followed several ways to get rid of the rule of Mahmoud Pasha, including control of some important Kurdish areas and gaining the favor of some of the Babanid dynasty, and Mahmoud Pasha is considered the strongest and most famous mir of the Pabanid family because of his great ability and importance that made him able to withstand the governors of Baghdad on the one hand and the greedy Iranian force on the other hand, but Abdullah, who fled to Iran after a prior agreement between him and the Shahzadeh, who provided Abdullah with a tractor army in order to return and occupy Sulaymaniyah, and thus this was one of the reasons Which led to the weakness of natural capabilities in Sulaymaniyah and the inability of Baghdad's governors to stand up to Iranian forces led by Abdullah, which weakened the military aspect of the Habani family, which ended in 1850.

The events of the play take place in two different spaces: the Palestinian where Al-Fara'a and Dalal and the Palestinian sorrow, and the Israeli security raids on Palestinian homes, arresting their youth and raping their women. In this play, there are two narrators and two stories, an Israeli narrator and a Palestinian narrator, an Israeli story and a Palestinian story. The events overlap and intersect at three points: rape, arrest, and collision. The first story is narrated on the same level. The content is the story of the Palestinian freedom fighter Ismail and his family members when he was arrested and castrated in prison, after which his wife, Dalal, was raped in front of his eyes. This event made her realize the barbarism and brutality of the occupation so.

The current research aims to:
1- Identifying clever thinking among middle school students.
2-The significance of the differences in clever thinking according to the variable of specialization (scientific, literary).
The researcher adopted the scale (Al-Saadi 2013) prepared for the purpose of preparing items for the clever thinking scale according to the theoretical definition adopted by Costa and Kalick (Costa & Kalick, 2005) using the method of five-graded declarative statements and extracting the psychometric properties represented by validity (discriminatory power, internal consistency and reliability using the retest method and The (Cronbach's alpha) equation and the statistical indicators of the scale, verifying the first objective using the t-test for one sample, and verifying the second objective using the t-test for two independent samples of different numbers.
The researcher reached the following results:
• The members of the current research sample have a high level of clever thinking.
• There are no statistically significant differences in clever thinking according to the specialization variable (scientific, literary).
To complement the current research, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and suggestions.

This research addresses the phenomenon of urban sprawl over green areas in the city of Baghdad، with a focus on the Al-Shamasiya neighborhood as a case study for examining this issue. The research highlights the primary causes behind urban sprawl، including population growth and the absence of effective urban planning. It also discusses the negative environmental impacts resulting from this phenomenon.
Previous studies indicate that Baghdad has lost approximately 30% of its green spaces over the past two decades، with the Al-Shamasiya neighborhood losing more than 15% of its green lands in the last ten years. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach، relying on data from previous studies.
The study reveals that the main drivers of urban sprawl in Al-Shamasiya include increased demand for housing units، weak environmental regulations، and a lack of government oversight. The environmental impacts of this sprawl are reflected in rising pollution levels، a shortage of recreational spaces، and changes in the local climate pattern.
The research concludes by presenting recommendations to address this issue، such as promoting sustainable urban planning، enforcing strict regulations to protect green areas، and raising environmental awareness among residents. The study also calls for the development of afforestation projects and the establishment of public parks to improve the quality of life in the neighborhood.

My research entitled " The Ruling on Selling and Purifying the Leftovers of Cats in the Narrations of Imam al-Sadiq (peace be upon him)" deals with the ruling on selling and purifying the leftovers of cats in light of the narrations reported from Imam al-Sadiq, due to the importance of purity in our true religion, as it is a condition for the validity of many acts of worship in Islam. The Ahl al-Bayt School has undertaken to interpret and clarify what came in the Prophetic Sunnah, and there is no doubt that the Prophetic Sunnah was concerned with clarifying the foundations of life that guarantee human rights and his relationship with other creatures, and regulated the relationship between them, and clarified the purity and impurity of creatures and the ruling on selling them and how to deal with them, as the Noble Messenger (may God bless him and his family) and his pure family called for kindness to animals and feeding them, protecting them from aggression, and being kind to them.

The musical Cats by Andrew Lloyd Webber is a brilliant example of personification in musical theatre. Taking inspiration from T.S. Eliot’s Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats, the musical recreates a lively cat society, endowing them with human-like traits and feelings. This paper demonstrates the use of personification in Cats (musical) by Andrew Lloyd Webber and how these characters are presented on the stage by giving these creatures humanistic traits such as the ability to dance, sing, walk on two, think, etc. The methodology used in this paper is a qualitative critical analysis utilising personification in the play, by focusing on main points such as anthropomorphism, personification, musical theatre, mythology and mythical deities, such as Bastet, the themes of acceptance and mirroring. Furthermore, it allocates how these techniques are applied in the musical of Cats; resulting in a cohesive analysis for characters, themes and images. Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Cats is a timeless examination of human nature that uses personification to elevate a conventional tale about cats. The musical enhances its emotional effect and provides timeless reflection on society and personality by granting these adored animal characters with human characteristics. Giving entities humanistic qualities is called Anthropomorphism, which is an actual application in Webber’s Cats.

This paper explores the process by which students develop their writing style and tone while constructing scholarly propositions. The focus is on the students' ability to manipulate the evaluative elements that influence their writing, in order to demonstrate both successful and unsuccessful argumentative strategies. The study demonstrates the manner in which the APPRAISAL framework for systemic-functional linguistics explains the presence of authorship in the academic writing of students. The attitude module of Assessment, namely the classifications of Engagement, and Attitude, as well as Graduation, emphasize the predominant language employed by the students to convey either an adverse or constructive voice of authorship in their work. The results have significant consequences for assisting and encouraging the development of scholarly writing abilities in English as foreign language (EFL) environments. They contribute to our understanding of how undergraduates acquire the ability to express their own perspective in their written argumentation.

In this paper the stylistic variations between some chosen western and Arab middle-east famous presidential eulogies of two languages and cultures are investigated. The languages in question are namely English as represented by the American memorial speeches and Arabic as represented by Arab presidential memorial speeches.
As an analytical model, Leech and Short (2007) is selected as an empirical reference of stylistic analysis where the categories to be applied on the texts under analysis are those, the relevant lexical as well as the figurative ones featuring the commemorative speeches. Frequency-based statistics are also conducted following the categories in the adopted model. The paper has come up with several conclusions, among which are: stylistic choices are highly controlled by the cultural context. In the case of American eulogies, the speeches have focus on clarity and personal legacy. It is also noted that Arabic eulogies represent a rich poetry tradition

This study aims to develop an educational program based on productive thinking and examine its effectiveness in enhancing literary appreciation skills among high school students. The researcher adopted the experimental approach, using the post-test control group design, which is one of the quasi-experimental designs. The research sample was randomly selected and consisted of (67) students from Al Al-Shatrah Preparatory School for Boys, affiliated with the Directorate of Education in Al-Shatrah District. The experimental group included (35) students from section (A), while the control group consisted of (32) students from section (B). The researcher ensured equivalence between the two groups in several variables, including chronological age (measured in months), parents’ academic achievement, intelligence test scores, linguistic ability test scores, and pre-test scores for literary appreciation skills.The researcher designed a test to measure literary appreciation skills, consisting of (38( multiple-choice questions. The test was reviewed by a panel of experts in Arabic language curricula, teaching methods, and educational and psychological sciences to verify its validity and reliability. Additionally, item difficulty, discrimination power, and the effectiveness of incorrect alternatives were analyzed. The researcher personally taught both groups, and the experiment lasted for an entire academic semester, starting on Wednesday, September 25, 2024, and ending on Wednesday, December 25, 2024. After applying the research tool, the results were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods, including the independent samples t-test and the Chi-square test. The results of the study indicated that the experimental group, which was taught using the educational program, outperformed the control group, which did not receive the program.

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of a proposed strategy according to positive thinking in the achievement of fourth-grade literary students in the subject of history and their emotional regulation. The sample of the current research was determined by fourth-grade literary students affiliated with the Second Rusafa Education Schools in Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2023-2024). Students of the literary quarter class at Saad bin Abi Waqqas School for Boys were chosen to be its students as a research sample intentionally. Two halls were chosen from a total of four halls of fourth-grade literary students, one of the two groups is experimental and the other is control. The sample amounted to (70) students, including (35) students in the experimental group and (35) students in the control group. The researcher rewarded the two research groups in variables (intelligence test, chronological age, emotional regulation). The achievement test was also prepared, as (35) paragraphs were formulated in line with the content of the material and behavioral purposes (cognitive, understanding, application), the emotional regulation test, as a test was prepared by the researcher, which is the emotional regulation, which consisted of (15) paragraphs, and the data were analyzed using the statistical program (SPSS.V.21) The results showed that the experimental group students who studied with the proposed strategy for positive thinking outperformed the group students who studied with the traditional method of emotional regulation. Based on the research results, the researcher recommends the need to pay attention to the positive thinking strategy in teaching history because of its positive effect in increasing emotional regulation among students. In order to verify the research objective, the researcher put forward the following urban hypothesis: -
1- "There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the average score of the experimental group students who study according to the proposed strategy for positive thinking, and the score of the control group students who study with the traditional method in achievement."
2- "There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average score of the students of the experimental group who study with the strategy (positive thinking), and the average score of the students of the experimental group who study with the traditional method in emotional regulation." Keywords: Proposed strategy in positive thinking, emotional regulation, fourth grade literary students, history subject.

This research is a study and investigation of an important manuscript in the field of interpretation. Its subject revolves around the interpretation of the verse "that you worship none but God" from Surat Hud. Al-Wani addresses several opinions regarding the meaning of "an" in this noble verse. He points to the opinion of the virtuous Abu al-Su'ud, who believes that "an" here is a verbal noun, while others object to him, relying on what is stated in "Mughni al-Labib," which explains that "an" can be prohibitive or verbal noun.
Al-Wani elaborates on these objections, clarifying the difference between "an" being prohibitive or verbal noun, and citing interpretations from scholars such as al-Baydawi and Sa'di Jalabi. He also discusses the issue of the non-dropping of the letter "nun" in the present tense, explaining that this relates to whether "an" is a verbal noun or a verbal noun. In concluding the text, Al-Wani emphasizes the importance of understanding the multiple meanings of words, noting that interpretation should focus on meanings rather than just linguistic form. He also points out the need to reflect on the opinions of scholars and acknowledge the diversity of opinions in interpreting Quranic texts.

The current research aims to identify "the effectiveness of an educational program based on conceptual theory in the collection of rhetoric when students of Arabic language departments in the faculties of basic education", and to achieve the goal of the research followed the researchers procedures experimental approach, as the researchers adopted an experimental design with partial control, which is the design of the experimental and control groups with a post-test, the research community consisted of colleges of basic education in Iraqi universities and the number (12) college and chose the researchers intentionally College of Basic Education At the University of Mustansiriya the same for their research, has reached (66) male and female students of the second stage divided into two halls chosen randomly represented hall (3) experimental group by (33) male and female students, While Hall (2) represented the control group by (33) male and female students, the researchers rewarded between the students of the two research groups in the following variables: (chronological age, language ability test, rhetoric grades in the first semester), as for the two research tools, the researchers have prepared an achievement test according to the six levels of Bloom according to what emerged from the test map, as it included (50) paragraphs and the researchers verified the sincerity and stability of the test, and extracted the discriminatory forces, and the coefficients of difficulty of its paragraphs, as the researchers built a standard for correcting the achievement test and verified its sincerity after presenting it to a group of arbitrators and then applied the test after the students of the research sample, one of the researchers studied the two research groups during the duration of the experiment, experimental educational program and control regular program, It lasted a full semester for the academic year (2023-2024) To process the data statistically the T-test for two independent samples, and the alpha-Cronbach equation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, and the difficulty equation and the discrimination force equation and by using the T-test for two independent samples, the following results were reached:
-There is a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the two research groups in the collection of rhetoric in the post-test in favor of the experimental group
-In light of the results of the research, the researchers concluded that the use of the educational program contributed to raising the level of academic achievement of students in rhetoric

The problem of the research and its importance fall within the innate tendency of the human being, which is nostalgia for the past and glorifying it in a theological way, although it meant to him at the time a time of much pain and bitter reality. Over time, its meaning changed and became a beautiful reality due to life experiences that depend greatly on the psychological time that a person feels subjectively. Buss launched in his theory of the sense of self, which is the theory adopted for the current research, on Nostligia for the past and nostalgia. Nostalgia is a state of self-reflection and introspection of the private self, distant or close to the public self and the social self that may come close to each other, which is called the extended self. It is a syndrome of behavior, negatively and positively, with time and behavior according to its moral value that is formed in him according to some psychological facts and illusions that give him certain meanings that may push him to adopt bad behaviors and habits such as compulsive Hoarding of old things and keeping them, which is tinged with an emotional tendency, which is the trait of pathological attachment, and among its most prominent symptoms are: Holding on to worthless things to the point of sacrificing everything he owns to keep them and having an obsessive belief that he will need them one day and his anger is aroused as soon as someone thinks of approaching or getting rid of them and it may negatively affect his personal and family life as it may take up space and cause harassment to family members and may provoke angry behavior in them and lead to family disputes that may lead to murder. A measurement tool was prepared for the current research according to a scientific methodology for psychological and educational measurements and extracting the apparent validity of the scale by presenting it to (10) arbitrators, and extracting the stability by the method of splitting the half and the discriminating power of the paragraphs. All paragraphs of the two scales were prepared distinctive and have high validity and stability. Below are the results. - The elderly suffer from Nostligia (longing for the past) and Compulsive Hoarding to varying degrees of severity, and this indicates that the elderly tend to grow towards the past
- The future and neglect of the present. We can conclude from this that the elderly prefer a simple life over a life of technological development that the world has witnessed, considering that life was less complicated than it is now. There is also a correlation between nostalgia and Compulsive Hoarding among the elderly. The research came out with a number of recommendations and proposals, including: Taking the elderly to places that remind them of the old landmarks in which they used to live, such as villages and suburbs, to create a state of communication between past and present life. - Rehabilitating individuals who tend to Compulsive Hoarding to change their temporal orientations towards the present to feel their authentic existential presence.

The current research aims to investigate the effectiveness of an educational program based on the communicative approach in developing reading skills among fifth-grade students.To achieve the research objectives, the researcher formulated the following null hypotheses:
(There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of
(0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students, who study according( to the educational program, and the control group students, who study using the traditional method, in the reading comprehension skill test)..To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the descriptive and quasi-experimental methods. The research population included fifth-grade students in public primary schools under the Directorate General of Education in Baghdad, Al-Karkh I. The research sample consisted of (70) male and female fifth-grade students from Al-Anwar Mixed Primary School, distributed across two classes. The sample was selected randomly, with(35) students in the experimental group who studied using the educational program based on the communicative approach, and (35) students in the control group who studied using the traditional method. The researcher equalized the groups in the following variables: age, academic achievement, intelligence, prior knowledge, and pre-application of the reading skills test). The researcher also attempted to control several extraneous variables that, according to literature and previous studies, could influence this type of experimental design.To analyze the results, the researcher used the following statistical methods: (Chi-square test, SPSS version (21) educational package, independent and paired sample t-tests, Pearson correlation coefficient, and Spearman-Brown equation). The results showed that the experimental group students outperformed the control group students in all skills within the main null hypotheses.

The research (Ibn Hisham's (d. 577) approach to his support for classical and colloquial Arabic in his book Introduction to Correcting the Tongue) aims to reveal Ibn Hisham's method in dealing with speech in which common people have made mistakes. This research opens a horizon for rooting the speech of the common people of our time according to those corrections, and the method followed by Ibn Hisham in his book.
The importance of the research lies in its clarification of the correct path in preserving the language from mistakes, by clarifying Ibn Hisham's approach in proving linguistic correctness.
The research was divided into two sections, preceded by an introduction, to clarify the research plan. The first section was titled (The Concept of Grammar and the Reasons for Its Occurrence), in which I presented the meaning of grammar, the reasons leading to its occurrence in the language, and the most important books that have been written by the public. The second section is titled (Ibn Hisham’s Methodology in Grammar), and it represents the applied aspect of the study. I analyzed Ibn Hisham’s responses, thereby revealing his approach to grammar in people’s speech, and Al-Zubaidi (d. 379 AH), and Ibn Makki Al-Siqilli (d. 510 AH). I reached a number of results, the most important of which is that criticizing people’s speech must be based on evidence that proves the validity of Ibn Hisham’s speech, in addition to the need for broad knowledge in order to confront criticizing scholars such as Al-Zubaidi and Ibn Makki Al-Siqilli

The emergence of morphological terms was linked to the efforts of grammarians, due to the close relationship between the sciences of morphology and syntax, a relationship that continued for a long time.. No two researchers disagreed regarding the connection of grammar to morphology and its need for it, as it is the linguistic and earthly environment. For the establishment of the science of grammar, and a paving step for studying its issues and explaining them, and from here we see the interest of grammarians in studying it, Combined with grammar as they are one science and it is necessary to examine the first origin of the morphological term and how it developed, the importance of the research comes from the necessity of authentic historical research into the beginnings of the emergence of morphology and to shed light on the interest of scholars in the morphological term and the directions of this interest, and to show the point of convergence between both the sciences of grammar and morphology. The research aims to: define the morphological term and explain its importance in morphology, introduce the emergence of the morphological term as a separate term from grammatical terms, and root the morphological terms after maturity and development. The method followed in the research is the descriptive approach based on analysis, and the historical approach in tracing and rooting.

This research explores the theme of satire in narratives, specifically in the novel Al-Fatḥal by Zuhair Yassin Shleibah. The author employs satire to address political and social issues using various techniques, such as "parody," which features implicit sarcasm and humor to make sensitive and complex topics more accessible and easier for readers to comprehend. The author did not label his work as a "novel" on the cover, as is customary. In our view, this was not because he doubted its classification as a novel, but rather because he wanted to emphasize the satirical nature of the work, which is characteristic of parody. This designation is not a replacement or substitute for the novel itself! As we see, the late writer Adnan Al-Mubarak, who wrote the preface to this work, insisted on calling it a novel. The author portrays Iraqi society, its social phenomena, and the reality of Iraqis in exile through the character of Al-Fatḥal and those who mock him—individuals who fled the country for political or other reasons. For this reason, I chose to write about Al-Fatḥal, given the novelty, originality, seriousness, and significance of its theme. I am proud to say that I am the first to academically explore and analyze it. This study examines the concept of satire, its importance, motivations, and the cultural references employed by the novelist. It highlights different aspects of satire, including caricatured characters, sharp satire, comedic events, satirical language, witty remarks, and social and political critique through satire. I adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, which played a crucial role in explaining and accurately depicting the phenomenon of Al-Fatḥal, connecting real events with fictional elements.
In conclusion, the study confirms that Al-Fatḥal represents a universal phenomenon present in both Western and Eastern societies.

The study aimed to identify the political concepts included in the content of history books for the preparatory stage, and to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach of the type of content analysis as a research objective, and the idea (theme) as a unit for recording and repetition as a unit for a number of experts and to ensure its validity. In newspapers, measurement and evaluation, and in order to verify, and urge to verify the accuracy of numbers, and analysis through teaching, teaching, and analysis passers-by on a group of experts in newspapers, measurement and evaluation, in order to ensure the assimilation of political policy in history books for the preparatory stage. Re-analysis, by agreement coefficient using the Holsti equation H.listi.
The results of the research resulted in the availability of political concepts in history books in the preparatory stage, where the number of concepts reached (4330) concepts, and the concept of war came in the first place with a frequency of (340) and at a rate of 7.90%, and in the second place was the concept of revolution with a frequency of (288) and at a rate of 6.65%, and in the third place was the concept of revolution Al-Watan with a frequency of (276) 6.60%, which indicates a good political concepts from here, while some of the concepts of the sovereign, and note, and note, and note, and note, and note, and note, and note, and note check in some books Such as (statelet, fragmentation, keratin).
In light of the results of the research, the researcher indicated to a number of your region that the plans for writing books should be reviewed by the Ministry of Education.
He suggested a number of proposals that include an empirical study to determine the extent to which students acquire political concepts in the preparatory stage.

As a result of climate change and urban sprawl at the expense of agricultural lands, the ground temperature index (LST) has increased, Especially in urban areas. Therefore, This research came to reveal the difference in the ground temperature index (LST) between the Karkh and Rusafa sides of Baghdad city for the year 2023 using satellite data by employing spectral indicators and the outputs of the broad analytical capabilities of geographic information systems (GIS). Therefore, a satellite image from the 8_Land OLI sat satellite was chosen in 2023, to monitor the Land Surface Temperature Index (LST), the NDVI Vegetation Index, and the NDBI Normalized Variability Index. These two indicators are among the most influential indicators on global temperature. The highest values of the geothermal temperature index (LST) were in the Karkh side (55.39-63.57), while the lowest values of the geothermal temperature index (LST) were (39.01-47.19). As for the Rusafa side, the highest values of the geothermal temperature index (LST) reached (55.64_63.82), while the lowest values of (LST) reached (39.26_47.44). Thus, the Rusafa side recorded higher LST values than the Karkh side in the upper and lower limits. As for the vegetation index, the highest (NDVI) vegetation index was recorded on the Karkh side (0.196_0.515), while the lowest (NDVI) vegetation index values were recorded (-0.144_0.107). As for the Rusafa side, the highest values of the NDVI (Natural Domestic Viability Index) were recorded (-0.19_0.51), while the lowest values of the NDVI (Natural Domestic Viability Index) reached (-0.19_0.089). As for the standard deviation index (NDBI), this index reached (-0.015_0.51) in the Karkh side, while the lowest level of this index reached (-0.38_-0.093). As for Al-Rusafa, the highest level of this indicator reached (0.0071_0.46), while the lowest level reached (-0.081_-0.33). As for the process of modeling the NDVI vegetation index with the LST (Land Surface Temperature Index) in both the Karkh and Rusafa sides, the highest LST (Land Surface Temperature Index) rate was recorded for the Karkh side (59.02) °C. The lowest temperature reached (42.80)°C. As for the Rusafa side, it recorded an average of (60.23)°C, while the lowest average recorded (43.40)°C. Thus, the average ground temperature index (LST) for the Rusafa side recorded a higher value than that for the Karkh side, within the upper and lower limits of the (NDVI) ranges. As for the modeling of the geothermal temperature index (LST) with the normalized variance index (NDBI) for the Karkh and Rusafa sides, the highest rate of the LST index was recorded in the Karkh side, reaching (59.18)°C. The lowest temperature reached (43.15)°C. As for the Rusafa side, the highest rate of the geothermal temperature index (LST) within the normalized variation index (NDBI) was recorded at (60.65)°C, and the lowest rate reached (43.70)°C. Accordingly, the LST index rate for the Rusafa side recorded a higher value than that for the Karkh side, within the upper and lower limits of the NDBI index ranges.

Carnivalesque and Menippian satire are important elements that Mikhail Bakhtin emphasized in his study of the contemporary novel. Because they reflect the realistic social impact in constructing the narrative event, as carnival is based on distorting social values and overturning their connotations, and is manifested in ritual manifestations and the composition of comical expressions. While the Menippian satire, which is active in situations filled with the carnival spirit, seeks to laugh, and to be freed from the restrictions related to historical situations related to memories and wild imagination, and to highlight the spirit of adventure, and in which scandalous, abnormal, and madness scenes are evident. Imaginary events that take place in the sky or underground, and arguments in thieves’ dens and prisons, in addition to the desecration of the holy things and the sanctification of the profane. The research seeks to identify the satirical and carnivalesque Characteristics that intervene in the construction of the events of the novel, and to highlight the important impact behind the use of these Characteristics.
Satire

Mutazila is one of the Islamic currents that follow logical evidence and work to consolidate it in the minds of those who follow their fundamentalist beliefs differ from others in that they glorify mental evidence but this glorification is not intended to sedition and to deviate from what the Islamic doctrines and currents agreed on because it is one of the rejected things that the beholder does not adopt they have the fact that this Leads to corruption in religion and consideration and makes it abasic for knowing the depth of significance of the speech unprecedented linguist with a necessary knowledge and requires a retrate in the costly, beholder when looking to be scientist of what is talking about with the availability of reasoning based on logical evidence the concept of looking at them is realized when the beholder knows and knows how to address him mental significance lies in proving the concept of looking when it is a path to learn the secrets of the Linguisticl, Between the meaning and connotation and they go further that should be considered is to have relationship and this applies on the issue of assignment they require mental ability to indicate the underlying meaning and its clarity because beholder has them when completed from a mental point of view, He was able to find out the depth of the meaning of the text with a complete departure from tradition in realizing the concept of looking if they in traduce it to tradition because departing from it urges the beholder to think infer and this comes only by looking.

Over the past decades, Iraq's minorities have been exposed to numerous future scenarios that threatened their existence, either through submission, displacement, or isolation. Since ancient times, Iraq has represented a model of peaceful coexistence among its many religious, sectarian, and ethnic components. Many cultures, social customs, political, and even religious and educational participations have merged within it, encompassing indigenous ethnic groups and other settled communities from Turkey, Iran, and other countries. This has occurred over hundreds of years, and according to numerous historical circumstances and details.
Iraq consists of two main ethnic groups: Arabs and Kurds. The former represent the majority of Iraq's population, comprising 75-80% of the Arab population, while the Kurds represent 15-20%. Other sects, such as Jews, Mandaean Christians, Yazidis, Sabeans, Assyrians, and Shabaks, constitute 5% of the total population.

The Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said:
( Public) {وَأَنِ احْكُمْ بَيْنَهُمْ بِمَا أَنزلَ اللَّهُ وَلا تَتَّبِعْ أَهْوَاءَهُمْ وَاحْذَرْهُمْ أَنْ يَفْتِنُوكَ عَنْ بَعْضِ مَا أَنزلَ اللَّهُ إِلَيْكَ }) ( Public { إِنَّا أَنزلْنَا إِلَيْكَ الْكِتَابَ بِالْحَقِّ لِتَحْكُمَ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ بِمَا أَرَاكَ اللَّهُ وَلا تَكُنْ لِلْخَائِنِينَ خَصِيمًا }I wanted to connect in this season (the video was. released in the latest season) to get to know the meaning Wastalahiai, Wabraz أره in the political and public life of Ansar Hiwi in the history of the Caliphs of Wal-Qazazaz, and Manbarraz. Al-Islamiyya, the sovereignty of the historical Khalal-e-Asur with the Caliphs and the Companions of Qarar, The oppressors of Balalatja's Al-Bayt al-Khas were used before the Caliphs to reach the people more easily through the oppression of the oppressors. Usually watched in Al-Ham al-Sadr Bahqem before the Caliph Nafseh Beyoum especially for the people of Gharz, and during the time of the Caliph for the Caliph. Watch videos, watch yourself in this group discussion, Analysis: Explain the meaning of the story for viewers, Watch yourself on Facebook, Watch yourself on Facebook Second: During the period of the Caliphs and the judges in the history of Islam.

The research conducted on the development of city sizes and ranks within Diyala Governorate from 1997 to 2023 aims to uncover the imbalances within the region\'s urban network and identify its dominant city, employing established laws and quantitative indicators. The findings reveal fluctuations in the growth and ranking of Diyala Governorate\'s cities, with some advancing in size while others decline. Over the years (1997, 2009, 2023), cities were categorized into three groups, demonstrating through the application of the rank-size rule and the urban dominance index that Baqubah emerges as the primary urban center, exerting dominance in population size. Following suit, Muqdadiya maintains its position as the secondary urban hub throughout the period. Despite differences in city size order, the application of Jefferson\'s law consistently designates the third-ranking city, initially Khalis in 1997, succeeded by Baladruz in both 2009 and 2023. Finally, the research offers proposals aimed at achieving a more balanced distribution of urban centers within Diyala Governorate.

This study aims to uncover the textual function of verbal evidence in the Holy Qur\'an through the lens of Qur\'anic coherence, which highlights the interconnectedness of verses and surahs. This perspective reveals the Qur\'anic text as a linguistic entity with multiple meanings and interwoven connections. The study seeks to delve into the world of the Qur\'anic text and its coherence by examining the book nazm Al-Durar fi tanasub Al-ayat Wal-Suwar by Al-Biqam\'i . It explores the extent of harmony and consistency achieved by the Qur\'anic words and their linguistic meanings through their textual function. This is analyzed using the standards of cohesion and coherence.
The study is divided into two sections:
The first is theoretical, covering the definitions of key terms such as verbal evidence, text, cohesion, coherence in contemporary linguistic studies, and Qur\'anic coherence. The second is applied, focusing on Al-biqa\'I\'s use of Qur\'anic coherence both across multiple verses and within individual surahs.

Modern Arabic poetry is considered the beacon of the language and the last remaining hope for reviving the Arabic language in the hearts of intellectuals. The hijab is undoubtedly one of the religious obligations for women, and it is a symbol of chastity, reverence, and honor to protect our women. There is no doubt that poets in the past did not deal with hijab poetry in abundance. Except in narrow fields such as spinning and description.
However, it appeared in religious poetry, and it rarely appeared in the context of pride or advocacy, because the public environment was conservative with the hijab in general, and nothing was known about the condition of women except for chastity and adherence to the hijab.
The mention of the hijab in poetry has been present since ancient times, but in the modern era it has become more apparent and clear. With the presence of contemporary calls for civilization and other modern calls, some women were affected by this matter and abandoned the hijab and the legitimate Arab dress.
A new type of poetic poetry emerged on the scene, which is the poetry of calling for the hijab, and the poetry of pride in the hijab and chastity, in addition to the image of the hijab in poetry that has been present since ancient times. Thus, one of the literary themes of religious poetry, which is (the poetry of the hijab), emerged on the scene strongly between an explicit call to wear the hijab, and between a reminder of chastity and reverence and that it is a crown of dignity, and between calls to reject adornment.

Jurisprudence is an important part of Islamic education. It connects man with his God, contributes to the building of his faith and moral personality, promotes spiritual and social values and, since the primary stage is the cornerstone of the building of the child\'s personality and directs him towards a proper understanding of worship; That was why the doctrine had to be studied in the subject of Islamic education for the elementary stage. and indicate the topics of worship and how it is raised and how it affects, and its relevance to the pupils\' stage And this study dealt with the concept of doctrine and the purpose of teaching it, The purpose of this study is to familiarize itself with jurisprudence and to explore its topics and provisions; Methods and methods used when they are introduced, using that analytical approach, This study contained an introduction and two-pronged researchers. In the conclusion, the most important conclusions and recommendations were mentioned, including that religious worship was the words and deeds of Muslims. and that Islamic education materials came in such a way as to make students more loving and accepting of those worships, It is limited to its basic concepts, focusing on streamlining and clarifying them and indicating their relevance and provisions, so that they can exercise them consciously and consciously.

The British activity in East Asia, especially in the Indian subcontinent, increased in the eighteenth century when the Mughal state there began to weaken in light of the competition between the English East India Company and the French East India Company and their interventions in the disputes of the local princes of India. The first success of the British was when the English East India Company struck Indian sovereignty in the Battle of Plassey in 1757 in Bengal and placed it in the hands of the British. It became the base for launching, supplying and supporting the company’s operations with the aim of controlling all parts of India. The British established a system of government and administration to manage the affairs of India in their own way when they established the General Organization Act in 1772 and the Pitt Act in 1784. This led to the British clashing with the Indian tribes and entering into wars with them that ended with the conclusion of treaties that restricted the rulers of India and undermined their authority, which enabled the British to annex the Indian states to their possessions one after the other through trickery, deception, and the conclusion of alliances and wars between the components of Indian society. Thus, the British adopted a policy of divide and rule between the states and regions of India. It followed the system of government and administration through various means such as Christianization, spreading Western thought, establishing English schools, establishing laws and imposing taxes that exhausted the rule of the Mughals in India and the separation of the Indian regions after the wars that the British incited between Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Marathas, Mysore and others..

This research reveals the poetic celebration of the black-white duality, to the extent that poems are almost always devoid of its formations. The manifestations of black and white did not remain in the pattern known in the poem, but rather, this duality found new ways of shifting. Thus, the formations of this duality began to appear as an important element in the structure of the poetic poem. This research addresses the psychological factor within the poet, placing it on the shoulders of the black-white duality and its connotations in order to free themselves from the accumulation of suffering, feelings, and internal sensations. This research aims to describe and analyze the color scene in the poems of Amal Dunqul and Ted Hughes, then to demonstrate the similarities and differences in the color scene in their poems, using the descriptive-analytical and comparative approaches. To analyze and compare selected poems by the Arab poet Amal Dunqul, including the poem \"Against Whom\", and \"Sadness Cannot Read\" from the collection \"Collected Poems,\" and by the American poet Ted Hughes, including the poems \"Crow\'s First Lesson\" and \"Crow\'s Fall\" from the collection \"Crow: From the Life and Songs of the Crow.\" Both poems primarily used black and white. The results concluded that the use of the black and white binary in Dunqul\'s and Hughes\'s poems was intended to express underlying psychological feelings. As for the similarities and differences, the similarity lies in the stylistic feature symbolically embodied in the way color is formulated in their poems, not merely as formal representations, but rather as images that express, through their connotations and implications, the idea conveyed to the recipient. The difference lies in the association of color.
Mats Haugland Gudmestad. (2015). The Songs That A Crow Would Sing. Master\'s Thesis. University Of Stavanger, Faculty Of Arts And Education.

In this study, we discussed the methodology of Abu Al-Mutarrif Amira Al-Makhzoumi (d. 658 AH - 1259 AD) in his book The History of Mallorca, and the history of the island of Mallorca, which is located on the banks of Andalusia, and the most important historical events that the island was exposed to in that time period of Andalusian history were highlighted. To his style In presenting the historical material and explaining its most important events in a chronological order until the fall of Majorca, this study included two sections. The first section talked about the biography of Abu Amira Al-Makhzoumi, his scientific standing, and his literary works. The second section showed his methodology in his book and how he used Qur’anic verses in mentioning historical facts and his approach in mentioning The cities that witnessed those battles and how to use the historical years, then the conclusion and sources.

This research aims to explain the reasons, methods, causes, pillars and conditions that allow some of the legal rulings to be suspended after the era of the Prophet, or some of them to be legislated after they were prohibited during the era of the Prophet. If these rulings had not been suspended or legislated, people would have been in difficulty and hardship, or they would have been in dire need, or their interests would have been lost, or their way of life would have been disrupted. The research also aims to uncover the theory that studies these cases, methods and events. These were the objectives of this modest research. Among its most prominent results were: First: The theory has a pioneering presence in the books of Islamic jurisprudence and the principles of jurisprudence in terms of the occurrence of jurisprudential examples, whether the example was a suspension of rulings or a legislation for them after they were originally prohibited during the era of the Prophet, and in all chapters of Islamic jurisprudence. Second: The suspension of rulings does not mean their nullification or cancellation, as the suspension includes the possibility of applying the ruling again in other eras or times, given the availability of the pillars and conditions, their absence, or for other reasons. Nullification, suspension, or cancellation is the final suspension of the ruling for as long as the world exists. Third: The mujtahid is a legislator in terms of his inheritance from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his family and companions) in explaining the rulings and applying them in the correct application intended by Allah, the Almighty. The contemporary mujtahid, with this inheritance, is obligated to apply the method of the Prophet and the method of the Companions in suspending or legislating the ruling, which is his personal duty. Rather, it is one of his qualities that the people of knowledge have defined for him, that he should have extensive knowledge of the principles and methods of deduction, and if he shirks it, he will be sinful. The contemporary mujtahid will be rewarded, God willing, for applying these methods. If he is correct, he will have two rewards, and if he is wrong, he will have one reward. The mujtahid is not, by doing so, being bold with the rulings of God, as some may think, who are not understanding and knowledgeable enough to know the method of the Prophet (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his family and companions) and the Companions in deriving rulings. Fourth: The Companions and the Followers (may God be pleased with them) practiced suspending or legislating the legal rulings after they were prohibited during the era of the Prophet, with the utmost scientific methodology and jurisprudential reasoning, the most important of which was: suspending the ruling or legislating it due to (the absence of the pillars or conditions, the most important of which are: the disappearance of the place, the corruption of the time, disregard for the legal rulings, so they are suspended, or disregard for the rulings that were originally prohibited, so they are legislated, or arbitrariness. Fifth: The suspension of Shari’a rulings or their legislation after they were prohibited during the era of the Prophet can be explained by more than one explanation, according to what some jurists explained and what others explained. The legislation of (a specific ruling) may be explained by some due to the corruption of the times, and others due to the people’s need... and so on, as mentioned in the folds of this research regarding (the ruling on pricing). Sixth: The theory does not contain any boldness regarding the rulings of God and His Messenger, as some who do not understand the approach of the Prophet (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his family and companions) and the noble companions with a sound and correct understanding may imagine. We seek refuge in God from this prophetic approach and the approach of the companions, which the theory addressed with clarification and explanation, being described as bold. Rather, the theory is an expression of the revelation of an actual application of the approach of the Prophet (peace and blessings of God be upon him and his family and companions) in his legislation and suspension of many Shari’a rulings, such as his legislation of salam or advance sales after he had prohibited such sales due to the people’s need for salam or advance sales. The theory It is a practical application of the methods of the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) that they understood and learned from him (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his family and companions) by including our Master Imam Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) in the liability of craftsmen after they were not liable for the damaged manufactured items they owned during the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his family and companions), and the Companion Omar bin Al-Khattab (may Allah be pleased with him) suspending the prescribed punishments in the Year of the Ashes, which was a year of famine and drought. Can this suspension or legislation of the rulings issued by the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him and his family and companions) be considered an affront to Allah Almighty, or could this suspension or legislation issued by the Companions (may Allah be pleased with them) be an affront to Allah Almighty and His Messenger? Seventh: This theory includes other jurisprudential theories such as the theory of (the loss of the place) and the theory of (the abuse of rights), and it includes jurisprudential rules such as the rule of (the change of rulings cannot be denied with the change of times), and it includes an important source of legislation, which is (interest(.

The Current research aims to identify the family and its role in confronting the problem of test anxiety among children on a sample of sixth – grade middle school students. ( final stage exams). The research is considered a descriptive research, as the research relied on the Social survey method by sampling (purposive sampling ).It also adopted the questionnaire method by distributing the questionnaire to the research sample consisting of (50( male and female students to collect data in two private Lessons institutes ( AL Qimma and Tabarak Educational institute ) in the AL Mashtal erea-ALjedeada Baghdad . The researcher found that the level of students opinion regarding the mother s treatment of her childrens examination anxiety is very high among the research sample , this is according to the overall a verage relative importance index of (77,25)according to the approved standard (AKadiri,2011),IT was also shown that the level of students opinion regarding Following up on the mother and motivating her to confront her childrens exam anxiety is very high among the research sample this is according to the overall average relative importance index of (82).IT was also shown that the level of students opinion regading following up on the father and motivating his to confront his childrens exam anxiety is very high among the research sample , this is according the overall average relative importance index of (77,5) .It was also shown that the level of anxiety that children experience during revision and exam times is very high among the research sample , this is according the overall average relative importance index of (82).also there are significant differences in the anxiety that children experience during review and exam times ,according to the gender variable in favor of (females)on average of (74,55)and a standarad deviation of (8,50) . The research consists of three chapters ,the first consists of two section , rhe first sections , in which the research focused on the methodological framework of the research ,While the Second section defines the concepts and terminology .AS for the second chapter , the research dealt with the family and its role in following up and treating children in the sixth grode of middle School in the first section While the second section the research dealt with family and its role in following up on its children and improving their level of academic achievement . While the third section was exam anxiety and the role of family in facing its problems .While the third chapter dealt with field study where the field study procedures were laid out in the first section , the study data is presented and analyzed in the second section .The researcher developed (5)hypotheses and they were answered through the answers,then recommendation and sources

In this research paper, we will look at the most prominent soft power factors of the Arabic language. Before that, we defined soft power and mentioned the soft power resources, including: (the cultural aspect, the political aspect, and the scientific aspect).
Then we mentioned the most important factors of the soft power of the Arabic language, and we divided them into two parts:
1- Subjective factors (from within the language), including: the phonetic factor, accuracy of expression, lexical breadth, and vocabulary richness.
Factors that are not subjective, meaning they are not from within the language, including:
a. Regarding the religious aspect, Arabic is the language of the Islamic religion, and a Muslim, regardless of his language, must recite some surahs in Arabic in prayer, for example.
B. Tolerance and acceptance of the other. Only by his deep faith was the Arab able to be the most eloquent ambassador and advocate of his religion, with his noble character and good behavior. Through his sacrifice to his religion, he won a large number that no invitation, no matter how great it was, could win someone like him.

explaining the difference between ecology and environmental criticism, which apparently seem to have the same meaning, and to address environmental values in the novel (Bleeding Stone), which is represented by the invalidation of the centrality of the self, environmental balance, and environmental ethics. And quit Humans, and in order to complete the idea of the novel and its message, the study also focused on highlighting the artistic issues in the novel represented by environmental imagination. The research monitored the style (magical realism) and the thresholds, whether internal or external, and clarified the types of characters and their influence on the text of the novel.

This study aims to highlight the creativity of the poetess in her poem "What Remains of the Joy of Our Lives" through a detailed study and artistic analysis of the poem، including its structure، vocabulary، and syntactical elements. Additionally، the analysis covers the visual and auditory levels، as well as the thematic content، which includes praise، lament، and invective. The poem is of great importance as it describes the struggle between truth and falsehood—the truth represented by the defense and support of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and falsehood represented by the people of disbelief and misguidance. Poetry has played a pivotal role in depicting this struggle، advocating for the Prophet and the Islamic call across time and space. Islam has always supported poetry that aims to honor and defend the Prophet and the religion، and it has never opposed such expressions، contrary to what some critics have claimed.

Islamic thought in general has noted its special interest in studies and research related to the subject of non-violence, peace and peace and how to apply it to nations and peoples suffering from violence and the use of peaceful means in order to reach the right goal. This research aims to identify the concept and dimensions of (non-violence) as it is a distinctive phenomenon in movements for liberation from colonialism, as it is considered the highest goal in achieving positive results, and proving it in the Islamic religion.

Jurisprudence is an important part of Islamic education. It connects man with his God, contributes to the building of his faith and moral personality, promotes spiritual and social values and, since the primary stage is the cornerstone of the building of the child\'s personality and directs him towards a proper understanding of worship; That was why the doctrine had to be studied in the subject of Islamic education for the elementary stage. and indicate the topics of worship and how it is raised and how it affects, and its relevance to the pupils\' stage And this study dealt with the concept of doctrine and the purpose of teaching it, The purpose of this study is to familiarize itself with jurisprudence and to explore its topics and provisions; Methods and methods used when they are introduced, using that analytical approach, This study contained an introduction and two-pronged researchers. In the conclusion, the most important conclusions and recommendations were mentioned, including that religious worship was the words and deeds of Muslims. and that Islamic education materials came in such a way as to make students more loving and accepting of those worships, It is limited to its basic concepts, focusing on streamlining and clarifying them and indicating their relevance and provisions, so that they can exercise them consciously and consciously.

This mini review provides an overview of methods for manufacturing expanded graphite (EGT) and the use of its composites with metal oxides in the field of photodegradation of dyes. Dyes from textile manufacturing represent a significant environmental pollution problem in waterways worldwide, highlighting the need for environmentally friendly and efficient technologies to remove dyes from industrial and local wastewater. Photodegradation technologies offer a low-cost, sustainable solution with minimal secondary pollution. Carbon-based materials, such as expanded graphite, are advantageous in enhancing catalytic activity. Accordingly, this review will explore the different fabrication techniques of expanded graphite and summarize the recent development of EGT-metal oxide composite in photocatalysis process towards environmental remediation application. From this study concludes that the photodegradation method using metal oxide-expanded graphite composite is an effective and cost-efficient option for degrading dyes.

The research aims to identify \"the effectiveness of an educational program based on Mednik\'s theory in developing communication skills among students of the Institute of Fine Arts in the subject of art analysis and criticism\", The current research community was determined by the students of the Institute of Fine Arts, Al-Rusafa I, Baghdad, numbering (176) students. A random sample was selected, which was represented by the students of the Department of Fine Arts, numbering (40) students. The students were distributed into two groups (control and experimental), with (20) students for each group. The researcher was keen to ensure that the two groups were equal in some variables, including: (chronological age, environment, intelligence, previous experience test, communication skills test), The researcher identified the topics of the educational material that he would study during the experiment period with eight topics. The researcher formulated (8) educational objectives and (20) behavioral objectives, and prepared teaching plans for them. Then he presented them to a group of arbitrators and specialists to judge their suitability. The necessary modifications were made to them and they became ready for application in light of their opinions, A research tool was designed, which was a skill test consisting of (4) items corrected by an observation card consisting of (20) items, with a five-point scale and a total score of (100) points, The apparent validity and reliability of the test were verified. The results showed the superiority of the experimental group that studied according to the educational program based on Mednik\'s theory over the control group that studied in the usual way, which led to the rejection of the null hypotheses of the research

The current research aims to identify the effectiveness of the Lorsbach model among first-year middle school students in physics and their critical thinking. In light of this goal، the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students (who study physics using the effectiveness of the Lorsbach model)) and the average scores of the control group students (who study the same subject in the usual way) in the critical thinking test. An experimental design was adopted that includes two groups: an experimental and a control group with a post-test for critical thinking. A purposive sample of (85) students was selected. They were distributed equally into two groups and the equivalence between the students of the two groups was confirmed in terms of chronological age، selection of previous information، previous achievement in science، Raven\'s test، and the level of critical thinking. The study material for the year (2024-2025) was selected and the behavioral objectives were determined، amounting to (170) behavioral objectives that are appropriate for the level of first-year middle school students. A daily plan (48) was developed to teach the two groups. Then it was presented to a group of arbitrators to ensure its validity and suitability. The research tool was prepared، which is the critical thinking test، which consists of fourteen fields. Each of them contains (3) paragraphs. The validity of the tool was verified by presenting it to arbitrators in the field of education and physics teaching methods. Reliability was calculated using appropriate statistical methods، as it was calculated by the split-half method before and after correction. As for the Kuder-Richardson 20 method، the results showed that the experimental group that studied the Lorsbach model outperformed the group that studied in the usual way in the critical thinking test. The researcher concluded several recommendations and suggestions that were mentioned in the fourth chapter.

The current specialized research presents the tagged (the cultural context of ceramic sculpture and its presence in the levels of art criticism) that paved the way for the emergence of the context in ceramics active in life, so that this relationship will indicate the development and presence of ceramics or not and the volume of its circulation in the joints of the culture of the Arab recipient. As a result, the researcher collected scientific materials to serve the subject of the research in four chapters: The first chapter (the general methodological framework) to clarify the problem of the research. And the circulation of contemporary Arab ceramic art, as for the temporal boundaries that were set in the years (2000-2022) The spatial boundaries are the Arab countries, then the research terms were identified and defined. As for the second chapter (theoretical framework): In the third chapter (research procedures), the researcher reviewed the presence of ceramics in the Arab reality by analyzing ceramic sculptural patterns for the Arab countries and according to the cultural context of each country. The research was determined by the artistic works (ceramic sculpture) produced by the Arab potters. - The research sample: The researcher resorted to selecting a sample that represents the boundaries of the research, its objective, and the framework of a community. - Research tool: In order to achieve the goal of the research and to identify (the cultural context of ceramic sculpture and its presence in the levels of criticism technical), The researcher adopted the indicators concluded by the theoretical framework, and the researcher concluded in the fourth chapter a number of results: 1- The Arab audience formed a presence represented in the demand for works with peripheral contents in favor of types of cultural and artistic reception in addition to the factional and media. 2- Formal behavior in art. The contemporary Arab, the Arab receiver voluntarily accepts the forms within the ceramic sculptural work and their abbreviations brought by the postmodern culture, contrary to what we have seen, as it simulates the forms through their symbols and meanings on the one hand and preserves their contents on the other hand.

Sensory perception is one of the most important topics that has received the attention of psychologists and researchers in this field because of its importance in the life of the individual, as the process of sensory perception is a complex process in which the process of learning, perception and memory overlap. The aim of the research is to: - Build a tool to measure sensory perception among art education students - Reveal the representations of sensory perception in the artistic products of art education students, for the academic years (2019-2023), The theoretical framework included the concept of sensory perception, and artistic products (sensory perception and its relationship to the mediator of artistic production) and the chapter concluded with indicators and a presentation of previous studies, A random sample of (5) artistic paintings was selected, according to an analysis tool, with the presentation of conclusions and recommendations based on the results.

Scientific theories have long played a fundamental role in shaping the principles of interior design, given their direct impact on the creative process of generating interior design elements. This study aims to highlight the concept of relativity theory and the fabric of space-time within the framework of parametric design for interior spaces. The primary objective is to analyze this concept and explore its associated ideas to identify the elements and components that encapsulate the essence of parametric design and its applications in traditionally influenced interior environments.The research is structured around the following key question: How can the application of general relativity principles, particularly the concept of space-time fabric, contribute to the advancement of parametric interior design, leading to innovative and dynamic spatial configurations that effectively interact with contemporary environments? Accordingly, the study seeks to investigate the creative potential embedded in the integration of advanced theoretical physics concepts—specifically, the distortions of space-time derived from Einstein’s general theory of relativity—into parametric interior design. It further aims to assess the extent to which these concepts can stimulate innovation in the formation of unconventional design structures, fostering the development of dynamic design solutions that engage with the spatial contexts of modern interiors while reinforcing the synergy between aesthetic and functional dimensions.To achieve these objectives, the study examines case studies of interior design projects undertaken by specialized parametric design firms. The findings reveal that the concept of space-time fabric, inspired by Einstein’s general theory of relativity, has significantly transformed parametric interior design methodologies. The study demonstrates that the curvature and distortion of space-time serve as a conceptual foundation for generating interior spaces characterized by fluidity and seamless form transitions. Moreover, the study confirms that the integration of general relativity principles with parametric design technologies can yield remarkable design outcomes. By employing complex mathematical equations, theoretical concepts can be translated into tangible visual forms, thereby enhancing both the aesthetic and functional qualities of interior spaces.

The current research aims to know the effect of teaching according to the Robinson strategy (SQ3R) on achievement and retention among third-year students in the Physics Department. To achieve the research objective, the null hypotheses were formulated and an experiment was conducted that lasted a full semester, which is the first semester. The research community consisted of third-year students in the Physics Department, College of Education at Al-Mustansiriya University for the academic year (2022/2023). The broadcast sample was chosen intentionally and amounted to (63) male and female students. The equivalence between the two research groups was confirmed through the variables (age in months, previous information and intelligence). As far as the research tools are concerned, an achievement test was prepared due to the lack of appropriate tests for the research. (40) test paragraphs were formulated, including (30) objective multiple-choice paragraphs, because they have a high degree of stability and are not affected by the subjectivity of the corrector, provide good coverage of the study material and determine the intended learning outcome to a high degree and (10) essay paragraphs. The content validity was verified and the stability coefficients of the observation form were extracted using the Pearson correlation coefficient equation to confirm the objectivity and stability of the form. After the students finished studying all the material allocated for the first semester, the two research groups were tested with an achievement test. It was repeated after a period of 21 days from the application of the post-achievement test. When analyzing the data, it was found that the experimental group students who studied the material according to the Robinson strategy (SQ3R) outperformed the control group who studied the same material in the usual way in terms of achievement and retention. In light of these results, a set of recommendations and special proposals were developed and used in other educational institutions. It was suggested to conduct subsequent studies to complete the current research.

The current study aimed to develop a visual stimuli device and examine its effect on improving passing and receiving skills in handball for fifth-grade students. The research problem arose from the researcher’s observation of a lack of device usage in teaching basic skills by physical education teachers.The significance of this study lies in assisting physical education teachers in utilizing this device as a supportive tool for learning and enhancing fundamental handball skills among school students. The researcher adopted an experimental approach using an equivalent groups design. The research population consisted of fifth-grade students from Al-Mustaqbal Primary School for the academic year 2024-2025, totaling 74 students. A random sample of 20 students was selected.Appropriate statistical methods (SPSS) were employed to analyze the results, which demonstrated a clear positive impact of the proposed device on the experimental group’s skill measurement and development. The study recommends focusing on teaching fundamental handball skills using available devices and tools.

The aim of the research is to identify the effect of the SQ4R strategy on the achievement of the subject of general teaching methods and self-regulated learning among students of the College of Basic Education. To achieve the aim of the research, the experimental research method and the quasi-experimental design with partial control and the post-test for two equivalent samples were adopted. The research sample was selected from third-year students in the Department of Mathematics at the College of Basic Education. The number of its members was 85 male and female students, They were distributed into two experimental and control groups With( 42, 43), respectively. The researcher prepared an achievement test in the subject of general teaching methods, consisting of (35) paragraphs, with (30) objective paragraphs and (5) essay paragraphs. Its validity was verified with a reliability coefficient of (82%). She adopted the Self-Regulated Learning Strategies Scale of (Al-Tamimi, 2010) for its suitability to the Iraqi environment, and because it was built according to the Zimmerman model adopted in the current research, and because it has good psychometric properties, as its reliability coefficient is (87%), and for its suitability to the research sample. It is applied to university students, and consists of (10) strategies, and the number of its paragraphs is (50) paragraphs with a five-point rating, with (5) paragraphs for each strategy. After completing the application of the experiment, which lasted for 10 weeks, the two research tools were applied to the two research groups. After correcting the students’ answers and processing the data statistically using the (Tow Way ANOVA) test, the results showed statistically significant differences at the significance level of 0.05 between the average scores of the students of the two research groups in the achievement test in the general teaching methods material and the self-regulated learning scale according to the teaching method variable and in favor of the students of the experimental group. No differences appeared between the average scores of the students of the two groups according to the gender variable and the interaction variable between the teaching method and gender, except for the (organization and transformation) strategy in the scale, where a difference appeared in favor of the female students. The researcher recommended including the SQ4R strategy and self-regulated learning skills in the vocabulary of teaching methods materials, and training students on how to apply them. I suggested conducting some studies, including: the effect of the SQ4R strategy on the achievement of specialized teaching methods and critical thinking skills among students of the College of Basic Education.

Through different eras, man has sought to discover and pursue the subject of innovation and form. Form has sparked widespread controversy among thinkers and researchers in the field of design and science alike, which has made it a gradually evolving subject with the development of knowledge, natural discoveries, and technological innovations. In turn, its uses have become numerous and diversified, making it difficult It includes inventory, classification, and expression of all of them.Formal innovation is linked with memory in a very complex and interwoven relationship. Creating knowledge requires preserving it in memory on one side, and on the other side we find that innovation and its development are linked to all the influences that surround the innovative self, whether negative or positive, whether these influences are at the level of the societal environment or societal customs and traditions, which Innovations are usually shocking due to their conflict with ideological concepts and the culture of society.The process of the emergence of an innovative design into existence, whether on the physical or psychological level, is at the same time a starting point for the birth of another innovation that rises in the wake of the new design. This is due to several reasons and reasons, the first of which stands at the beginning of the consumer’s desire for the new always, passing through another important aspect, which is technological development and growth. And its reflection on the designer’s innovative thinking process on the one hand and the progress of production processes on the other hand, in addition to the economic aspect, which has become an important axis in the management of human life. Accordingly, the current research was based on the hypothesis of the following question ((Does formal innovation have correlations with the place - the bedrooms - Designed for the age group (12-18) for girls).? The research also covered three chapters. The first chapter included the methodological framework in presenting the problem, its importance and objectives, as well as the definition of the most important terms. The second chapter included the theoretical framework, which included the following topics: First: The concept of formal innovation in fabric designs. Second: The stages of the innovative process. Third: Form. And its spatial relationship in design. The third chapter included research procedures to reach the research objectives and was based on the analytical description method. After that, the most important results and recommendations were included, and finally the sources and references were listed.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of the five-pillar model in acquiring chemical concepts among second-grade intermediate female students. The researchers used the experimental design with partial control for two equivalent groups. The research sample was intentionally selected from second-grade intermediate female students from (Rayat Al-Huda Intermediate School for Girls). The number of students in the research sample was (67) students, with (34) students in the experimental group studying according to the five-pillar model and (33) students in the control group studying according to the traditional method. The researchers conducted statistical equivalence between the two research groups using variables (previous achievement scores for chemistry, Raven’s Intelligence Test, and previous information test). The scientific material was also determined, represented by (Chapter One: Elements and Chemical Bonding, Chapter Two: Chemical Compounds, and Chapter Three: Formulas and Chemical Reactions) scheduled to be taught for the academic year (2024-2025). The researchers formulated (143) behavioral objectives. The researchers prepared the research tool represented by the chemical concepts acquisition test for chemistry. Its paragraphs were formulated, which amounted to (60) objective test paragraphs of the multiple-choice type, and the validity of the tool was verified. After the researchers completed the application of the experiment, the tool was applied to the two research groups, and the students\' answers were corrected and processed statistically using the statistical package SPSS24. The results showed the superiority of the students of the experimental group over the students of the control group. In light of the results, the researchers put forward a number of recommendations and proposals.

Nano-activated carbon (NAC) was prepared from plant waste using a microwave oven by mixing different proportions of rice husks with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) waste and potassium carbonate as a chemical activation agent in the carbonization process, both carbonization and activation processes were carried out by irradiating microwaves at 600 W for 15 minutes, And The different weight ratios of rice husks and polymer waste. The external surface area of the prepared NAC samples was measured by adsorption of methylene blue dye from its aqueous solution method, in addition, the internal surface area was measured by adsorption of iodine from its aqueous solution. The surface morphology of the prepared samples was studied by atomic force microscope (AFM) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FSEM). In addition, the density, moisture content, and ash content of the prepared samples have also been measured. The results showed, That increasing the polymeric residue percentage during the carbonization process improves the specifications of the prepared (NAC) samples and increases their efficiency and effectiveness.
, Nano active carbon, Rice husk, Pollution

The aim of this research is to identify the effect of the FATA super learning model on achievement and desire to learn mathematics among third-year middle school students. The experimental method was used with a quasi-experimental design with a post-test for two equivalent groups. The research sample includes (76) female students distributed equally between the two groups. The experimental group studied according to the FATA super learning model and the control group studied using the traditional method. The equivalence for the two groups performed using several variables such as chronological age, previous achievement in mathematics, and desire to learn mathematics.To achieve the research goal, two tools were formulated: the first tool is the test for achievement in mathematics which consists of (32) synthetic test items (objective and essay), and the second is the scale for the desire to learn mathematics which consists of (40) positive and negative items with a five-point scale. The appropriate statistical analyses were conducted for the two research tools while ensuring their psychometric properties.The results showed that the experimental group students who studied according to the super learning model outperformed the control group students who studied in the traditional way in the achievement test and the scale of desire to learn mathematics. In continuation of the research, the researcher formulated a number of recommendations, including encouraging mathematics teachers and instructors to apply the principles of super learning and its stages during mathematics lessons, which focus on the positivity of learners and improve their learning outcomes instead of traditional methods.

The research aims to identify \"the effect of the (Osbom Barmes) model on the comprehensive thinking of fourth-grade science students in biology.\" To achieve the research objective, the researchers formulated the following minor hypothesis: \"There is no statistically significant difference at the (0.05) level between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied biology according to the (Osbom Bames) model and the average scores of the control group students who studied the same subject according to the usual method in the comprehensive thinking scale .\" The experimental design with partial control was chosen for the two research groups. The researchers chose the secondary and preparatory day schools in Diyala Governorate Education / Baqubah District. A sample was chosen randomly consisting of (63) students distributed to the two research groups, with (31) students for the experimental group and (32) students for the control group. To achieve the research objective, the researchers prepared a scale for comprehensive thinking, which consisted of (40) items distributed over five areas. The apparent validity was extracted by presenting it to a group of arbitrators, and its stability was calculated using the Cronbach\'s alpha equation, which reached (0.881). After analyzing the results using the (t-test) for two independent samples, the results indicated the superiority of the experimental group that studied according to the (Osbom Bames) model over the control group that studied in the usual way in the scale of comprehensive thinking. Based on these results, the conclusions, recommendations and proposals mentioned in Chapter Four

Cinema and television are two civilizational interfaces that have a fundamental presence. They have transcended the boundaries of time and place and touched upon all nations and peoples through the moving image, until they have become a tool for disseminating visions and ideas, including raising social and cultural awareness by simulating the various aspects of human life and the concurrent events and situations that concern his life from extensions of the past. And the present and the future because they have access to the largest number of recipients and for different age, social and cultural groups. Among these works is the use of elements of formal language in providing important content that simulates the requirements of society and its individuals through live television programs to create and shape awareness by highlighting various aspects of life, including simulating topics that contribute to strengthening and laying foundations that stimulate societal awareness of women and their educational role through television programs. Direct. As the research aims to study the topic in all its aspects, and from this standpoint, the researcher formulated the research problem with the following question: What are the technical uses and treatments for the expressive work of live television programs and their educational role in empowering women? The importance of the research and the need for it lies in revealing the data and specificity of cinematic discourse through it. In addition to being a resource for students and researchers, it aims to reveal the uses and technical treatments of live television programs and their educational role in empowering women. The researcher adopted the descriptive approach (content analysis) as it is more appropriate for achieving the goals and achieving the desired results

The thesis aimed to prepare and apply educational units according to the social cognitive model. And to identify the effect of the social cognitive model in learning some basic skills among second-year middle school students in football. And to identify the superiority of the experimental and control research groups in learning some basic skills. The researcher used the experimental method because it is consistent with the nature of the problem and the objectives of the research. The researcher deliberately determined the research community from a sample of second-grade students at Balat Al-Shuhada Intermediate School for Boys in the Baghdad Education Directorate, Karkh / Second, for the academic year 2024-2025 AD, numbering 85 students distributed into 3 sections. The research sample was selected by lottery (regular random) from students of Section A and students of Section B, with 15 students for each group, and students of Section C, on whom exploratory experiments were conducted. Thus, the research sample percentage constitutes 35.29% of the community. The researcher proceeded with the research procedures represented by determining a test and approving the methodological skills of the football subject for second-grade intermediate students, in addition to extracting the scientific conditions for the tests and exploratory experiments. After that, the researcher conducted the pre-test and educational units were prepared according to the social cognitive model, with a number of 16 educational units, at a rate of one educational unit per week and a time of 45 minutes for the educational units. After that, the appropriate statistical methods were used that led the researcher to scientific results on which the researcher built conclusions, the most important of which is the contribution of using the social cognitive model in enhancing learners\' self-confidence And their ability to control their learning path. The social cognitive model provides students with the opportunity to continuously evaluate themselves throughout the learning stages, which helps them discover and correct errors, which leads to improving their skills and overall progress. The most important recommendations of the research are: It is recommended to design educational units based on the social cognitive model to enhance students\' self-regulated learning skills, which helps them improve their self-confidence and manage their learning path efficiently. Including physical education teachers with self-assessment activities in educational practices, which enables students to discover errors and adjust their performance, which contributes to improving their skills.

The research includes knowing \"the effect of Posner\'s model on developing the achievement of students of the Institute of Fine Arts in the subject of art analysis and criticism\" It aims to study the effect of Posner\'s model in correcting artistic misconceptions and improving the level of academic achievement of students of the Institute of Fine Arts. The problem began with identifying that students suffer from difficulty in understanding the material due to traditional teaching methods that focus on memorization and indoctrination. Posner\'s model is based on the constructivist theory and aims to modify students\' misconceptions through four stages: realizing the problem, presenting the new concept, applying it, and finally comprehending it.The results of the research showed that using Posner\'s model contributed to improving students\' academic achievement in the subject of art analysis and criticism. The experimental group (which studied according to this model) showed a clear improvement in achievement compared to the control group, with a statistically significant difference in test results. It was found that the distribution of grades in the experimental group was more homogeneous and less variance, which reflects the effectiveness of the model in correcting misconceptions and enhancing critical and analytical thinking.
The results were compared with previous studies, which showed that using interactive models such as Posner can enhance academic achievement and reduce variability in performance among students. The research emphasizes the importance of adopting modern educational strategies, such as Posner’s model, to improve the effectiveness of technical education and guide students towards advanced critical and analytical thinking.

The study was conducted in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Department of Science, College of Basic Education, Al-Mustansiriya University. The fruiting bodies of the edible oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) were obtained from the Department of Crop Protection - Department of Organic Agriculture - Baghdad, Iraq. The fruiting bodies were cleaned and dried in a thermal oven at (40-45°C) and stored until use. The peach fruits (Prunus persica) were obtained from the local markets in Baghdad. They were ripe, of similar size and color, homogeneous, free from mechanical damage and not damaged by microorganisms. They were washed and dried with a piece of cloth and then stored at a temperature of (20-25°C) and a humidity of 65% for 20 days, after dividing them into four groups. The first group (T0) was left untreated as a control group and the other three groups (T1, T2, T3) were immersed in concentrations (1%, 2%, 3%) of chitosan solution extracted from the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) for 20 days. (1.5 to 2) minutes respectively. The study showed that immersing the fruits in a 3% chitosan solution gave the best results in maintaining the quality of the fruits in terms of the percentage of fruit weight loss, which amounted to (400, 393, 385 and 377) gm. The 2% concentration proved its worth in increasing the firmness of the fruits (18.6, 17.2, 13.1 and 11.3 N) and the concentration of total solids (TSS) which reached (16.9, 16.6, 15.9, 15.0 and 14.8 Brix) and the content of beta-carotene (5.68, 5.61, 5.55, 5.51 and 5.50 μg/g) and ascorbic acid (6.6, 6.4, 6.3, 6.2 and 6.00 mg/kg). No significant difference was recorded for the two treatments T2 and T3 in measuring the titratable acidity. Chitosan can be used as an environmentally friendly coating to reduce post-harvest losses and extend the shelf life of fruits. Chitosan is considered a promising method to extend the storage period of fruits such as peaches, while maintaining quality.

The research aims to identify the effect of a multimedia program according to the theory of multiple intelligences in biology to develop some life skills and their attitude towards them. To verify this goal, the researcher adopted the experimental method and used research tools that include: a list of life skills, a life skills scale, and an attitude scale. The study sample consisted of (80) students from Baladrouz Preparatory Schoolfor Boys. They were divided into two groups: the first, an experimental group (40 students) who studied according to the multimedia program, and the second, a control group (40 students) who studied according to the traditional method. The experiment was implemented during the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024). The research results showed:
1- There was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group, which studied biology according to the multimedia program, and the average scores of the control group, which studied the same subject according to the traditional method, on the "Preventive Healthy Life Skills" test, in favor of the experimental group.
2- There was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group, which studied biology according to the multimedia program, and the average scores of the control group, which studied the same subject according to the traditional method, on the "Personal Health Life Skills" test in favor of the experimental group .
3. There was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group that studied biology using the multimedia program and the average scores of the control group that studied the same subject using the traditional method in the "Healthy Life Skills" Nutrition test, in favor of the experimental group..
4. There was a statistically significant difference between the average scores of the experimental group that studied biology using the multimedia program and the average scores of the control group that studied the same subject in the post-test of the attitude scale, in favor of the experimental group.
The researcher recommended:
- Emphasizing the implementation of the multimedia program in intermediate levels and training or qualifying teachers and trainers to implement the program and employ it in education.
- Reformulating science textbooks for all levels in accordance with multimedia programs, making them part of the prescribed curriculum and making them available to all students.

Recently, many and varied efforts have emerged to find modern means to learn and develop basic skills using technology to perform the skill, which leads to consolidating and deepening the learner\'s experiences and also helps to receive and understand the detailed parts of the movement well. Since the researcher specializes in this game and is interested in indoor football, they noticed a weakness in some defensive skills. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of the research and adopted this method by designing the experimental and control groups equivalent to the second-grade middle school students in the Martyr Shaalan Intermediate School in Diyala Governorate / Al-Khalis District, for the academic year 2024-2025, The research community was (50) students, and the research sample for the experiment was (30) students, representing (60%).
of the original community. They were selected randomly, where they were divided by lottery into two experimental and control groups, with (12) students for each group. (6) students were selected from the original research community to conduct exploratory experiments on them and were excluded from the main experiment, as the researcher prepared The design of competitive exercises using the educational stations method, the educational units were distributed over (8) consecutive weeks at a rate of (2) educational units per week to learn to perform a quarter of basic skills (cutting the ball, pushing the ball away, scattering the ball). After completing the experiment, the results were processed using the statistical package system (SPSS). In order to complete the requirements of the experimental design, the researcher did not conduct the homogeneity process because the research sample was homogeneous in age and height. Practicing and failing students who had a medical report were excluded, and the research sample was conducted on equal ages. The researcher also conducted the equivalence process in tests of some defensive skills. We reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which were the following: The educational stations method in competitive exercises contributed effectively to learning some defensive skills in indoor soccer for students and the development of the experimental and control groups in the post-tests. The researcher attributes the reason for the development in the use of the educational stations method and the diversity in the use of exercises

The aim of the research is to identify the effectiveness of using the doll as a teaching and educational tool in developing artistic expression among primary school students. In her research procedures, the researcher relied on the experimental design (experimental and control group). The two research groups were conducted in a simple random way, with (20) students in each group, so that the total number of the research sample was (40) students.
The procedures of the current research required the preparation of study plans according to the use of the puppet as a teaching and educational tool to teach the two research groups (experimental and control), in addition to that, the researcher prepared a form for observing the skillful performance of artistic expression in drawing, using the researcher\'s statistical bag (Spss) to process her research data.

The current research aims to reveal the aspects of performative interaction practiced by the art education student in the applications of the teaching methods subject. Therefore, the methodology of its procedures is directed towards the experimental method as it is the most appropriate scientific method to achieve the research goal.
The researcher adopted the experimental design for one sample, which is based on two variables, the first represented by the independent variable (performative interaction) and the second represented by the dependent variable represented by (practical application) in the subject of methods of teaching art education. The research community consists of third-year students / Art Education Department for the academic year 2021 / In 2022, the researcher selected a random sample of (19) male and (10) female students from the third grade - Department of Art Education. To extract the results, the researcher used a set of statistical methods.
The most important conclusions are:
The efficiency of students applying the practical aspect of the Art Education Teaching Methods subject after being guided according to the educational content of the teaching plans. This is due to the sequence of steps for the practical application of this subject.

Based on the exploratory study conducted by the researchers on the artistic skills acquired by second-year students - Department of Art Education - College of Fine Arts in the sculpture subject prescribed in their curricula and how to employ them in completing contemporary sculptural works, it therefore appeared to them that the research community lacks information in the field of contemporary sculpture. The most important artistic works accomplished by artists in this specialty. Based on the above, the two researchers decided to establish the problem of the current research by employing metal waste in the sculptural works of art education students.
The research population consisted of students in the second year - Department of Art Education, who numbered (82) male and female students. A random sample of (13) male and female students was selected. To achieve the goal, (11) teaching plans, a cognitive achievement test, and a skill performance evaluation form were designed, which were presented to A group of experts to verify its validity in measuring the research objective, to show the results of the research, the researchers relied on the Wilcoxon equation, the Keuder-Richardson/20 equation, and the Cooper equation. The most important conclusions are:
The diversity of educational experiences and the methods of presenting them in the content of teaching plans can attract the student’s attention as they are among the basics of successful teaching and help him learn information and acquire technical skills.
The most important recommendations are:
Paying attention to the cognitive aspect in teaching the subject of sculpture and linking it to the skill aspect, sequentially, in the information related to skills to improve them for art education students in employing various metal wastes to fulfill the requirements of this subject for contemporary works of art.

Recently, interest in mental processes, including thinking, has increased as a result of the massive scientific development of information, which called for care to know the way each individual thinks and how to deal with these developments. Surrounding thinking is one of the types of thinking that was associated with the scientist Edward De Bono. This term, which means research to solve problems in non- Traditional or clearly irrational, it means moving sideways from one idea to another in multiple ways as opposed to vertical thinking that relies on rigid sequences and sequential steps.
And that the academic achievement of physics has a significant impact on directing students towards information and the extent to which they benefit from it. Hence, the problem of the current research is determined by answering the following question: Is there a relationship between perceptive thinking and academic achievement among middle school students?
The current research was limited to fifth grade preparatory students for the morning study in its two branches (applied - biological) from (males - females) for the academic year (2021-2022).
In order to verify the objectives of the current research, the researcher built a test for circumferential thinking according to the proposals, theories and opinions of De Bono in circumferential thinking, and the test consisted of (33) questions, and the researcher extracted the psychometric characteristics of the test; So, she relied on apparent validity, constructive validity, and reliability coefficient by means of re-testing, so the stability coefficient reached (0.70), and the reliability coefficient in the analysis of variance reached (0.70). From its validity, distinction, and effectiveness of its false alternatives, the researcher made sure of the stability of the test in two ways. The researcher reached the following results:
1. Preparatory stage students have a good level of peripheral thinking.
2. There are statistically significant differences among middle school students in peripheral thinking according to the variables of gender (male - female) in favor of females, and the branch (applied - biological) in favor of the applied branch.
3. Preparatory stage students have a good level of academic achievement.
4. There are statistically significant differences among middle school students in
5. academic achievement according to the variables of gender (male - female) in favor of females, and the (applied - biological) branch in favor of the biological branch.
6. There is a statistically significant relationship between peripheral thinking and academic achievement in the research sample.
7. There are no differences in the relationship between perceptive thinking and academic achievement according to the variables of gender and branch.
Based on the results of the current research, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and proposals.

The purpose of the study is to determine the pivotal thinking skills and how they are related to verbal linguistic intelligence in First-Stage of Intermediate school math students. 400 students from various schools that are affiliates of the General Directorate of Education of Baghdad/Alrusafa II made up the research sample. The researcher used the Aladhami (2018) pivotal thinking test and drew on prior research and literature to prepare the verbal linguistic intelligence scale\'s paragraphs. The data were compared using Pearson\'s correlation coefficient and Test (1). The findings revealed that :
1.There is a statistically significant difference at a significance level of (1000) between the hypothetical mean and the arithmetic mean of the scores of First-Stage student of Intermediate school in the pivotal thinking test and the verbal linguistic intelligence scale and the valid arithmetic mean
2. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between the scores of First-Stage student of Intermediate school in choosing pivotal thinking and their scores in the verbal linguistic intelligence scale.
Based on the finding of the research, the researcher concluded that the level of First-Stage student of Intermediate school is good in choosing pivotal thinking and the verbal linguistic intelligence scale and a positive correlation between pivotal thinking and verbal linguistic intelligence ,and recommended a number of recommendations and suggestions.

The research aims to identify:
1- Intuitive thinking among students of the second intermediate of mathematics.
2- Achievement of mathematics among students of the second intermediate. 3- The relationship between intuitive thinking and achievement among students of the second intermediate in mathematics.
The researcher relied on the correlational descriptive approach, and the research sample consisted of (200) female students from the second intermediate students for the academic year 2023-2024. To answer the research questions, the researcher used the two research tools, namely:
1- Intuitive thinking scale consisting of (45) items.
2- An achievement test for mathematics for the second intermediate grade, consisting of (40) items.
The psychometric properties of both tools were confirmed, and the data were analyzed and processed statistically using the Statistical Portfolio for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. It reached the following conclusions:
1- Students of the second intermediate grade have good intuitive thinking.
2- The students of the second intermediate grade have a good achievement in mathematics.
3 - There is a positive correlation between intuitive thinking and achievement of mathematics among students of the second intermediate.
Based on these results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and suggestions.

The study involves the preparation of nanocomposites decorated with pharmaceutical compounds and their evaluation for biological effectiveness. These composites primarily utilize materials such as graphene and reduced graphene oxide (RGO). The research highlights the synthesis of these materials, their characterization through various techniques like X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and their application in antibacterial medical masks and bacterial biological activity evaluation. The results show that the nanocomposites have strong antibacterial properties against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. At higher concentrations, they showed higher inhibition rates than regular antibiotics.

This study presents the green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) using garlic (Allium sativum) extract as a natural reducing and capping agent, combined with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) for the precipitation process. The synthesized MgO NPs were characterized using advanced analytical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy for optical properties, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm functional groups involved in the synthesis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) to assess crystallinity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphological analysis. Results showed that these techniques confirmed the successful synthesis of MgO NPs and exhibited promising properties suitable for various applications, including antibacterial activities. This research highlights the potential of plant-based methods in advancing sustainable nanomaterial production. The green synthesis approach demonstrated advantages such as simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and reduced environmental impact

This review explores the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors contributing to its development. Genetic predisposition, particularly involving HLA genes and immune regulatory genes, plays a crucial role. Environmental factors such as smoking, iodine intake, infections, vitamin D deficiency, and exposure to radiation can significantly influence disease onset and progression. Furthermore, lifestyle factors including pregnancy, gluten intake, and gut microbiota dysbiosis have been implicated in the development or exacerbation of HT. This review highlights the importance of considering both genetic and environmental factors in understanding the pathogenesis of HT and developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.

Burns are the most destructive condition, in which the outer covering layer of the skin disappears and a scab forms, which is colonized by various opportunistic microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common isolate from burn infections,leading to various pathological conditions Burn swabs were collected from patients Iraqi hospitalized at Burns Specialist Hospital in the Medical City , Baghdad, Iraq by Levene technique or syringe technique, respectively. Standard laboratory protocols for identifying P.aeruginosa were followed. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to test the sensitivity of the isolates to antibiotics according to CLSI 2022 guidelines. Biofilm production was accessed by microtiter plate assay.Twenty five isolates of P.aeruginosa were isolated from Iraqi burn patients. Identified by Biochemical test and Vitek 2E System.Antibiotic susceptibility test was conducted to the isolates of P. aeruginosaby using disc diffusion method to 15 antibiotics from different classes.The antibiotics resistance rate was determined as follows: Trimethoprin/sulphamethhoxazole (100%) Ceftazidime and Tobtamycin (88%), Piperacllintazobactam and Cefotaxime (72%), Cefazolin and Meropenem (60%), Cefoperazone (52%) Gatifloxacin (%) and Aztreonam(20%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates have the ability to form biofilms on microtiter plates .The results showed that only 56% of P. aeruginosa isolates were strong biofilm producers. Meanwhile, 36% and 8% of the isolates were intermediate and low productive, respectively. .The production of exopolysaccharides during biofilm formation makes the condition more severe. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of this type of burn wound infection using the antimicrobial profile of the isolates is essential not only for infection control but also for empiric treatment.

work describes the synthesis and spectral investigation of Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), and Zn (II) complexes with 4-((4-bromobenzylidene)amino)-5-(pyridin-4-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (L). The new ligand was synthesized through three successive steps: first, the preparation of the potassium salt of isoniazid with an alkaline solution of carbon disulfide; second, the ring closure of the potassium salt with an excess of hydrazine hydrate; and finally, the last step involved the condensation of 4-amino-1,2,4-triazole with 4-bromobenzaldehyde in glacial acetic acid as a catalyst to afford a good yield of the new Schiff base, L. The physical and spectroscopic properties of the ligand and its complexes were well studied. The ligand L has been used to synthesize new complexes of Co (II), Ni (II), Cu (II), and Zn (II), which have been characterized by using different techniques, such as FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR spectrophotometric techniques, as well as elemental analysis C.H.N.S. and flam atomic absorption FAA. The physicochemical properties, such as melting point, magnetic susceptibility, and molar conductivity at room temperature, were determined. The synthesized complexes C1, C2, and C3 have taken the octahedral geometry in a mole ratio (1:1) of M: L and behave as bidentate ligands that attach to metal ions through the N atom of azomethine and the S atom in the thione group. The metal complexes displayed an octahedral geometry around bivalent cobalt, nickel, copper (II), and zinc (II) tetrahedral environments. Moreover, the biological activity of free ligand and its metal complexes solutions (CoL and CuL) was screened against some bacteria and fungi. The free ligand and CuL were more active against bacteria and fungi than CoL. These results can provide an important platform for the design of new compounds with antibacterial and antifungal activity.
As well as this, the study included examining the antioxidant activity of the synthesized metal complexes (ZnL and CuL) using DPPH assay against ascorbic acid as a reference antioxidant agent. The results showed that all the synthesized metal complexes have antioxidant activity but lower than ascorbic acid. As well as the zinc (II) complex, it was found to have higher antioxidant activity than the Cu (II) complex. The highest free radical scavenging capacity of the zinc (II) complex and Cu (II) complex at 500 µg/ml were 75.670 % and 69.409%, respectively.