journal of the college of basic education

The goal of the current research is to know the reasons for the reluctance of students of the College of Basic Education to enroll in the Special Education Department and the significance of the statistical differences in students’ estimates of the reasons for reluctance according to the variables of gender (males -females) and specialization (scientific - humanities) and the proposed solutions to address them. To achieve these goals, use the descriptive approach. The researcher built a questionnaire consisting of four areas and (24) items distributed equally among the areas, and for each item he set (5) answer alternatives (agree to a very large degree - agree to a large extent - agree to a moderate degree - agree to a degree below the average - strongly disagree) and grades are given. (5,4,3,2,1) After verifying the validity and reliability of the questionnaire, it was applied to 200 male and female students accepted as new students for the academic year 2024-2025 from four departments, two scientific departments (the Science Department and the Computer Department) and two humanities departments (the Arabic Department and the History Department), and from each specialty (100) male and female students (50). One female student and (50) male students randomly To verify the objectives of the research, arithmetic means and standard deviations were extracted for each paragraph of the questionnaire and for each field of research. It was found that the degree of reasons for students’ reluctance ranged between an average degree and a large degree on all areas of the questionnaire, as the general arithmetic mean reached (3.403) and the standard deviation reached (1.1286). The field of the special education teacher’s work environment ranked first, with arithmetic mean (3.528) and standard deviation (1.1358). The academic field ranked second, with arithmetic mean (3.493) and standard deviation (1.0521), and the social and family field ranked third, as The arithmetic mean was (3,313) and the standard deviation was (1,2212) The economic field ranked fourth, with arithmetic mean (3,278) and standard deviation (1,1055). The absence of statistically significant differences between the arithmetic averages of the sample members’ estimates on the tool is attributed to the variable (gender), and the presence of statistically significant differences attributed to the variable of specialization and in favor of scientific A set of proposed solutions was reached to solve the problem of the reluctance of students of the College of Basic Education to join the Special Education Department, and the most important of these solutions is (working to provide a stimulating and encouraging educational environment for the teacher to perform his role to the fullest extent). (Coordination between the Ministry of Higher Education and the labor market to provide new jobs for graduates of the Special Education Department in various state ministries such as the Ministry of Justice, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, the Ministry of Youth and Sports, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Women and other ministries) and (for the university and college to carry out introductory and awareness campaigns about the specialization of special education. (Providing comprehensive health insurance and health and medical care for teachers of special education classes) and activating the role of educational guidance in schools to demonstrate the importance of people with special needs and how to care for them and integrate them into society and benefit from their energies in various areas of development) and (The contribution of the media and families in strengthening the status of the teacher and improving his image. professional, and social status) (Developing a strategy in which all ministries and state institutions participate in changing the awareness and prevailing culture about the special education teacher) and (disbursing material and moral incentives to students enrolled in the basic education colleges, special education department, especially the distinguished ones) and (increasing the salaries of special education classroom teachers by adding professional allowances. Especially for teachers of special education classes and (providing incentives and scholarships for students wishing to complete their graduate studies in the field of special education)

After familiarizing the researcher with international teaching models and strategies, the researcher decided to look into a strategy that is compatible with the Iraqi reality and to move learning mathematics in general from the usual image to a modern image that aims to advance and organize the learners’ ideas in a sequential and scientific manner, which makes the learner a positive participant in the learning process Through group discussions and opinions in order to reach a solution to problems, and since the standard of thinking is one of the most important standards stipulated in the school principals and standards document for the connection between thinking and the mental processes that the learner performs when facing situations that require concepts and laws of probability, accelerating thinking is a set of organized and interactive steps. Among them, which leads to faster thinking Female students of the experimental group in the classroom for the purpose of achieving the desired goals of teaching mathematics for the first intermediate grade. The researcher will search to find out the effect of using this strategy of hands and minds on both the achievement and probabilistic thinking skills of first-year middle school female students in mathematics.

The research aims to show the contribution of geography teachers and their teachers in instilling social values among middle school students, and the problem of the current research is the feeling that the emerging generations with the expansion of technology in education and the multiplicity of Internet sources (different social networking sites) have become less interested in practicing and preserving social and environmental values, from Through their negative behaviors and behavioral manifestations, and teachers are one of the most important educational tools in instilling social and environmental values among their students, the researcher adopted the descriptive approach to achieve the goal of his research. A major role in building human behavior and an important role in building society and making several recommendations, including the need to focus on the value goals when teaching that can be achieved by instilling those values, but this does not mean neglecting other aspects (knowledge and skill) and developing several proposals, including evaluating geographic teachers’ preparation programs in order to Determine the extent of its contribution to instilling values among student teachers.

The role of social media in preserving values and cultural heritage among university students (Al-Mustansiriyah and Baghdad)
The research aims to identify the role of social media in preserving values and cultural heritage among university students in Baghdad and Al-Mustansiriyah from their point of view., There are no statistically significant differences at the significance level (0.05), between the average degrees of estimation of the research sample members for the role of social media Preserving cultural values and heritage To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher relied on building a scale of the role of social media in preserving cultural values and heritage on literary studies. The research sample was selected in a random sampling method from the research community and its number reached (220) male and female students among the students of Baghdad and Al-Mustansiriyah universities according to the two variables (Al-Mustansiriyah University and Baghdad). The researcher relied on the descriptive approach as a research tool, and the results showed the following:-
1- It indicates that the role of social media in preserving the values and cultural heritage of university students (Al-Mustansiriyah and Baghdad) from their point of view came to a large extent. It is considered a positive indicator
2- Which indicates that there are no statistically significant differences according to the gender variables (males and females).
3- Which indicates the existence of statistically significant differences according to the two variables (Al-Mustansiriyah University and Baghdad), and by calculating the averages, it was found that they are in favor of Baghdad University students.
4- Which indicates that there are no statistically significant differences according to the two variables of academic specialization (scientific and humanities).

Since sustainability in human resources can work with the distinguished human being by preserving life by preserving progress without compromising the capabilities of generations, it is important to concentrate on sustainability in human beings through the development of their minds and thoughts, their knowledge and sciences, and their ability to keep up through creative communication. Today, this is made available to everyone through communication with global networks, learning research and courses, participation in scientific conferences, teachers, and those interested in the educational aspect, and applying it to every request, including enriching its members at the highest level of intelligence, creativity, and activity.
I discovered that I was creating classes on Islamic education, with five courses each unit, following the right curriculum, and understanding the Holy Quran and the Prophet's Sunnah and Quranic stories and research and refinement, other than ourselves. In the old curricula, we studied the Holy Quran and the Prophet's Sunnah in great detail and with many meanings that the student's mind could not understand because they did not replicate reality and day-to-day interactions, but rather served as the source of the rulings, positions, and moral foundations. However, unlike the new curricula, which generally understand the student and fulfill the common moral and human host, the lesson chapter was preferred.
My understanding of the efficacy of Islamic education curriculum for the preparatory stage, as well as their influence and reflection on.

The progress in the sports level came as a result of the progress in the training process and the advancement of the level of methods and equipment and the preparation of trainers technically and practically, and keeping pace with different situations, and among the important training methods is the interest in training specific to biomechanical variables, and the aim of the research is to identify the values of force moments for some of the working muscles of the legs, and to identify the effect of jumping exercises for the legs to develop force moments for some of the leg muscles and achieve the high jump activity for young people.
The researcher used the experimental method by designing a single group with a pre- and post-test and applied the experiment to the experimental group, which consisted of (5) jumpers from young players from the Ministry of Sports and Youth - the Gifted School, and the pre- and post-tests were conducted, and the researcher concluded the necessity of building and preparing training programs to reach the required level in performance and achievement by developing force moments for some of the leg muscles because of their positive role in developing muscle strength and achieving the high jump activity.

The current research aims to explore "the relationship between job satisfaction and job belonging among employees in the General Education Department in Al-Rusafa II - Baghdad". To achieve this, a scale consisting of (15) paragraphs was developed. These paragraphs were combined into a functional scale consisting of (26) distinct paragraphs, each prepared by the researcher. The psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated using a random sample of (100) males and females. The results indicated that the sample showed both job satisfaction and job belonging, revealing the existence of a statistically significant positive relationship between the two. The research results were used to propose recommendations and proposals...

Prophetic parables serve as compelling evidence for numerous fundamental concepts, as Prophetic discourse is directed toward all people, engaging minds that adhere to logic while exhibiting diverse patterns of thought. Consequently, their modes of comprehending arguments vary, for the speaker does not merely address human intellect but also penetrates emotions. This engagement broadens perception, fosters profound cognition, and cultivates an elevated intellectual capacity that enables an individual to contribute meaningfully—alongside others—to the construction of human society. It generates benefit, refines one’s humanity, and ultimately leads to the attainment of intellectual perfection.
Thus, we clearly perceive the complexity of the speaker’s role in achieving persuasion, particularly through the invocation of these parables within the persuasive process. This implies that the pragmatic dimension of argumentation here transcends mere efforts to convince the other party—it aspires instead to construct a representational model designed to exert influence. The inferential act manifests through the linguistic composition of speech rather than through the informational content it conveys. Consequently, the recipient is impelled to grasp and conceptualize these parables, which are subtly embedded within the textual fabric via an indirect speech act necessitated by the logic of representation.
This dynamic interaction highlights the profound rhetorical strategies inherent in prophetic discourse, elevating argumentation beyond direct persuasion to a realm where discourse shapes thought, evokes reflection, and solidifies intellectual engagement

The current research aims to identify the level of trends in the level of educational attainment among middle school students through the total scores obtained by the students in the school achievement tests. (The end of the second course of the fourth and fifth grades), and the level of motivation for learning among middle school students, And the relationship of statistical significance between scholastic achievement and the level of learning for middle school students. And the significant differences in the relationship between scholastic achievement and motivation of students according to the variables (gender and specialization). To achieve the objectives of the researchers adapted the learning motivation scales (252)1989: Yousef Qatami (Senqar), consisting of students from the preparatory sample stage After analyzing the answers statistically the results were as follows:-
1- Enjoy the students of the an acceptable level of academic achievement.
2- There is no relationship between academic achievement and motivation of learning among middle school students.
3-Weak learning motivation among middle school student
4-There are no statistically significant differences between scholastic achievement and motivation of learning according to the gender variables(male and female) and the academic specialization (scientific-human).

The research seeks to identify the effectiveness of the (K.W.L) strategy in the academic achievement of fourth-grade female students in the subject of Islamic education. In order to achieve the research goal, the researcher developed the null hypothesis and used an experimental design with The two groups were equal, and the researcher chose Nour Al-Shams Preparatory School for Girls, the school for the research sample, and determined the experimental group through random drawing. Section (B) represented the control group and was taught according to the usual method, and Section (D) represented the experimental group, which was taught according to the (K.W.L) strategy. . The researcher rewarded the two research groups in each Age in months, the level of academic achievement of the parents, and grades in the Islamic education subject for the past year. After that, the researcher determined the topics that would be studied for the first and second units of Islamic education for the fourth scientific grade. The researcher prepared study plans for both groups, as well as behavioral goals. She prepared (44) behavioral goals and presented them to a group of experts and specialists, and they were modified according to the recommendations. The researcher prepared the achievement test and also presented it to the experts, and their performance was taken into consideration and modified. It now contained (30) multiple-choice type items because it is characterized by objectivity and comprehensiveness. The test items were analyzed by means of discriminatory power, difficulty coefficient, and effectiveness of incorrect alternatives, and were studied. The researcher The two research groups, after the end of the experiment, conducted the test for the students of the two research groups, and the researcher corrected the students’ answers, and then the results were processed statistically by using the t-test for two independent samples, which showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the two research groups at a significance level (0.05) in favor of the experimental group. So the researcher concluded that The K.W.L strategy has a clear impact on the female students of the experimental group. The researcher recommended paying attention to modern strategies, including (K.W.L.), and the researcher suggested holding educational courses for teachers showing the importance of modern strategies and how to benefit from them in teaching subjects, including Islamic education.

The American policy towards Egypt occupies great importance at the regional and global levels, given the tension and conflict that the region has experienced as a result of the Arab-Israeli conflict, which affected Egypt's relations with the countries of the world. During that period, relations between Egypt and the United States witnessed a kind of tension that led to the severing of relations between the two parties as a result of the continuous American support for (Israel). However, American diplomacy quickly returned and tried to remove the obstacles that led to the tension in the relationship between the two parties, especially after the change that occurred in the Egyptian positions and policy towards (Israel) and the attempts made by American policy to form and normalize relations between the two parties. It actually succeeded in doing so by concluding the Camp David Peace Treaty in 1979, which established the foundations of peace in the Middle East and opened new horizons for American policy towards Egypt on the political level, which was consistent between the two parties, in addition to the United States adopting a new policy towards Egypt on the economic, military and cultural levels.

The research aims to: identify the relationship between psychological frequency and skill accuracy. With football. The researcher objected that there is a correlation between psychological hesitation and the skill of transferring in football, and the researcher chose the research complex represented by the Haifa Sports Club (one hundred advanced players) and their number is (29) not out of love, as the researcher used (20) players representing the research sample and they were chosen randomly representing (68%) of the original community, and excluded (7) players representing the exploratory experiment) and excluded (2) players who are goalkeepers. The research The researcher used the psychological frequency scale (Frans Hussein (2005) and a special test for the accuracy of the handling skill that was determined by experts in order to identify the nature of the correlation between the research variables after extracting the results through the statistical package SPSS. The researcher concluded that there is a significant correlation between the psychological frequency and the accuracy of the handling skill in football.

This research aims to study the strategies of question-based learning and the knowledge circle in the achievement of geography for fifth literary grade students and the development of scientific thinking. To achieve the objectives of this research, three null hypotheses were formulated, and the experimental method was used with two groups sharing similar educational characteristics. The experiment was conducted during the 2023–2024 academic year. The researcher selected a random sample of (90) students, divided into three groups: (30) students in the first experimental group, (30) in the second experimental group, and (30) in the control group. The two experimental groups shared similar characteristics. The researcher established (128) behavioral objectives and designed teaching plans accordingly. A set of questions was formulated to assess the students' knowledge, and these questions underwent thorough review by committee members and evaluators to ensure their suitability, resulting in a total of (40) specialized questions .After analyzing the collected data and utilizing associated statistical information, a final test consisting of (30) objective questions was developed. The study's results showed that the students in the two experimental groups, who were taught geography using the new methods, outperformed the control group, which studied the same material through traditional methods, in both academic achievement and scientific thinking assessments. Based on the collected data, the researcher reached several conclusions .

In this work, the prepared ZnO nanostructured films by chemical bath deposition at a reaction temperature of 70°C without any post-treatment. Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2.6H2O) was used as a synthetic precursor, and the preparation of ZnO nanostructures was achieved within a few hours. The obtained ZnO nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD, AFM, UV). The ZnO layer had a hexagonal structure, the grain size was between 22 nm, the transmission layer was 90%, and the morphology and optical properties of the layer were detected.

Arabic culture, in its literary form, was not far from the social reality that people lived in those times, but rather it showed many representations that revealed something of that bygone eraPerhaps the book (Women’s Statements) represents this phenomenon based at the heart of the texts that revealed what Arab women - Muslims and others - possess in terms of high culture and a solid conversational style that contains many suggestive connotations. Based on the formation of these dialogues on the basis of (translation) of issuing a statement and giving a response to it, the aim of the research became to examine these verbal utterances and clarify their rhetorical and communicative value according to the theory of rhetorical argumentation.

The research aims to identify cognitive achievement and its reflection on future anxiety before volleyball competitions among preparatory school students. The research problem appears through the anxiety of some students before competitions to present their best performance and their fear of not being able to achieve their goals, dreams and ambitions, whether in achieving good results by winning matches or other future goals and ambitions. Their feeling of anxiety has become a clearly noticeable phenomenon, as the researcher noticed that preparatory school students go through a series of events that put pressure on them and are imposed by a series of huge changes and their complex data in various areas of their lives. These successive events contribute to the spread of new behavioral patterns among students that impose themselves on them as a natural reaction to these rapid changes that increase the pressures that confront the student who finds himself face to face with new situations and matters that he must deal with and confront or surrender to them.
The researcher used the descriptive approach for its suitability to the nature of the problem and the objectives of the research. The research community was represented by the students of the secondary stage of Educational Rusafa Directorate II, Educational Directorate of Eastern Baghdad, participating in the school volleyball championship and distributed over (8) secondary schools, namely (Samarra, Sayyid al-Shuhada, Ibn al-Baytar, Bashar ibn Burd, Bilad al-Nahrain, Marouf al-Rusafi, Ibn Khaldun, Ahmed al-Waili, al-Sanabel), with a total of (100) students. The research sample was represented by the students of Samarra Preparatory School in volleyball, with a total of (22) students, representing (22%) of the original community and (4) students were excluded from them, representing the exploratory experiment. Thus, the final group of the research sample was (18) students. Two questionnaires were used on the researched sample, and the data were processed statistically using the statistical program (SPSS). The researcher concluded that there is an inverse significant relationship between cognitive achievement and future anxiety. The researcher recommends taking into account cognitive achievement when developing educational curricula and annual plans for academic stages in order to enable students to confront the changes they encounter during their academic life and overcome them through the cognitive aspect they possess.

The study aimed to identify the effect of using added relative weights on some types of strength among first-year middle school students, as the importance of the research lies in using added relative weights in comparison to body weight and identifying their effect and the extent of development in some types of strength among first-year middle school students. Due to the diversity of training devices and because the researcher is a physical education teacher, he noticed that there is some weakness in some types of strength among students. Therefore, the researcher resorted to studying this problem and trying to identify the best means to address this weakness. The researcher had the idea of using added relative weights to develop the level of some types of strength among students. The researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the two research groups (control and experimental) in the level of some types of strength, and that there are statistically significant differences in the results of the post-tests between the two research groups (control and experimental) in the level of some types of strength. The researcher used the experimental method, by designing equivalent groups, to suit the nature of the research problem. The research community was determined intentionally, which was represented by first-year middle school students in Al-Shu'ara Intermediate School for Boys, aged (13-15) years old, totaling (367) students. One of the classes was chosen randomly by lottery. The students were divided into two groups, a control and an experimental group, with (20) students for each group. The percentage of the research sample from the original community was (10.90). After conducting statistical treatments for the results of the pre- and post-tests for the two research groups, the researcher concluded that the use of added relative weights led to a greater improvement in the experimental group than the control group in some types of strength among first-year middle school students. Therefore, the researcher recommended the necessity of using added relative weights in lessons in order to develop some types of .

The commercial cities in our Arab world were scattered and flourished and known in the Arabian Peninsula from the north to the south and in different areas, just as the cities of the Levant and Mesopotamia flourished, and they had an important and significant role at the political and economic level wherever they are found because of the importance of their location as a trade line or its proximity to important cultural centers as well. On the fertility of its land, and it had an important role in supplying the population with various agricultural or industrial products, in addition to its importance as important commercial centers that included many markets in which many commercial activities took place between buying and selling and the accompanying transactions and providing the requirements of incoming merchants, and the city Sanaa is one of these cities that occupied part of the land of Yemen, and in the south of the Arabian Peninsula, the research aims to shed light on this city in terms of its origin, importance, general conditions, and what is its political impact on the area that it occupied, and the research was divided into several axes: First: the summary, second: the city of Sana'a in which the following axes came: its origin, name, location, climate, economic conditions, political conditions, social conditions, religious beliefs, third: conclusion, R. Fourth: A list of sources and references.

This research is based on studying and clarifying the cultural diversity that the Sufi literary text contains, revealing the level of thinking of its creator, whether apparent in meaning, suggestion, or symbol and allusion. At the forefront of poets’ intertextuality are those terms and expressions that came from the Qur'an text as a phenomenon that the eye cannot miss in an attempt to For them to express the depth of their speech that expresses a spiritual experience that they lived, based on taste, conscience, backbiting, and witnesses in their perception of the truth, but it is in a language that in reality contradicts the language of the common people as it is full of signs and symbols, as the text according to them is full of conventions, and it depends on suggestion and its perception in many of it of various terms and special phrases. Thus, modern critical studies have directed light on the poetic text. To move it from isolation to a more open reading within new worlds. To be interactive with other texts, it was not born of the moment, as it was preceded by textual experiences, then integrated into a special artistic experience, which is confirmed by the researcher’s questions about the intertextual reference to the culture of poets - especially the Qur'an ones - from which they drew to highlight the identity of the text.
The research consisted of two axes: a theoretical axis that stopped at explaining the reference to the culture of the Qur'an Sufis in its intertextual form from which they derived their ideas, terminology, and expressions to supplement their experience and explaining the definition of the Qur'an Qur’an and its forms, and an applied axis that represented the origin of the study in which the Qur'an intertextuality in its various forms was clarified in the poetry of the Sufis, including (direct, indirect, and referential). (With reference), the study's methodology was based on a critical, applied, analytical approach to interpreting and describing the verses in order to know the purposes and parallelism of the texts.

Public administration performs the function of administrative control, to maintain public order with its various elements within society and the state, and thus protects the rights and freedoms of individuals from any attack on them. In order to achieve this, the public administration enjoys broad powers, but these powers are not absolute because absolute power corrupts absolutely, as the public administration must, in normal circumstances, exercise administrative control powers within the scope of the principle of legality, and it is subject to judicial control over its powers, but in circumstances Exceptionalism: The powers of administrative control bodies expand greatly, as the theory of exceptional circumstances allows them to take measures and carry out actions that were not considered legitimate under the normal rules of legality, in order to preserve public order and ensure the safety of the state, and this theory is A constitutionally organized theory, with clear texts , This is because the ordinary rules of legality do not allow administrative control bodies to carry out their tasks in maintaining public order, and do not provide them with the legal means to ensure that they carry out their tasks. However, this theory does not lead to the administration being freed from judicial oversight of its actions. This research comes to shed light on the function of administrative control, and the limits of the powers of administrative control bodies in normal and exceptional circumstances, so that these bodies do not exceed the limits set for them and infringe on the rights and freedoms of individuals.

Taking the art of ceramics on his shoulders to match the function and beauty because of its composition and its first creation to beautify things through the use of elements used in daily life. The mythological character represents the pure art with aesthetic features, adding the richness of the legend to the system, to the overlap of the technical and aesthetic performance in the ceramic works of reading them within contemporary trends. We reveal the links between the previous concepts as the performance systems called in contemporary ceramic art to frame contemporary achievements in contemporary Iraqi ceramics. Technical and intellectual practices with a view to departing from the current pattern by introducing new intellectual compressors such as glazing techniques or preparing certain types of coatings for different burning methods. The current research aims to:
1 - inventory and identify the most important aesthetic variants produced by the potter in his technical experience (convergence, metaphor, Westernization) to reach a variety in its technical results.
2 - Identify the factors present strongly in his artistic and intellectual performances as stressful references such as (religious factor, social worker, political factor, etc.). The researcher followed the analytical descriptive method and the ceramic works were limited to (40) ceramic works, which were adopted over three decades of the artist's life. Eight (8) works were selected after they were reviewed by the experts. Out of (40) works. They were selected on the basis of The researcher reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are:
1. Ceramic potter movement took a short period of time in the last century and nourished this movement in the light of the aesthetics of performance with its vitality and techniques in its works.
2. The performance of the art of ceramics in the time of modernity is enthusiastic because it shows the abilities of the artist as a creator and manufacturer of his artistic achievements and his natural landscape and physical and social entity more inclined to the skills of performance.

The current research aims to identify "the effectiveness of a proposed strategy according to Vygotsky's social theory in scientific thinking among first-year intermediate school female students in physics." To verify the aim of the research, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: “There is no statistically significant difference at the function level (0.05) between the average grades of the female students in the experimental group who will study according to a model proposed on Vygotsky’s social theory (the Acceleration of Thinking model), and the average grades of the female students in the group.” Female officers who will study according to the traditional method in physics. An experimental design with partial control and post-testing was adopted for the two research groups. The research sample (73) female students from the Arabian Gulf High School was selected randomly. The researcher rewarded the female students of the two groups with the variables (chronological age, intelligence, and previous information test), then prepared an achievement test consisting of: (40) objective multiple-choice items and their psychometric properties were confirmed. After applying the test, the data was collected and processed statistically using a t-test for the two research samples, and it reached (3,065), which is greater than the tabular value of (2,000). The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference at the function level (0.05) between the female students of the experimental group who studied according to the acceleration of thinking model. The control group studied according to the traditional method in the post-achievement test in favor of the experimental group. . In light of the research results, the researcher came up with a set of recommendations, including adopting a model of accelerating thinking in teaching physics, and conducting similar studies with other variables and for other academic stages.

The current research seeks to identify flexible leadership and its role in achieving academic freedom in government universities. In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher followed the descriptive correlational approach through a sample of university professors amounting to (150) professors from the University (Al-Mustansiriya, Baghdad, Iraq) according to a set of demographic variables, and in order to collect data and information, a questionnaire was designed consisting of two parts, the first on demographic variables and the second on the research variables, and after verifying the validity and reliability of the questionnaire and applying it to the current research sample, the study reached the following:
- The results of the analysis provide valuable insights into the relationship between flexible leadership and academic freedom in government universities in Baghdad.
- The results indicate a general positive perception and a medium degree of flexible leadership practices across the dimensions of organizational leadership, human leadership, flexible vision, and flexible communication.
 Faculty members perceive leaders as actively involved in promoting open communication, motivating and engaging in decision-making, and caring for staff needs.
 The analysis revealed a statistically significant positive relationship between flexible organizational leadership and academic freedom.
 The study showed that the dimensions of flexible vision and flexible communication had the strongest associations with academic freedom, highlighting the importance of adapting vision and improving communication channels to enhance faculty engagement and loyalty.
 Younger faculty members and more educated individuals tended to rate both leadership and academic freedom higher.

The Arab Islamic civilization is one of the important civilizations in its creative achievements, as the Islamic religion was its foundation and an important source of inspiration in it. It was not far from artistic creations that were driven by ideas and beliefs. Thus, the Arab Muslim artist was able to transcend the prevailing creative concepts that surrounded him within the borders of the Arab nation or neighboring civilizations. This research consists of four chapters. The first c hapter represents the methodological framework, which dealt first with the research problem through the following question: Were the aesthetics of drawing achieved in the miniatures of the Baghdad School? And was the artist able to highlight these aesthetics in the miniatures of the Baghdad School of Painting. The second chapter included the theoretical framework of two sections, previous studies and their discussion, as well as extracting and discussing indicators from it to benefit from them in formulating the research tool, where the first section was: (The concept of miniature) and the second section: (The aesthetics of the formation of Islamic art).As for the third chapter, it included the research procedures, as the research community was determined and its sample of 3 works of art was chosen. The fourth chapter included the results and conclusions

Iraqi painting is naturally subject to different European influences and schools, and on the other hand to the cultural heritage in a way that makes the process of research and investigation into the method of presenting and selecting topics a task worthy of study. In our research entitled (The Mother in Contemporary Iraqi Art from Personal Expression to Cultural Symbolism), the researcher seeks to uncover those perceptions and cases through which maternal feelings were embodied in an analytical and descriptive approach in order to achieve the research goal. In the first chapter, the researcher identified the research problem, its importance, and the approach followed, and defined the concept of the mother and her embodiment in a manner consistent with modern Iraqi art to achieve the research goal. Through the second chapter and in the first section, the topic of the mother was addressed through a historical vision to determine her position and impact in society. In the second section, her role in society was studied. In the third section, the researcher studied the nature of contemporary Iraqi painting in order to determine the characteristics of the properties of Iraqi painting due to its effective role in determining the research environment. In the third chapter, the researcher conducted the analysis through samples (of three female artists who have an active role in the Iraqi plastic arts movement according to specific characteristics according to a descriptive analytical approach to form and content. In the fourth chapter, the results were presented and analyzed, and the fifth chapter included a presentation of the conclusions, recommendations, and proposals, and then the sources.

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of blended learning in developing photography skills among female students at the Institute of Fine Arts by implementing an educational approach that integrates traditional methods with interactive digital tools. The research follows a quasi-experimental design, with the sample divided into two groups: an experimental group that was taught using blended learning and a control group that followed traditional teaching methods. The students’ skill performance was assessed before and after the experiment using a performance evaluation rubric consisting of 18 items on a five-point scale. The results indicated that the experimental group outperformed the control group, demonstrating that blended learning positively impacted visual comprehension, the ability to apply design principles, and learning independence. The study also found that blended learning enhances student interaction and engagement, leading to improved quality in photographic works. Based on these findings, the research recommends adopting blended learning in photography education and developing interactive instructional programs to support it.

This research deals with the necessity of commitment to reciting the Holly Quran in the correct manner, and not being negligent in doing so, because doing any mistake in reciting the Holy Quran is not acceptable even if it is unintentional, by studying the Islamic books for the intermediate stages in Iraqi schools, especially Provisions of Recitation. Detailing in Articulations and Descriptions of letters; we go deep in, to make it easier for the beneficiary to understand and assimilate the provisions smoothly and in a logical sequence. In writing the research, I followed the descriptive analytical method. I enumerated the methodological material present in the book on the stage in question, then presented my observations on it, from both two sides: the theoretical and the scientific sides. Then I have the application of the rules of Recitation of the letters, the Articulations and Descriptions of letters. The research concluded with important recommendations for teachers, students, and those responsible for managing the academic subjects, such as the importance of focusing on the etiquette of reciting the Holy Quran, and the necessity of generalizing it for all books that deal with The Holy Quran. And the necessity of redistributing methodological materials in intermediate stage Islamic books in a way that ensures the correct consequence for the subjects, and the useful benefits for students. In addition to that, the importance of studying Articulations and Descriptions of the letters, because it explains the reasons of sounding a letter like this, so it makes it easier to understand how a letter is made.

Social Work is considered one of the important fields through which achieving a social balance that enhances social well-being, improves the lives of individuals and communities, and meets their needs. Social workers and Social Work practitioners are among the most important tools that stimulate social changes characterized by a positive nature that addresses unjust conditions and directs efforts to address them through... Creating appropriate conditions for marginalized groups in societies. This research paper will address the role of the social worker in achieving the goals of sustainable development and his efforts to promote social justice and improve the living conditions of individuals and communities through his active participation in making crucial decisions related to the lives and well-being of individuals by focusing on the role of Social Work in social and economic development, which It will help achieve stability in.

The research aimed to identify “the effect of the flipped classroom strategy on the achievement of science subject among fifth-grade primary school students.” To verify the aim of the research, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at the function level (0.05) between the average grades of the students in the experimental group who study according to the flipped classroom strategy, and the average grades of the students in the control group who study in the usual way in science.” The researcher adopted an experimental design with partial control and post-testing for the two research groups. The research sample consisted of (69) female students who were chosen randomly and were distributed into two groups: the experimental and the control groups. The researcher rewarded the female students of the two groups with the variables (chronological age, intelligence, and previous information test). Then I prepared an achievement test consisting of (40) objective multiple-choice items and confirmed the psychometric properties. After applying the test, the data was collected and processed statistically using a t-test for the two research samples, and it reached (2,821), which is greater than the tabulated value of (2). The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference at the function level (0.05) between the students of the experimental group who studied according to The flipped classroom strategy and the control group who studied according to the usual method in the post-achievement test in favor of the experimental group. In light of the research results, the researcher came up with a set of recommendations, including adopting the flipped classroom strategy in teaching science for the fifth grade of primary school and for all levels, and conducting similar studies with other variables and for other levels of study.

study aims to know the effect of Driver's model on the acquisition of Kurdish grammar concepts among eighth grade female students and their attitudes towards it. The study sample consisted of (67) female students, from (W a Fa) School, Chamchamal District, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, for the academic year 2022-2023. It was classified into two groups: control (34) students who studied using the traditional method and experimental (33) students who studied according to Driver’s model. The researcher made an equality between them in terms of (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence test, previous year’s grades in the Kurdish language, previous information), and the researcher prepared two tools for this study. It is (a test in the acquisition of concepts (25) Items and preparing a measure of the attitude towards the subject Consisting of (36) items) After completing the experiment, the two tools were applied to them, and the results showed that the female students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the test of the acquisition of concepts and the attitude measure.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the lock and key strategy on the achievement of first-year middle school students in the subject of social studies and logical thinking. The sample of the current research was determined by second-year middle school students affiliated with the Second Rusafa Education Schools affiliated with Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2024 - 2025). First-year middle school students were selected at: Palestine High School for the Distinguished for Boys to be its students as a research sample intentionally. Two halls were selected from a total of four halls of first-year middle school students, one of the two groups is experimental and the other is control. The research sample amounted to (70) students, with (35) students in the experimental group and (35) students in the control group. The researcher rewarded the two research groups in the variables of the intelligence test, chronological age, and logical thinking test. The achievement test was also prepared, as (35) paragraphs were formulated in accordance with the content of the material and behavioral purposes (cognitive, understanding, and application of the logical thinking test). A test was prepared by the researcher, which is logical thinking, which consisted of (15) paragraphs. The data were analyzed and processed statistically using the statistical program ( 21.SPSS.V), as the results showed that the students of the experimental group who studied with the lock and key strategy outperformed the students of the control group who studied with the usual method in the logical thinking test. Based on the results of the research, the researcher recommends the necessity of adopting the lock and key strategy in teaching the social studies subject because of its positive effect in increasing logical thinking among students. In order to verify the research objective, the researcher developed the following urban hypothesis:
1-There are no statistically significant differences at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study according to the lock and key strategy, and the scores of the control group who study according to the usual method in achievement.
2-There is no statistically significant difference at the level (0.005) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study using the (lock and key) strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study using the traditional method of logical thinking
Keywords: Lock and key strategy, logical thinking, first-year middle school students, social studies.

This study aims to investigate the impact of industrial pollution on rainfall patterns by analyzing the relationship between emissions from industrial activities and climate changes. The research relies on a review of previous studies, climate data analysis, and climate modeling to understand how industrial pollution alters precipitation distribution.
The findings indicate that industrial emissions, such as carbon dioxide (CO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), contribute to rising global temperatures, leading to disruptions in the hydrological cycle. Data show that major industrial areas experience higher-than-normal rainfall due to increased cloud formation, whereas some rural and remote areas suffer from decreased precipitation due to changes in wind patterns and air currents. The study also highlights that changes in rainfall patterns exacerbate extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, posing environmental and economic challenges to affected communities.
The research recommends implementing environmental measures to reduce industrial emissions, such as promoting clean energy use, enforcing strict environmental policies, and improving water resource management strategies to adapt to climate changes. It also calls for further studies to better understand the local and regional impacts of industrial pollution on climate.

The current research aims to know “the effect of the Idea Gardens strategy on productive thinking among first-year middle school female students in biology .” To verify the researcch objective, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: “There is no statiistically significant difference at the leevel of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who study accordiing to the Ideas Gardens strategy and the average scores of the control group students who study according to the traditional method in the subject of biology.” The researcher adopted the experimental approach with partial control, as the research sample consisted of (67) female students who were selected randomly. The researcher rewarded the two research groups with variiables (chronologiical age, intelligence, previous information test). A multiple-choice test of productive thinking skills was prepared, consisting of (40) items, and its psychometric properties were verified. The test was applied and the data were statistically processed using the t-.test for the two research samples, and it reached (4.10), which is greater than the tabuilar value of (2). The results showed a statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) in favour of the experimental group students who studied according to the Ideas Gardens strategy. Hence, the researcher recommended the necessity of adopting the strategy of the gardens of ideas in teaching biology for the first intermediate grade, and suggested holding training courses and workshops to train teachers on modern strategies, especially those based on the principle of constructivist theory

Omission from history is one of the challenges facing historians and intellectuals in their attempts to present a comprehensive and accurate historical narrative that shows all the parts and positions. It may be intentional by a certain group that had control at a certain time, or unintentional due to lack of information. Due to the importance of all individuals involved in the Karbala incident, the research included three topics: The first topic: We addressed the linguistic and technical aspects of absentations . In the second topic: We addressed the Karbala incident between the present and the past. In the third topic: The subject of those absent in the Karbala incident came.

The current research aims to identify the level of leadership characteristics among kindergarten children and their relationship to their self-confidence, as the research sample consisted of (40) children who were selected randomly and their teachers were consulted to answer the scale.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used two scales: the first: leadership characteristics, which consists of (40) paragraphs, and the self-confidence scale, which consists of (40) paragraphs. After the researcher verified their validity and reliability, the two scales were applied to the individuals of the research sample. After collecting and statistically analyzing the data, the researcher reached the following results:
1) Kindergarten children in Baghdad enjoy an acceptable level of leadership characteristics and self-confidence.
2) Children who have peers enjoy an acceptable level of leadership characteristics and self-confidence.
3) Children who live in extended families enjoy leadership characteristics and self-confidence more than children who live in nuclear families.
In light of the research results, the researcher came up with a number of recommendations, including:
1) Holding seminars in kindergartens in the six Baghdad directorates on ways to enhance and increase children's self-confidence.
2) Enriching the child's environment by providing the necessary supplies of games, educational activities, and programs that develop leadership characteristics.
3) The need to pay attention to everyone who helps develop leadership characteristics and self-confidence among kindergarten children.
4) The need to pay attention to children who lost their parents or one of their family members as a result of the circumstances that Iraq went through.

The agricultural sector, both animal and plantation, has a prominent place in the Iraqi national economy. Buffalo farms are of great importance through their contribution to dairy products, as buffalo are raised primarily for milk production and contribute about 20% of the total milk production in Iraq, despite the small number of buffalo in Iraq. However, Iraqi buffalo milk receives great attention from citizens and occupies a special place in the Iraqi economic structure at the level of production, consumption and marketing.
Therefore, Iraqi buffalo is one of the animals most closely associated with the aquatic environment due to the buffalo's body's need for water due to the high percentage of fat in buffalo milk, especially the buffalo of the marshes of southern Iraq and the Fadhiliya region in Baghdad Governorate.
The aim of this research is to shed light on the problems facing buffalo breeders in Al-Fadhiliyah area in Baghdad Governorate. The analytical approach was adopted to analyze the information obtained through interviews conducted with the area's residents who are specialized and experienced and direct questions to obtain the answer that can support the research with new information.
It was found through the field visits conducted by the researcher that buffalo breeders in Al-Fadhiliyah area in Baghdad suffer from many problems in raising buffalo that should be highlighted. One of the most important problems facing buffalo breeders is the distance of water sources from the buffalo breeding pens. As it is known, Al-Fadhiliyah area is located close to the Diyala river, so buffalo breeders suffer from taking buffalo from the buffalo pens to the banks of the Diyala River, as water is one of the most important sources of buffalo breeding, especially in the summer.

This study included talking about one of the Ismaili preachers and its most prominent philosophers and theorists, namely the preacher known as the Hujjat of the Iraqis Ahmad Hamid Al-Kirmani, who had a pioneering and main role in spreading the Ismaili call through interpreting and clarifying many of the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of that call, especially the issue of monotheism, prophethood, and imamate and discussing them and then proving the truth of these foundations in a solid scientific and practical manner, using evidence and proofs from the Holy Qur’an and the honorable prophetic hadiths, in addition to the narrations of the infallible imams from the descendants of the Prophet Mohammad. (Prayers and Blessings of Allah be upon him). And discuss it in a scientific and practical manner, using evidence and evidence. This study contained an introduction and four main titles. The first title was titled A Glimpse into the Life of the Al-Kirmani Preacher, the second presented his efforts in spreading the call, the third presented his most important intellectual and ideological foundations, the fourth was titled His Scientific Wealth, and then the conclusion, which contained the most important conclusions reached by the study.

This study is concerned with critically analyzing the book (Arabic Language) for the sixth literary grade. It is part of the efforts that attempt to monitor, criticize and evaluate the Arabic language curriculum. To reach the level that meets the ambition, and to achieve the educational goals for which these books were written, and the researcher had detailed references in various aspects of the book linguistically, methodologically, scientifically, and technically, and accordingly the researcher concluded that the book needs to be reviewed, corrected, and revised,agree wite.

This research investigates the role of practical activities in improving science education quality and their impact on students’ academic performance in Iraq. It focuses on transitioning from theoretical learning to interactive, practice-based education that relies on experimentation. Practical activities are shown to be effective in fostering students' critical and creative thinking skills, enabling them to better understand scientific concepts and connect them to real-world applications. The study highlights the challenges faced by Iraq’s educational system, such as limited resources, inadequate school infrastructure, and a lack of focus on practical activities in the curriculum. To address these issues, the research employed a dual methodology: descriptive-analytical to evaluate the current state of practical activities in Iraqi schools and experimental to assess their impact on student performance. The findings revealed that students engaged in practical activities (the experimental group) significantly outperformed their peers in the control group, who were taught using traditional methods. The experimental group’s average scores increased by 23% after implementing practical activities, underscoring their importance in the educational process. Observations, surveys, and interviews further demonstrated that practical activities enhance critical thinking skills, promote teamwork, and boost students’ motivation to learn.

The era in which postmodern art emerged witnessed the founding beginnings of assemblage art, as artwork became a field for practicing experimentation with new, unconventional materials through the possibility of using them as a kind of formative solutions that stimulate the connoisseur’s thinking and move away from the familiar, abandoning the ideal mental model and using marginalized techniques, means and resources gave a new vision to artistic productions and the emergence of technical methods for processing in artwork, including materials found in the natural, social and cultural environment, and the artist’s style is what gives vitality to his works. These multiple materials and techniques freed artwork from its traditional stillness and made it stimulate thought in both the artist and the art student.
The subject of art education seeks to open new horizons for learners through drawing and colouring techniques and their investment in the materials available in the environment and how the student employed them in his artistic works. Hence, the problem of the current research was defined by the following question;
Q/ What are the technical treatments for assemblage art in the productions of the students of the Department of Art Education?
The current research aims to identify the assemblage art and its technical treatments in the products of the students of the Department of Art Education.
The second chapter included two topics: the first was the art of assemblage, meaning and concept, and the second was the technical treatments, in addition to the indicators of the theoretical framework and previous studies.
The third chapter included the research community. The researcher reviewed the largest amount of collective works available in the Department of Art Education, College of Fine Arts, University of Baghdad, to benefit from them in a way that covers the research objectives, thus forming the community. As for the research sample, a selective, intentional sample was chosen from the collective works produced by students of the Department of Art Education.
To show the results, the researcher used a set of statistical methods, and the most important of these results are; The current research aims to identify the assemblage art and its technical treatments in the products of the students of the Department of Art Education.
The second chapter included two topics: the first was the art of assemblage, meaning and concept, and the second was the technical treatments, in addition to the indicators of the theoretical framework and previous,studies.
The third chapter included the research community. The researcher reviewed the largest amount of collective works available in the Department of Art Education, College of Fine Arts, University of Baghdad, to benefit from them in a way that covers the research objectives, thus forming the community. As for the research sample, a selective, intentional sample was chosen from the collective works produced by students of the Department of Art Education . To show the results, the researcher used a set of statistical methods, and the most important of these results are ;
2-The artistic productions of art education students are on abstract topics that have no relation to lived reality .
The student relied on his fertile imagination and produced formal compositions with a contemporary vision that contributed to building the contemporary painting.
The most important conclusions are:
1 - The emergence of different materials and methods of assembling them led to the emergence of new characteristics of art.
2 - The completed works featured techniques of assembly, installation, gluing, welding, plastering, etc., and the students were able to employ these techniques in their works.
As for the recommendations: introducing the subject of (Assembly Techniques Art) in the curricula of the Department of Art Education in the Faculties of Fine Arts. Finally, the researcher suggests the following: employing the Arabic letter technically in the art of assembling in handicraft paintings.

Studying Iranian-Saudi relations after 2023 and their future repercussions is of great importance as they are the two most important regional countries in the Arabian Gulf region. Therefore, the research focused on the controversial roots of this relationship and the most important developments and variables that affected the return of that relationship and the most important future repercussions of that relationship, especially the internal, regional and international factors at the political and security levels, which make them tense and unstable relations, which will undoubtedly be reflected in the future of this relationship. Through three main topics, the study reached several results that were positively reflected in strengthening these relations.

The radical transformations that have taken place in the world of advertising industry to transform it from the traditional digital format to the modern digital form have made it an important station for study. Live display programs supported by advanced digital technologies have become a driving force behind the success of advertising and increased interaction with it. Therefore, the research sheds light on how the use of this modern digital technology has affected the form of advertising and thus how it affects it, as it has become a driving force for the success of advertising campaigns. Therefore, the research focuses on the essential role that digital technologies play in creating advertisements that attract attention and build strong relationships between production companies and customers. In light of the extensive studies in the field of modern digital technologies, this research came to discuss one of the most important digital technologies in terms of development and modernity. The research problem crystallized with the following question:What is the role of digital technologies for live display in the modern advertising industry?
The researcher then explained the importance of this study, which is highlighted by highlighting the capabilities, technologies and applications that shorten the time of producing the advertisement and raising the technical level and presenting it to the public, which makes it more influential and effective.
Study Objective
To identify the new cinematic techniques used in the production of advertisements to approach the reality of the film industry in form and art and bring about great development in the world of advertising industry.
Research Limits The research is determined by the limits of the intentionally selected sample, which determines the time, place and subject of the study, which represents the research problem, which is an advertisement for the BMW car manufacturing company.







Defining terms:
The researcher defined an operational definition for the terms mentioned in the title, which require clarifying the researcher's intention by defining digital technologies. The researcher covered the methodological framework of the study and then proceeded with the second chapter, which is the theoretical framework and scientific basis for the research, which included two topics:
The first topic: The concept of live display techniques.
The second topic: Creative components in modern television advertising.
The researcher concluded after the detailed study with a set of indicators that are considered a standard tool in analyzing the research sample.
The researcher then reviewed the most important studies that approached the subject of her research and the most important points in common between the two studies, which are ((Simplicity and complexity in the structure of digital advertising design.) by the researcher (Wafaa Jassim Muhammad)).
Then she addressed the third chapter, which includes the research procedures, including:
Research methodology: The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical method in completing this research, which is defined as "describing what exists and includes describing the current phenomenon, its composition, operations, and prevailing conditions, recording, analyzing, and interpreting it."Research tool: These are the indicators that the researcher concluded from studying the theoretical framework.
Research sample: An advertisement for the BMW car manufacturing company, produced in 2019. As for the unit of analysis: The researcher relied on the shot or scene, which represent the techniques used to show the visual structure in the shot - the scene as a main unit of analysis, as they represent the basic structural units within the visual achievement.
Analysis: The researcher applied the standard tools to the sample and reached a set of results that she reviewed in the fourth chapter, including the most prominent:
1- The live display technique contributes to expanding the creative range in presenting the new organization of complex visual elements to attract the viewer's attention in the first moments of the advertisement.
2-Using the direct display mechanism constitutes an effective reduction of production costs and reduces production errors to the maximum possible extent. The study then concluded with a list of sources that the researcher used in the research text and an abstract in Englis

Many factors stand in the way of implementing the principle of peaceful transfer of power in the Iraqi constitutional system after 2005, some of which are related to legal matters, and some of which are related to political matters. All of these factors are of great importance to maintain the structure of constitutional systems that adopt the principle of peaceful transfer of power, as these factors negatively affect the course of the political process from various outlets, such as obstructing the electoral process and overlapping powers of authorities, in addition to the absence of political opposition and the spread of quotas in the political process, which negatively affects the achievement of the principle of peaceful transfer.

This research dealt with a study on (expressive works between American and European contemporary porcelain comparative analytical study) and came from four chapters ofthe first on the systematic framework of research, which includes the problem that lies in (what are the works andformulations produced by both American and contemporary European porcelain). The purposeof this study was todetect expressive works between American and European ceramics. The borders were spatial: America and Europe, temporal: (1950-1980)
The terminology seeker also knew in the nature of the current research:
(work, expressionism) linguistically, philosophically and procedurally.
The researcher then moved on to the second chapter, which included three investigations and addressed the first:
1- Expressionism: Includes the Bridge Group, the Blue Knight Group, the expressive qualities, the most important artists of the expressive school, then Nazi art and expression, the entry into abstract expressionism, the emergence of abstract art, and the influence of Jackson Pollock in contemporary art,
Then move on to the second research: 2- Contemporary American Porcelain:
And then move on to the third research: 3- Contemporary European porcelain: the researcher touched on ...
1- Contemporary British Porcelain 2- Contemporary Italian Porcelain
3- Contemporary German Porcelain 4- Contemporary French Porcelain
From these investigations, the researcher extracted indicators of the theoretical framework, and moved to the third chapter of the research procedures in the research community, the research sample, the research tool and the research method. Then chapter four included the results and conclusions and all the following were:
1- Technical expression of ideas that are in the process of researching a subject of some of the technique in place perceptibly and the possibility of knowledge and access to the concepts of technology.
2- Abstract works appeared in the concept of changing shape, abolishing job performance and going to aesthetic and artistic orientation.
3- Use colors in America (red- orange- blue - green - and lead), such as sample (1-2-3).
4- Use colors in European countries (black- white, lead, olive- orange), such as sample (4-5-6-7).
5- Use mattresses to draw some works in random abstract lines as in a sample (1-5-7).
6- Carry out works in the geometric style to reveal his pottery with an integrated unit of form and content as in the sample (6-7).

The Holy Quran presents to man a complete and comprehensive system for the individual’s life, whether it is related to beliefs and morals, or to individual and cognitive behavior. This is done with the aim of recognizing the reality of human existence, which in turn leads to the difference in his path and behavior in life according to this understanding. Through it, his individual, social, psychological, and political path is determined in a manner that is consistent with that understanding. The topic gains its importance from this cognitive and path-oriented aspect, so the researcher chose the title: (Individual expansion through the verses of the Holy Quran (A study of the opinions of interpreters and scholars) for the importance of the topic in human life in general, and the study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach to achieve this goal. The researcher concluded that individual expansion in the Holy Quran includes various fields, including individual moral expansion, economic expansion, administrative, political, and social expansion to achieve divine succession on earth, and there are many terms that indicate individual expansion in the Holy Quran, including: knowledge, striving and work, purification, cooperation, and building the earth, management, etc.

The current research problem revolves around the role of the informative advertising poster in disseminating and developing cultural and societal awareness, as well as combating negative social phenomena that pose a threat to society. It is imperative to address such issues, including harmful daily habits and undesirable values, attitudes, and customs that are opposed by families and society. The aim is to build coherent communities based on sound principles and values for the sake of continuity and success. Thus, the research problem is encapsulated in the following question: What is the role of the informative poster in confronting and addressing negative social phenomena?The research aims to identify the role of informative posters in addressing social phenomena. Consequently, a number of posters relevant to the research topic were presented and analyzed. To achieve the research objective, the researchers employed the descriptive method in their analysis. The research community comprised a set of contemporary posters related to the topic of negative social phenomena in society, which were published on the international network (the internet). The research focused on the role of informative posters in confronting negative social phenomena, with the temporal boundary being the year 2023. The spatial boundary included global posters related to specific social phenomena such as addiction and domestic violence.The researchers arrived at several conclusions, including that the informative poster can be perceived and understood through its simple and direct idea, carrying clear values, symbols, and meanings. The design of informative posters is an art that promotes positive values in society and works to counter negative phenomena and values among community members, striving to modify their behaviors.

Donald Trump's public communication is marked by using personal attacks to discredit critics and opponents, exaggerating threats or providing inappropriate reassurance, mixing fact with fiction, fueling cultural divides and racial tensions, and questioning the authority of the law. His language aligned with his previous statements before becoming president and diverged from the typical behavior expected from a president.
The president's public speech has reduced his effectiveness in governing rather than enhancing it. His persuasive language has not helped him broaden his group of supporters. The president's rudeness has failed to convince those who were not already inclined to support him. He has not succeeded in making most people doubt his detractors, such as the media, via his use of exaggerations or downplaying of dangers. The public perceives him as untrustworthy and not deserving of respect. Ultimately, Trump's language has further complicated the task of governing efficiently.

The complex neurological disorder known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is typified by repetitive behaviors, limited interests, and difficulties with social communication. There is growing evidence that the pathophysiology of ASD is significantly influenced by immune system dysfunction. These include autoimmune, cytokine imbalance, neuroinflammation, microglial activation, maternal immune activation (MIA), and disruptions of the gut flora. According to research, people with ASD have malfunctioning microglia, high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ), and autoantibodies that target brain proteins, all of which may be linked to aberrant neurodevelopment. Furthermore, because inflammatory reactions can impair fetal brain development, maternal immune activity during pregnancy has been associated with a higher incidence of ASD in offspring. Another important consideration is the gut-brain axis; symbiosis in people with ASD may exacerbate systemic inflammation and change the synthesis of neurotransmitters. In light of these findings, a number of therapeutic approaches are being investigated to lessen immune-related dysfunctions in ASD, including probiotics, dietary changes, immunomodulatory therapy (such as IVIG), and anti-inflammatory medications. To enhance patient outcomes, further research is required to clarify the processes driving immune system dysregulation in ASD and create focused treatment strategies

1-(4-chlorophenethyl)-3,6-diazahomoadamantane-9-one was synthesized through the condensation reaction of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)pentane-2-one with diethylene tetra methylene tetra amine (TATD). The C9 bridging atom in this compound and its derivatives have functional groups. were further synthesized via reactions at the carbonyl group of 1-(4-chlorophenethyl)-3,6-diazatricyclo[4.3.1.13,8]undecan-9-one. These derivatives expand the chemical diversity of the parent structure, introducing various functional modifications at the bridging position.

In this work, we identified two operators of type and , where is below the function and is the above the function . In this paper, the aim of it is to study and for a few unbounded functions, find the level of the most accurate approximation in the multiplier space and we obtained results.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and damage. Vitamin B12 Plays a vital role in immune function modulation and regulates inflammatory answers. This study aimed to investigated the relationship between vitamin B12 levels and immune markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
The study included 50 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 30 healthy controls .A prospective case-control study was conducted in a number of private laboratories and some outpatient clinic for the period between June and September of 2024, involving rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls. The study assessed baseline conditions, randomized patients to receive vitamin B12 supplementation or no intervention, and followed up after 4 weeks. Serum vitamin B12, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were measured and compared between the two groups.
The result of the present study shows that patients with rheumatoid arthritis had significantly lower levels of serum in vitamin B12 compared to the control group. Vitamin B12 was negatively related to the inflammatory markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Taking supplementation with vitamin B12 supplements reduced the levels of inflammatory marker in patients.
Conclusion, through the current study shows that adequate levels of vitamin B12 status may help regulate the immune response and alleviate rheumatoid arthritis symptoms by attenuating inflammation. Vitamin B12 could be a potential nutritional intervention for rheumatoid arthritis management.

Google makes use of the MapReduce programming model in order to process enormous amounts of data in an effective manner inside a distributed computing environment. Typically, it is employed for the purpose of doing distributed computing on clusters of computers. The computational processing of data is often performed on data that is stored in either a file system or a database. The MapReduce framework leverages the principle of data localization, enabling the processing of data in close proximity to the storage locations. This approach effectively mitigates the need for superfluous data transport. Recent developments in the field of big data have revealed a notable surge in the volume of data, demonstrating an exponential growth pattern. In recent years, this phenomenon has served as a source of inspiration for numerous scholars, prompting them to delve into novel avenues of inquiry within the realm of big data across various domains. The widespread appeal of large data processing platforms that make use of the MapReduce architecture is a primary factor driving the growing interest in improving the platforms' performance. The improvement of resources and job scheduling is of utmost importance as it plays a crucial role in determining whether applications can successfully meet performance objectives in various usage scenarios. The significance of scheduling in big data is significant, primarily focused on the optimization of execution time and cost associated with processing. The purpose of this research is performing an examination of scheduling in MapReduce, with a particular emphasis on two important aspects: Nomenclature as well as operational efficiency analysis.

Education is one of the basics of life. Without it, nations do not advance, sciences and scientific studies do not advance, and discoveries that contribute to the advancement of human life do not occur. The importance of this research lies in shedding light on the transformations that the educational system has witnessed as a result of the increasing use of e-learning technologies, which has affected teaching strategies and evaluation methods. The method of education that occurs directly between the instructor and the pupils is known as traditional education. Speaking in front of pupils is one of the more conventional teaching techniques. Self-learning via computers or mobile devices is known as e-learning. The most notable of e-learning's numerous advantages is that it saves time and money because it is inexpensive and allows students to access it from any location because they do not have to leave their homes or places of employment to attend classes. It offers extremely well-designed information, and students' overall academic performance may be raised by balancing and integrating the benefits of the two systems.

Differential equations are fundamental in mathematical modeling across various fields such as science, engineering, medicine, economics, astronomy, and environmental science. The theory of differential equations has evolved alongside the sciences where these equations appear, and their solutions are applied. Despite their significance, only a limited number of differential equations have analytical solutions, and even in cases where solutions exist, deriving them can be a complex process. Consequently, numerical methods play a crucial role in solving these equations, as they offer an alternative when analytical solutions are not feasible. This paper discusses the analytical methods for solving various types of differential equations, exploring their applications in diverse real-world problems such as Newton's second law of dynamics, radioactive decay, wave equations, and electrical circuits.