Psychological Science

The aim of the research is to identify emotional intelligence and its relationship to psychological stability among students of colleges at the University of Baghdad. The research problem was crystallized in the following main question: What is the relationship of emotional intelligence to psychological stability among a sample of students at the University of Baghdad? The research sample was (100) male and female students in the fourth grades of both genders (males, females) and specializations (scientific, humanities) for the academic year (2021/2022). The researcher used the descriptive analytical method
There are two scales in this research: the first to measure emotional intelligence, the scale (Abu Amsha, 2013) to measure emotional intelligence among university students, and the second to measure psychological stability, as the researcher adopted the scale (Al-Khazraji 2006), and after confirming the psychometric properties of the two scales, they were applied to the research sample and after processing the data. Through statistical means, the following results were reached, the following results were reached:
1. University students have emotional intelligence.
2. University students enjoy stability.
3. The correlation between emotional intelligence and psychological stability is positive and positive among the students of the current research.
To complement the relevant aspects of the current research, the researcher recommended a number of recommendations and proposals

The current study aimed to identify fatigue among Iraqi journalists, and the nature of fatigue according to the variables of gender (female- Male) journalists and type of work (government_private). The research sample consisted of (300) journalists from all governorates of Iraq for the current year (2023-2024). They were chosen intentionally, and a measure of fatigue was prepared to suit the Iraqi environment after reviewing previous studies. Validity and reliability were extracted, and then the measure consisting of: (16) paragraphs in its final form. The results concluded that the sample suffers from fatigue, and that female journalists are more fatigued than male journalists, in addition to that there are no statistically significant differences in fatigue according to the work variable. The researcher recommended, in light of her findings, the preparation of guidance programs for the sample to help them maintain their levels of fatigue. She suggested conducting a comparative study between Iraqi journalists and their peers in Arab countries about burnout, in addition to conducting other studies that address demographic variables and physical, social, and professional factors that may be linked to or may affect fatigue.

The current research aims to identify tolerance among displaced middle school students. It also recognizes the significance of the statistical differences in tolerance among the displaced middle school students according to the variables of sex (male-female), and the academic grade (first-second-third); To achieve that, the tolerance scale of Dunham and Neal (2002) was adopted after extracting its psychometric properties from validity and reliability. And after applying it to the research sample of (180) displaced students, half of whom are males and the other half are females, with (60) students from each class, then the data was processed statistically using several equations. including the t-test for one sample and the binary analysis of variance, through which it was reached that the students of the first and second intermediate grades have tolerance, while the third intermediate grade students do not have tolerance. The results also showed that there are no statistically significant differences in tolerance between the displaced students according to the variables of gender, grade. development, tolerance, and adolescence.

Parental motivation is considered one of the most important external motivators whose roots stem from it being the most important foundations in raising individuals, and through it he learns the standards, values and morals of his society. It works to give him all the skills he needs to face life and progress and reach what they aspire to from the highest scientific and practical levels. It has- been targeted. Current research to identify:
1. Parental motivation among professors.
2. Differences in parental motivation among professors according to the gender variable (males, females).
3. Differences in parental motivation among professors according to the achievement variable (Master’s, Doctorate).
The research sample consisted of (240) professors (male and female) and those with degrees (Master’s, PhD), who were chosen randomly. A measure of parental motivation was also prepared based on the definition of Deci and Ryan (Deci & Ryan, 2000). The number of items in the measure was (40), and then the psychometric properties were- extracted by finding the discriminatory power of each item of the scale and finding the relationship of the item to the total score of the two scales. The researcher also extracted reliability using the Cronbach’s alpha and split-half methods. The reliability value using the Cronbach’s alpha method for the parental motivation scale was (0.850), and its value was as the reliability value using the split-half method reached (0.632) and after processing the data statistically using the Statistical Portfolio for the Social Sciences (SPSS), the researcher reached the following results:
1. Professors are -characterized by parental motivation.
2. Males differ from females in parental motivation.
3. Those holding a master’s degree are- characterized by more parental motivation than those holding a doctorate.
The researcher came up with a set of recommendations and proposals

The current research aims to measure psychological burnout among primary school teachers and identify the significance of the difference according to the variables (gender (males - females) and school (governmental - private)). The research sample reached (100 male and female teachers) from four schools (2 governmental and 2 private) by 63 female teachers and 37 teachers were prepared. A tool was prepared to measure psychological burnout, with a number of (31) items. After extracting its psychometric properties and applying them to the research sample, the results showed that primary school teachers have high psychological burnout, in favor of females, and public school teachers also suffer from higher psychological burnout than female teachers. Private schools and the research came out with some recommendations and proposals..

Voluntary work is the basis for the progress of countries, because of its important role in the development of societies, solving problems, acquiring, developing and employing expertise. Because of this importance, educational institutions must be interested in employing voluntary work within them in an optimal and positive manner, through which values and skills can be instilled to build the personality of the learner in all fields. The modern view of the curriculum is not limited to the amount of information it delivers to the learners, but rather extends it to a set of experiences that the learners carry out, whether inside or outside the educational institution. This is what prompted the researchers to address this problem, which can be identified by answering the following question: What is the reality of the culture of voluntary work in educational institutions? The importance of the research is evident through many justifications for conducting the current research, and the most important of these justifications is the great importance of educational institutions that affect the student, and work to change his different behaviors and ideas and correct his behavior. His mentality is open, and his eagerness to learn everything new in order to reach the required level of development and scientific and civilizational progress in order to adapt and live with different social environments. In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researchers prepared a tool for measurement, and the standard characteristics of the tool were verified. The research sample reached (200) male and female students, and the sample was taken randomly from the First Directorate of Education of Karkh. , And after applying the search tool and analyzing the data statistically using statistical means, it was concluded that there is a weakness in the school environment that supports the culture of volunteer work in educational institutions, as the results of most of the paragraphs came in an average degree, or that educational institutions apply this to a low degree.
Based on these results, the researchers presented a set of recommendations and proposals.

The research aimed to Identifying the level professional performance and value commitment of head of department among Sulaimanya and Duhok University. and Identifying statistical differences in the level of two variables according to gender, specialization. The population of the research consisted of (173) heads of departments, the researcher prepared professional performance of (31) items using (Qadir, 2021) measurement and adopted the measure of (Sukkar, 2003) to value commitment by (30) items. Finally the researcher checked the validity and reliability of the two variables, The results showed the level of professional performance is low and level of value commitment is high among the Head of debarments, with no statistically differences at tow Variables according to gender, and specialization, with weak positive relationship between two Variables

The goal of the current research is to identify the effect of teaching the Holy Qur’an and Islamic education through the discovery learning method on the achievement of the subject by fourth-grade female students and their innovative thinking. The two researchers relied on the experimental method, using a quasi-experimental design with two control and experimental groups with two pre- and post-tests. The current population included female fourth-grade middle school students who were present. In the schools of (Al-Karkh Third Education / Al-Taji Department), the research sample consisted of two sections, one control and the other experimental. The two researchers constructed the achievement test and also adopted the innovative thinking test by (Yusri Hassan, 2004) and verified the validity and reliability of the tools used in the current research, after completing the experiment. The results showed that there was a real difference in the achievement of fourth-year middle school female students before and after teaching according to the exploration method. The results also showed that there was a real difference in the level of their innovative thinking between the experimental and control groups and in favor of the experimental group. The researchers presented a set of recommendations and proposals based on the research results to benefit from them as well. Opening new horizons for future researchers.

The study aimed to know the level of intrinsic self-evaluation among university students, determine their level of psychological stress, and find the relationship between intrinsic self-evaluation and psychological stress among university students. The research sample consisted of (324) male and female students from Tikrit University. The intrinsic self-evaluation scale prepared by Saeed (2018) and the psychological stress scale by Taha (2022) were applied. The results showed a moderate level of intrinsic self-evaluation and a high level of psychological stress among university students. It also showed a negative correlation between intrinsic self-evaluation and psychological stress. Among university students. Accordingly, the researcher recommended the need to prepare students psychologically and socially to interact with different new environments, and to help them with the ability to adapt and make them more receptive. Holding seminars and discussions for students to introduce the university system and life and make students able to adapt to university life. Developing the characteristics of social participation and understanding individual differences among students to develop their comprehensive self-acceptance.

The current research aimed to identify knowledge management among deans of private colleges in Baghdad Governorate from the point of view of department heads. The research sample consisted of (40) department heads who were chosen by a stratified random method. For this purpose, the researcher prepared a knowledge management scale that consisted of (32) items in its final form. After establishing the validity and reliability of the knowledge management scale, the scale was applied to the research sample, using statistical methods (reference mean - percentage weight
The researcher reached the results through the current research that the deans of private colleges possess great administrative knowledge, and it is also evident from the results that they have potential in the work that they do, and this is a result of their knowledge and awareness of the importance of their work and the importance of the job that they perform, which is managing the college, and the prestigious social status they enjoy. They are respected in society and this generates their desire to work and their love and dedication to their work

The research attempts to reveal the mask technology and the mechanism of its use in media disinformation within social networking sites, by describing two forms of masks used in those sites, as it deals with the subject through two sections. In the first topic, he dealt with the religious mask and the effectiveness of media disinformation and concealment of the user's personality, in which he highlighted the exploitation of the religious text as a means of media to mislead the recipient through the adoption of false information in which it depends on the employment of myth and legend to attract people towards the importance of the topic. In the second topic, it dealt with the educational mask and the targeting strategy, which depends on media disinformation by showing the user's personality, and the use of images that refer to the personality or names that refer to the job, capacity or nickname.

Individuals in different stages of life face many difficulties in general. The quarter-life crisis is one of these developmental difficulties for individuals in their twenties and mid-thirties. There are challenges facing these groups at the time of their transition to adulthood, if many studies confirm that a large percentage of them are going through this crisis between the ages of (25-35) years, which includes the fields of employment, marriage and family, which are affected by factors such as perceived happiness, perceived difficulties and other variables, which are considered as important indicators At this stage, and through the quarter-life crisis, individuals may feel a kind of negative exaltation of the difficulties of life as a result of not having what they deserve. Exaltation is an essential element in a number of theoretical methods to explain human behavior.
The current research aimed to identify the quarter-life crisis and veneration among employees, as well as to identify the significance of the differences in the quarter-life crisis and veneration according to the variable of marital status and academic achievement of the research sample.
The current research was determined by a number of employees of the Iraqi state ministries for the year (2022-2023) and with regard to the theoretical framework, the researcher adopted Robinson\'s view of the quarter-life crisis, as well as Schwartz\'s behaviors of veneration as a theoretical framework for the research.
The research was applied on a sample consisting of (150) employees who were chosen by the random stratified method. For the purpose of achieving the research objectives, the researcher adopted the Robinson scale, where the researcher translated the scale, which in its final form consists of (19) items, and the reliability coefficient of the scale reached (0.71) in The Wackeronbach equation As for the veneration behavior scale, the researcher translated the scale, which consists in its final form of (13) items distributed over two domains. The stability coefficient for the behaviors of veneration was (0.75) in the Vakronbach equation
After using the appropriate statistical methods, the following results were reached
1. The research sample has a quarter-life crisis in a medium degree
2. The research sample has exalted behaviors to a moderate degree
The research came out with a number of recommendations
- The researchers recommend the necessity of securing the future of young people after graduation from the university by providing them with job opportunities or training them to perform specific freelance jobs and open small projects.
- Conducting awareness seminars about extremism in the situation of searching for urine, especially on social media, and avoiding comparisons with others, as this affects the psychological state and generates frustration and despair.
It is proposals
- A study of the quarter-life crisis with income
- Studying the behavior of veneration with job stability

The current research aims to find out (The Effect of Using Numbered Heads Strategy in Developing The Cognitive Motivation of Sixth-Grade Students of Basic School in The Science Subject For All).
The researcher adopted an experimental design, and the research sample consisted of (56) sixth-grade students in Besha Mixed Basic School in the center of Erbil Governorate for the academic year (2022-2023) and was randomly selected into two groups, experimental and control. After that, the researcher divided the students into two equal groups in a number of Variables (achievement score for the previous grade in science for all, chronological age, intelligence quotient, parents’ level of education).
As for the research tool, it is (development of cognitive motivation), The researcher relied on the scale (Rashid, 2015), which consists of (30) items , after making the changes. The researcher also found an alternative standard with a score of 81%, and its reliability was confirmed by retesting, and the reliability coefficient reached 83%. The scale in its final form consisted of (30) items with five alternatives. The researcher prepared (48) teaching plans, with (24) plans based on the numbered heads strategy, and similarly in the usual way. The experiment began on 15/10/2022, and ended on 28/11/2022, after completing the experiment and applying the tool.
After analyzing the data, the results showed:
1. There are statistically significant differences between the scores of the experimental group in the two applications (pre-test, post-test) of the cognitive motivation development scale, in favor of the post- test.
2. There are statistically significant differences between the scores of the control group in the two applications (pre-test, post-test) of the cognitive motivation development scale, in favor of the post- test.
3. There are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the experimental group and the average scores of the control group in the post-test of the cognitive motivation development scale, in favor of the experimental group

This era is characterized by its astonishing speed of development in the means of technology and its techniques, including the media and communication. This development was also reflected in the areas of social and institutional life, where the features and requirements of the inputs, processes and outputs that characterize any organization, whether service or industrial, have changed, and educational systems have not departed from this. The scope is considered one of the areas most affected by this progress in the field of media and communication. Not only was it limited to developing educational methods, but it came to reformulating the form and objectives of educational work itself, which we will try to point out by addressing the negative repercussions of media and communication on the educational process.
This study consisted of three chapters, including the first, which is the methodological chapter of the study, where we reviewed the main problem of the study, which crystallized in the impact caused by social networking sites on the educational system. After that, we focused on the hypotheses of the study, which relied on its selected questions to be the basis of the construction process in the field chapter. We also reviewed the importance of the study, which is represented in highlighting aspects including the objective importance and practical importance, while we highlighted social values and their impact using new means of communication and media, which creates some important matters that clarify the typical use of social networking sites in the educational process, as well as the objectives and definition of the concepts of the study and then the studies. The previous section and comments on it through the similarities and differences between our current study and other studies, leading to the second chapter, which deals with the theoretical, where the researcher presented the concepts with topic titles. In the first section, which deals with the means of communication and media and their importance in the educational process, we mentioned the upbringing, development, and characteristics of these means that They have become more of the needs of current society. In the second section, we reviewed social networking networks and their media content among users in the educational process. Finally, it is the field work that consisted of a purposive research sample that consisted of 50 individuals during the field survey process. Through the theoretical chapter, we arrived at the results. We will discuss several of the most important of these results, which are as follows: The means of communication negatively affect memory, and the use of means of communication for long periods makes some brain functions inactive, in addition to the fact that the use of means of communication leads to eye strain and negatively affects it, which is reflected in the student’s academic level, and this Use leads to isolation from the external environment and places the user outside the framework of society, as the use of means of communication reduces the interaction of the student with the teacher, but the excessive use of means of communication and the student’s distance from study and his interest in other matters, and the use of means of communication leads to difficulty in family dialogue, while Incorrect use leads to a lack of respect for others, and in conclusion, this is what our current study has reached in light of its valuable topic, which searches for solutions to an important segment of the educational process in particular and the social process in general.

The objective of the current research is to identify the future training needs of male and female teachers of distinguished students from their point of view, and to verify the significance of statistical differences in the estimation of male and female teachers for the training needs necessary for them in teaching distinguished students according to the variables of academic qualification (bachelor's) (Master's) (PhD) and gender (male - female) and the years of service and the interaction between them. The current research adopts the descriptive approach to determine the future training needs of male and female teachers. The sample consists of (100) male and female teachers From Baghdad Governorate, the General Directorate of Education, Rusafa -2, as they were chosen randomly. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher built a scale for the future training needs of teachers of distinguished students from their point of view. It consists of four areas and (50) paragraphs. The five-point gradient scale was adopted. Employing technology in teaching methods ranked first in the sequence of fields of the tool, the field of classroom environment and its management ranked second, the field of planning and implementing the teaching process ranked third, and field of evaluation ranked fourth in the sequence of fields. The needs were arranged in descending order, as the arithmetic averages ranged between (2,800) and (4,600). That is, a difference of (1.80) between the highest and lowest arithmetic averages. The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences between the arithmetic averages of the sample’s estimates on the tool due to the variables (educational qualification) and years of service, and there were statistically significant differences between the arithmetic averages of the sample’s estimates on the tool. Attributable to the gender variable and in favor of females, and the absence of statistically significant differences between the arithmetic averages of the respondents’ estimates on the tool due to the interaction between (educational qualification, years of service, and gender) individually, and the presence of statistically significant differences between the arithmetic averages of the respondents’ estimates on the tool due to the interaction between (sex Academic qualification and years of service (combined).

This study aimed to measure the effect of methods of processing outliers on the estimates of the information function for the logical inference test according to the characteristic curve theory, and the researcher relied on the logical inference test prepared by Assmentday, which specializes in issuing various psychological tests in Britain in 2014. The researcher translated the tool from English into Arabic and then performed a reverse translation, and the test was presented to an expert in the Arabic language to ensure the linguistic integrity of the test. After completing the translation validity procedures, the test was presented to (10) specialists in educational and psychological sciences, and no paragraph was excluded from the test paragraphs because it obtained an agreement rate of (100%), and thus the descriptive validity of the test was confirmed. The test was applied to a sample of (1000) male and female students who were chosen in a stratified random manner in a proportional manner. The statistical analysis of the paragraphs was carried out according to the theory of the characteristic curve of the paragraph, depending on the triangular model in the analysis of the items of the tool using the statistical program (Bilog - mg3). No paragraph was excluded from the test by the program. It was found that all the test paragraphs were identical to the model used, and then the researchers extracted the values The extreme values of the individuals' responses to the test, and it was found that there are high abnormal values(20) and (55) low abnormal values, as they were detected using the box drawing method, and then the researcher processed these values with three methods: (keeping, deletion, and replacement). As he replaced the values using the truncated mean method, then analyzed the data of each of them to extract estimates of the information function of the paragraphs, and the results showed that he estimated the information function, so there is a difference between the three methods (preservation, deletion, and replacement) and in favor of the two methods of deletion and replacement. In the light of the results of the current research, the researcher reached some conclusions, recommendations and proposals.)

The research aimed to identify: academic self-regulation among middle school students, and the effectiveness of a counseling program using positive psychotherapy in developing academic self-regulation among middle school students. Or greater than the “McGogian” gain ratio of (0.60), the experimental design was chosen for the two groups (experimental and control), the researchers adopted the academic self-regulation scale prepared by the theorists Deci and Ryan (Ryan & Deci, 2017), according to the theory of integrated organization OIT The validity of the translation of the scale was extracted. The two researchers chose a sample (400), a student, to extract the psychometric characteristics of the scale. The validity of the scale was verified by means of confirmatory factor analysis, as well as the reliability through the two methods of re-testing and Vachronbach. The scale was applied to a sample of (150). A student, and a sample (24) students were selected whose scores were less than the first quarter on the academic self-regulation scale. The sample was divided into two groups for each group (12), students in a simple random way, and equivalence was extracted between the two groups. The counseling program consisted of ten sessions. And by using the appropriate statistical means through the (SPSS) program, the results showed that the research sample individuals do not have an academic self-organization, and there are statistically significant differences in favor of the post-test of the experimental group, and there are statistically significant differences between the experimental group and the control group in the post-test, and there is effectiveness The extension program is greater than the "McGogian" earning ratio of (0.666), and in light of the results, the researchers put forward a set of recommendations and proposals.

A widespread health phenomenon that many suffer from, as one of the chronic diseases at the present time is (kidney failure). Kidney failure represents one of the chronic diseases that lead to many changes in the patient’s life. It leads to continuous suffering that appears in the form of problems and manifestations such as a feeling of constant fatigue, exhaustion, and inability to move normally, accompanied by vertigo, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting, in addition to accompanying psychological problems such as fear, depression, low morale, and a feeling of helplessness, in addition to social problems. Which is represented by disturbances in his relationships with others.

Objectives: The research aimed to investigate the effect of deliberate response faking on standardized psychological measures according to traditional measurement theory.
Methodology: The research was conducted on a sample of 400 male and female students selected through stratified random sampling from the University of Anbar. Two versions of the measurement instructions were prepared, with the first version containing instructions for honest responding and the second version containing instructions for response faking. The study employed an experimental approach with a repeated measures design.
Results: The research revealed statistically significant differences in the variance ratio explained by the measure, indicating that honest responding yielded a higher explained variance ratio compared to response faking. Additionally, differences were found in the item percentage associated with the nature of the response (honesty, faking), favoring honest responding. Furthermore, there were differences in the item percentage associated with the total score, again favoring honest responding. Statistically significant differences were also observed in the internal consistency reliability of the measure, with honest responding demonstrating higher reliability compared to response faking.

Abstract:
The current research aims to find out the effect of a counseling program using the foresight method in developing emotional wisdom among middle school students. To achieve the research objectives, an emotional wisdom scale was constructed, which consists of 20 items, and a sample of (20) female students who obtained the lowest grades for applying the counseling program was selected. They were randomly distributed into two groups, experimental and control, with (10) female students for each group. The researcher designed a guidance program using the “Foresight” method to develop emotional wisdom. The researcher found the effect of the Foresight method on developing emotional wisdom, which was evident through the results of the post-test for the experimental and control group, and for the benefit of the group. Experimental