journal of Basic Sciences

The research aimed to identify the level of mathematical thinking among 11th-grade students in Duhok City. The study was limited to 11th-grade science students for the academic year 2023-2024 in the schools "Hasar" for girls and "Sadiq Bahauddin" for boys, which were deliberately selected. The sample consisted of 200 students (both male and female). The researchers used the mathematical thinking test developed by Ahmed (2022), which comprises 20 multiple-choice questions. The test's face validity was confirmed, and the reliability coefficient was 0.81. The test was administered to the research sample on March 6, 2024. After applying the test and conducting statistical analysis using the SPSS program, relying on Pearson's correlation coefficient, the one-sample t-test, and the independent samples t-test, the study reached the following conclusions: the research sample did not possess a good level of mathematical thinking, and there was no significant difference between males and females in the level of mathematical thinking. In light of the results, the researchers arrived at several conclusions, including the lack of modern teaching methods and strategies. This led students to memorize mathematics rather than use their cognitive skills. The researchers also made several recommendations for educators, the most prominent of which is modern training methods to teach students basic skills in mathematical thinking. Additionally, there is a need to hold training courses and workshops for mathematics teachers to introduce them to modern teaching strategies that contribute to enhancing students' mathematical thinking. Furthermore, a set of future studies was proposed to build upon the results of this research, including the study of the level of mathematical thinking among primary school students.

The research aims to study the reality of educational services (primary and secondary schools and kindergartens) in terms of their efficiency, distribution, and the extent of urban expansion that the study area has witnessed, which requires an extensive study of educational services because of the great importance they occupy in public services, as everyone must receive this service. population equally, in a convenient and easy manner The research addressed (the reality of the educational services in the study area first, and secondly evaluated the efficiency of educational services in the city. The most important finding of the study is the inefficiency of educational services for the kindergarten stage (government). As for primary schools, there is no deficit in them through the application of The local standard is one primary school for every 2,500 people..

The reign of King George III (1760-1820) was an important stage in the progress and development of trade, as his reign witnessed many industrial and agricultural developments that contributed to the progress of trade, which constituted a major advance in improving the economic conditions in British society at that time, in addition to the emergence of a series of inventions and technical innovations that led to the growth of consumer and heavy industry products, and the most important of these inventions are spinning and weaving machines, modern machines related to mining, the use of coal, iron smelting, and the production of iron and steel, in addition to the invention of the steam engine, which provided industry with a new source of energy, as it helped advance and develop trade at that time.

The geomorphological analysis of landslide hazards along the Surdash Road in Kani Mkael Valley, Sulaymaniyah Governorate, is a vital subject aimed at understanding geomorphological dynamics and their potential impacts on infrastructure and the local community. This valley is characterized by its rugged terrain and diverse geological formations, making it prone to landslides, especially during heavy rainfall seasons. Topographical factors, steep slopes, along with soil quality and the rock properties of the cliffs, contribute to the increased likelihood of landslides. The study aims to identify the areas most vulnerable to hazards by analyzing geological layers, soil characteristics, land slope gradients, and water flow patterns.
The geomorphological analysis in this context relies on integrating geographic and climatic data, utilizing Landsat-8 satellite imagery, Digital Elevation Models (DEM), and employing remote sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) technologies to provide a comprehensive and integrated view of geomorphological risks in the region.
The study concluded that the area contains five categories of landslide hazards. The low-risk category covers 31% of the area and does not require preventive measures. The moderate-risk category covers 32% and requires improvements in water drainage and soil stabilization. The medium-risk category covers 24%, necessitating wall reinforcement and the enhancement of drainage systems. The high-risk category represents 11% of the area and calls for urgent intervention to reinforce the soil. Lastly, the very high-risk category accounts for 3%, requiring road realignment and the construction of rock barriers to protect lives and infrastructure.

The poetry of arousal is a means of expressing the various poetic purposes where the poet can show what is in his mind and presents to the recipient in different images. Through the poetry of the Renaissance, we see many poets have approached the door of enthusiasm and provoke diet and pride and then repentance and sometimes apologize and the other complaint to express their inability in the face of the great problems and we can not miss that some of the poets who organized in the mobilization was to clarify and clarify the reality of the child and the injustice of the people of the House peace be upon them and the focus of the doctrine of absence in Muslims and finally do not overlook the important aspect which poets want to mention the people of the house it Peace and misfortunes, but it is Intercession them: (Say to him Aosolkm paid only in the affection of kinship).
The most important findings of the research is the mobilization of Mr. Al-Hali's poetry, and it appears that it is full of literary arts, artistic images, and diversity of its purposes.

A careful investigation of the common linguistic studies reveals an increased interest in lexically grouped wotds, namely collocations.
However, these Arab traditional linguistic studies have not developed expectations into concrete concepts as did the Western ones. Notwithstanding these transforms, phraseology is still a fresh area in Arabic linguistics, partly due to the obstacles encountered in this area. Additionally, several subthemes of phraseology have not been conceptualized in linguistic thought. This subphraseological aspect, including proverbs, aphorisms, phrasal verbs, and collocations, raises questions on their definition, representation, and usage. This paper, therefore, investigates collocations in Arabic with a particular reference to the Quranic verses beginning with Ha-Mim. The Ha-Mim verses are a two-word verses used in several Quranic chapters. This paper, therefore, aims to examine the semantic, lexical, and syntactic roles of these letter-based verses.

The research aims to identify the contributions made by Arab geographers in the field of dictionary making. The research also aims to identify the foundations and rules on which this industry was based, and the methodologies followed by geographers in formulating their dictionaries. The research also aims to identify the most prominent features of linguistic dictionaries, and to identify the strengths and weaknesses of linguistic dictionaries. The importance of the research lies in knowing the methods used to explain meanings and the extensive information related to them from historical and geographical aspects, addressing linguistic aspects such as morphology, correct pronunciation, and supporting evidence. The research followed the approach of sources that geographers relied on in collecting the material, and the research reached many results, including:
1. Comprehensive cognitive documentation: Linguistic dictionaries provided extensive documentation of geographical locations, which contributed to enriching information about terrains, countries, and archaeological sites.
2. Stimulating geographical intellectual development: Dictionaries enabled thinkers and scientists to use precise terms, which helped develop geographical sciences significantly. 3. Diversity of lexicographic schools: Dictionaries were arranged in terms of pronunciation and meaning, which gave users flexibility in accessing geographical information according to their needs. 4. Contributions of dictionaries to other sciences: Geographic dictionaries were not only specialized in geography, but also included the historical, cultural and social aspects of the documented places, as the research recommended: 1. Encouraging a deeper study of geographical dictionaries: More research should be conducted to analyze the geographical impact of these dictionaries, which contributes to reviving this heritage. 2. Benefiting from heritage dictionaries in modern research: Contemporary researchers should integrate geographical information documented in heritage dictionaries into their contemporary research to enhance understanding of the development of geographical sciences. 3. Republishing and analyzing old geographical dictionaries: It is important to republish these dictionaries in modern ways that include explanation, analysis and classification to enhance access to them and expand their usefulness. 4. Cooperation between geographers and linguists: Cooperation between the two disciplines can lead to the extraction of new studies that combine linguistic knowledge and geographical information, which contributes to developing our understanding of heritage geography.

Tourist attractions include all the temptations that motivate tourists to participate in them Tourist trips include natural and human components, services, and facilities they are presented to tourists, which has the ability to influence the tourists decision to be attracted to those sites where these elements are present, as Dohuk Governorate has natural and human tourist attractions, It is diverse and qualifies it to become a destination for tourists, whether from within the governorate or from other governorates Neighboring Iraq governorates and ever around the world, In addition to many diverse and unique tourist attractions, whether religious, historical, natural or archaeological, as well as other tourism styles, Therefore this research aimed to shed light on the most prominent of these components in a serious attempt to reveal their role in the process of tourist attraction in the governorate, and to present many proposals that would contribute to developing and supporting the tourism movement in the governorate .
Keywords : (lngredients , Tourist attractions , Dohuk Governorate , Tourists ,Tourist facilities ) .

The study of services, their efficiency, interactions and interconnections within the regional scope is of importance to planners. The interconnected relationship in providing services between the city of Najaf and the district of Kufa is represented by the fact that it is the most connected regional scope due to the proximity of the distance and the presence of the main road, which is the axis of basic health, educational, commercial and residential services, which has witnessed development in its multiple directions and the construction of multi-directional bridges that connect Najaf to Kufa. Due to the increase in urban and regional growth and in view of the central importance of this axis in providing services to Kufa in particular and to the rest of the regions, there is a strong and reciprocal relationship between the two cities. Kufa has witnessed an accelerated migration from its agricultural region, especially from the district center and its districts, to the city of Najaf, which has economic weight that provides job opportunities and has multi-directional infrastructure. While the research problem was represented in the limited availability of services and their spatial distribution in Kufa despite its economic and religious importance, the research aims to diagnose the dimensions of Najaf's urban dominance over its two regions, especially the district of Kufa, which has reduced the efficiency of the services provided to the population and reached The research reached proposals that included the necessity of developing planning methods to enhance the ability of the development decision maker in providing services and developing the agricultural sector, considering that Kufa is an agricultural region that supplies Najaf with the products it needs, which provides an economic base for it, and through the daily work trip, the research recommends the necessity of building a database on Kufa and all its infrastructure to develop and grow it because it represents an agricultural region and a tourist and religious landmark

This study, entitled (The topics of the poem in the poetry of Al-Buhtari between influence and influence ), began with the introduction that included the introduction to the opening words that appeared in the contents of the title and mentioned the influence of the poets of the Abbasid era on the poets of previous eras and the opinions of critics in the poetry of Al-Buhtari through the topics of the poem of the Abbasid era between the old and the new , and I divided the research into three sections. In the first section, I dealt with the influence of the Italian introduction and the good transition in terms of form and meaning , and in the second section, I dealt with the description of animals and their relationship to the outlook, and in the third section, the poet's influence on the new current and the poet's innovation of new methods and his departure from the poem column using easy words, beautiful phrases and short weights influenced by the new environment and its descriptions, praising its breathtaking beauty, broad culture and many new sciences.
The research concluded with a conclusion that contains the results that it reached. It adheres to the traditions of pre-Islamic poetry in most of its topics, and this is what we note in our research and its departure from the norm.
Keywords

The aim of the research was to identify:
1-Moral self-guidance among middle school students according to the variables (males – females),Specialization: (Scientific – Literary).
2-Psychological well-being among middle school students according to the variables: gender (males – females),Specialization: (Scientific – Literary).
3-The statistical significance of the correlation between moral self-guidance and psychological well-being among middle school students according to the variables: gender (males - females), and specialization (scientific – literary).
4-The significance of differences in the correlation between moral self-guidance and psychological well-being among middle school students according to the variables: gender (males - females) and specialization (scientific – literary).
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher relied on the following:
The researcher built a scale of moral self-guidance based on previous studies and the theory of self-construction (Kelly). The scale consisted of 15 items. The psychological well-being scale from (Rkyff) was also adopted. (1089)hich consisted of 16 paragraphs distributed over four areas, namely self-acceptance, autonomy, acceptance in psychological heritage, and personal growth. The researcher applied the scales to a sample of 400 middle school students for the academic year 2024-2025, and the results were as follows
1- Do middle school students enjoy moral self-guidance?
2- Middle school students enjoy psychological well-being.
3-Ethical self-guidance is weakly associated with psychological well-being in terms of gender and specialty.
4-Ethical self-guidance is highly associated with psychological well-being.
The research concluded with a discussion of the results and the presentation of some recommendations and suggestions.

The study aimed to know (the effect of the cognitive acceleration strategy when teaching rhetoric in developing rhetorical skills among fourth-grade literary students) and in order to verify this, the researcher chose the experimental design with partial control with pre- and post-test; Because it is more suitable for his research procedures, Al-Duwali Preparatory School for Boys was intentionally chosen from among the daytime preparatory schools that include two sections for fifth-grade literary students affiliated with Al-Khalis District - Diyala Governorate, as the number of students in the sample reached (58) students, with (29) students in Section (A) which represented the experimental group, and (29) students in Section (B) which represented the control group. The researcher rewarded the students of the two research groups in a number of variables, which are: (chronological age, previous year's grades in Arabic, and the pre-rhetorical skills test). Then the researcher proceeded to control the extraneous variables, so the researcher prepared a test to measure the development of rhetorical skills. After confirming the validity and reliability of the test, he used the following statistical methods: (T-test, Chi-square, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Spearman-Brown equation, Cronbach's alpha equation, difficulty coefficient, paragraph discrimination coefficient and effectiveness of false alternatives). The researcher reached the following results: The superiority of the students of the experimental group who They studied with the cognitive acceleration strategy on the control group students who studied with the usual method in the post-test measuring the development of rhetorical skills. The researcher recommended a number of recommendations and suggested a number of proposals.

This research aims to analyze the spatial structure of agricultural crops in the Baiji district to understand the factors leading to changes in agricultural production in terms of area and yield and their impact on the spatial structure organization. The study employs a spatial analysis methodology that considers the temporal dimension of current land use and anticipates future scenarios to achieve optimal agricultural land use in line with environmental requirements and available human resources. The analysis reveals that the Baiji district possesses significant agricultural potential, including the cultivation of strategic crops and substantial livestock resources, offering opportunities for sustainable agricultural development through the utilization of unexploited lands and the enhancement of strategic crop production at political and economic levels.

One of the foundations of grammar is that structures and sentences are the essential patterns upon which these structures stand. Grammatically well-formed sentences rank these structures in logically regular sets, forms, and functions, thereby generating an infinite number of sentences, meanings, and roles in Standard Arabic. When irregular functions and forms like fronting and cleft emerge, the roles of sentence patterns and structures shift. As a result, these irregular functions and forms, like fronting and cleft, generate fresh meanings that align either grammatically or rhetorically with the spoken context. Thus, this paper aims to highlight these issues, investigate their irregular forms, and recognize their causes. In order to achieve this, the paper will analyze Quran's Al-Rahmanto identify the proposed set of irregular structures.

Isoxazolenes are a group of important heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen belonging to the azoles family which have gained great importance in the field of medicinal chemistry as anticancer agents. In this study, compounds (1-24) were synthesized to form isoxazolidine ring derivatives and evaluate their biological activity against Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas bacteria. We were able to obtain isoxazolidine derivatives (17-24) by 2,3-cycloaddition reaction by mixing equimolar moles of one of the compounds (6-9) with one of the nitron compounds (10-12) in the presence of toluene. All synthesized compounds were characterized by I.R., 1HNMR, 13CNMR.

The current research aims to know " the effect of using KUD Strategy on acquiring critical thinking skills in science among eighth-grade basic students". The researchers followed the experimental method.
The study population was composed of (1307) students at eighth-grade basic in Soran Education Directorate. and the research sample consisted of (86) students divided into two equal groups: experimental number (43) students studied using the instrumental enrichment strategy and control number (43) students studied in the usual way randomly selected for the academic year 2023/2024.
To achieve the goals of the research ، the researchers prepared a test for scientific thinking skills, and one of the results of the research was the superiority of the experimental group that was studied according to the KUD Strategy over the control group in critical thinking skills.

Rhetoric is an important tributary of Arabic literature, where the most important components, the presence of its motives, and the elements of its success since the era of prophecy, and poetry is one of the concepts with multiple definitions, critics differ in defining the concept of it, each according to his scientific conviction; and from time to tim Poetry does not concern poetry only, but also prose, as it indicates the level of the relationship of composition in the content of the text, and seeks to link the structure of language with the relationship that raises that structure in the recipient, by placing the senses in the soul, with connotations, whether grammatical, rhetorical or rhythmic, to deliver the text to the recipient in the most accurate and pompous way. The sermon of Sayyida al-Zahra (peace be upon her) came from the most complete sermons after the sermons of her father, the Messenger of Allah (may God bless him and his family and grant him peace), and tries our research tagged with (poetry in the Fadakian sermon of Sayyida al-Zahra, peace be upon her), based on the descriptive - analytical approach, proving poetry in the prose discourse of Sayyida al-Zahra (peace be upon her), and revealing the features of poetry in the text of the sermon, using rhetorical means, by tracking the semantic displacement embodied in graphic methods (metaphor, analogy and metonymy), and synthetic displacement represented by submission and delay And attention, deletion, and its goal is to investigate phenomena The results indicated that the sermon came strongly drafted, tightly built, and met her means of perfection, and several methods combined in its success, including the possession of Mrs. Zahra (peace be upon her) of the tools of the adept orator, in composing prose characterized by poetry, and in how to convince the hearers of the sincerity of her cause, and the strength of her position.

After this journey in the world of Diyarat poetry, we stand on the place and its importance in their poetry; because it exists in the imagination of the recipient, provoked by the language in light of its data and its ability to suggest, and therefore it was necessary to distinguish between the place in the external world, and the place in the poet's world; because he goes to create an independent world that he makes for himself, It represents the realistic dimension of the text, and the space in which incidents and adventures take place, which is the first element, and the important element that should be referred to when analyzing the text, and in light of this, the study ended with a set of results, the most important of which are: -
The dialogue in the poetry of Diyarat is mostly a bilateral dialogue limited to two parties: the poet and one of his companions, and sometimes the poet and his beloved. With his companions, he recalls the days of his amusement, his drinking of wine and his days of pleasure, and his dialogue with his beloved is his desire to communicate with her; because she is the woman who occupied his mind, and most of his dialogues confirm his passion, depth and sensitivity between abandonment, repulsion and meeting.
What characterizes the dialogues of Diyarat poetry are mostly short passages in which the poet records the scenes of the dialogue that took place between him and his beloved, which does not exceed one, two or three verses.
The style of the dialog appeared in two purposes, namely : Ghazal, clinging and reproach, and in a sweet, easy and clear language, far from complexity and pretentiousness, which reflects the sincerity of passion, and is consistent with the nature of the Abbasid era in which the Diyarat poets lived.
Dialogue in the poetry of al-Diyarat came in the light of dialogue with the self, and the appeals of place and time through the technique of abstraction; as he extracts from himself another person who dialogues with him, and exchanges his feelings and memories. Dialogue was unique in drawing the personality of the Diyarat poets, and their lovers as the other side of the dialog. The characterization of the verbal lexicon of the dialogue.

the basic end of the study is to know the biography of Sahbi Abdullah bin Abi Amia, a brother or peaceful wife of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) and his relatives before and after Islam.
The study was dealt with in the first topic of his name, his sisters, his sisters, his sisters, his children and his children and his life before Islam, The second chapter dealt with his conversion to Islam, what was narrated about the Prophet (peace and blessings of God be upon him), his efforts in the Islamic conquests, and his martyrdom.

Man is linked to the previous occurrence and leaked into his memory as he is linked to his soul; because they are event formulations that contributed to his creation and its creation so that the past of each individual is a formative existential state of his being; so the memory came in the pre-Islamic poem as an existential creative theme with repeated textual glimpses in most poets with a stylistic technique that is sometimes pausing, or retrospective, or proud, linked to the poet's adventures in the form of a creative, formulating, and memory ritual that is consistent with the stages of life rituals and the production of studies for the arrangements of the poem's panels, but it came in reverse to the stage of the general ritual, starting from the stage of integration, which is the conclusion of the stages of the usual ritual, to the stage of separation where all the rituals begin, repeated in the formulation of many poets if it is not absolute by virtue of the concept of retrospective memory to face everyone's acceptance; because they found in reversing the ritual of their condition through memory a realistic solution to the stage of despair and misery to be a compensatory ritual in the circle of conscious creativity.

This study examines Lady Zainab’s (peace be upon her) relentless efforts to reshape and correct the intellectual framework of the people of Kufa. She emphasized thought as the foundation for establishing a solid, healthy belief system that grants believers clear insight, proper vision, and adherence to the righteous path. Thought is, indeed, the secret behind a person’s steadfastness and journey toward perfection and the pleasure of Almighty God.
The Islamic nation experienced a major upheaval and dangerous deviations that veered it away from the divine path, undermining the supreme heavenly values, such as goodness, justice, love, and freedom. This shift instilled a culture of submission and compliance to oppressive rulers, ultimately leading to the tragedy of Karbala, marked by the martyrdom of Imam Hussein (peace be upon him) and his family.
Thus, it became essential to have a powerful and effective remedy that begins by dismantling the distorted intellectual structure, fostering awareness and awakening the conscience. This approach helps expose the magnitude of the conspiracy aimed at eradicating Islam, dividing the Islamic nation, and highlighting the imminent dangers facing the religion. It also clarifies the great loss inflicted upon Islam. In this context, the use of Quranic verses became one of the most vital reformative tools to restore the true image of Islam.

Internet addiction is considered one of the important psychological and social phenomena in which interest increased after the first scientific conference on Internet addiction was held in Switzerland, which considered this problem to be global. As the American Association indicated, there is one person out of 200 Internet users who show symptoms of addiction, and that there are People spend (38) a week or more on the Internet without working, which affects their daily functional performance, whether in the family, work, or social relationships. Children have become more at risk, as physical diseases such as arthritis and eyes, mental illnesses, depression, and the autism spectrum have increased, as well as decreased academic achievement The difficulty of paying attention and understanding is because the Internet is a double-edged sword. It is a means of entertainment, commerce, correspondence, friendship, and knowledge. It is also a means of tampering, harm, abuse, and addiction. Therefore, the two researchers decided to study this research to answer the following questions: Does the Internet affect children negatively or positively, and which is more? Is there a difference in the effect between males and females? In order to achieve the research objectives, the two researchers prepared a research tool consisting of (10) items and alternatives (always, sometimes, never), and its psychometric properties were extracted from construct validity and reliability, after applying it to the research sample of (60) children aged (6-8-10). Years: The results of the research showed that children aged (8-10) years were more addicted to the Internet than children aged (8) years There are no differences between males and females in addiction, and thus we conclude that Internet addiction has a clear and strong negative impact on children. Therefore, the two researchers recommended the necessity of determining the hours of its use by parents, and also educating parents about the health and behavioral dangers of the Internet on children. They also suggested conducting an experimental study that includes a program Awareness work to reduce the level of Internet addiction among children.

Ibrahim bin Harmah's poetry represents an extension of the cultural references that shaped his literary awareness and formulated his texts. His poetry was not merely a reflection of his linguistic ability, but rather a product of his interaction with intellectual, social, political and cultural dimensions. He was influenced by the religious reference that gave his poetry a moral and spiritual character, and he drew inspiration from the historical reference of the events of his time, which added a realistic dimension to his texts. His poems also reflected his interaction with societal issues, and expressed his positions towards the authorities in light of the prevailing political conditions. In addition, he was influenced by the Arab literary heritage in its rhetorical images, and he used symbols and myths to expand the dimensions of his texts and add intellectual and creative depth. With this combination of originality and innovation, he presented an integrated poetic experience.

Arabic sermons have many publicity features, as a type of intentional conscious and intentional cultural practice as well as an interactive communicative event. These features can be delivered explicitly or implicitly which internalize the ideologies of the speaker.
The researcher finds in the sermon of Lady Zainab (peace be upon her) a broad field for research. This sermon has the techniques, components and the mechanisms of publicity discourse. The researcher tries to study and clarify these features of publicity and reveals the effects of these features on the recipients.
The researcher tries to identify the extent of the effectiveness of publicity discourse in the communication process between the sender and the recipient. The publicity features play a central role as persuasive techniques in the discourse. The features of publicity also enrich the communicative process by their presence in the textual disclosure. The researcher investigates the presence of publicity features and determining their levels in the discourse.

God Almighty has deposited in His book the secrets of eloquence and made it an eternal message throughout time. There is no book in this existence that has received the care throughout the ages that this great book has received, nor has it been mentioned. This Quran continues to be a continuous flow of giving, and its wonders never end. Among them are the secrets and meanings deposited in its structures, which the eloquent are unable to comprehend their essence and stand on their purposes. Therefore, I wanted to delve into some of its places, through study and linguistic analysis, and to plumb the depths of its meanings and meanings, so that I may succeed in revealing some aspects of its uniqueness and signs of its miraculousness. The title of my research came as (The Structures and Their Meanings in Surat Al-Bayyinah), and I followed a plan that I began with an introduction to the study of (Surat Al-Bayyinah), and I moved to the first section: I explain the structures and their meanings in praising the revelation of the Holy Quran and its virtue, then the second section: On the structures and their meanings in denying People of the Book, and the third section: talked about the structures and their implications in the fate of the unbelievers, and the fourth section: about the structures and their implications in the fate of the believers. Then the conclusion of the research, which includes a summary and conclusion of some important lessons in the research, then a list of sources and references.

British colonialism in the late eighteenth century to the beginning of the twentieth century represented the real independence of Indian craftsmen, workers and peasants who constitute the country's economy, by exploiting the peasant and the land and controlling all its revenues with the taxes imposed from time to time on the peasants, as well as the destruction of the textile, cotton, silk and other home industries, which is one of the forms of this colonialism, in addition to the draining of wealth and its complete transfer from India to Britain, which was estimated during the period of British rule at 345 trillion dollars.
All these reasons, was deteriorate India and its economy by British imperialism as a result of the unwise spending of tax revenues imposed on the peasants. The result was the collapse of agriculture and the exhaustion of the peasant with a major failure in house products . The company emerged as a winner in profits, offset by great poverty and famine in most regions of India.

The current research aims to identify hopeful thinking among kindergarten teachers. To achieve the goal, the researcher followed the descriptive approach. The research community consisted of government kindergarten teachers. The research sample amounted to (150) teachers. The researcher used statistical methods and reached the following results: Kindergarten teachers have hopeful thinking. Teachers with other specializations, with more hopeful thinking than kindergarten. Female teachers with years of service still have fewer happy, hopeful thoughts than female teachers with years of service, and there is no difference in thinking according to the age variable.
From the previous results, the researcher reached the following recommendations and proposals: Directing all educational institutions to develop and encourage the use of hopeful thinking skills to achieve the goals they seek to achieve. Suggestion: Develop training programs to develop hopeful thinking skills among university students.

This research aims to identify the ethics of school teaching work and Arabic language teachers in the General Directorate of Education in Diyala, and its great importance in the performance and work of the teaching staff, achieving the goals of the teaching and educational process, and reaching the desired results; To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the descriptive approach with the survey method and the research community was chosen from male and female Arabic language teachers of both sexes in Diyala Governorate, amounting to
(1708). The research sample was chosen from (266) teachers of both sexes in a random manner and the researcher built a questionnaire for the purpose of collecting data, and used the bag
Statistical (SPSS) in analyzing the questionnaire data. The researcher reached a number ofresults, the most important of which are:
1. The sample's perceptions of the fields of teaching work ethics for male and female teachers of the Arabic language in the General Directorate of Diyala Education were high.
2. There are no statistically significant differences in the teaching work ethics of male and female Arabic language teachers due to the gender variable.
The study recommended:
1. The need for administration in educational institutions to adopt many concepts that reflect the ethics of teaching work in educational work in schools.
2. Enhancing the concept of teaching work ethics in schools, because of its importance in cultivating trust between them and the local community (parents of students) with whom they deal.

This Research includes the preparation and characterization of a number of dithiocarbamate complexes of amino acids with a number of transitional elements Ni (II) and non-transitional elements Zn (II), Hg (II), and the following amino acids have been used ( tyrocine, and triptophn ) the potassium dithiocarboxytoprolunate ligand (Prodtc) was prepared. Rather, the dithiocarbamate complexes were prepared directly in one container due to the difficulty of obtaining the ligands in a solid form. The complexes with the following general formulas were prepared:
1. Complexes with the formula [M(Tyrodtc)2(dpph3)], where M= Ni(II), Zn(II) ratio (2 ligand :metal: ligand) (2:1:1).
2. Complexes with the formula [M(Tryptodtc)2(dpph3)] where M= Zn(II), Hg(II) ratio (2 ligand :metal: ligand) (2:1:1).
The structural formulas of the prepared complexes have been verified by known physical methods such as molar electrical conductivity, magnetic sensitivity measurements, electronic and infrared spectra.
The measurements of the magnetic sensitivity, electronic spectra and infrared spectrum in the tetrahedral complexes showed that the flat .

The research focuses on clarifying the concept of semantic grounding (ta’seel al-dalali) according to Al-Khazin by examining the structure he adopts for this purpose. This approach aims to understand the Quranic text and interpret its terms to uncover the intended meaning. Al-Khazin incorporates morphological, syntactic, terminological, and linguistic principles in his methodology. His approach involves tracing the origin at various levels, whether in the word’s structure, composition, religious terminology, or lexicon, and then connecting it to the intended meaning within the Quranic context.
The nature of the study required dividing it into four sections based on the foundational principles it explores:
1. Morphological Origin
2. Compositional Origin
3. Terminological Origin
4. Linguistic Origin
The study concludes with several findings, the most significant being the clarity of Al-Khazin’s concept of semantic grounding in his exegesis. It highlights his focus on the idea of origin, attempting to link it to Quranic semantics by relying on linguistic origin as the primary basis for grounding meaning.

This work investigates the use of the fungus Penicillium olsonii in the biotransformation of pregnenolone. In order to look into the creation of novel steroid derivatives, pregnenolone—a crucial precursor in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones—was put through microbial transformation in a controlled environment. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used to extract and analyze the metabolites after Penicillium olsonii was incubated with pregnenolone for varied durations of time. The results revealed three main metabolites with distinct retention durations, indicating that the fungus successfully altered the structure. Penicillium olsonii may be able to produce new steroidal chemicals that have medicinal value, according to the research. This work sheds information on the steroid biotransformation process in fungi and emphasizes the function of microbes in the synthesis of bioactive substances.

Neuroimaging is a powerful tool for diagnosing neurological conditions, providing highly detailed scans of different brain tissues. It allows for the detection of abnormalities across regions such as white matter, grey matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. However, traditional unsupervised data analysis methods face challenges in achieving accurate segmentation due to various factors, including noise, outliers, and anomalies. These complexities can make it difficult to distinguish between brain tissue areas, hindering the understanding of underlying neural structures. This paper proposes robust unsupervised, semi-supervised, and ensemble learning methods to address these challenges. By leveraging sophisticated techniques such as spatial contextual information, fuzzy sets, rough sets, and semi-supervision, we enhance the linear separability of different brain tissue regions in their original feature space. These methods effectively tackle interference, anomalies, and irregularities, guiding the clustering process toward more accurate outcomes. Through the use of labelled pixels and a carefully designed policy, the clustering process is further refined, leading to more precise segmentation of brain tissues. Additionally, various unsupervised techniques are employed to reach a consensus decision, enhancing the reliability and robustness of the clustering results. The results of this study aim to significantly improve the accuracy and efficiency of brain tissue segmentation, offering better diagnostic insights. By optimizing the segmentation process, the proposed methods could pave the way for more reliable neuroimaging analysis, with potential applications in both clinical and research settings. Future advancements may further optimize these techniques through approaches like Genetic Algorithms (GA) or Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), enhancing their effectiveness and reducing temporal complexity.

Physalis angulata AH-ZE belongs to the Solanaceae (or Nightshade) family and is known to be found in tropical and subtropical regions. This plant has been identified as rich in phenolic compounds for its anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antioxidant, and anti-cancer characteristics. In this research, flavonoids and the total phenols are extracted from Physalis angulata leaves by investigating of the extraction factors represented by the type of solvent (Ethanol, Methanol, Acetone, cold water, boiling water), in 10,30,50,70, and 80 concentrations % for the first three solvents for 24–96 hour. Out of the flavonoids and total phenols extracted from ethanol with a (70 and 80) % concentration respectively, methanol (70%) was the best solvent for flavonoids and total phenols extraction, while the acetone in concentrations (80%) was the best for total flavonoids and total phenols extraction. The best extraction time that gave the highest flavonoids and total phenols was 48 hours at 37 °C.