Nasaq

Curren search targeted as follows
measure insurgency with orphans in role Athldy the Orphans
to find the differences between males and females in the measurement of psychological rebellion the orphans of the role of the state.Included the research community to orphans in the role of the state of the Department of care for people with special needs in the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs, (230) orphans and identified age sample (13-18) has identified fields two areas (rebel direct and rebellion indirect) may be a measure Besorthinitial ( 30) paragraph After the presentation of the scale on experts in psychological counseling and educational science and psychological measurement and evaluation and extraction of honesty virtual then was then extracted force discriminatory as an indicator of the indicators of sincerity construction as well as extract correlation coefficient paragraph primarily the total scale and correlation coefficient paragraph primarily college to scale and correlation coefficient domain and Then matrix links were extracted stability measure my way of testing and re-testing and Alvakrombach has been the use of correlation coefficient (Pearson) and square (Kay) and testing Altaúa to MstquSamples blatin and test (Mann-Whitney) and test Alvkronbach and testing Altaúa for one sample as a means statistically after the use of the program statistical (SPSS) was reached Search results to the following:
1- The presence of rebellion among orphans in state homes - 2- There is no difference between males and females in measuring rebellion

The current research aims to identify:
1- Personality traits prevalent among male and female teachers working with people with special needs.
2- The significance of the differences in the scores of personality traits according to the following demographic variables:
A- Gender (males, females).
B- Academic qualification (diploma - bachelor’s - master’s).
C- Job experience (service): (5 years or less, 6-10 years, 11-15, 16 years or more).
The researchers selected a random sample of (260) male and female teachers, then they built a measure of the concept of personality traits according to the views of Costa and Macri, after three personality traits were adopted according to this model.
The research revealed a number of results, the most important of which are:
1- Male and female teachers of students with disabilities do not generally have the three characteristics specified in the current research.
2- There are no significant differences in personality traits according to the gender and service variable. On the contrary, there appeared to be significant differences according to the academic qualification variable.

The research dealt with a detailed study of the harvest, the weather quality of the western margin of Fallujah, as water is one of the most important human resources for use in the region, along with surface water sources; Due to the climate changes facing the world, precipitation has become fluctuating, hence the importance of studying groundwater in order to meet the needs of the population, despite the presence of varying percentages of salts in the water. There are several factors that contribute to the increase in salt levels in groundwater, such as the rocky nature and climatic conditions. Minerals differ in their ability to dissolve in water.
To know the characteristics of groundwater, the researcher selected (5) groundwater samples, then analyzes were conducted on them in the laboratory of the College of Agriculture - Anbar University, to reveal the causes of spatial variations in the characteristics of these samples, with the influence of geographical characteristics. Therefore, we will discuss the source of water resources represented by groundwater in Region.

This study highlighted the actual experience of cataloging calligraphy in the Anbar Central University Library, the challenges it faces in this field, and the extent of its application. The basic descriptive study was used to map to what I took in calligraphy at Anbar University through the tender of calligraphy outlines in the Central Library. The study aims to create a diversity model that includes all the bibliographic information that can be relied upon in the future by university university libraries at the local and regional levels. The study recommends emphasizing the unification of manuscript indexing procedures among all central libraries in Basra for studies on designing a unified database for judicial manuscripts, which has not been achieved. Language prevents repetition.

The current research aimed to measure the level of psychological health of kindergarten teachers. The research sample consisted of (100) teachers randomly selected from kindergartens under the supervision of the Directorate of Education in Baghdad Al-Karkh II. The researcher adopted the measurement tool prepared by Sayed Youssef, and after extracting the psychometric properties of the tool, it was applied to the research sample. The research results indicated that kindergarten teachers enjoy a very good level of psychological health, and conclusions, recommendations, and proposals were reached.

The Jewish minority in Iraq is one of the important religious minorities that played a prominent role throughout the history of Iraq. The Jews had a prominent role in economic activity, as they purchased many agricultural lands and real estate. They also established many banks, companies, and commercial agencies, in Basra, Mosul, and Kirkuk, in addition to... Their control over a large proportion of export and import trade and then over a large proportion of retailers in isolated areas, in addition to their work in the field of money exchange, currency exchange, mortgages, and buying and selling bonds. The Jews in Iraq had a prominent role or effective contribution in various aspects of life in the country, especially in the field of economic activity. They also formed a homogeneous unit from an ethnic standpoint, which led to them preserving their traditions and customs and increasing their connection with the country’s population, as well as their integration into government institutions.

This study aims to monitor the manifestations of the indicative poetry of Al-Fath Al-Busti, contributions to developing the meaning and revolutionizing the connotations hidden aids in the within the poetic interior, drawing on the shared communicative and to investigate their energies of our language and our language nature of our ancient in increasing the liberating Arabic poetry, so into a simple prelude to university studies. Modern, including the style of play, which is mentioned it was transformed exclusively in the study of architecturally diverse text linguistics and the, and the norms of cooperation and communication major language units and the cases included in the distinct textual context are central to linguistic communication .

Environmental migration has become a reality that can no longer be ignored, in light of the continuous increase of displaced people who are forced to move from their homes due to worsening climate changes, which requires giving more priority to their situation, especially after the United Nations expected their numbers to double from 20 million to 50 million. million in 2010, reaching 200 million in 2050.
The factors affecting population movement and movement are natural and human factors, as we find that earthquakes, volcanoes, floods and other natural factors, while human factors are the result of human activity such as wars, conflicts, chemical and biological experiments, soil removal, cutting down of forests and other factors that necessarily lead to population movement, which It is called environmental migration or environmental refugees, and they are people who were forced to leave their original place of residence temporarily or permanently as a result of severe environmental degradation that limited their survival or had a significant impact on their quality of life. Severe environmental degradation here means any natural, chemical or biological changes that occurred normally or It was sudden and disrupted the functions of ecosystems to the point that they became unable to support human life. The researcher will analyze its causes, trends, and consequences from a population geography perspective.

The research aims to identify the effect of the democratic points strategy on the achievement of fourth literary students in the literature, texts and coordination thinking material for them, as the research sample included two groups, one of which was the experimental group and the number of its students was (35) students, the other was the control group and the number of its students was (35) A student, and by random drawing method, the two researchers chose (Al-Qahtaniya Secondary School for Boys) from the research community represented by the secondary and middle schools of the Directorate of Education in Tikrit / Dhuluiya, as the researchers adopted the experimental research approach as a method for conducting their research, which includes an independent variable (esters The democratic points (and two dependent variables) (academic achievement, coordination thinking), as the researchers chose the experimental design to adjust the research variables, and before starting applying the experiment, the researchers rewarded between the two research groups for the purpose of obtaining accurate results with the following variables: (time age calculated by months, previous achievement of students, And Raven's test of intelligence, coordination thinking test), and after conducting equivalence between the two research groups, the researchers prepared the application requirements of plans, goals and tests for the two research groups, and after completing the application of the experiment, the researchers applied their research tools to the two research groups, as the Agesan data for two sets of research, since these data were statistically processed by the test (t - test) for two independent samples showed results, the superiority of the experimental group students on the control group students according to the points of democracy strategy in academic achievement and test coordination thinking.

The goal of the current research is to get to know Imam Nursi (may God have mercy on him) In terms of learning about his life, whichh includes his birth, his family, his educational attainment, his reform project, the stages of his life, and what he called the famous Saeed and Badi’ al-Zaman, as he was no more than fourteen years old, and the old Saeed, And Saeed Al-Jadid, during his lifetime, wrote most of his books, the most prominent of which is (Risa’Il Al-Nour), with all its types and sections, whichh were translated by Professor Hishisan Qasim Al-Salhi from the Turkish language into the Arabic language. Imam Nursi (may God have mercy on him) relied In his writing of the Risala’ an-Nur on his extraordinary memory and his extraordinary memory, when he was able to digest It. From a lot of information and many books, we note that Imam Nursi (may God have mercy on him) dealt In his letters with many topics and Issues that go back In their entirety to addressing the multiple pillars of faith and aspects of human morals, and among the four basic Qur’anic objectives on which he based his deductions: monotheism, and the message ( Prophecy), resurrection, and justice with slavery. It also made man the target of goals, the goal he seeks, and the basic goal he seeks.

Sayid Kadhim Alkhudhari is one of the pulpit orators in Alsamawa city in the first half of the twentieth century. This research has found that this orator has not been under research, which is the main concern of this research to shed light on his biography and influence on oration. AlKhudhari lived in Alnasiriya and moved to Alkhudhir, Alsamawa where he got his surname after the city of Alkhudhir. He was known for his linguistic capability and knowledge, in addition to his style. He was also known for his personal traits that people admire, such as being kind, humble, a good listener, nice companion and good fellow. Such traits made him close to people and those who attend his lectures that were pulpit for guidance, wisdom and knowledge.

The current research aims to:
1-The level of environmental awareness among Geography Department students.
2-The level of sustainable development among students of the Geography Department.
3-The correlation between environmental awareness and sustainable development among students of the Geography Department.
The researcher adopted the descriptive approach in measuring environmental awareness and sustainable development among Geography Department students.
After analyzing the results statistically, the researcher concluded:
It turns out that the tabular value is smaller than the calculated value in both measures, which indicates that the research sample has a good level in (environmental awareness, sustainable development).

The the present research aims at identifying behavior adaptive -making and with social maturity priamary schools students its and you have aviolent that includes amis to identify : the level of adaptive behavior and compettion for primary school students and levela of social maturity for primary school students and relationship between behavior adaptive and social maturity among primary School studen to achieve the research amis : the behaior adaptive making consisting (20) items its final from and social maturity(20) items and after research distributed the scale( 200)primary school out of the total population (85643) individuated .the research used(spss). Used the following statistion methods.. the research arrived the folloing conclusions. 1-there is behavior adaptive - making for primary school students. 2-there is social maturity –making for primary school students. 3-the relationship between behavior adaptive and competition school social maturity conducting simila study on middle school students . it also suggested that school administration pay attention to students who have hostity and develop a spirit of among social maturity then in their interest

Throughout their history, the Canaanites formed a cohesive religious institution that began with the sky, where the gods and their assembly were, then the earth and high places, such as mountains in particular, and temples, then the priests and clerics who were mediators between the gods and people, and the Canaanite beliefs constitute the heart of ancient Levantine worship due to its specificity and the breadth of its heritage. Its spread in coastal cities in the eastern and southern Mediterranean.

The importance of the research is about the study of the water balance of the provinces of Babylon and Al-Qadisiya، using three trademarks the Cottagen equation، the Ivanov equation، the Najib Khallah equation ، and the research included data in the Hilla and Diwaniyah stations. And then the quantitative analysis of the water-climatic balance، which is one of the topics studied by various sciences، applied climatology. Despite the large number of factors affecting the water-climatic balance. One of the climatic factors is the climate، the climate، the climate، the climate، the climate، the climate، the climate، the climate ، the climate. The research relied on the descriptive and analytical approach in analyzing the data as well as the quantitative approach in applying the equations. The search for the quick cook in waterwas the most important of which the climate budget water and climate budgetis the most important estimate in determining water needs in dry and aridregions، which are characterized by irregularity in the precipitation، its fluctuation and seasonality، the study area suffers from a deficit

The aim of the current research is to determine the effect of some percentages of missing data on estimates of individuals’ ability and the difficulty parameter of items according to item response theory. To achieve this goal, the researcher followed scientific steps in the procedures for preparing the abstract visual perception test in accordance with the item response theory, and for the purpose of conducting statistical analysis of the test items. The test was applied to a sample of (500) male and female students in the fourth year of middle school. They were chosen randomly. Thus, the researcher obtained the test data through the students’ response to all test items. Loss was conducted in proportions (5%, 10%, 15%) in a way that achieved the consistency and conditions of complete random loss. After confirming the assumptions of the item response theory, the conformity of the items and individuals to the single-teacher model was examined using the analysis program (BILOG-MG v3). After that, the individuals' ability parameter, difficulty of the items, and standard errors were estimated. Then the researcher used analysis of variance for repeated measurements. The results showed that there was a statistically significant effect in the accuracy of estimating the individuals' ability parameter due to the loss percentage, with a preference for the loss percentage (5%). While it was found that there was a statistically significant effect on the accuracy of estimating the difficulty parameter of the paragraphs, attributed to the loss rate, with a preference for the loss rate (5%).

The research aims to identify:
The effectiveness of a Self-Efficacy based training program in developing Emotional creativity Among university students
The statistical sample of the research consisted of (300) male and female students from four scientific and humanities Colleges, males and females from. As for the experimental research sample, it consisted of (40) male and female students in an experimental group and (40) male and female students in a control group.
results:
The program based onSelf -Efficacy in developing Emotional creativity Among university students effective, and thus rejects the null hypothesis and accepts the alternativeThe researcher got several conclusions, recommendations, and proposals.

The current research is summed up by verifying its goal, which is to find a solution to the following question (Does the smart entrance have an impact on the academic achievement of fourth-grade students in physics?), which prompted the researchers to use the experimental method and apply the research experiment intentionally in Al-Shehab Preparatory School for Boys, and the sample was chosen randomly through paper clips. The sample consisted of 70 students, divided into 35 students for the experimental group, and 35 students for the control group after exclusion was made for the purpose of reaching parity between the two groups. The researchers prepared the achievement test as a tool for the current research, consisting of 30 items of objective, multiple-choice type questions. After subjecting the sample to the tool, it was dealt with. Statistically, using appropriate tools for their data in order to achieve the research goal, a noticeable superiority appeared in the rates of increase in the experimental group’s achievement over the control group. In light of this superiority, the researchers in the fourth chapter reached conclusions and recommendations while presenting a set of suggestions.

This research studies referral and the extent of its impact on the cohesion of the Qur’anic text, considering that the Arabic language is the language of eloquence and eloquence because it possesses the tools that enable it to be the expression of the rulings and rules that God Almighty intended. What helped highlight the effect of referral is the Arabic language that abounds in different and diverse pronouns as well as nouns. Pointing and relative nouns. The subject was divided into three sections, the first of which I studied: Referral: its concept, types, and elements. The second section was divided into two topics: In the first section, I dealt with the pronoun in terms of meaning, types, and importance, and in the second section: Pointing and relative nouns, meaning and types. As for the third section, I devoted it to explaining the referral and its effect in the Holy Qur’an, so that Surat Al-Muddathir is an applied model.
Al-Muddaththir a model for application .

This research entitled "The fluctuation of the total quantities of rainfallen and its impact on the fluctuation of the productivity of the wheat crop in the spending of two the two suffoces for the period (2014-2023)" was based on the analytical-quantitative approach to show the extent to which the fluctuation of the total quantities of rainfallen affected the productivity of the wheat crop. The focus was on extracting the total quantities of annual rain and producing the wheat crop for the period from (2014-2023), and then applying different statistical laws to link them and calculate the strength of the relationship and its morale. All this was done by adopting the Excel program, as the results were represented in different tables and graphs to know the amount of fluctuations in the amounts of rain and the productivity of the wheat crop between one year and another for the Khanaqin plant.
It was found through the study that the relationship between the total amounts of rain falling and the quantities of production of the wheat crop during the research period is a extal relationship, that is, the more the total amounts of rain, the higher the quantities of production, the wheat crop and vice versa.

The study sought to find out “the requirements for health enlightenment available in the content of the biology book for the first intermediate grade.” Its sample consisted of all topics in the book’s content, amounting to (27) lessons distributed over (9) chapters within 4 study units. To achieve the goal of the current research, the researcher prepared a tool It includes a list of requirements for health enlightenment. After reviewing the relevant literature and educational studies and research, after ensuring its validity and consistency for the purpose of ensuring the objectivity of the content analysis process, it reached its final form that includes (6) main requirements including (57) sub-requirements. The descriptive “analytical” approach was used because It satisfies the goal of the current research. After completing the analysis process and using appropriate statistical methods, the results were shown after comparing them to the percentage spoken by the arbitrators. The level of inclusion of the health enlightenment requirements was not good. Out of 59 sub-requirements, 32 requirements were neglected and were not mentioned or repeated at all, and 27 requirements were met. In small percentages, these percentages are considered educationally undesirable, and the researcher recommended the necessity of integrating the requirements for health enlightenment into the biology curricula in general, while reconsidering the content of biology for the first intermediate grade, and enriching and developing it according to the requirements for health enlightenment.

Publicity is one of the effective deliberative topics، as modern studies have had a very influential role in describing advertising as the goal of influencing the recipient، and then pushing him to adopt a certain behavior towards something، as it is a daily dimension that we use even in our ordinary speech، because of its functions that are based on communication. For what the speaker wants on the one hand، and on the other hand، to make this work public، he does it out of his desire and inclination towards it. It is close to argumentation and pragmatics، and a harmonious mixture between pragmatics and argumentation، and publicity is one of the most prominent Qur’anic methods that constitute، in its entirety، a fundamental and exoteric dimension on which the Qur’an is based. Al-Kareem in wooing people towards the new religion، and the necessity of adhering to what God has commanded، and then staying away from what he has forbidden، using methods that range between encouragement and intimidation، and social signals that are close to people’s circulation، and the research sheds light on the advertising discourse in the Meccan surahs (Surat Al-Shu’ara’). optionally; To reveal the contents of that advertising speech.

The current research aims to find out “the effectiveness of the beginning-response-evaluation strategy in science achievement among second-year intermediate students.” To verify the goal of the current research, the researcher formulated the following null hypothesis: There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average grades of the experimental group students. who studied according to the beginning-response evaluation strategy in achievement and between the average grades of the control group students who studied according to the traditional method and the same subject. The researcher adopted the experimental design with partial control for the two groups (experimental and control) with the post-test as an experimental design for this research, and in light of the experimental design she chose The researcher randomly sampled female students in the second intermediate grade from Bismaya School affiliated with the General Directorate of Education of Rusafa II, for the academic year (2023/2024), (first semester), for the purpose of applying the current research, as the research sample consisted of (50) female students who were distributed into two classes. Two studies, one of which represented an experimental group and the other a control group. Each group included (25) female students, and the equality of the two groups was conducted by researching the following variables (chronological age calculated in months, intelligence, previous knowledge, parents’ academic achievement). To conduct the experiment, the researcher identified (15) concepts within The two units (the first and second) of the science textbook prescribed for the second intermediate grade. The researcher confirmed the validity and reliability of the test, measuring its difficulty factor, the discriminatory power of its paragraphs, and the effectiveness of the incorrect alternatives, using special equations for each of them. After the end of the research experiment, the achievement test was applied to the female students of the experimental and control groups, and they were treated The data are statistically significant, and the results showed that the experimental group that studied using the start-response evaluation strategy was superior to the control group that studied the same material in the traditional method. In light of the research results, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, recommendations and proposals.

The concept of intertextuality is considered one of the vital and effective concepts in literature as one of the topics of work in all fields of literature, in addition to the fact that it is characterized by a general horizon that keeps it away from restriction. Research in the field of application of novel intertextuality found this work in a large way and within broad frameworks, as the novelist Maysloun Hadi was able to benefit from texts. Literary, humanistic and scientific theories and their use in her creative text. The research was able to monitor these intertextualities through the laws and mechanisms of intertextuality The concept of intertextuality is deeply linked to the concepts of dual culture (the culture of the creator and the culture of the recipient) through the text .

The concept of diaspora components and their deliberative connotations at their levels is part of the parts of the term: diaspora, as it has become a critical terminological concept that includes literary, artistic, aesthetic and sensory frameworks with its association with psychology in psychological transformations, which in itself constitutes a descriptive pattern of psychological self-transformations expressed by the writer, poet and artist in the embodiment of each of them for the subjectivity of diaspora and its diaspora components associated with the subjectivity of the personality, which tends towards not finding or losing oneself in replacing an environment with an environment and a society with a society and a homeland with a homeland and culture with a culture in these cases are all critical and deliberative on what we will see in this research.

Countries use information and communications technology to develop the performance of public administration in serving citizens, and have introduced modern technological means, including electronic contracts, the importance of which is reflected in the establishment of electronic administration. The contracts implemented by government agencies, as a means of exchanging and transmitting data and electronic communications, have been reflected in administrative work on the subject of administrative law, including the theory of administrative contracts. The Administrative Law has specified special rules for administrative contracts, whether they can be applied to electronic administrative contracts, and clarifies the method of resolving disputes within the framework of electronic administrative contracts. Whether arbitration is consistent with the concepts of administrative contracts and their connection to public facilities and the treatment of these issues.

The current research aims to identify the effect of the reflection strategy on the achievement of first-year intermediate students in the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education and to develop their Critical thinking. For the purpose of verifying the research objective, the researcher developed three null hypotheses, and adopted the experimental method for two equal research groups with a pre-test and a post-test for the achievement of the Islamic education subject and the pre-test. In the dimension of Critical thinking, the research sample consisted of first-year intermediate students (53) students who were distributed into two groups, one of which represented the experimental group (26) students who studied according to the reflection strategy, and the second represented the control group (27) students who studied according to the usual method. Equivalence was conducted in variables that included (chronological age, grade of the Holy Qur’an subject for the previous year, general average for the previous year, pre-test of Critical thinking, academic achievement of the parents), and the researcher prepared two research tools represented by the achievement test consisting of (25) items, and the Critical thinking test. It consists of (20) items. The validity and reliability of the two tests were extracted, and after analyzing the results statistically using the statistical package (SPSS), the results showed that the students of the experimental group outperformed the students of the control group in the achievement test and the Critical thinking test. In light of the results, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals.

The current research aims to determine the extent of the success of the “I draw” strategy in developing dictation skills in the test among female third-year primary school students. To achieve the weakness of the research, the following two hypotheses were developed:
• There is no statistically significant difference between the averages of the group of female students in the experimental group who studied the success of the “Draw It” strategy, and the average group, including the female students in the control group who took the traditional choice, in the dictation skills test, which is another final test.
• There is no statistically significant difference between the average of the cheap experiments group in the pre-test of dictation skills, and the average of the female students of the same group who studied the “I draw it” strategy in the pre-test of dictation. Skills test.
The current research population is represented by Al-Hawraa Primary School for Girls, which includes three groups (A, B, and C), which were randomly selected: Section (C), which includes (30) students to represent the experimental group, and Section (A), which includes (29) students to represent the control group. Thus, the research sample amounted to (59) female students, and the researcher conducted parity between the female students of the two groups in the following variables: - (the previous year’s grades, the parents’ academic achievement, and the pre-test). Then the researcher identified the topics that would be studied during the experiment period, and set behavioral goals. For these topics, the number of behavioral objectives reached 50, She formulated teaching plans for each of these topics, and as soon as the researcher finished the experiment, she quickly applied the post-test of dictation skills. Various statistical methods were used to deal with the data. Then the data was analyzed, and there were results, including: - There was a statistically significant difference at the significance level (0, 05) between the average scores of the students of the two research groups in the post-dictation skills test in favor of the experimental group, and based on the results, it recommended a number of proposals and recommendations.

The current research aims to identify the level of differentiated learning among a sample of male and female teachers, as well as to reveal the level of cognitive belief for the same sample, as well as to find significant differences in the variable according to gender and specialization on the sample consisting of (300) male and female teachers, as the sample was distributed proportionately according to the variables of gender and academic specialization. The researcher prepared a scale to measure differentiated learning as well as a scale for cognitive belief, and after presenting them to a committee of experts to determine the validity of the items in measuring what he set out to measure, the researcher reached the following results:
1- Male and female teachers have an average level of differentiated learning.
2-There is no statistically significant difference in differentiated learning according to the gender variable.
3-There is no statistically significant difference in differentiated learning according to the academic specialization variable.
4-Male and female teachers have a high level of cognitive belief.
5-There is a statistically significant difference in cognitive belief according to the gender variable, and it was in favor of males.
6-There is no significant difference depending on the academic specialization.

female students from the second intermediate class, who are studying social studies at the Directorate of Education, Rusafa / First. As the sample of the research was randomly chosen from the students of the Hariri Elementary School located in the Naguib Pasha region in Adhamiya, in a simple random way, two middle-class divisions were also chosen and distributed in two groups - the traditional way in experimental and taught according to the cartoon and comic method, and the control group taught according to the usual method, after the researcher conducted parity operations between the two groups in the following variables (students' chronological age, academic achievement for the previous year 2017-2018, and intelligence). In order to achieve the goal of the research, the researcher prepared an achievement test consisting of 30 paragraphs including conducting similar studies in other dependent variables, including developing creative and contemplative thinking and developing geographical concepts, as the researcher also suggested conducting other studies in variables of other levels of education for both genders.

The current research aims to study the characteristics of the topography and its slope by adopting the data of the digital elevation model (DEM) with an accuracy of 30 x 30 meters. The model was completely identical to the zinc classification with five regression classes. As for the characteristics of the surface water runoff, it was found that it has a low concentration time (3.3, 2.9, and 2.9) hours for the main Afkhana basins and the first and second basins, respectively. In the main Afkhan basin (5.8) hours, and standard in its first and second secondary basins (1.6 and 1.8) hours, respectively, and according to the order. As for the rest of the parameters related to surface water runoff, such as the base time, the ideal standard time for rainfall, the duration of runoff, the runoff volume, the runoff peak, and the runoff strength The duration of the gradual rise of the torrents and the flood coefficient all showed record results that reflected the severity criterion, as they were all formed, according to the severity criterion, a maximum risk. Thus, the surface water runoff in the Afkhan basin needs dams to block the runoff and reservoir dams, and also needs to divert and lengthen the water runoff.

This research sheds light on the impact of oil on social development in Kirkuk during the period (1937-1939 AD), considering that oil has many effects on all aspects of life, and is considered the basis for renaissance and progress at all economic, social and urban levels. The discovery of oil in Kirkuk in 1927 AD, It had a significant impact on social development in Iraq in general and Kirkuk in particular during the period (1937-1939 AD), as it was compared to other oil field cities in Iraq during that period, and this is due to the large size of its reserves, which had an impact on the population increase that Kirkuk witnessed. During the study period, which was reflected in population growth, health, education, and urbanization.
A dispute occurred between the French and British governments, after the flow of oil in huge quantities in Kirkuk, and the dispute was represented in a dispute between their subsidiaries that contribute to the Turkish Oil Company (T.P.C.)) regarding the route of the pipeline to be established; Britain and Iraq wanted the pipeline to pass through the Emirate of Transjordan to the port of Haifa in Palestine, while France wanted the pipeline to pass through one of the ports of Syria or Lebanon, which led to a delay in the start of work on establishing this line.
This dispute between Britain and France ended with the construction of two lines from (Kirkuk) to (Haditha), from which the line branches into two branches: one is northern, heading to (Tripoli), and the other is southern, heading to (Haifa). The construction work of the line continued for more than two years. It was opened for business in January 1935 AD, increasing the importance of Kirkuk and playing a role in its social development.

This research aimed to investigate the "effectiveness of teaching using POSSE Moon strategy in acquiring chemical concepts and reflective thinking among fourth intermediate grade female students." The research was guided by two null hypotheses:
1. There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who were taught according to the POSSE Moon strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who were taught according to the traditional method in acquiring chemical concepts.
2. There is no statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the mean scores of the experimental group students who were taught according to the POSSE Moon strategy and the mean scores of the control group students who were taught according to the traditional method in the post-test in the reflective thinking scale.
The research used a two-group experimental design, one group experimental and the other quasi-experimental with a post-test. The study population consisted of all fourth intermediate grade female students in the scientific branch of the intermediate and secondary schools affiliated to the Baghdad Education Directorate / Rusafa First for the academic year (2023-2024). The Al-Zahraa Girls' Secondary School was intentionally selected to represent the study sample, with a total of (82) students distributed over three academic classes (A, B, C). Two classes were randomly selected (simple randomization) (B, A) as the research sample. After excluding the failing students, the number of students in the experimental and control groups was approximately (50) students, with (25) students for the experimental group (B) who were taught according to the POSSE Moon strategy and (25) students for the control group (A) who were taught according to the traditional method. The two groups were matched in terms of intelligence, previous achievement, and previous information. The experiment was conducted in the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024). The scientific material was defined as the first chapters of the chemistry book prescribed for the fourth scientific grade T12 for the year 2023, Ministry of Education, Republic of Iraq. In the topics (basic concepts in chemistry, gases, organic chemistry) the behavioral objectives were identified, represented in the cognitive domain within the six levels of Bloom's taxonomy of the cognitive domain, and the number of behavioral objectives was approximately (150). The researcher prepared (14) lesson plans according to the POSSE Moon strategy to teach the experimental group students and their equivalent according to the traditional method to teach the control group students.
To test the validity of the two null hypotheses, the researcher prepared a test for the chemical concepts defined previously, consisting of (30) objective paragraphs of the multiple-choice type with four alternatives. A test of reflective thinking skills was also prepared, consisting of (20) objective paragraphs of the multiple-choice type. The validity and reliability of the tools were verified, and the reliability of the test was extracted using the (Kuder-Richardson 20) equation, which was (0.80), in addition to extracting the psychometric properties of the tools. The results of the study, using the t-Test for two independent samples, showed that the experimental group students who were taught according to the POSSE Moon strategy outperformed the control group students who were taught according to the traditional method in acquiring chemical concepts, as the calculated t-Test was (3.19) at the level (0.05).
The results also showed that the experimental group that was taught according to the POSSE Moon strategy outperformed the control group that was taught according to the traditional method in the achievement test and the reflective thinking scale test, as the calculated t-Test was (3.19) at the level of significance (0.05). Based on the foregoing, the researcher presented a set of recommendations and proposals.

The aim of this research is to know the attitudes of Al-Mustansiriya University students towards hidden camera programs on Arab satellite channels, and the habits, patterns and motivations of their following this type of programme. This research belongs to descriptive research, in which the researcher relied on the media survey approach for a sample of Al-Mustansiriya University students, and the researcher identified his research population. The preliminary study was conducted exclusively in the morning study by students of Al-Mustansiriya University, and a sample of (160) respondents was chosen to represent the research community according to the multi-stage sample. Among the most prominent results reached by the research are the following:
• The results showed that the majority of the sample members follow the Brahms program, with a percentage of (34.21%), followed by the Shock program in second place, with a percentage of (23.58%), and the Tony program with a percentage of (19.60%).
• The results indicated that the respondents spend an hour watching hidden camera programs, their percentage reached (72.50%), followed by (20%) for the (less than an hour) category, and then came the (one hour and more) category with a percentage of (7.50%).
• The results showed a clear tendency for the respondents towards the following cognitive component statements: (The content of the hidden camera programs contributed to flattening the viewer’s mind for me) and (The content of the hidden camera programs contributed to breaching privacy and destroying the values of society for me) and (The content of the hidden camera programs did not expand my awareness mentality about the topics he raises because he relies on useless methods of ridicule, defamation, and belittlement), meaning that the respondents support these statements with a high percentage of agreement.

This research seeks to discover (the effectiveness of the thinking aloud strategy for solving problems in science achievement among first-year intermediate students). To achieve this goal, the researcher selected (71) students from the first intermediate grade in Al-Azamaa School, which is affiliated with the Baghdad Education Directorate / Al-Rusafa II. The number of students in the experimental group was (37) and (34) in the control group. The researcher gave the students of both groups Different rewards in terms of variables. The chronological age of the students, the father’s academic achievements, the mother’s academic achievements, and their academic achievements in the previous academic year. After distributing the scientific materials, the researcher set (75) behavioral goals and developed a model teaching plan for each student. To measure the success of first-year intermediate students, the researcher created a test containing (30) test items to measure its validity and reliability, after using research tools. Statistical analysis of the results revealed the superiority of the experimental group in tests measuring achievement. The researcher also noted that the majority of literature dedicated to allowing students to be themselves is the appropriate focus. The pivotal point in the educational process that leads to the conclusion that the learner is engaged in the process is active learning. In addition, the strategy of using it in the teaching profession can enhance effective communication between teachers and students. Other than student communication, which promotes the stimulation of quantitative and qualitative thinking, it is recommended that students engage in problem-solving activities in addition to the typical classroom experience (thinking together to solve problems). Active learning strategies that focus on improving students' mental abilities.

The current research aims to find out the extent to which the science book for the sixth grade of primary school includes the international PISA dimensions, and the researcher followed the descriptive approach (content analysis), to achieve the goal of the research. The research sample was the science book for the sixth grade of primary school for the year (2022), the fifth edition, and the number of pages subject to analysis was (218) pages, distributed into (13) chapters and (6) units. The researcher also prepared a tool for his research that included (41) indicators and (8) dimensions, distributed over (3) main areas representing the international PISA structure, namely: (the field of scientific knowledge competencies, the field of problem-solving competencies, and the field of procedural knowledge contexts and their applications) After collecting the required data by the research tool and analyzing it, it was concluded that there is a clear absence of coordination regarding the dimensions of PISA in the science book; It was noticed that some dimensions were included at a very large level While other dimensions appeared in low proportions, it was also noted that the dimension of Earth and Space Systems appeared in the first place in terms of the number of iterations, which amounted to (190) iterations, with a percentage of (20%), which is higher than the percentage proposed by the experts (7%) While the field of problem-solving competencies appeared in its dimensions The number of repetitions and percentages are very close to the suggested percentage While the rest of the dimensions appeared in low proportions.

The goal of the current research is to identify awareness of religion and its relationship to psychological reassurance among students at the University of Baghdad, as the research archive included (400) students from the University of Baghdad, the second stage, and for no other purpose, the researcher adopted the measure of awareness of religion (Abu Fastni, 2021) after reviewing the studies. The precedent for its subject, as the awareness scale for the hands includes (22) items distributed over three components, which are belief (7 items), acts of worship (8) items, and transactions (7) items, and includes the psychological reassurance scale by (Aqra’, 2005), and it has been achieved. The researcher achieved the psychometric benefit of the research tool and its representation: with validity and proof. The validity was verified using two methods: apparent validity and construct validity. Reliability was sought using the Cronbach equation method and he arrived at the following.
1- University of Baghdad students have religious awareness.
2- University of Baghdad students enjoy psychological security.
3- There are differences between religious awareness and psychological security among University of Baghdad students.

The electronic "Wafa" card plays an important role in commercial transactions. Many merchants use it through ATMs available everywhere, as well as websites that display goods and collect payment through this card.
With all this good news, many problems arise in its use. Some people take advantage of it in prohibited ways, and some are subjected to plunder and robbery. Therefore, it was necessary to enact laws regulating the use of this card. These include, on the Arab level, the Jordanian Law on Transaction Systems Crimes No. 85 of 2001, Jordanian Law No. 15 of 2015, the Egyptian Law on Electronic Signatures No. 15 of 2014, and the French Monetary and Financial Code (code monetaire et financier), amended by Law No. 700 of 2018.
In Iraq, electronic payment methods are progressing slowly due to economic conditions and a lack of awareness and preparation. However, the Electronic Signature and Electronic Transactions Law No. 78 of 2012 is promising.

The study sought to achieve a prime objective of exploring the role of the artificial intelligence applications in simulating the public's trend towards commercial ads in social media from the point of view of Media College, Iraqia University students. And identify areas of use of artificial intelligence techniques in social media. In addition to, observing positive and negative effects of the use of artificial intelligence techniques in social media sites. The study was based on building its variables and interpreting its results on the theory of disseminating the ideas developed. The survey curriculum was also employed, under which a sample of 150 media students was surveyed, and the questionnaire tool was employed. So, the study found several results, including that students had emphasized their knowledge of different techniques on average, a large proportion of the researchers also indicated the extent to which social media rely on artificial intelligence techniques and a large proportion of the researchers indicated that they were targeted in digital commercial advertising. Where the artificial intelligence techniques facilitated access to the product, in addition to helping advertisers develop their work from their perspective. The researchers also confirmed that electronic ads managed to eliminate the geographical boundaries in reaching the target audience to identify areas of use of artificial intelligence techniques in social media.

Literal connotations are considered one of the poetic topics that were unique to the poet Adeeb Kamal al-Din, as he expressed them with an artistic experience. He studied the letters with their inflections and meanings within the contexts of the Arabic language and its reflections on things. Symbolism represented to him the main function whose significance he suggests, which represented the psychology of the poet, as he relied on the spiritual meanings of the letters, taking Crafts are an artistic and spiritual means. As for the connotations of colors according to the poet, some of his poems have witnessed many transformations in their construction, formations, and expressions in the architectural or plastic construction of the poem. He links poetry and painting with many connotations and visions on the technical and plastic levels. He employed color in poetry with awareness and awareness of nature by operating the element of color in his poems.

Environmental pollution means (the entry of solid, gaseous, or liquid energy or any form of energy such as heat or sound into the environment, making it unsafe to live in, or exceeding the proportions that can be absorbed by the environment, analyzed, or converted into substantive materials).
These pollutants may be either harmful substances or natural substances.
Environmental pollution is one of the serious challenges facing the world today, which requires concerted efforts to reduce its negative effects, not only on humans but on all living organisms with which humans share this planet.

Although no language is better, some impressionistic attributes, like beauty, ugliness, harshness, intelligence, prestige, etc., are assigned to particular languages. Arabic is no exception to this. Based on the researcher's experience abroad and the relevant literature on social attitudes towards languages, Arabic is often described as throaty, harsh, loud, and violent (Stevens, 2006; Mubarak et al.; W., 2017). The main issue of this paper is to examine whether 'loudness' as a negative social attitude towards Arabic has any linguistic basis or it is only a biased impression. For this purpose, a sociophonetic analysis is carried out to examine this social phenomenon in Iraqi Arabic based on the Sonority Sequencing Principle. This principle states that sounds rise in sonority as they get closer to the syllable peak and decrease as they get away from that peak (Al etal.; Y., 2013).
Methodologically, the paper follows a mixed methods research design, analyzing attested data collected from books, articles, and theses. The quantitative part of the paper examines in statistical terms whether or not the attested cases of syllable onset clusters conform to the Sonority Sequencing Principle. In this respect, the results reveal that sonority is a reliable theoretical principle for the predictability of syllable onset clusters in Iraqi Arabic. The qualitative part of the paper presents a thorough descriptive account of all the possible sonority patterns found In Iraqi Arabic, grouped into categories based on Hogg and McCully's (1987) sonority scale.

The authoritarian personality is ubiquitous in life, literature, and film. The representation of the dictator is present in almost every literary genre, but what explains the authoritarian personality’s unquestionable appeal to so many? The present paper aims at explaining this phenomenon in Taccone & Cohen’s theatrical adaptation of Sinclair Lewis’s novel It Can’t Happen Here (1935). The recent theatrical adaptation of this classic comes as a reaction to the controversial rhetoric employed by Trump’s presidential campaign of 2016 maybe to remind the public of the dangers born out of the American exceptionalism that American democracy is safe and it cannot go wrong. The paper analyses the character of Berzelius Windrip using Erich Fromm’s concepts of authoritarianism and sado-masochism to explain both the authoritarian personality’s make up and its attractiveness for part of the public opinion. In addition, Gustave Le Bon’s ideas as projected in his seminal work of crowd psychology, The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind, will be utilized to explain part of the mass’s embrace of dictatorship.

The aim of this study is to know the perceptions of English language teachers towards teaching English vocabulary for first intermediate stage students using educational songs as an educational tool. The current study is classified as a quantitative study. The study sample consisted of 30 EFL teachers from different intermediate schools in Ramadi city. Data were collected using the closed questionnaire using Google Forms. The results were analyzed using SPSS software. The questionnaire results indicated that EFL teachers’ perceptions were positive towards improving first intermediate stage students’ vocabulary learning using songs.

The turns of the encoder (speaker) and the decoder (listener) in a speech are always shifting. Once someone takes their role in the conversation and starts speaking, the person who spoke at the beginning becomes a listener and so on. This can be done by using the "turn-taking" strategy. which is an essential form of conversation management. Basically, this paper focuses on the mechanism of "turn-taking" to shed light on the relationship between listener and speaker during interactional conversations. Governing principles, governs the speech and who gets the turn to speak. Turn-taking and rules are dealt with in an analysis of human discourse. It is significant to account for the uses of discourse parts in context of typical situation, particularly, in conversations. The discourse parts such as rising and falling intonations, pauses, and loudness. Repeatedly imply the speakers inner meaning during the conversation. In the field of English language teaching and learning, this strategy is the fundamental core of English Language Teaching and English Language Learning. In the application of this strategy, for instance, gazing direction, pairs of adjacency, gestures, provide unique steps and backup for individuals to learn conversational language (English). Turn-taking is a fundamental figure in interactions, but the realizations are traditionally restricted, shift with the ages and drifted from discourse type to another. In teaching English, educators sought to be capable of helping learners to elevate interactional competence and performance: the efficiency to use different interactional sources, ie. turn-taking and how to solve interactional problems that take place during conversations misconception. Turn-taking is a high value practice for English users in general and for Iraqi learners specifically.

At the end of this research, it is possible to summarize the following points:
- Teaching aids are the educational media, devices, materials and tools that are used by the teacher in order to deliver facts and bring meanings and ideas closer to students.
- Teaching aids are a set of attitudes used by the teacher within the procedures of teaching strategies to improve the teaching process and raise the level of students in the English language.
-The educational process is through which students are exposed to school stimuli included in the school curricula, including teaching aids, which appeared in the East by a group of Arab scientists such as Al-Razi, Ibn Al-Haytham and Al-Idrisi, where they contributed to the development of new opinions, and the discovery of strange inventions, and designed accurate machines The emergence of teaching aids in the West was by Jean-Jacques Rousseau through his book "Child Education and "Emil" and the world Bestaluzzi, the pioneer of sensory education.
- Among the types of old teaching aids we find: blackboards, cards and boards, educational drawings, models, posters, textbooks, trips, educational exhibitions, maps. The types of modern teaching aids are computer, Internet, television, motion pictures and videos, school radio, audio recordings
- the importance of teaching aids in the educational process is evident in attracting the attention of students, and saving effort and time for the teacher and the learner.
- The importance of teaching aids also lies in the formation of sound concepts for students, in addition to clarifying the study material by converting theoretical speech into graphs that are easy to memorize and not forget.
- The teaching aids modify the behavior of the learner, and the formation of new trends for him.

Since its release in 1958, Chinua Achebe's novel Things Fall Apart has garnered global readership, extending beyond Africa. Additionally, it stands as one of the most exceptional literary achievements of our century.
After being published for six decades, the work has achieved a global sales figure of 20 million copies and has been translated into over 60 different languages. Things Fall Apart offers a valuable platform for examining the intricacies of Achebe's opposition to colonialism and his unique literary style, sometimes referred to as "Achebeism," within the context of African literature.
The novel's title, "The Falcon Can't Hear the Falconer, Things Are Falling Apart, and the Center Is Unprotected," has significant symbolism. "The falcon is unable to hear its falconer, there is a state of chaos and disintegration, and the central authority is vulnerable." Preservation of natural resources and protection of the environment. This paragraph explores the notion of "modernity" and its relationship to the expression of primal impulses in humans. The primal nature of modernity is also apparent in Achebe's magnum opus, Things Fall Apart. Similar to Yeats, Chinua Achebe expressed sorrow at the decline of religious belief and the tragic loss of lives among the Obi people.

Literature has always appeared in a strong connection with certain social institutions, as in primitive society we can hardly distinguish poetry from work, amusement, magic, rituals...etc., and this confirms to us that the call to direct literature as a social destination goes back to Longer periods of time than the 19th century AD, but they were just unsystematic ideas, so my attempt was to trace the stages of development of this idea, which later became an independent critical approach.
During this evolutionary historical study of this idea, several questions came to my mind about the connections of literature to a given social situation, to an economic, social, and political system, and how does society influence art? Is the writer a representative of himself, distinguished in his contributions and results from the wrongs and horrors taking place in society? Or is he merely a picker of what is happening within him and an interpreter of what is raging among his social classes? Does the writer need a social reference from which he can draw inspiration? Hence, is social reference necessary for the establishment of a form of literature?
In our research, we will try to explore the social approach in modern literature as one of the contextual approaches, based on the fact that treating literature from a social perspective is not incompatible with the distinguished personal creativity of writers, as diving into literary works is only possible within the social framework from which literature begins and turns to.

Translating literature represents a significant challenge for translators particularly, translating novels. When translation is performed between two languages with different linguistic systems and cultures, as is the case with English and Arabic , this challenge will aggravate and hinder the task of translation. Lack of translation equivalence in the target language that provides the same meaning for some lexical items in the source language is one of the many issues translators have while translating novels.
The study endeavors to tackle this problem through using componential analysis, hence forth (CA), as a tool to achieve the most appropriate rendering for such lexical items. For the sake of defining the scope of the study, the novel of Ernest Hemingway “A Farewell to Arms” has been selected as a sample study.
The study explores the domain of artificial intelligence with relation to the process of translation. (AI) which will henceforth stands for Artificial Intelligence, represents a modern field of study with contributions to various studies, be that scientific, medical, educational, etc.
The study aims at defining certain steps to analyze source language lexical items and their renderings in the target language, so translators can pinpoint the more acceptable translation methods. The study comprises a theoretical framework for (CA), translation and artificial intelligence.
The main hypothesis of the study is that there is no categorical translation equivalence in translating literary texts from English into Arabic; it also assumes that (CA) can be utilized to determine the most accurate meaning of lexical items.
To test the validity of the hypotheses, a practical chapter that tackles the analysis of 3 lexical items quoted from Hemingway's novel "Farewell to arms" has been included. The analysis is done according to Vinay and Darbelnet (1958) model which comprises several translation procedures subsumed under direct and oblique translation strategies. The study concludes that (AI) can be applied to choose the most appropriate translation version. It also concludes that Componential analysis can be used to verify the accuracy of translation.

This article examines the concepts of "discourse" and "political discourse" from the point of view of various researchers and linguists. The main linguistic features characteristic of political discourse are also presented. The term "discourse" is used in various scientific disciplines such as philosophy, linguistics, political science, anthropology, sociology, etc. However, there is no unambiguous definition of this term that unites all situations of its use today.

The phonetic transcription is actually different from the regular transcription. It's the way that shows how the transcriber pronounces a specific sound (or phoneme) by using the phonetic symbols (or alphabetic ones). And the most common is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
The phonetic transcription clarifies the words that a speaker utters as a series of sounds. Each sound has its own symbolic transcription. So that it can lead to a very sophisticated transcription text.
Through phonemic transcription, two neighboring sounds could share the same symbol if the alteration between the sounds does not change the meaning of the word. Thus, a phonemic transcription is less used than a regular phonetic ones.
Universally, Abroad transcription can be a useful to compromising between a slight transcription and an orthographic one. Though, it might not have as much information as some linguists need.
In fact, both of English and Arabic languages share many similarities and differences in terms of the phonological lexical modulations by many linguistic areas such as syntactically, morphologically, semantically and so on.

‘The Color Purple’ is referred to as a potent benchmark of modern American literature. The lives of Afro-American women living in early twentieth-century rural Georgia is depicted in this novel. It’s the first woman-authored, epistolary novel of Afro-American lives. The novel personifies the womanist views of Walker without being deteriorated to a sheer stand for ideological rhetoric/dogma. The transformative power of female rapport and love is presented in the writing. Written in 1982,the novel won the 1983 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and the National Book Award for Fiction. The censors have frequently targeted and criticized the novel due to its content. Due to the explicitly of the contents, in terms of violence, sometimes it had appeared at number seventeenth on the American Library Association (ALA) list of the most 100 frequently challenged books of from 2000 to 2009. The book was listed as the ''best loved novels'' on the BBC's The Big Read poll of the UK in 2003. The language of novel resulted in ban all over the country due to its explicit content and violence. This paper will throw a light on feminist perspective of novel.

Watching movies, especially animations, is not intended for entertainment only, but rather they represent relations, send messages, morals, traditions, legacies and ideologies to the young generations through the language used. This paper examines intergenerational legacy as represented in the animation movie Coco. Drawing on a cultural discourse analysis, the paper analyzes certain scripts selected from the movie to pinpoint how intergenerational gaps are featured in moving-pictures as a visual and mediated discourse. The scripts were analyzed using an eclectic model including Barker and Galasiński's discourse approach (2001), Carbaugh's cultural analysis (2007) and Halliday’s (2014) Transitivity system. Intergenerational legacy has always been a highly problematic issue in social and cultural domains having been related to different personal and interpersonal divergences in most modern communities. While modern families in different social settings hardly accommodate young generations to traditional norms, these young generations encounter challenges in processing these old-to-new gaps. The paper concluded that intergenerational legacy in the movie is conceptualized through the material, relational, mental, existential and verbal processes. Moreover, the use of contradictory points of views, hedges, repetitions, conjunctions frames family relations and bridge the gap between the past and the present.

Modern systems result in a number of challenges that can be considered and studied by choosing the appropriate modeling techniques, some of these techniques aim to represent behavior within what is known as process modeling, while other techniques aim to analyze and study performance quantitatively and qualitatively, which is called performance modeling. The importance of the latter is due to the increasing complexity of current systems, the difficulty of tracking performance at the source code level, and the inability to predict virtually all possible situations.
Petri networks are the most famous performance modeling techniques, which have graphical capabilities to represent the characteristics of systems as well as a mathematical representation of them. Since their innovation to the present day, these networks have shown their great capabilities in modeling, analyzing, scheduling and controlling different types of information systems, transport and communication systems, which are characterized by characteristics that possess synchronization, competition, distribution and randomness. Petri network types have varied since their inception to meet the successive evolution of systems complexity. It's often important to provide the ability to dynamically convert between models, helping to rid analysts of the need to have enough expertise for each type of model and tool. In this research, due to the importance of Petri networks, we have worked on finding solutions to problems related to their structural analyses by means of transformations to generalized random Petri networks, and we have done an opposite conversion process to take advantage of simulation capability.

George Orwell’s novel 1984 is one of his best known fiction. It has thus been abundantly studied and analyzed. Numerous issues in the novel ranging from totalitarianism and politics to psychology, language and history have critically been appreciated and addressed. Yet, there seems to be no research study that has independently but collectively addressed the dynamics and strategies of manipulation in the novel. Therefore, the current research paper aims to investigate such tactics and dynamics of manipulation in Orwell’s novel 1984. It aims to address and examine those devices and dynamics as variant and different but in a methodical and orderly manner. As such, the present study assumes that most manipulation undercurrents in the novel fall within four key categories; linguistic, historical, political and psychological. It thus proposes to study and analyze such dynamics of manipulation in accordance with the categorization within which they fall.

The present study explores contradiction as an influential concept in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter. The study aims to identify contradiction in the Puritan ideology of The Scarlet Letter, investigate how contradiction shown in The Scarlet Letter affect society and culture, and analyze contradiction with van Dijk's (2006) categories found in The Scarlet Letter. The study establishes three hypotheses concerning the aims: (1) Different categories are used to analyze contradiction in The Scarlet Letter. (2) Irony is the most category used in the analysis to create a contradiction in The Scarlet Letter (3) Contradiction is used to reveal the Puritan Ideology in The Scarlet Letter. To achieve the aims and verify these hypotheses, the study adopted van Dijk's (2006) categories to analyze contradictions in the Puritan Ideology of The Scarlet Letter. Based on the results, the study concludes that: (1) Contradiction is analyzed by using a variety of categories such as: (metaphor irony, us – them categorization, authority, and presupposition) in The Scarlet Letter. (2) Metaphor is the most category used and the most effective tool for exposing contradiction. (3) The Scarlet Letter makes heavy use of contradiction to highlight the complexity and faults of Puritan ideology.

Translation strategies were studied a lot by many researchers and theorists. Some of those theorists agree that translation strategies can be utilized by translators when they face a problem in order to avoid literal translation. Consequently, various researchers have tried to describe those translation strategies from their own point of views. Some theories are explained in this study. The basic aim of this study was to show the translation strategies and those translation strategies of Bassam Yousef's interview with Pierce Morgan.
Many translation strategies can be used when translators encounter a translation problem while translating by professional translators. There is a taxonomy for those translation theories which was created by Baker (1992) in order to assist translators if they face any kind of problems while translating.

This study aimed to investigate the challenges faced intermediate-stage teachers of the English language in Iraq when teaching English speaking and listening skills from teachers' perspective. The study participants were 32 English teachers in Al-Rassafa 3 Directorate of Education in Baghdad who were selected using the stratified random technique through the second semester of the academic year 2023/2024.
This is a descriptive survey study. A questionnaire which consisted of three domains (i.e. School/classroom-related variables, curriculum-related variables, and student-related variables) was used to collect the data for the study. Data were analysed via SPSS (i.e. Means and standard deviations and ANOVA).
The findings revealed that teachers encounter the same challenges while teaching listening and speaking skills. The finding also showed that the main challenges were (students’ lack, of motivation, learning environment, inadequacy of teaching aids and facilities, and limited teaching methods).
Based on these results, the researcher recommends that the number of students in each class should be decreased, supervisors should hold training workshops on teaching and assessing listening and speaking skills for teachers, and more facilities should be accessible to students.

The subject of this thesis is the political system of Iraq in years 2003-2015, which will be presented in three chapters describing different significant eras in the country's history. The first chapter will cover Iraq's history since its creation in 1921 until the end of Saddam Hussein's reign. The second chapter will recount Iraq's political and social situation under the American occupation. The third and last chapter will focus on years 2005-2014, particularly concentrating on the government of Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki

This study aims at investigating the effect of using problem solving technique on Iraqi EFL Learner's in developing speaking skill of the second year in Diyala University To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher adopted the experimental design. The sample consisted of (65) students divided into (33) students for experimental group and (32) students for the control one. The sample is randomly chosen from the second stage.
The researcher designed activities related to speaking topics. These activities are based on problem solving activities which are used in teaching the control one in the first term of the academic years (2020-2021). A speaking test is designed and validated to be used as a pre and past test for the two groups of the students. The data are analyzed statistically by using t-tests formula to measure the difference between the performance of the experimental group in the pre and post test.

This paper sets itself the task of investigating and analyzing the influence of William Shakespeare on the contemporary British playwrigt Edward Bond. Edward Bond’s entrance into the world of theatre was through Shakespeare. As William Shakespeare is the most influential playwright in the English language, it is no doubt that many authors in different mediums and genres are influenced by Shakespeare. This paper argues that Edward Bond’s kind of influence is unique, as it is not only one of fondness but also one of challenge. Bond does not imitate Shakespeare; instead, he uses him as a medium to say what he wants to say. The research analyzes Edward Bond’s Lear as it is put in comparison and contrast with the Shakespearean text of King Lear. The aim of this paper is to investigate the ways in which the usage of the Shakespearean text is beneficial for Edward Bond to deliver the ideas he wants his audience to pay attention to.

This research investigates the nuanced differences in the use of female language features between cisgender women and transgender women. Language serves as a powerful tool for expressing identity, and understanding how individuals from different gender identities navigate linguistic norms is crucial for promoting inclusivity and understanding. Through a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis, this study examines various linguistic aspects, including vocabulary choice, intonation patterns, speech acts, and conversational styles, to uncover distinctions and similarities in language use among cisgender and transgender women. By shedding light on these differences, the research aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of gender identity and linguistic diversity, ultimately fostering more inclusive communication practices in society. Furthermore, this research explores the social and cultural factors that may influence the language choices of cisgender and transgender women, considering aspects such as upbringing, socialization, and identity formation. By examining these factors alongside linguistic data, the study seeks to provide a holistic understanding of how gender identity intersects with language use. Additionally, implications for language education, communication strategies, and social policy are discussed, with the goal of promoting greater awareness and acceptance of linguistic diversity within gender communities. Overall, this research contributes to the growing body of literature on gender and language, offering insights into the complex relationship between identity, communication, and social dynamics.

Student-centered approaches in education recognize that students have different learning styles and preferences. These approaches emphasize the importance of individualized learning tasks that are tailored to the student's needs and interests. Self-directed learning is a popular approach within student-centered learning, particularly in language learning contexts. This study aims at finding out Iraqi EFL university students' perspectives on self-directed learning. To this end, the sample of this study consists of 100 students randomly selected fourth-year students from the English Department in the College of Education/ Ibn Rushed at Baghdad University for the academic year 2023-2024. To measure their perspectives toward self-directed learning, a questionnaire is adapted from Shen et al. (2014). The results reveal that Iraqi EFL university students are highly motivated and resilient, demonstrating a strong desire for knowledge acquisition. They connect new knowledge with personal experiences, evaluate learning outcomes, and identify learning needs. They understand their strengths and weaknesses, use appropriate strategies, and monitor progress. They are resourceful in finding and accessing learning resources, highlighting the importance of self-directed learning in language learning and the potential of these students to become effective learners.

Margaret Atwood's "The Handmaid's Tale" offers a profound exploration of feminist issues inside a dystopian framework, seriously analysing the intersectionality of oppression, the dynamics of power and resistance, and the effect of narrative strategies on portraying gender oppression. This paper delves into the roles and representations of key characters such as Offered, Serena Joy, Moira, and Aunt Lydia, highlighting their contributions to the unconventional exploration of feminist topics. Through an in-depth evaluation, they examine how Atwood utilizes first-person narration, flashbacks, and historical notes to elicit empathy and critique modern societal norms. Furthermore, the paper discusses the significant cultural impact of "The Handmaid's Tale" on famous lifestyles and its role in mobilizing discussions and activism around women's rights and reproductive freedom. The model of the novel into a TV series and its symbolic use in political protests underscore its relevance and potency as a tool for social observation and advocacy within the ongoing struggle for gender equality. The findings underscore the novel's enduring relevance and its capability to encourage reflection, discussion, and action on essential troubles of gender, autonomy, and resistance.

Climate change (Henceforth, CC) is a universal issue that demands people’s attention and immediate action. In this respect, social media language provides essential data for linguists to further examine this issue linguistically. This paper aims firstly to identify roles (actors) on climate change as a global crisis through YouTube interactions. Examining roles helps to check who is responsible for such crises according to the interlocutors’ views. Secondly, the study aims to examine how interlocutors view the climate change issue. This gives insights into how audience from different parts of the world interacts with emergent crises. The corpus is collected from the digital interactions on videos posted by BBC News and The Economist Channels on YouTube. This study focuses on the comments on six YouTube videos related to climate change and posted during (2020-2022). These videos are explanatory in nature. They present the problem and highlight major concerns. Therefore, the audience find this topic engaging, thus, they reflect their views and beliefs by leaving comments. This is achieved by both quantitative and qualitative methodology. Integrating both corpus-based study and systemic functional linguistic study aided in answering the questions of this research objectively and systematically. In sum, studying the comments of communicators on YouTube plays a vital role in understanding the views, reasons, and solutions for this crisis according to interlocutors around the globe.

Language is a multifaceted system that works as a means of communication. In order to communicate effectively, exchange ideas and emotions, every learner needs to master four skills, those skills are listening, speaking, reading and writing. They are related to each other and they considered the key abilities that allow you express your ideas correctly and precisely. Language learners faces anxiety in learning a new language which eventually affect their ability of mastering those four skills. The current study sheds the light on such problematic issue. It elucidates the notion of anxiety and its various types and how does this term utilized in language four skills and what are the sources of anxiety and whether there are any ways to cope with these sources.

Since linguistics is the scientific study of language, one of the most essential and critical ideas in contemporary linguistic studies is (Linguistic Analysis). The expression (Linguistic analysis) is used to specify some aspects of a particular language, each level is employed and used in its own techniques to enable learners and researchers to get information about one aspect and to look for another aspect, every level can be analysed and discussed with various features, i.e., in studying pronunciation we study phonetic levels and some basics of phonetics.
Societies are established by the efficiency and developing their languages, and vocalizations reflect the significant thoughts and perform everything associated with meaning exactly.

This research aims to show many issues regarding modality/mood, particularly at the subjunctive in complement clauses. It’s important to show the distinction between modality and mood in English, as no talk about mood can occur without discussing modality. Diachronically, many significant changes have undergone, mood inflections were lost, and modal verbs used instead, the fact that contemporary English belongs to ‘modal systems’ languages and not to ‘mood systems’ when it comes to grammatical means of encoding modality, also types of modality are mentioned and their manifestations in English. In addition to that, this research shads the light on the English subjunctive in the present day and number of issues were discussed related to its forms, marking, triggers, temporal references, for the present/be subjunctive which has the formulaic and mandative as subtypes, the were-past subjunctive which appears with volitive/ bouletic triggers, and the perfective subjunctive.

Violence is ancient, variant, universal, and an essential reality of human life. Violence, in poetry, reflects the poet's state of turmoil and unrest. It is the imagination against the tensions of life. Violence is an expression of a poet's interior mind stimulated by depression. This study demonstrates violence in Sylvia Plath's poems "Lady Lazarus" and "Daddy." In both poems, violence emerges as central part of the poet's life as well as death. Plath presents violence as a dimension of everyday living and as a form of communication. The violent images impressed by painful incidents and experiences appear as a reaction against oppressive modern society. It is a revolutionary violence against the confinement of self and the bondage of social conformity. In both poems, scenes of violence are conjured to perform and examine issues of identity, self-assertion, broken relationships, the meaning of womanhood or manhood, and to expose the roles of villain and victim. The purpose of this study is to examine violence, its reasons, effects, and functions in Plath's two poems. Beside the destructive nature of violence, the research tries to investigate its productive effect on the poet. In "Lady Lazarus," for example, the poet's hidden true self is reborn through the ultimate violence of death. Plath's violent images define the way she perceives her own world. Such images enable her to explore the paradox within her own fragmented self and in her cracked surroundings. Moreover, the study considers violence in Plath's poems as an instrument of creativity and maturity.

A descriptive correlation design was used in the current study conducted to determine the relationship between parenting styles and self-esteem among students at the university of kerbala, college of nursing from the period of 11th October ,2023, to 30th May, 2024 .A purposive (non-probability) sample of 240 nursing students in all academic years were selected from college of nursing at university of kerbala. The data were collected through interviews using Parental Authority Questionnaire(30 items )and Rosenberg self- esteem scale(10 items) to measure the problem statement. Data were analyzed and interpreted through use application of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version (IBM 26). The result of the present study showed that there are significant correlation between parenting styles (authoritative dimension, permissive dimension, and authoritarianism dimension) and self- esteem. The study concluded that students have moderate level of self- esteem and the study highlights a significant relationship between parenting styles and self- esteem. It means parents play a critical role in nurturing their children's self-esteem through a balance of support in their parenting approach. The study recommended preparing awareness programs through various media for parents about should be made aware of the different parenting styles and their impact on self-esteem and importance of parental styles because of its impact on their lives and jobs in the future. Understanding the significance of parenting styles can help parents make informed decisions on how to interact with their children to promote healthy self-esteem levels.

Higher education institutions bear the responsibility of cultivating human capital that can drive progress toward global sustainable development goals. When we consider development to be sustainable, it encompasses access to respectable employment, high-quality healthcare, and education for all. The utilization of natural resources is conducted with mindfulness toward pollution and the avoidance of irreversible environmental damage. Moreover, public policy choices are crafted to guarantee equality and prevent discrimination or marginalization based on disadvantages or racial biases.

This study explores the relationship between teacher morale and teacher competence by examining the correlation between the two variables and understanding how they may impact student academic success and classroom dynamics. The study explores the multifaceted nature of teacher competence, including pedagogical knowledge and fostering a positive learning environment, and contrasts it with teacher morale, encompassing job satisfaction and overall well-being. It addresses a research gap by exploring the direct correlation between teacher competence and morale and their collective impact on educational practices and student experiences and provides empirical evidence to prove the correlation between the two. The study’s methodology utilized in-depth interviews with professors of varying levels at the university to determine whether or not they believe teacher competence and teacher morale are connected while also aiming to understand their levels of morale and competence and how that appears to impact their classroom. The study aims to inform practical teacher training and support programs, ultimately enhancing educational quality. This study’s findings demonstrate a clear positive correlation between teacher morale and teacher competence and that higher teacher morale and higher teacher competence result in increased student engagement and heightened student academic success and in-class performance.

Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most prevalent kind of cancer in children and one of the main causes of mortality from illness in developed countries (1) . It is characterized by the proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells and their malignant transformation in the bone marrow, blood, and extramedullary locations (2). With an average rate of about 41 cases per million people between the ages of 0 and 14 and about 17 cases per million people between the ages of 15 and 19, leukemia accounts for the greatest number of childhood cancer cases and is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality for children in the United States (US). EVERYONE Children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia are usually treated with multi-agent consolidation that includes high-dose methotrexate and re-induction therapy after induction therapy with steroids, vincristine, and asparagine, with or without anthracycline (3).
A descriptive design study was conducted to assess the stress Level among Mother for Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia to find out the relationship between this Stress Level among Mother for Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia and their demographic characteristics like children’s( age ,education level mother , ………) . The study started from the period of 19th September 2022 to the 15th of March 2023.
A non-probability sample of 50 children with ALL are selected based on the study criterion and the mothers consent. The data were analyzed by using the IBM Statistical Package of Social Sciences Version 22. The data was collected by constructed questionnaire consist of two parts, part (1) related to mother for children with cancer’ sociodemographic characteristics; part (2) to assess stress level among parents for children with cancer. The questionnaire validity was determined through a panel of (10) experts and the reliability was determined through a pilot study. The data were analyzed by the application of descriptive and inferential statistical analysis procedures by using (SPSS version 22). The study concludes that most of the children with ALL had moderated level. It is recommendation that mother and children receive psychosocial support to help them cope with illness and its treatment. Creation of a psychosocial counseling center to promote the psychological well-being of parents of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia by providing care and lowering stress.