Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

A comprehensive survey for the natural enemies of aphid species infesting different plant host was carried out during the period from 1.10.2009 – 30.9.2010 in Babylon governorate .
The results reveald that there are four predatory Coccinellids namely : Coccinella septempunctata , C.transversogotata L. , C. undecimpuncatata L. and Pharoscymnus setulosus ( Coleoptrea : Coccinellidae ) that prey on different aphid species . Another predators on aphids were recorded during this study , these consist of Chrysopa carnea and Chrysopa sp. , (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae) and Syrphus balteatus ( Diptera : Syriphidae )
Two parastic Hymenopteran insects were also recorded during this research , Aphidus sp. and Aphelinus sp. (Braconidae ) . The result , showed that some aphid species were found to be infected with an entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana
The seasonal abundance of all natural enemies recorded in the present study was recorded . too .
More than 16 aphid species were indentified during this study :
1. Aphis fabae Scopoli 1763 .2. A. punica ( Passrini )
3. A. gossypii Glover 1877 4. A. nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe 1841
5. A. pomi De Geer 6. A. craccivora Koch 1854
7. Therioaphis trifollii ( Monell ) ( T. maculate Buck. )
8. Rhopalosiphum maids ( Fitch ) 9. Schizaphus ( Toxoptera ) graminum ( Rond. ) 10. Brevicoryne brassicae ( L. , 1758 )
11. Myzus persicae ( Sulzer ) 12. Brachycaudus amygdalinus ( Schout )
13. Macrosiphum sanborni ( Gillelle ) 14. Macrosiphum rosae ( L. , 1758)
15. Acyrthosiphon pisum ( Harris ) ( = Macrosiphum si pi ) and 16. Uroleucon chi son ( L. , 1767 )
The seasonal abundance and host_plants of these aphid species were recoded , too .

The study included the estimation of production function to get the utmost quantities of fodder to limit the utmost scale of production. It is clear from the results of analysis that the utmost scale of production is 0.284 kg per day. Also, the utmost quantities of straw is 4.182 kg per day and Barley is 3.724 kg per day to limit the utmost scale of animal's weight.
The hypothesis of the research is depended on production factors used in the process of breeding cows (fodder, fattening meal , period of fattening ) of variant effects as well as the animal's ability for growth expressed by the weight increase.
The researcher reached to the conclusion that cows breeding to produce meat might give good indicators and improving the local cows by providing good environmental conditions such as the right nutrition based on scientific bases.

The research was conducted to detect E.coli in hatching eggs and premises in poultry hatcheries of Babylon province ,Atotal of 50 samples were randumly collected from four hatcheries (Babylon , AL-chiflawy , Asa΄ad and AL-Anwar hatcheries ) by using cotton swabs which were inoculated directly in the broth media .
Those media were transmitted to the laboratory to detected E.coli and identification of it's serotypes with application of sensitivity test to antibiotics.
Results revealed isolation of E.coli which represented by 8 isolates as well as other bacterial isolates such as Klebsiella spp. of 27 isolates, 7 isolates of Proteus spp. , 2 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and 3 isolates of Staphylococci spp..
The results indicated that the isolated E.coli belongs to the Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) which included four somatic isolates of O114 (8%) , six somatic isolates of O124 (6%) and one somatic isolates of O142 (2%).
Isolated E.coli was high sensitive to Imipenem , Amikacin , Cefotaxin, meanwhile it was less sensitive to Norofloxacin , Ciprofloxacin , but it was resistant to Gentamycin , Cephaloxin , Ampicillin and Trimethoprime.

This experiment was conducted on private orchard at Al- Abbasyia / Najaf at 15/6/ during the years 2008 and 2009 respectively to investigate the effects of N K , Ca at conc. of 0.3% each other and Alar at 1000 mg/L in alone or in combination on the percentage of these elements (N,K,Ca,ALar ) , calcium pictate , fruit Firmness , and total cracklings percentage on ripens Fruits of Fig cv. Aswad Diala .The results indicated that the Fruits of the trees in this experiment treated with nitrogen gave the highest nitrogen percentage fruit firmness , total of percentage of cracklings and resulted in the lowering of Calcium pictate and Firmness significantly compared to control treatment . Treated trees with K , Ca , Alar alone or in combination with N were produced asiginificat increases in N , K , Ca , calcium pictate contents and in the some time caused , firmness reducing in percentage of total cracklings compared with control treatment . The treatment of (N + K + Ca + Alar) was significantly augmented the content of fruits in nutrient elements , it was (2.67 , 1.79 , 0.83)% and (2.75 , 1.86 , 0.90)% for the two growing seasons Beside that , this treatment gave the highest rate of calcium pictate , Firmness and total carbohydrate (i.e. 4.10% , 0.420 Kg/cm2 , 22.31%) and of (3.96% , 0.435 kg/cm2 23.42 %) and the total cracking it was (5.80 and 6.25)%.for both seasons.

Iraqi pastirma was manufactured from beef and abdominal fat and (camel meat and hump fat) individually, the ratio was 3 meat: 1 fat, were stored under refrigeration (5± C˚) after inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei (in both percentages 2.5 and 5%) individually. Fermentation process was conducted at a temperature in 37 C˚ and 80-85% relative humidity for 48 hours for all treatments after adding sugar and salt. Added the other materials used in the manufacture pastirma which include spices and garlic, then packaged mixture of pastirma in natural casings. Pastirma matured at 15-17 C˚ and 75-80% relative humidity for 4 weeks. The microbial quality was followed during the cooling weekly for 4 weeks. Pastirma inoculated with 5% Lb .acidophilus gave the best results in high number of starter bacteria, decreasing the undesirable microorganisms such as (coliform bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, staphylococcus aureus and molds & yeasts), Salmonella were not shown in all samples, and good results in (appearance & color) then pastirma inoculated with same concentration of Lb.casei in secondly than other treatments for two types of pastirma.

This experiment included study efficiency of two Sheller type (Romanian and England Manufacturing),Feeder speed 3,15 and 4,20 m / sec , Drying grades 80 and 90c, The properties which were studied including productivity, electric power consumption, seed moisture and nutrient value ( protein ,oil and carbohydrate percentage).The research was performed by applying the factorial experiments according to the complete randomized design C.R.D with four replications and data were analyzed statistically, Mean values of each treatment were compared using LSD at the 0.05 level of confidence to test significance The results showed the following : performance England Sheller an increasing feeder speed caused increased productivity , Electric power consumption, seed moisture with high efficiency than Roman Sheller England sheller at speed feeder 4,20 m/sec indicated significant superiority up on Romanian sheller in achieving higher productivity and seed moisture content but Roman sheller at speed feeder 3,15 m/sec indicated superiority up on England sheller in achieving lower electric power consumption , Increasing drying temperature from 80 to 90c caused an increasing percentage carbohydrates , Also to a decreased in the percentage of protein and oil , When it surpassed in Romanian sheller temperature drying 80 c superiority up on England sheller in achieving higher protein percentage while England sheller at temperature drying 80 c achieving higher oil percentage and achieving higher carbohydrate percentage at temperature drying 90 c than Romanian sheller

Two experiment were conducted in Lath house of botanical department in The technical institute AL-Kufa from 15/9/2009 to 1/6/2010 to study the effect of spraying of Indol -3-acetic acid(IAA) and Gibberellic acid(GA3)on growth of carnation plant Dianthus caryophyllus L.Var chabaud ,The experiment contains sixteen Factorial treatments i.e. interactions between four concentrations of Indol -3-acetic acid (0,25,50 and 75)Mg.L-1 and four concentrations of Gibberellic acid (0,100,200 and 300)Mg.L-1 in three sprayers 1/3/2010, 15/3/2010, 1/4/2010,Complete randomized design was used with three replicates, using Duncan's multiple range test at probability of 0.05 was adopted to compare means. Results showed that :
1- Spraying plant with Indol acetic acid at concentration 50 Mg.L-1 or Gibberellic acid at concentration 300 Mg.L-1was increased significantly in all the studied characteristics which gave the higher plant height,leaf area,shoot dry weight, leaf contents of total chlorophyll,numbers of mean roots, root dry weight,leaf content of Indol acetic acid,leaf content of Gibberellic acid, flower length stem,number of petals,flower dry weight, and vessel life,respectively. compared with lower values which were produced from the plants control .
2- Result revealed that interaction between two plant hormones the treated plants with Indol acetic acid in concentration 50 mg.L-1 and Gibberellic acid in concentration 300 mg.L-1 was increased significantly in all the studies characteristics .

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some insecticides against onion maggot Delia antiqua (Meigen) on Leek Allium porrum (L.) during growing seasons 2009 and 2010 , the results revealed that Trigard was the most effective insecticide against the insect during first season 2009, it resulted in lowest average infestation percentage , reaching 11.42 % , Karate and Commandor provided next better protection against the larvae , with averages 15.71 and 16.18 % respectively , compared to 40% at control treatment .and Trigard decreased the larvae population up to 1.14 larvae/ plant , Commandor , Karate and Avaunt gave next better control , reaching 1.85 , 2.38 and 2.61 larvae /plant as compared to 7.28 larvae / plant at the control .
The application of insecticide against onion maggot during second season 2010 ( Trigard was absent and Lannte was used ) resulted that Commandor and Lannate were more effective at controlling the insect, the infestation with D. antiqua reached to 3.80 and 3.81 % respectively , compared to 9.04%. at control treatment, reached to 9.04% . and it was noted the significant decrease in the numbers of living larvae at all pesticides, the larvae population reached to 0.23 larvae / plant at Karate followed by Commander and lannate reaching to 0.47 and 0.85 larvae / plant, respectively, compared with control , reached to 9.04%. . it was found that the effect of second spray reduced the infestation and population insect compared to first spray , the results also revealed that the application of insecticides in the first growing season had role in reducing the infection rate in the second growing season .

This research was conducted at the orchard of kufa technical institute during the seasons of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 . Twenty uniform date palm trees " phoenix dactylifera l.. " from each of the two cultivars zahdi and khastawi (35-40 year old) were used .The objectives of this experiment was to study the effect of green leaves pruning on annual production of inflorescences , leaves and the yield . Only eight fruits bunches per each tree were selected after 30 days from pollinations then removed the remaining bunches , the green leaves were pruning's at four treatments included keeping ; 8,9,10,or 11 green leaves per bunch in addition to the control treatment (without pruning) . Randomize complete bloke design was used with four replicates in each treatment. The results indicated keeping ten leaves per bunch had caused the improvement of growth and achieved good result specification like the annual production of inflorescences and new leaves ,increase the yield and improves the quality of the fruits by increasing its weight and size . Also the production of the inflorescences and new leaves had not affected compared with the control treatment or keeping eleven leaves per bunch at both cultivars, but keeping eight or nine leaves per bunch caused decrease in the annual production of inflorescences, leaves, also in the weight, size of the fruits and in the yield at both cultivars .

An investigation of the suitability of water for irrigation in the Jeblla – Sowaira sector of AL – Masub Alam fall Drain was made . Nine testing Locations were selected for this purpose . Measuring of the Parameters was Continued from July 2010 to Jan . 2011 . This study concluded that the the salinity of AL – Masub Alam is ( 2830 – 4850 ) umhos /cm and not suitable for the sensitive crops . Also these tests show that the values of Sodicity which is ranged between ( 3.24 – 3.66 ) have a limited effect on the Crop growth , and determine the suitability of water for irrigation purposes on different Soils . The results indicate that the testing samples exceed the limits of chloride and magnesium hazards . This might be reduce the crop growth and productivity . While the boron is not presented in this study . The abstracted result of this study refers to the suitability of water for irrigation of non – sensitive crops . Also the agricultural lands in this area require a good management and Suitable drainage system and leaching to protect the Soil and water from the pollution .

This experiment was conducted in the Mashkhab region – Najaf province for 2008-2009 seasons to find out the impact of mass selection of some yield characters of the high yield plants of the first season to grow them in the second season using RCBD with 3 replicates, results show that .
selection ( S2) had the highest means of all traits studied ( 25.94 , 310.22 , 5.33 t\h) for number of panicle/ plant , number of seeds /panicle and seed yield , same selection gave the highest heredity percentage (45.5 , 68.4 % ) for number of panicle respectively .This selection also gave higher genetic variation ( 29.9 , 17.4 and 13.5 %) for number of panicle/ plant , number seeds / panicle and grain yield respectively .
It could be concluded that the above characters could be used in the breeding and improving programmers for this important crop.

An experiment was conducted at Gbalah district –Babylon Governorate in plastic houses in 2008 to study the effect of two liquid fertilizers (amino alexin and amino qualent minors) on growth and yield of bell pepper , carisma variety. There were 4 treatments : without fertilization (control) , amino alexin 2Ml/L , amino qualent minors 1.5 Ml/L and both of them .
The results showed that the application of liquid fertilizers have a significant effect on vegetative growth and yield component . Each of them caused a significant increase in plant height and branches , fruit weight , and total yield . The application of both fertilizer together was superior in all studied parameters as compared with others .