Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

Field experiment was conducted in the spring season of 2014 at two locations , first was in the fields of Agriculture Collage – Tikrit University and the second was in Baigie province (Al-Maleha village) to aim study the effect of three cultivars [FAO 200 (Ronaldino) –FAO 300 (zp341)-FAO 400 (zp434)] and three types of fertilization (Nitrogenous , Organic and Nitrogenous + Organic fertilization) to determine the field traits in maize (zea mays L.) by effect the cultivars with nitrogenous and organic fertilization .
Pots experiment was carried out using two factors . The first factor two types of organic fertilization : ( fertilization manure of poultry , humic acid addition to without adding treatment ). The second factor of two iron ( ferrous sulfate ) method application : ( drench application , foliar spraying in addition to without adding treatment ) on Gazania plant conducted in a lath house, Department of Horticulture and landscaping, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tikrit during the spring season 2016, designed with Complete Randomized Design with three replication. Result show the organic fertilizer cause a significant increase in vegetative characteristics, humic acid treatment gave the highest of dray weight was 5.64 gm.plant-1, treatment iron caused increase in flowering characteristics, iron spraying treatment gave highest number of flowers 5.02.plant-1 . Highest iron concentration in leaves 54.16 mg.Kg-1 to interaction treatment humic acid
and iron spraying.

Physical characteristics of five different varieties of tomato fruits were studied in order to improve design, fabricate and control tomato harvesting. The selected morphological and mechanical properties such as diameters, sphericity, surface area, volume, mass, densities, porosity, projected area and coefficient of frictions. Results showed moisture, length, width, thickness, mass, geometric mean diameter, arithmetic mean diameter, square mean diameter, equivalent mean diameter, aspect ratio, actual volume, ellipsoid volume, prolate spheroid volume, surface area, sphericity, packaging coefficient, true density, bulk density, density ratio, porosity had significant effect (P<0.05). On the other hand, results showed criteria projected area and dynamic coefficient of friction had no significant effect (P<0.05). These varieties have considerable number of attributes that required to be processed by food industries, hence and breeders for cultivation. In the current study, researchers investigated the mentioned attributes of tomatoes and then establishing a convenient reference table for tomato mechanization and processing.

Sterile seeds of Bauhinia alba L. cultured on MS media free from hormones after germination shoot tips and nodes were cultured on MS medium supplemented with Kin. at 0.0 , 2.0 , 4.0 , 6.0 , 8.0 mg/l or with BA 0.0 , 0.5 , 1.0 , 1.5 , 2.0 mg/l , data were taken after eight weeks , shoots produced in vitro cultured on MS full strength or half strength salts supplemented with IBA at 0.0 , 0.5 , 1.0 ,1.5 mg/l , data refers that multiplication of shoot tips and nodes were better when cultured on medium supplemented with BA compared with medium contained Kin. , highest shoots number 7.5 shoot/explant were obtained from cultured shoots tips of medium supplemented with1.0 mg/l BA , other wise highest shoots number 9.22 shoot/explant were achieved from cultured nodes on medium contained 1.5 mg/l BA after eight weeks , shoots produced in vitro gave highest percentage rooting 100% with average root number 10.5 root/explant and with length 12.17cm. from cultured on full strength salts MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA after four weeks , plantlets produced in vitro acclimatized in laboratory with survival 90%.

The present study was designed to find the physiological changes in male rat’s which were treated with cadmium chloride, then the extract of Sonchus oleraceus leaves was use for treatment to find its role as antioxidant . In this study used 16 male rats that divided randomly to four groups (each group consist of 4 rats), the first group was control group administrated only normal diet and water, the second group administrated with 1mg/kg cadmium chloride for four weeks, the third group administrated with 100 mg/kg leaves extract for 15 days, the fourth group administrated with 1mg/kg cadmium chloride for four weeks and then, treated with 100 mg/kg leaves extract for 15 days. The alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total protein, urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase levels were showed high significant differences (P< 0.01) in groups that administrated with cadmium chloride compared with control group, but the levels of all parameters back to normal ranges when the groups that administrated with cadmium chloride and treated with Sonchus oleraceus leaves extract. It was concluded that leaves extract has amply good effect on liver , kidneys and Oxidative Stress parameters.

The experiment was performed at Kirkuk Agriculture Directorate Nursery, during the 2015 growing season, on one year old apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cv. Labeeb saplings which grafted on apricot seedlings rootstocks . The experiment aimed to study the effect of extracts of organic fertilizers and spraying of urea on vegetative growth of saplings. One hundred and eight (108) saplings of similar growth situation selected and planted in plastic sacks of 5 kg capacity. 400 ml of seaweed extract (E1), extract of cow manure (E2), sheep manure (E3), and poultry manure (E4), added to every sapling. In addition to that, the saplings sprayed with urea 0.5% ( U1 ) and 1% ( U2 ) concentrations whereas the control treatment was sprayed with a tap water ( U0 ) . These treatments were applied three times in the growing season. The results showed that, the chicken manure extract (E4) gave the best results for leaf area (8.27 cm 2) and increasing of sapling height (29.36 cm). the foliar spray of the higher concentration of urea (U2) gave the best results in leaf area (8.29 cm 2), while the first concentration of urea (U1) gave a higher values of leaves number per plant (304.8 leaf. Plant-1 ), total leaves area of sapling ( 2411.2 cm2 ) and increasing of sapling height (30.50 cm). The interaction treatments were differed with these actives , the treatment of interaction between extract of chicken manure and lower level of urea (E4U1) gave a higher values for chlorophyll content ( 18.48 SPAD ) and the increasing of sapling height ( 37.16 cm ) , while the treatment of interaction between chicken manure extract and the higher level of urea ( E4U2 ) gave a best results in leaf area (9.46 cm 2) and total leaves area of sapling (2634.8 cm 2).

Among ten mushroom species, the local isolate ,Pleurotus ostreatus
(11L) was superior in production of endo-phytase which produce 0.66
unit/ml compare to other mushrooms ranged between 0.16 and 0.61 unit/ml.
The optimum conditions for highest phytase activity from P. ostreatus
(11L) were studied, wheat straw was the best substrate which gave highest
Biological efficiency ( BE) and phytase activity resulting in 71.07% and
0.63 unit/ml, respectively. The optimum spawn rates were 4 and 5% of the
basis substrate dry weight, resulting in 0.68 unit/ml for each rates. the
optimum temperature for fruit bodies development and phytase activity was
17ºC with highest activity which was 0.71 u/ml and decrease in phytase
activity at 21 and 23ºC which reached to 0.57 and 0.51unit/ml, respectively.
Biological efficiency of P. ostreatus (11L) and phytase activity was
increased when wheat straw supplemented with (3%) of wheat bran which
was 81.38% and 0.81unit/ml compared to71.07% and 0.63 unit/ml in
control, respectively. In addition to these conditions phytase activity
increased to 0.88 unit/ml when fruit bodies of P. ostreatus harvested at
mature stage (8 days from the pinning stage).

This study was conducted at the animal farm , department of animal production , college agriculture – Tikrit University during the period of 20/10/2012 to 20/6/2013 for selection to the statement following the trait age at sexual maturity of the brown japanese quail bird on some blood of physiological traits . 120 birds were used in this study ( 30 males and 90 females) from the parents generation and divided into three groups early (39.16 days), medium (42.57 days) and late (48.12 days) age at sexual maturity. each group divided into ten families by one male and three females per family. six birds from each group were slaughtered at the end of the production period, amounting to 70 days after placing the first egg. After the eggs hatch index compiled for several days to produce totals and sons by their hosts and also used 120 birds from one generation of sons (30 males and 90 females) , the results showed a significant decrease for group early age at sexual maturity in the trait average size of packed cell volume and average level hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells and white blood cell count compared groups middle and late age at sexual maturity .

The current study was designed to investigate the effect of Juice and Aqueous Extract of Pomegranate (Punica granatum)on Atherosclerosis that induced by adding cholesterol to the ration at a dose of (130 mg/ Kg ration). furthermore study the effect of Juice and aqueous Extract on oxidative stress that induced by using Hydrogen Peroxide at a dose of (0.05%) with drink water, Twenty eight adult rats were used in this study from male and female aged (3-5) months randomly divided in to( 7) groups (4 animals/ group) These group are The control group, H2O2 group, Pomegranate Juice and H2O2 group, pomegranate aqueous extract and H2O2 group, cholesterol group, Pomegranate Juice and cholesterol group, Pomegranate aqueous extract and cholesterol group ,measure some physiological and biochemical parameters like count of (WBCs), concentrations of (Hb),Total count of (RBCs),packed cell volume (PCV),(TC),(TG),Atherogenic indices levels in the serum of White Rats.The result Showed the treatment of H2O2 with the juice and the treatment of cholesterol with juice increased significantly( P <0.05) in the total number of W.B.C when compared to control , did not show the treatment of cholesterol with Abstract significant differences with get significant increase in WBCs in the treatment of H2O2 with the Abstract and the treatment of cholesterol with Abstract , the results showed a significant decrease (P <0.05) in RBCs and WBCs and HB and PCV in the treatment of H2O2 and the treatment of cholesterol when compared to the control , showed the treatment of cholesterol with juice increased significantly in the number of red blood cells while it did not appear the treatment of H2O2 with juicy significant differences when compared with the control , resulted in the treatment of animals with extract of pomegranate to get significant decrease in the concentration of RBCs in the treatment of H2O2 did not show the treatment of cholesterol with Abstract significant differences , showed the treatment of H2O2 with the Abstract and the treatment of cholesterol with Abstract increased significantly in the PCV when compared to the control , showed the treatment of H2O2 with the juice and the treatment of cholesterol with juice increased significantly in the size of blood cells stacked when compared to control . The results of the study for significant decrease in the concentration of total cholesterol and Alklsaredat triple in the treatment of H2O2 with the juice and the treatment of cholesterol with the juice when compared to the control , as shown by the results of the study for significant increase in the level of Altasd first , second and third in the treatment of H2O2 and the treatment of cholesterol results showed for significant decrease in Altasd level I, II and III in the treatment of H2O2 with Abstract and treatment with cholesterol extracted with additional significant decrease in the concentration of total cholesterol and triglycerides Alklsaredat treated with the extract and H2O2 treatment with cholesterol Abstract

Sixty Common carp Cyprinus carpio average weight per fish (75 ±2) g its mothers known genetic factors from tarmiya hatchery where used in this study.
Fish where fed till saturation on diet contained 1 % dry papaya seeds meal Cariea papayat and chrome oxide Cr2O3 by 1% used as a guide to measure the coefficient of digestion.
The total digestion for the control diet (50.013) %, while the experimental diet which contained papaya seeds mail has result signify p> 0.05 in digestion (83.231) % This refers to the improved performance of the digest after the addition of papaya seeds. Results indicated that the evacuation ratio (0.44, 0.26)% of the weight of dry fish in the end part of Intestines (0.69, 0.98) % in the middle part and (1.91, 2.22) % in Part the front of the gastrointestinal tract after an hour of eating the diet control and experimental diet containing papaya seeds respectively, while the food ratio after two hours (0.27, 0.72) % in the end part (1.06, 0.93) % in the middle part and (0.99, 0.86) % at the front of the control group and experimental group respectively. Fish got her top diet unloading part back of the gut rate two hours after lunch as the percentage rate of (0.72) % in the experimental treatment and continued after 4 hours to reach (0.55, 0.51) % of the control group and experimental in a row, and this refers to the discharge of fish food improved after adding papaya seeds powder.

This experiments was conducted at the poultry farm, Department of Animal Resources , University of Tikrit for the period 5 / 2 / 2014 and 28 / 5 / 2014 . The experiment was aimed to investigating the effect of using various levels of Dried Distillers Corn Grains and supplementing with the Iraqi probiotic with fermentation treatment on the productive and physiological performance of laying hens . 600 laying hens ( ISA Brown ) at the age of 22 weeks were used . hens were assigned randomly on 12 treatments two replicate for each treatments , 25 hens for each replicates . (0.0, 10, 20 and 30%) DDG added each of them Iraqi probiotic and treatment fermentation .
For outweigh the significant (P <0.05) in the relative weight of the egg whites in the total duration of the treatments added, compared with the control treatment and the presence of a significant decrease of Maameltein fourth and twelfth in the relative weight of the yolk compared with the eighth-treatment as well as the superiority of moral treatment fourth compared with the treatments and other experience in the prescription weight relative to the yolk as well as for excellence significant (P <0.05) for the fifth treatment in the form guide for the duration of the overall productivity compared with the third treatments and twelfth either in Albumin Index and yolk Index In total productivity outperformed treatments of five and seven significantly compared with the rest of the experimental treatments were seventh treatment outperformed compared with the treatments first, second, third and sixth in the unit Hugh either yolk color has excelled treatments addition DDG compared with the control treatment has increased superiority to increase the proportion of added.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels (0 , 10 , 20 , 30 , 40 , 50 % ) of corn dried distillers grains with soluble ( DDGS). A total of six hundred (39 wks old ) Isa Brown of laying hens were randomly assigned to twelve treatments each containing two replicates in each replicate twenty five hens. six treatments to add him multi enzyme ( Safizym GP 2500 ) ) B-glucanases , Xylanases , Cellulases .( Hens were fed for a 2-wk experimental period after transition feeding to corn DDGS inclusion over a 12-wk .Resulte showed that egg yolk cholesterol increased significant differences (P<0.05) in the All experimental period Compared with control groups.. Also the was significant differences (P<0.05) in the blood glucose in the second period,and third period, were Resulte indicated that No significant effect(P>0.05) in serum biochemical indexes cholesterol (All experimental period) triglyceride and calcium , after the first period . The present results show that DDGS can be successfully fed in laying hen diet without adverse effect on laying hen.

Some biological aspects (length weight relationship, condition factor ,the ratio of weight of each of digestive canal and liver to total weight and the relationship between the digestive canal length and total length) of Hamri Barbus luteus (Heckel, 1883 ) in three different environments (water storage pond, the Tigris River / Tikrit and Eastern Drain / Balad), have been studied during the period from (March to April 2013).. The growth was isometric in water storage pond and Tigris River , the growth confection (b) for the relation between length and weight were (3.036,3.093) respectively , while the growth allometric in Eastern Drain (3.194). Condition factor values in water storage pond, the Tigris River and Eastern Drain (1.283,1.234,1.333) respectively . The ratio of weight of each of digestive canal and liver to total weight for the three environments were (2.590,6.037,10.110) and (1.920,1.261,1.016) respectively. Significant correlation between total digestive canal and total length was found.

A factorial pot experiment was conducted using (RCBD) design in a silty clay loam soil to study the effect of interaction between G. mosseae , T. harzianum fungal and three levels of phosphate fertilizer (0 , 44 , 88) kg P. ha-1 on growth of maize plant and nutrients concentration in leaves.
The results showed that inoculation of mycorrihza and Trichodirma fungal separately or together were significantly increased plant height, leaf area, dry weight, percentage of N, P, K and Zn, Fe concenteration in leaves compared with no biofertilization irrespective with application of phosphate fertilizer.
The highest averages were noticed with dual application and phosphate level (44) kg P.ha-1 which caused the following (123.20 , 161.09 , 127.16 , 31.49 , 244.44 , 45.83 , 101.80 , 138.59)% compared with control treatment, and was significantly superior over phosphate fertilizer application at a rate (88) kg P.ha-1 without inoculation.

Field experiment was conducted during the season 2013-2014 in station of Agriculture college – Tikrit University to study the effect of different levels of phosphate and magnesium fertilizers on yield of wheat plant in gypsiferous soil. using RCBD design with two factors. The first was phosphate fertilizer which was added at four levels (0, 50 ,100 ,150 Kg P.ha-1) as TSP , while the second factor was magnesium fertilizer was added at three levels (0, 60, 120 Kg Mg.ha-1) as magnesium sulphate (MgSO4.7H2O). Result of this study indicated that the quantity of available – P and Mg in soil bedon sowing 4.22 and 9.92 mg.Kg-1 respectively and it was below the critical level for plant requirement. Application of P- fertilizer significantly
increase grain yield while Mg- fertilizer significantly increase grain yield only at Mg1 level (60 Kg Mg.ha-1). maximum yield was 3246.00 Kg.ha-1 at P2Mg1 treatment. The increase in grain yield was mainly due to the number of grain.ear-1 and secondly to number of ear.m-2 and weight of 100 grain.

A laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the role of soil gypsum content on soil shear strength and its relation with penetration resistance, wet B.D, porosity and void ratio. Different soil samples with different gypsum contents were prepared, So(0), S1(100), S2(200), S3(300), S4(400) and S5(500) gm.kg-1 through mixing surface soil (So) sampled from Tuwaitha site (40km south- East of Baghdad) with different levels of pure gypsum. Prepared gypsiferous soil samples were wetted by spraying of water to reach at half field capacity. and incubated for 60 days in plastic bags with continual daily mixing. After the incubation period, the soil samples were air dried, grinded and sieved through a 2mm sieve. Soil samples were packed into a standard rings to a bulk density of 1.25 Mg.m-3.Some soil physical characteristics were determined such as shear strength of soil and soil penetration resistance and wet bulk density and moisture characteristics curve at 0, 33, 100, 300, 500 and 1000 kPa, porosity and void ratio for each soil sample. The results showed that the Increasing soil moisture tension caused un increasing soil shear strength, penetration resistance and reducing of soil wet bulk density values. Increasing in gypsum content up to 200gm.kg-1 caused un increasing in soil shear strength and penetration resistance, and tends to decrease gradually next to 200gm.kg-1 gypsum content. A positive logarithmic relation was derived between soil shear strength and penetration resistance values for all soil gypsum content treatments. A negative logarithmic relation was obtained between soil shear strength and wet bulk density for all the studied moisture tensions.

A field experiment was conducted from 1/2/2014 to 1/6/2015 to assess the performance of surge flow irrigation compared with continuous flow in short furrow irrigation system under gypsiferous soils conditions. The experiment was established at research station of soil and water Resources Department, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University field of study was divided into 18 furrows length of 60 m.
The furrow with was 0.70 m and width and 0.20 m in depth and slope was 1.0 % the end. The treatments were 1: two discharges used 0.74 and 1.1 l/ sec. 2: continuous flow irrigation and 3 : surge flow irrigation with tow cycle times, 16 and 24 min. 1/4 cycle ratio was tested for the cycle time of 16 min and 1/6 for the cycle time of 24 min. The advance and recession time was monitored at 6 points along the furrows. Also, the soil moisture content was measured at three location. In each location three depths were measured, 0.0 – 0.1, 0.1 – 0.2, and 0.2 – 0.3 m at shoulder and bollom of each furrow. The water application efficiency, distribution uniformity of water deep percolation ratio and water saving were measured. The results can summarized as follows. Time of water advance to the end of the furrow was higher for continuous compared with surge flow. For continuous flow 15.5 min for 0.74 L/ sec discharge compared with 13.2 and 12.9 min for surge flow 1/4 and 1/6 cycle ratio, respectively. Whereas , for 1.1 L/sec , the advance time was 11.0 min compared with 9.3 and 9.5 min. Surge flow irrigation caused higher water saving. The amounts from 13.3 – 15.8 % depending on discharge, cycle time, cycle ratio and furrow length. Surge flow irrigation caused a significant increasing in application efficiency. It was 81 – 88 % for surge compared with 75 – 77 % for continuous for all treatments. Surge flow irrigation caused an increasing in DU. Generally it was ranged from 78 - 88 % for surge flow compared with 78 – 80 % for continuous. Also, surge flow reduce DPR. It was 14 – 19 % and 23 – 24 % for surge and continuous flow, respectively.

A field experiment was conducted to find a new system to manage tillage and phosphate fertilizer in gypsiferous soils and evaluate its effect on yield and yield components of wheat ( Triticum aestivum). The experiment was conducted using split – split plot design in three replicates, where tillage system represent the main plots, P level represent sub-plots, and method of P fertilizer application represent sub-sub plots. Two types of tillage were used, i.e. Reduced Tillage (RT) and Conventional Tillage (CT). P levels used were three (0, 48, and 96 kg P.ha-1) P1, P2, and P3 respectively. Method of P application consisted of four methods viz. broadcasting, band, single side drilling, and double side drilling (m1, m2, m3, and m4) respectively. Results showed that reduced tillage (RT) was superior over conventional tillage (CT) in all yield components (No. of spikes. m-2, No. of grain. Spike-1, No. of grain. Spikelet-1, wt. of 1000 grains, and grain yield) with values reached (282.8, 37.89, 2.98, 34.9 g, 4020 kg. ha-1) respectively, compared with (211.0, 29.0, 2.06, 28.5 g, 1858 kg. ha-1) respectively, for conventional tillage. The double side drilling (m4) was superior over other methods of application. The highest values of yield parameters were for the benefit of the triple interaction treatment (RTP3m4) which achieved 380, 44.67, 3.69, 41.0g, and 6197 kg. ha-1, for the above mentioned parameters, respectively.

The effect of two levels of guar gum and two levels of okra powder belmoschus esculents type Al_husenawyh , two levels of 0.5 - 0.75% were added . estimated moisture and ash and total dry gluten and gluten of all treatments have found that the additives had no significant impact on the values of humidity and ashes. Overall gluten values have been significantly affected and it was 28%, 27%, 28%, 23% and 23% of the coefficients A and A1, A2 and A3 and A4 respectively , and that the effect of significant reality of Dry gluten . farinograph test shows data , including the water absorption value had been increased between treatments compared to the control sample and 61.8%, 64.5%, 63.4%, 63.5% and 63.4%, respectively, and all transactions, were also affected by the maturity and values reached maturing period of 6.5 and 7, 6, 5.8 and 5.2 minutes for the coefficients a and A1, A2, A3 and A4, respectively. Values of stability / min 6.4% and 7.6% and 7.9% and 4.8% and for all treatments , respectively, have outperformed A2 treatment on the rest of the treatments . The examination of Exitensograph refers to the scattering of significantly values and lead in addition to dough guar increase while Add okra powder led to a lack of dough after added. Amylograph broad test were significant differences in the values of the maximum viscosity and the degree of heat of gelatinization for all treatments .

The aim of the study is to determine the microbial pollutants and the contaminants from heavy metals in tea samples that collected from Tikrit city markets in Iraqi. The results showed that pH of drinks black tea was when values at 4.9-4.7 while in green tea samples at 5.5-5.3, and the microbial contamination from aerobic bacteria, Staphylococci, anaerobic bacteria and fungi in a total counts from each them were as at not allowed levels depending to the European standard specifications, while the concentration of heavy metals within the permissible limits compared to the Iraqi standard specification for tea drinks.

The results of the chemical composition of an isolated protein of Germs ,breakage samples and their defatted flours showed that the percentage of moisture was 4.95 % , 5.45 % , 11.10 % and 11.30% , and the fat 0.50 % , 0.40 % , 13.00 % and 3.20 % , and the ash 4.10% , 4.40 % , 4.80 % and 2.20 % , and carbohydrates 16.45 % , 16.70 % , 42.60 % and 72.30 % , while the protein content was 74.00 % , 73.00 % , 28.50 % and 11.00 % respectively .
The study of functional properties of isolated protein of wheat germs and their defatted flours in different conditions in terms of type of solvent , pH and concentration, showed that the isolated protein samples gave the highest solubility at 0.1M sodium chloride compared with 0 and 1M , which amounted to (48.70 , 20.50 , 26.50 and 10.90) %, respectively , and highest solubility , and water absorption at pH 9 where was ( 72.20 , 58.60 , 47.50 and 35.20 ) %, and ( 2.80 , 1.60 , 1.90 and 0.80 ) ml water / g protein respectively. The results also showed un increasing of fat adsorption susceptibility of germs isolated protein samples compared to other samples which amounted to 2.1 ml oil / g protein . Results also showed that the higher foamingcapacity was at a concentration of 0.1M of sodium chloride which was (285, 80, 120 and 50) %, respectively , compared with 0 and 1.0 M, and higher stability at the same concentration which reaching ( 60.51, 25.00, 60.71 and 0 ) %, respectively, after 60 minutes of whipping process , while the higher foamingcapacity and stability of the samples at pH 9 compared with natural pH , 4 and 7 , the foaming capacity reached ( 330 , 140, 280 and 85 ) %, respectively, and stability reached ( 71.33, 25.39, 37.50 and 0 %) respectively, after one hours of whipping process , while the samples gave the highest foaming capacity and stability at 6 % sucrose compared to 2 % and 4% . The results of emulsifyingcapacity and stabilityat of 1 g of sample with 50 ml of water and 10 ml oil at different pH showed that the highest emulsifying capacity and stability of samples was at pH 9 .

The aims of this study isolation and identification of Bifidobacterium bifidus from dairy sources samples and tests the ability of inhibition effect isolates at different temperatures and pH levels against some locally isolates of pathogenic fungi species. The results was indicated that ability to isolates five species of pathogenic fungi from different sources and the identification was appear as Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus stolinfer species. The highest inhibition effect against the above mentioned fungi was shown when the temperature was at 35°C and the diameter of inhibition zone with the M. canis, T. mentagrophytes, A. fumigatus and R. stolonifer were at 25, 28, 26 and 27 mm respectively. While the effects of the pH levels was appear in a highest effects in the 5.5 levels, and the diameter of inhibition zone for above mention fungi were became at 28 , 32 , 30 and 30 mm respectively.

This study was conducted in the food science department, Faculty of Agriculture, Tikrit University in which the starch was extracted in lab from the yellow corn and wheat flour. The composition of the chemical components, moisture, protein, lipid, carbohydrate, and ash content were compared for those starch. The extracted starch were modified with a view to produce resistant starch RS using three methods which were : physical- based modification including hot plate, water bath, and autoclave, chemical-based modification including oxidation, acetylation, acid, and alcohol, and finally enzymatic-based modification using α-amylase. The physical, chemical, and microscopic characteristics were studied for both the natural and modified starch from corn and wheat in addition to the percentage of starch granules. The modification by acid showed a highest value of small starch granules in corn and wheat which were (30.6 and 19.76 %) respectively, while the modification by oxidation presented a maximum portion of large granules from corn about (88.18%) and for wheat, the modification by enzyme showed a high percentage close to (91.09 %) of large granules. Acetylation-based modification method revealed a high value for linking capability with water molecule and viscosity for corn and wheat. Moreover, the solubility and swelling values were studied for natural and modified starch granules of corn and wheat in which the modification by acid and enzyme displayed a highest solubility at 90°C while modification by oxidation revealed a maximum value of swelling for both corn and wheat. Chemical characteristics of natural and modified starch from corn and wheat were also studied by measuring amylose and amylopectin amount. Autoclave-based modification gave a maximum value of amylose for corn and wheat which were (35.52 and 32.94 %) respectively while the modification by oxidation and a cetylation showed a highest value of amylopectin among others. X-Ray diffraction (XRD) tests were implemented and displayed obvious differences in peaks and intensity of beam diffraction for natural and modified of corn and wheat.

A study of oil extraction from the secondary milling residues of rice (Rice bran) domestic rice category Mchkab -2 from producer Al-Ameer mill in the Al-Najaf, after thermally treated at a temperature of 120 ° C for 10 minutes to discourage lipases , the proportion of oil in Rice bran has reached 18.7 %. And it gave the study of some chemical properties, which included (iodine value , Acid value , peroxide value, the proportion of free fatty acid and saponification number) and the effect of heat treatment at temperatures of 150 C for Periods 1, 2 and 3 hours, respectively for oil purified through several stages included the removal of gums and then equalizer and Palace process and remove the smell, behavior similar to that of Rice bran oil with the oil samples of the comparison (sunflower and maize), as the results show for a significant decrease in the iodine number of Rice bran oil where he reached to 97, 90 and 84 after it was 103, and the rise the Acid value from 262 and reached 0.382, 0.532, 0.642 periods 1, 2 and 3 hours, respectively. The results also showed for increase in both the peroxide value, where was (1.16, 1.38, 1.50, 1.73) and free fatty acids (0.06, 0.07, 0.10, 0.12)% and saponification number (181.0, 184.0, 190.2, 196.4) for thermal treatment in periods (0 ,1, 2, 3) hours in row.

An experiment was conducted in the spring season of 2014 at two locations , first was in the fields of Agriculture collage – Tikrit university and the second was in Baigie province (Al-Maleha village) to aim study the effect of three cultivars [FAO 200 (Ronaldino) –FAO 300 (zp341)-FAO 400 (zp434)] and three types of fertilization (Nitrogenous , Organic and Nitrogenous + Organic) with three ratios moisture at harvest (32 , 28 , and 24 % ) to determined field , yield and qualitative traits with missed ratios in corn (zea mays L) by effect these cultivars and nitrogenous , organic and moisture ratios at harvest .
The cultivars and levels of nitrogenous fertilization were used as main plot , while the moisture ratios at harvest were used as sub plot , there was that all the traits which studies moisture ratios factor entered before as RCBD design with two factors , while the traits which studies after entering the factor of moisture ratios were as split in factorial plot arrangement . The results referred to that the cultivar 300 was surpassed in the two locations in single plant yield (gm.plant-1) , grain yield (ton/h.) , oil percentage (%). Also the organic fertilization was surpass in the two locations in single yield plant (gm.plant-1), grain yield (ton/h.), oil yield (ton/h.). The moisture ratio (32 %) was surpassed in the two location in the grain yield (ton/h.), single plant yield (gm.plant-1), oil yield (ton/h.). The (24 %) ratio of moisture was surpassed in oil percentage (%) for the first location

A field experiment was carried out in a sandy soil mixture. At Al – Naemea Region, Falluja City of Al –Anbar province during the spring and autumn seasons of 2013 to study the Effect of Four concentrations of zinc spraying (0,10,20,30) mg .l-1 on growth and yield of three cultivars of sorghum (Inkath ,Rabeh ,Kafeer) .Factorial arrangement was use according to R.C.B.D. with three replicates. The results showed that the cultivar Kafeer gave the highest mean for each of the plant height ,leaf area ,leaf area index, crop growth rate and 500 grain weight .While The cultivar Inkath gave the highest mean for each of the number of days from planting to 50% flowering, number of grain per head and grain yield (5.44 and 6.83) t.ha-1 for two season respectively .The concentration 30 mg .l-1 from zinc spraying gave the lowest mean of number of days from planting to 50% flowering and also gave highest mean for plant height ,leaf area ,leaf area index, number of grain per head, 500 grain weight and total grain yield (6.04 and 6.84) t.ha-1 respectively. The interaction between cultivar Kafeer and concentration 30 mg .l-1 was a significant in the number of days from planting to 50% flowering, plant height ,leaf area ,leaf area index and 500 grain weigh .While the interaction between cultivar Inkath and the same concentration gave the highest mean of total grain yield in the spring season only .

A field experiment was conducted in 2014 – 2015 season in directorate of agriculture / Kirkuk government , to estimate the allelopathy effects of wheat , corn and sunflower residues and seed rate on some growth characters of wheat plants var. Sham – 6 . 9 ton.h-1 of residues were used which added before sowing and then wheat planted by using seed rate 100 , 140 and 180 kg.h-1 . RCBD with factorial experiment was used . Leaf area , dry weight ( 30 , 60 and 90 days after emergence ) , absolute growth, net photosynthesis ( 30-60 and 60-90 days after emergence ) and crop growth rate were studied .
The results indicated that the three crops residues caused reduction in the characters values of single plant . Residues of wheat cause the highest reduction in all characters at all dates and periods , while sunflower residues have the lowest effects .Wheat residues gave the lowest values in leaf area ( 30.2 , 56.6 and 179.5 cm2 ) in the determination dates and plant dry weight ( 0.0588 and 2.179 gm ) in the first and second determination dates respectively, absolute weight ( 0.0578 gm ) for the second period and crop growth rate ( 0.0243 gm ) . The seed rate 100 kg.h-1 surpassed and gave the highest values in all characters at all dates and periods .

The study was carried out to investigate effect of Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizers on yield and yield components of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) var. lachata . Field experiment was condected during summer season 2008 , at two location using (R.C.B.D) design with three replications while the Nitrogen fertilizer added at four levels(0, 320, 400, 480 ) kg urea /h. Potassium fertilizer (0, 240 , 360 , 480 ) kg K2SO4 /h, Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizer were added in two doses ,first one at sawing and the second half after Month of seedling stage . Data obtained in this investigation indicated by fallowing:
Application of nitrogen and Potassium fertilizer resulte significant differences in yield and yield components in both locations ( number of bolls / plant , total number of bolls , mean weights of bolls , seed index , total yield of cotton seed , percentage of early ripening and net ginning except seed index in second location from Potassium fertilizers . the interaction between Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizers levels was significant in third level of nitrogen and potassium application resulted highest yield of cotton (2620, 45 and 3717,95 kg/h) in the first and second location respectively .

This study was conducted on February 2016 at lab. Conditions . This study was breeding forages mixture of barley Hordeum vulgare L. and lentil Lens culinaris in plastic plates . it dimensions was 33X24 cm for each unit . The planit periods of sprouts are ( 11 , 13 , 15 ) Days . the mixtures are 100% barley , ( 75% barley & 25% lentil ) , ( 50% barley & 50% lentil ) ,( 25% barley & 75% lentil ) , 100% lentil .
The Statistical analysis was made by complete random design
( CRD ) using spss . with three replications , while the studied characters were fresh weight of seeding and tender weight for whole vegetative seeding and total dry Wight and total dry Wight of vegetative seeding , the total High of seeding , total percentage of dry matter , Dry weight of seedlings green fodder , Mixing ratio in the percentage of protein in fresh fodder, Mixing ratio of the yield of protein . the results were as follows . There were significant differences founded in the whole studied characters .

The research aims were to identify performance gap of agriculture techniques from Agricultural Extension workers point of in Slah-Aldeen district jn general , And to identify the performance gap in following, In addition to find out its relationship with all of the following involved in the study (organizing, planning, implementation, evaluation), As well as regression relationships between performance gap and these areas.
This study included all the Extension Workers at the directorate of the cultivation of the at slah- Aldeen district, which has related with this research which equal (70) workers, taken from them a randomized sample by 75% which size from 43 Respondents. A questionnaire used as a tool for data collecting from respondents included 50 items for measuring gap of performance of the workers, reliability measured by split- half methods which is (0.84).
The result sowed that the gap of performance of those respondents was medium in general and in all the areas studed, appositive significant correlation present between performance gap in general and the areas of" organized, planning, evaluation", Planning the more effective of the performance gap, The study recommended with more Extension activities to provide workers with knowledge and skill to improved their performance.

The research had been aimed to determine the abstruseness of Extensional communication in Agricultural technological transfer in Samorria district , Also to determine the relationship's correlation between the communication's difficulty and some personal factor about Agricultural Extension staff .
A questionnaire form had been used to collect data that had contain two part , first part about personal factor as (Age , gender, Educational level , Extensional work's years , the sharing in training , attitude in Extensional work ) . The second part was containing five fields about Extensional communication difficulty. The research covered (30) Extensional staff ,which was represent all the staff in Samorria Agricultural branch .
The research had been used a lot of statistic's means like (extent ,rang, distance , Person's coefficient correlation , Superman's coefficient correlation , t - test , and others ). The result showed that the Extensional communication difficulty load was medium up lean to height , and there was incorporeal relationship correlation in two level (0.01 , 0.05 ) between the personal factor and the Extensional communication difficulty load. However, the researcher concluded when we sharing a staff in putting and executing the training program ,then the difficulty less . The results of regression analysis has shown, that the old more impact on reducing the size of the obstacles factors. The researcher commended that very necessary to traning the Extensional staff in Agricultural technology transfer and identity the economic , society circumstance when we choose the suitable technology for farmers. And assigned to senior staff elderly to transfer of modern agricultural techniques to farmers .

The research had been aimed to determine the abstruseness of Extensional communication in Agricultural technological transfer in Samorria district , Also to determine the relationship's correlation between the communication's difficulty and some personal factor about Agricultural Extension staff .
A questionnaire form had been used to collect data that had contain two part , first part about personal factor as (Age , gender, Educational level , Extensional work's years , the sharing in training , attitude in Extensional work ) . The second part was containing five fields about Extensional communication difficulty. The research covered (30) Extensional staff ,which was represent all the staff in Samorria Agricultural branch .
The research had been used a lot of statistic's means like (extent ,rang, distance , Person's coefficient correlation , Superman's coefficient correlation , t - test , and others ). The result showed that the Extensional communication difficulty load was medium up lean to height , and there was incorporeal relationship correlation in two level (0.01 , 0.05 ) between the personal factor and the Extensional communication difficulty load. However, the researcher concluded when we sharing a staff in putting and executing the training program ,then the difficulty less . The results of regression analysis has shown, that the old more impact on reducing the size of the obstacles factors. The researcher commended that very necessary to traning the Extensional staff in Agricultural technology transfer and identity the economic , society circumstance when we choose the suitable technology for farmers. And assigned to senior staff elderly to transfer of modern agricultural techniques to farmers .

Volatile Oils were extracted from floral buds were extracted of plant cloves Eugenia caruophilata and for volatile oils of leaves of the Plant Eucalyptus camaldulensis L, then separated and characterized by Gas Chromatography with Mass spectra GC/MC Twenty-four various and different compounds volatile oils of Eugenia caruophilata of were analyzed and diagnosis ,fifty four of different compounds for volatile oils of eucalyptus, the highest rate was for the compound (Eugenol) which was found with rate of %79.33,and fifty four of different compounds for volatile oils of Eucalyptus camaldulensis, the highest rate was for the compound (Eucalyptol) which was found with rate of 68.70 .
The lethal effect of oils in Mortality Callosobruchus maculatus F. adults was studied for several periods , the results clarify that the volatile oils had significant effects on insect mortality reached to (100 )% when they were used with concentration 8% after72 hours of treatment.

Three bacterial pathogen isolated from Tomato leave borer Tuta absoluta . Bacillus thuringiensis isolates at conc.(12 x10)6 bac. Cell / ml. give 90% mortality mean corrected compared with two isolates B. cereus and B. subtilisat the same conc. About ( 78. 80 %) respectively after 72 hours. From treatment . By test the efficiency of death about
B. thruingiensis isolate compared with insecticide ( supercyren) and insect growth regulator( match ) after 28 days from treatment.
Results show that B. thruingiensis isolate at conc. ( 12 x 106) bact. Cell / ml. is the best at mean 40.8 % and super cyren , Match are( 33.40, 33 .10
%) respectively. No significant different show at infected ratio of T. absoluta larvae after 28 days from treatment by B. Thuringiensis and supercyren.

Sixteen isolates of various fungal species associated with root rot disease in broad bean Vicia faba were isolated and identified from several regions in Salah Al-din governorate , in addition to 4 isolates of pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, the most severe isolate R.s.4 was selected after application of koch hypothesis on it, for study of induced resistance marker in broad bean by the isolated fungi. These markers include Pathogen Related Proteins (PRP); Peroxidase, β-1,3glucanase, Chitinase, Poly phenol oxidase and Phenyl alanine ammonia lyase. The results showed the activity of all these enzymes increased in broad bean treated with all isolated fungi in present and absence of pathogenic fungus R. solani along with three stages of plant growth, the first was after 2 weeks of seeds germination,second and third were after 2 and 4 weeks from the first stage.The maximum specific activity of peroxidase was 7.86 unit/mg protein which recorded in the third stage of plant growth that treated with Trichoderma harzianum in absence of the pathogen R.solani , while the maximum specific activity was 7.61 unit/mg protein which recorded in plants treated with A.oryzae in present of the pathogen. T.harzianum showed the maximum specific activity of β-1,3glucanase with and without the pathogen resulting in 0.881 and 0.852unit/mg protein,respectively. T.harzianum also showed the maximum specific activity of Chitinase with and without the pathogen resulting in 6.867 and 6.584unit/mg protein,respectively.the higher specific activity of Poly phenol oxidase in present of the pathogen was 1.71 unit/mg protein by plants treated with T.harzianum, in addition to the maximum specific activities of Phenyl alanine ammonia lyase were 0.191 and 0.161 unit/mg protein by plants treated with T. viride in present and absence of pathogenic fungus R. solani respectively.the results also showed that all isolated fungi reduce of infection percentage and disease severity, the significant reduction of infection and disease severity were 13.12% and 0,06 by T. harzianum .the fungi T. viride,T. harzianum,and A. oryzae in present of the pathogen lead to increase in shoot dry weight (resulting in 8.14,8.11 and 8.04g,compared to 3.68g in the pathogen alone) and root dry weight (resulting in 6.71,5.66 and 5.13g,compared to 2.02g in the pathogenR.solani alone).