Journal of Education and Scientific Studies

The research dealt with the development strategy of agricultural activity in Barwana area to improve the reality of the agricultural sector in its branches (plant and animal). On the existence of surface water and groundwater suitable for irrigation of this
land, either the potential of mankind was the existence of a working age group active
enough to develop agricultural activity, which represents the only guarantee for the
success of agricultural development in the region. With the development of strategies
for the development of agricultural activity (plant and animal) and the research ended
with several conclusions and recommendations, through which to help the actors in
the judiciary or the region to advance the agricultural reality more.

The research seeks to study the elderly people residing in the homes of the state in Iraq (2013-2022), in terms of
their quantitative characteristics included (gender and age) and their qualitative characteristics included (educational level and marital status), and (study the difficulties they are suffering from and their causes).
The idea of the research stems from the importance of this sector (section) of the population in measuring the
extent of development and prosperity of societies, as the increase in the proportions of elderly population in any country reflects the cultural and service progress that provides them with good care, whether social, economic or health.
On the basis of the research idea, built some hypothesis that there is a discrepancy in the distribution of the elderly people residing in the homes of the state in Iraq for the years (2013-2022 A.D.) on the basis of many characteristics
including quantity and other qualitative; in addition to the existence of a variation in the type of difficulties they suffer
from and their causes, the research came out with results; so the most prominent of which was that half of the elderly
people residing in the state homes in Iraq are concentrated in the capital (Baghdad), in (2013), while nearly two-thirds
of them were concentrated in it, for the year (2022) because it has a population weight, that’s relate to the quality of
services in general as the capital of the country, the high cultural and civil level of its population and their increased
awareness and openness and acceptance of the issue of the research more than the other governorates. Also, showed
that the percentages of elderly males residing in state homes exceeded the percentages of females in Iraq for the
period of years between (2013-2022 A.D.). there was a noticeable increase in the percentage of all age groups in
(2022) other than the year (2013), except for the age group (65 years and over); where its percentage decreased in
(2022) from than previous year, it appeared that the percentage of illiterates is the highest among elderly people in
the state homes and for the period years between (2013-2022), as it exceeded (50%) in (Basra, Najaf and Nineveh) for
the year (2013), and exceeded this percentage in (Dhi Qar and Wasit) in (2022), and the percentage of singles, widows
and divorced elderly residents in state homes increased compared to the rest of the marital cases for the period of
years between (2013-2022), and of them those who are suffering from difficulty of vision, has advanced over the rest
of the difficulties suffered by the elderly people residing in old people’s homes for the year (2013); while the difficulty
of movement cases for the year (2022) has advanced over the other cases of difficulties. On The other hand, disability
due to illness prevailed over the rest of the causes suffered by the elderly people in the state homes for the period of
years between (2013-2022).

The city of Rummana is located in the western region of Iraq in the northwestern part of Al-Anbar Governorate, along the
Euphrates River on the left side of the river’s course. It is characterized by climatic conditions throughout the region, with a
hot, dry climate in the summer and cold, with little rain in the winter. The development of its growth extended according to
five morphological stages, the first of which was a historical stage whose features disappeared, to be the beginning of the
second stage, which culminated in the issuance of the administrative decision that granted it the status of a city as it was the
center of the Rummana district in the year. Which occupied an urban area that did not exceed 15.71 hectares for various uses
of the land, out of a total area of 45 hectares, with a population number of 1,927 people, according to the general population
census of 1977. During this period, urbanization expanded to occupy 37 hectares of the city’s total area of 45 hectares, accompanied by population growth that reached 3,936 people, with a growth rate of 7%. To place the city on the cusp of other
developments, the city was moved to another morphological stage in 1991 to enhance continuity and technological diversity.
As soon as the city entered a new stage, technology had an effective role in giving it the right to transition and change that
pushes it to another stage. At the threshold of the previous stage, the Iraqi state adopted the administrative streamlining
system, through which the administrative character of the district was canceled and it was made an urban character affiliated
with the center of Al-Qaim District. The city continued to grow, both urban and demographically, to occupy the entire area
of the city that had exhausted its land and set its features on a new cycle for its urban life to move to a new phase in 2001,
during which the administrative character of the district was restored and then given the status of a center for Al-Rummanah
District, which became administratively affiliated with the center of Anbar Governorate. The issuance of the first basic design
for the city directing the uses of its land was accompanied by a population growth that reached 11,788 people and an urban
area of 8,1263 hectares out of the total area of the city, which amounted to 3,1884 hectares. This growth was accompanied by
the construction and repaving of roads, as well as the construction of a modern bridge to connect the city to the various cities
and districts of the governorate. Anbar, including the neighboring Al-Qaim district on the right bank of the Euphrates River.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, in the fall season (2023) in Daquq District
in Kirkuk Governorate, located in northeastern Iraq at latitude (35°10’09’’ N) north and longitude (E 44°25’44’’) east of
230 meters above sea level, with the cultivation of yellow corn. The experiment was applied according to the split plot
design according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replicates. The main plots included
three levels of irrigation water addition (50, 75 and 100%) of the crop’s water requirements ETC, while the secondary
plots included two irrigation systems: drip irrigation and surface irrigation. With the aim of comparing the drip and
surface irrigation systems in terms of determining water requirements and water use efficiency For the yellow corn
crop (autumn season) when scheduling full and deficit irrigation and studying the effect of these systems on the
productivity of yellow corn, the results showed. While the highest water consumption was reached when treating full
irrigation 100% of the crop’s water requirements ETC (678.96) mm for surface irrigation and the lowest water consumption was 355.21 mm season 50% of the crop’s water requirements ETC for drip irrigation. While the field water
use efficiency was the highest in the drip irrigation system at treatment S1I1, which reached 1.72 kg m3, while it gave
the lowest values at treatment S
2I3, if it reached 1.01 kg m3. When using the surface irrigation method, drip irrigation
outperformed surface irrigation. Significant differences were found between the levels and irrigation systems and
the interaction between them for all the studied traits. The full irrigation treatment of 100% of the crop’s water requirements ETC outperformed the rest of the treatments for the, leaf area (5108.1) cm2, biological yield (20.72) μg h-1,
weight of 1000 grains (287.5) g, grain yield (7.5) μg h-1, and harvest index (35.86) for drip irrigation. The drip irrigation
system gave an ideal yield with the least amount of water compared to surface irrigation.

The current research aims to use spectral indicators to assess the extent of agricultural
land degradation in the centre of Fallujah district, which is estimated at 273 km2, to assess the state of vegetation cover between (2014-2024). The degradation indicators were
applied to the study area and showed the general weakness of the vegetation cover and
revealed the changes that occurred from land degradation, as the NDVI indicators showed
that vegetation density reached (58.61%) in 2014 and the area of this category expanded
more in 2024 to reach (69%). While the salinity index (SI) reached high (34.4%) in 2014, and
this index increased to (37%) in 2024. This is due to the lack of rainfall, high temperature
and increased evaporation, which led to the concentration of salts in the surface of the
study area. As for the BSI index, high erosion occupied (54.9%) in 2014, and this percentage will increase to (57%) in 2024. This is due to the activity of the wind erosion process in
the region as well as the weakness of the soil structure and the lack of vegetation cover.
As for the soil degradation index LDI, the severe degradation reached (40.1%) in 2014 to
increase this percentage to (45.4%) in 2024 and the reason for the lack of vegetation cover
according to this index is due to the deterioration of the soil from the chemical, physical
and biological aspects, which indicates the stress of the soil.

The study aimed to study the branches of the concrete industry in Anbar Governorate
for the year 2024, whose number of establishments reached (606) establishments employing (1306) workers،The research used the descriptive written approach, and also used the
regional and analytical approach, which is based on analyzing the structure of the concrete concrete industry in the governorate and showing its distribution at the level of the
governorate’s districts and the locational characteristics of its settlement for the arriving
purposes to proof of the validity of its hypothesis by official statistics and data issued by
the Ministry of Industry and Minerals (Industrial Development Department), the Planning
Department in Anbar Governorate (Industrial Statistics Division), as well as the field ,the
study found that there is a discrepancy in the industrial structure that makes up the concrete industry in the governorate, which included (three) industrial branches, and that all
the establishments of this industry are small-sized establishments, in addition to being affiliated with a private sector, as the block industry ranked first in terms of the number of
establishments and the number of workers, as this branch occupied (337) establishments
that employed (1940) workers and there is a discrepancy in the geographical distribution of
establishments between one district and another, resulting in a discrepancy in the number
of workers between the districts of the governorate, so that the districts of Ramadi, Karma,
and Fallujah occupy the first ranks in terms of structure and distribution.

A field experiment was conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, in the fall season (2023) in Daquq District
in Kirkuk Governorate, located in northeastern Iraq at latitude (35°10’09’’ N) north and longitude (E 44°25’44’’) east
of 230 meters above sea level, by planting yellow corn. The experiment was applied according to the split plot design
according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) and with three replicates. The main plots included two
irrigation systems, drip and flood, while the secondary plots included three levels of irrigation water addition (50, 75,
and 100%) of the crop’s water requirements (ETC). In order to study the effects of climate change on the productivity
of yellow corn crop in the short and medium term due to potential climate changes using the AquaCrop model, and
simulating the water productivity of yellow corn crop between the measured field values and the predicted values.
The results showed a decrease in the productivity values of yellow corn crop and a relative change (-31.721) - (-33.359)
% in the scenario (RCP4.5), and with a relative change ranging between (- 40.341) - (-42.075-) % in the scenario (RCP
8.5) when comparing the base period with the period (2060-2040) for the two scenarios. There is a slight increase in
annual rainfall rates and a clear increase in temperatures for the years (2030-2020) and (2040-2060) compared to the
base period as an average of climate model values EC-Earth, CNRM-CM5, and GFDL-ESM2M. It was found that AquaCrop
program was able to simulate the water productivity of maize crop excellently due to the high agreement between the
measured field values and the predicted values, as the statistical criteria reached (0.999, 0.395, 1.000, 0.999, 0.554)
EF, CV, d, R2, RMSE between the measured and predicted values, respectively

The Geo-Environmental Engineering study aimed different soils from Different oil
Fields . This study included physical tests for uncontaminated soils, evaluation of contamination index for the contaminated and uncontaminated soils, and water contamination index for 10 samples: (5) contaminated soil samples, (5) uncontaminated soil
samples for the study area. The green size analysis results shows that the sizes of the
soft granules soils are different in the study area. Silty (59%), clay (29.5%) and sand
(11.6%). Atterberg limits results shows that the soft soil is silty low plastically soil (ML).
The chemical analysis shows that the gypsum percentage (18-20%), soluble salts (23-
32%). Organic materials percentage (0.28-0.84 %), PH (7.99-8.04).

The research deals with the study of the variation in the geometry of the Bakhir anticline along its axis, The fold
is located within the administrative borders of Dohuk Governorate, located within the Iraqi Kurdistan region, northern Iraq. To draw the geological map, five paths were chosen to collect field data perpendicular to the anticline axis,
starting from the southeastern plunge near the city of Dohuk and ending with the northwestern plunge near Deirbon.
The geological section of the first tracks (Spi Rez part) and the second (Kara Baran part) showed the exposure of the
Late Cretaceous formations (Bakhma and Shiransh) in addition to the Tertiary formations (Kolush, Jarkas, Avana and
Blasby), and the Blasby Formation was exposed only in the remaining three tracks. Structural sections of the upper
surface of the Blasby Formation exposed in the five sections of the fold showed that the amplitude in the first section
is about 700 meters and gradually decreases to 480 meters and 250 meters in the second and third sections, then
increases to 320 meters in the fourth section and decreases in the fifth section to 200 meters. The synthetic sections
also showed that the percentage of shortening is 12.5% and decreases to 6% in the second track, then increases to 8%
in the third track, and the increase continues to become 18% in the fourth track, then decreases again to reach 15%
in the fifth track. The fold was classified as open in the first, fourth, and fifth paths, and as flat (gentel) in the second
and third paths. It was asymmetrical and leaned toward the southwest in the first section, and its leaning reversed
to the northeast direction in the remaining paths. The study concluded that the decrease in the number of exposed
formations from the southeast plunge to the northwest plunge is evidence of the growth and development of the
fold from the southeast to the northwest direction, The variation in amplitude and shortening rate of the fold along
its axis may be attributed to the rightward movement of strike faults cutting the axis of the fold, as the movement of
those faults causes attenuation of the movement of the listric fault related to the fold, and thus these faults caused a
reversal of the fold’s leaning from the southwest direction in the first section to The direction is northeast in the other
parts, in addition to rotating the axis of the fold in those parts so that it becomes in the fourth and fifth sections in
an east-west direction

The research deals with the study of some faults and breaks of the Bakhir anticline along its axis and approximately 71 km long. The Bakhir anticline is located within the Foreland fold range in northern Iraq, and is considered one of the large folds in it. In general, the direction of the Bekheir
anticline axis corresponds to the direction of the Zakros Fault Fault Belt (northwest-southeast), but it deviates counterclockwise to coincide with the
direction of the Taurus Belt (east-west) near the city of Zakho.
To draw the geological map and clarify these faults on it, five paths perpendicular to the anticline axis were chosen to collect field data, starting
from the southeastern plunge and ending with the northwestern plunge near Dearbon.
Based on the idea of the correspondence of the main rivers with the faults, the surface effect of the strike faults that caused the fold to be
cut and its axis deflected was determined by drawing the drainage network for the study area using the GIS program and adding it to the structural
geological map. Based on the relationship of the direction of the axis of maximum stress bisecting the acute angle between the planes of shear joints
with the axis of maximum stress causing folding, joint readings for the Blasby Formation were collected in the five paths, and classified geometrically
using a Schmidt spatial projection grid.
The results of the spatial projection of the joints showed the dominance of the hko>a and ac system as an indication that the axis of greatest
stress that causes folding in the compression phase coincides with the general tectonic stress axis, which is in a direction perpendicular to the fold
axis, followed by the dominance of hko>b as an indication of the presence of periods of relaxation following periods of compression and making The
axis of maximum stress is parallel to the fold axis.
The study concluded that there is a correspondence in the large river layer with a direction perpendicular to the anticline axis and between
fragmentation areas, and the anticline axis is rotated in a direction opposite to the clockwise direction. The variation in amplitude and shortening
rate of the fold along its axis may be attributed to the rightward movement of strike faults cutting the axis of the fold, as the movement of those
faults caused the movement of the Listric fault related to the fold to be weakened, and thus these faults caused a reversal of the fold’s leaning from
the southwest direction in the first section to The north-east direction in the other parts, in addition to rotating the axis of the fold in those parts so
that it becomes in the fourth and fifth sections in an east-west direction.
The rightward movement of the strike faults was reflected in the results of joint analysis in deducing the direction of the axis of greatest stress
causing folding in the study area, as this movement caused a rotation of the direction of the segmented parts of the fold counterclockwise, with a
rotation of the direction of the axis of greatest stress perpendicular to the axis of the fold to be in the parts close to The city of Zakho is compatible
with the Taurus belt.

The study concluded by analyzing various tables of agricultural production indicators and their variability across Iraq using the WaPOR extension requirements for
agricultural data exploration. Given the importance of the agricultural sector, the
study utilizes the Cover Health Index (VHI) in two important dimensions in assessing drought levels in agriculture: temporal and spatial. The first step involves calculating a linear ASI for the VHI, which encompasses certain degrees and durations
of complexity occurring during the grazing cycle at the pixel level. This includes an
innovative use of variability, which highlights the diverse stress product during each
phenological phase. The second step records the spatial extent of drought events by
calculating the percentages of inactivity in arable areas with VHI below 35 percent.
The results are characterized by a clear spatial variation in agricultural production
across Iraq, with the northern regions (with sufficient land) recording higher productivity compared to the southern regions (which rely on irrigation). In addition, there
are temporal variations in agricultural elements, such as production adjustments in
drought years and improvements in years with integrated rainfall.

Abstract: - The research dealt with studying the causes of the phenomenon of school dropout in Al-Qaim district for the primary stage during the period of control of the terrorist gangs
(ISIS) over the study area for the specified period, since the exacerbation of this phenomenon
results in long-term negative effects and problems on the (social, economic, and political) aspects, in addition to the contribution of this study through the results obtained from the relevant official bodies whose work is directly related to the type of study as well as personal interviews with a number of specialists and the field study and the questionnaire form (Appendix 1),
in developing appropriate solutions for it, because the main goal of this study is to identify the
most important problems and obstacles that exacerbated this phenomenon, since the study
area has a special situation that differs from other areas at the local and national levels, as a
result of the control of the terrorist gangs of ISIS over the study area for a period exceeding
five years, which was accompanied by the forced displacement and migration of many families,
all these factors resulted in the emergence of many negative customs and phenomena that
affected and still affect this category of dropouts, but its continuation and increased exacerbation affects the state as a whole, as it is a problem that is not limited to

The research aims to measure the severity of the cutting of the surface of the selected
basins and the intensity of their discharge, as well as to study the relationship between Environmental situation and basins, using the pelvic tissue equation and inferring the results according
to which the division of basins selected into main and secondary basins, then measuring the
number of sewers and valleys tributary to each basin Secondary and then divided by its circumference, the basins of the study area were characterized by the roughness of their pelvic tissue
for reasons Several of them are related to the nature of the climate, which is characterized by
low precipitation in all its forms, and some of them are related to the nature of rocks and the extent of their resistance to erosion operations, so that the results indicate that the basins of the
study area are at the beginning of their deterioration, as The basins of the study area are generally characterized by the roughness of the pelvic tissue, reaching the highest and equal in each
of the basin of the valley Bazian and Wadi Hizob basin (4) km, each, and the lowest pelvic tissue
recorded by the Wadi Saoura basin (2) km, and the pelvic tissue of the basins formed a strong
direct correlation coefficient with the number and area of sewers, which It indicates a strong
correlation between them amounting to (0.881) between the pelvic tissue and its surroundings,
while it amounted to (0.935) between the tissue of the basin and its area, and reached the highest (0.938) between the tissue of the basin and the number of sewers.

Population growth is considered one of the most prominent demographic phenomena that
characterize the population in the modern era, especially in developing countries, including Iraq
and the governorate is part of it, where the population increased at a large rate, after the slow
growth phase that Iraq went through in the nineteenth century, which was characterized by a
succession of calamities, disasters, epidemics and famines; Therefore, the population remained
low until the beginning of the twentieth century. Even the average population growth rate during
that period did not exceed 1.5%. The slow growth of the population continued Consequently, the
numerical increase decreased until the middle of the twentieth century, and in the second half
of it there was a significant increase in the population of Iraq until the present time. The population of Anbar Governorate in 1997 reached 1,023,736 people, and this number doubled in 2023
to reach 2,013,300 people.

The research addressed the evaluation of the efficiency of the paved road network in the
districts of Al-Qaim and Al-Rummanah using geographic information systems (GIS) according
to a set of statistical standards and indicators approved in the field of transportation.
Some research results showed that the paved road network in the study area has a high
degree of efficiency according to the beta correlation index, which recorded (1.86), while it
was moderately efficient according to the correlation index, with a score of)0.71 (. As for the
diffusion index, ita, it reached (9.8), which indicates The road network is widely spread in the
study area.
The unbalanced spatial disparity in terms of area and total lengths of paved land roads in
Al-Qaim and Al-Rummanah districts requires enhancing and strengthening some of the development axes in the study area through the establishment of an interconnected and integrated
road network to be a functionally efficient and clear network in terms of network gradation. It
is also recommended to introduce systems techniques. Geographic information (GIS) is used
in spatial planning processes to determine the best paths for roads, with the aim of achieving
ease of access with minimal effort and cost.

Recreational services represent one of the most important indicators of the development of any region in order to provide services to all members of society. The
research dealt with evaluating the efficiency of recreational services and their development strategies in the city of Nasiriyah for the year 2023 AD. This research came
as a result of the increasing population growth and urban development that the city
is witnessing, which requires a serious study of those services due to the importance
they occupy in public services. Which all residents of the city should receive equally
and in an appropriate and easy way. The problem of the research was whether the
development and expansion of services kept pace with the growth of the population. The hypothesis was crystallized that the reality of services in the city did not
keep pace with population growth, so it requires expansion of services and ensuring
modernization and development of recreational areas, compatible with change and
development, and adopting the principle of strategic planning to achieve integration
in development between all sectors.

The study aims to evaluate the stability of rock slopes on the northeastern limb of the
Duhok anticline. The study included (4) stations, all of which are located within the Pilaspi Formation. The study included a field survey of the area and included the attitude of slopes and
potential future failure such as: rockfall, direct toppling, flexural toppling, wedge sliding, and
plane sliding. The attitude of discontinuities and their conditions (persistence, infilling materials, aperture, weathering, and degree of roughness) were studied. The office work included the
kinetic analysis program using the (Dips-v6.008) program; and slope mass classification (SMR)
using the SMRTool-v205 program to analyze the potential degree of stability using laboratory
and field data for the stations that were studied. The kinematic analysis program Dips-v6.008
showed that plane sliding and wedge sliding can occur at stations (2, 3); flexural toppling can
occur at station (1), and direct toppling can occur at station (4).

This study aims to conduct a geoengineering survey of rocks within the Pilaspi Formation on the northeastern flank of the Duhok anticline. The study included (7) stations. Some geotechnical tests were conducted on the rocks of the study area, such as petrophysical tests (porosity; dry density; moisture content;
water absorption ratio; and saturation coefficient) and mechanical properties such as unconfined compressive strength and internal friction angle of rocks.
The results of the petrophysical tests of the limestone rocks in the Pilaspi Formation showed: absorption ratio values ranged between (2.256% - 4.167%); Dry density values ranged between (2.229 - 2.726)
g/cm3; Saturated density values ranged between (3.514 - 3.596) g/cm3, Water content ranged between
(1.265 - 3.167)%, dry apparent specific gravity values ranged between (2.229 - 2.729), true specific gravity
values ranged between (2.499 - 3.056), total porosity values ranged between (7.147 - 14.469)%, partial
porosity values ranged between (6.046 - 13.302)%, saturation coefficient values ranged between (0.719 -
0.919); while the unconfined compressive strength value of limestone rock samples from the study area
stations in their natural state ranged between (25.81-39.40), dry (20.0-40.10) and saturated (21.31-38.83).
The results of porosity, absorption and density values showed slight differences between the stations
taken for the study. This is due to the variation in the fabric components, composition, erosion and other
factors that contribute to this difference and variation.

This study dealt detecting the change in the density of plant coverage in Buhriz district and its relationship to rainfall amounts for the period (1993-2023) using geographic techniques, and knowing that
change through satellite visual data, which is the main source for this study, for the years (1993, , 2023).
Comparative study,
The study found that the amonuts of rain recorded their best rates in the year (1993), reaching
about (180.8 and 306.0) mm in the Khalis and Khanaqin stations, and that they were sufficient for the
requirements of vegetation cover, as the highest percentage of dense vegetation cover was recorded in
1993 by (43%), and the very dense vegetation cover recorded a percentage of (33.5%) of the area of the
study area, and according to the American classification, the condition of the vegetation cover was medium, While the lowest rate of rain was recorded in the year (2023), which amounted to about (144.4 and
296.2) mm in the Khalis and Khanaqin stations, This affected the density of plant coverage, as the lowest
percentage of dense plant cover was recorded in the year (2023) at a rate of (14.3%). The very dense
vegetation cover recorded (17.6%) of the area of the study area, and according to the American classification, the condition of the vegetation cover was poor, in addition to the impact of human factors from
land leveling, removing and cutting vegetation cover, and converting it to housing and urban expansion

the study was based on studying the rock structure on the northeastern limb of the Duhok anticline,
as the study included several stations, all of which are located within the Pilaspi Formation. The study
included a field survey of the area and geotechnical tests were conducted on the rocks of the study area,
and the petrophysical tests included (water content, dry density, saturated density, absorption ratio,
apparent dry and true specific gravity, total porosity, partial porosity, saturation coefficient), testing the
unconfined compressive strength, and the angle of internal friction of the samples.
The results of petrophysical examinations of limestone rocks in the Belaspi Formation showed that:
Water content values range between (2.256% – 4.167%); dry density values range between (2.229 – 2.726)
g/cm3; saturated density values range between (2.514 – 2.596) g/cm3, absorption ratio ranges between
(1.265 – 3.167)%, apparent dry specific gravity values range between (2.229 – 2.72), The true specific gravity values range between (2.499 – 3.056), the total porosity values range between (7.147 – 14.469) %, the
partial porosity values range between (6.046 – 13.302) %, while the saturation coefficient values range
between (0.719 – 0.919). The unconfined compressive strength values range between (26.76 – 39.93)
MPa, while the internal friction angle values Ø fall between (310 – 370).

The research on the spatial analysis of health centers in Salah al-Din Province
aims to illustrate the fairness of health center distribution relative to the population
numbers in the study area for the year 2022. The study also seeks to find the linear
equation for the relationship between the population and health centers in Salah
al-Din Province, and to clarify the mechanism for using the Lorenz curve and Gini
coefficient in the distributions of health centers relative to population numbers.
Additionally, it aims to find the extent of concentration and dispersion in the study
area and to reveal the distribution of health institutions and sectors in that area.
The study concluded that the inequality ratio in the distribution of the population
relative to health centers in Salah al-Din Province reaches 14% when applying the
Gini coefficient, indicating an inverse relationship between the two variables. This is
attributed to the number of health centers distributed, which does not adequately
meet the population numbers in the study area compared to population growth.

Part of the importance of this research lies in the fact that it provides comprehensive information on the volumetric properties, and the research also studies
the geochemical properties (XRF), including (sodium oxide, aluminum oxide, magnesium oxide, potassium oxide, silica oxide, calcium oxide, iron oxide, as well as
weight loss Burning) and as we mentioned, the research is concerned with studying
the ancient climate and tectonics of the study area, as well as the maturation of
sediments. The mineralogical study was among the objectives of the research to
conduct an analysis of bulk clay samples (Bulk Samples) by Clay minerals, which is
the mineral chlorite (claynochlor)

The quantitative method was used alongside the analytical method in the method of presenting the topic and processing the climate data taken exclusively from the Al-Qaim climate
station and for a thirty-year time series (1994-2024) to monitor the climate changes of the
climate elements. A dry year and a rainier year were identified and a comparison was made
between the two years to know the direction of change across the studied time series and
the extent of its impact on dust storms and diseases that affect humans. The health data
taken from Al-Qaim General Hospital and health centers in Al-Qaim city were also processed
and analyzed to show the extent of the impact of dust storms on diseases that affect humans. 2024 was identified as a model for the health study. The questionnaire was distributed
through the field study to (650) people from different segments of society. The study came
out with conclusions, the most prominent of which is that climate change has an impact on
dust storms, which is reflected in human health in the study area (Al-Qaim city) and recommendations, the most important of which is the necessity of studying climate changes and
dust storms and determining their negative effects on human health in the study area.

The research aims to study the geomorphological risks of the Wadi Halabja Basin,
east of Sulaymaniyah Governorate, based on modern technologies by relying on a number of characteristics through which the degrees of risk for the basin, represented by a
number of layers, can be determined and then combined to obtain a modeling map of
the risks in the basin (geological formations, elevation, slope, natural vegetation, rainfall). In addition to giving a weight but a layer according to the degree of their influence
on the levels of risk by building a mathematical model, then determining the degrees
of risk at levels where high-risk and very dangerous areas represented the largest area
of the basin area at a rate of (34.4%), as for moderate-risk areas they occupied an area
of (25.6%), and as for low-risk areas they accounted for (32.2%) of the total area of the
basin

The research aims to study the rapid population growth that caused many problems for
the housing function after relying on some of its planning indicators.
Population is one of the most important main indicators in anticipating the future of cities
and estimating their need for space and services of all kinds, as the development of population
size and growth rates contribute directly and fundamentally to estimating those needs. Studying population growth and housing reality is very important as it is one of the urban studies
that provide information to the responsible authorities capable of making decisions to address
those problems.
Population growth and urban land uses in the study area were studied, as well as indicators
specific to the housing unit, in addition to some criteria for those housing units. The study
showed that there are multiple housing problems faced by the area due to the rapid and continuous population growth.
The study concluded that there is a direct relationship between the increase in the number
of residents of the neighborhood and the change in the housing function in it. The more the
population increases, the less the residential area and the pressure on services, and the lack of
the required standards

The hydromorphometric characteristics of the basin were evaluated using Geographic
Information System (GIS) software, specifically Arc Map 10.6, along with a Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) with a 30-meter resolution and satellite imagery from the American Landsat 8.
The study included an analysis of the basin's spatial and morphological characteristics, river
network properties, and its topographical and terrain features. It was found that the basin
is classified as a sixth-order basin according to Strahler classification, with flow direction
from the northwest towards the south and southeast, aligning with the regional slope and
fold direction. The basin has an elongated shape, which reduces the likelihood of flooding.
Based on the shape factor, the basin tends towards a triangular form. The slope degree of
the basin was classified into five categories according to Zink's classification. The basin is in
a mature stage based on the integration value and the shape of the hypsometric curve. The
drainage patterns of the basin’s streams were categorized into four types: dendritic, radial,
rectangular, and parallel

The study aims to demonstrate the suitability of gypsum rocks in the Fatha Formation/southwestern
end of the Khanuka anticline in Salah al-Din Governorate for thermal insulation. The study included two
aspects (field and laboratory), the field aspect included surveying the area and determining the optimal
station for modeling as well as the rock and engineering description of the rocks, while the laboratory aspect included preparing rock models to conduct thermal conductivity tests. The field study showed that
the gypsum rocks are white in color, very thick, and have little weathering. They contain two groups of
joints (J1), the distance between the joints of this group ranges between (0.5-0.8 m), and (J2), the distance
between its joints ranges between (0.30-0.60 m). The characteristics of these groups are that their surface
is moderately wavy, and the distance between the two joint surfaces ranges between (0.5-4 cm). The filling
materials are clay materials and their extension is approximately 15 m. The thickness of the layer reaches
approximately 3 m. Laboratory tests showed that the unconfined compressive strength is equal to 49.161
megapascals, meaning that it is moderately strong. The thermal conductivity test in the laboratory showed
that the gypsum rocks have a low thermal conductivity (° W/C) of 0.6, and therefore they can be used as
thermal insulators, as internal partitions in construction due to their distance from weather conditions, as
they have a high solubility in wate

The research aims to distribute groundwater in the Al-Qaim district spatially and to
identify the relational relationship between it and the geological structures, through a detailed geographical analysis of the depths of wells and the movement of groundwater in
the reservoirs and reservoirs formed within them and analyzing their types, their feeding
origin, the spatial distribution of wells and their levels, in addition to studying their depths
and directions of water movement through them and the amount of their water discharge,
which resulted in an integration of the spatial distribution, as four groundwater reservoirs
are located within the study area with different depths and geographically distributed as
follows: Umm Ardmah Formation (48-154) m, Ana (129-170) m, Euphrates (60-130) m,
and Quaternary sediments (0.5-11) m. 43 wells were selected to cover the study area and
the hydraulic analysis revealed differences in depth, level of decline, and productivity of the
wells to reach a comprehensive assessment of the groundwater and the hydrological status
of the wells, which resulted in A clear explanation of how to manage and sustain it