Euphrates Journal of Agricultural Science

A comprehensive survey for the natural enemies of aphid species infesting different plant host was carried out during the period from 1.10.2009 – 30.9.2010 in Babylon governorate .
The results reveald that there are four predatory Coccinellids namely : Coccinella septempunctata , C.transversogotata L. , C. undecimpuncatata L. and Pharoscymnus setulosus ( Coleoptrea : Coccinellidae ) that prey on different aphid species . Another predators on aphids were recorded during this study , these consist of Chrysopa carnea and Chrysopa sp. , (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae) and Syrphus balteatus ( Diptera : Syriphidae )
Two parastic Hymenopteran insects were also recorded during this research , Aphidus sp. and Aphelinus sp. (Braconidae ) . The result , showed that some aphid species were found to be infected with an entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana
The seasonal abundance of all natural enemies recorded in the present study was recorded . too .
More than 16 aphid species were indentified during this study :
1. Aphis fabae Scopoli 1763 .2. A. punica ( Passrini )
3. A. gossypii Glover 1877 4. A. nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe 1841
5. A. pomi De Geer 6. A. craccivora Koch 1854
7. Therioaphis trifollii ( Monell ) ( T. maculate Buck. )
8. Rhopalosiphum maids ( Fitch ) 9. Schizaphus ( Toxoptera ) graminum ( Rond. ) 10. Brevicoryne brassicae ( L. , 1758 )
11. Myzus persicae ( Sulzer ) 12. Brachycaudus amygdalinus ( Schout )
13. Macrosiphum sanborni ( Gillelle ) 14. Macrosiphum rosae ( L. , 1758)
15. Acyrthosiphon pisum ( Harris ) ( = Macrosiphum si pi ) and 16. Uroleucon chi son ( L. , 1767 )
The seasonal abundance and host_plants of these aphid species were recoded , too .

The study included the estimation of production function to get the utmost quantities of fodder to limit the utmost scale of production. It is clear from the results of analysis that the utmost scale of production is 0.284 kg per day. Also, the utmost quantities of straw is 4.182 kg per day and Barley is 3.724 kg per day to limit the utmost scale of animal's weight.
The hypothesis of the research is depended on production factors used in the process of breeding cows (fodder, fattening meal , period of fattening ) of variant effects as well as the animal's ability for growth expressed by the weight increase.
The researcher reached to the conclusion that cows breeding to produce meat might give good indicators and improving the local cows by providing good environmental conditions such as the right nutrition based on scientific bases.

The research was conducted to detect E.coli in hatching eggs and premises in poultry hatcheries of Babylon province ,Atotal of 50 samples were randumly collected from four hatcheries (Babylon , AL-chiflawy , Asa΄ad and AL-Anwar hatcheries ) by using cotton swabs which were inoculated directly in the broth media .
Those media were transmitted to the laboratory to detected E.coli and identification of it's serotypes with application of sensitivity test to antibiotics.
Results revealed isolation of E.coli which represented by 8 isolates as well as other bacterial isolates such as Klebsiella spp. of 27 isolates, 7 isolates of Proteus spp. , 2 isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and 3 isolates of Staphylococci spp..
The results indicated that the isolated E.coli belongs to the Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) which included four somatic isolates of O114 (8%) , six somatic isolates of O124 (6%) and one somatic isolates of O142 (2%).
Isolated E.coli was high sensitive to Imipenem , Amikacin , Cefotaxin, meanwhile it was less sensitive to Norofloxacin , Ciprofloxacin , but it was resistant to Gentamycin , Cephaloxin , Ampicillin and Trimethoprime.

This experiment was conducted on private orchard at Al- Abbasyia / Najaf at 15/6/ during the years 2008 and 2009 respectively to investigate the effects of N K , Ca at conc. of 0.3% each other and Alar at 1000 mg/L in alone or in combination on the percentage of these elements (N,K,Ca,ALar ) , calcium pictate , fruit Firmness , and total cracklings percentage on ripens Fruits of Fig cv. Aswad Diala .The results indicated that the Fruits of the trees in this experiment treated with nitrogen gave the highest nitrogen percentage fruit firmness , total of percentage of cracklings and resulted in the lowering of Calcium pictate and Firmness significantly compared to control treatment . Treated trees with K , Ca , Alar alone or in combination with N were produced asiginificat increases in N , K , Ca , calcium pictate contents and in the some time caused , firmness reducing in percentage of total cracklings compared with control treatment . The treatment of (N + K + Ca + Alar) was significantly augmented the content of fruits in nutrient elements , it was (2.67 , 1.79 , 0.83)% and (2.75 , 1.86 , 0.90)% for the two growing seasons Beside that , this treatment gave the highest rate of calcium pictate , Firmness and total carbohydrate (i.e. 4.10% , 0.420 Kg/cm2 , 22.31%) and of (3.96% , 0.435 kg/cm2 23.42 %) and the total cracking it was (5.80 and 6.25)%.for both seasons.

Iraqi pastirma was manufactured from beef and abdominal fat and (camel meat and hump fat) individually, the ratio was 3 meat: 1 fat, were stored under refrigeration (5± C˚) after inoculated with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei (in both percentages 2.5 and 5%) individually. Fermentation process was conducted at a temperature in 37 C˚ and 80-85% relative humidity for 48 hours for all treatments after adding sugar and salt. Added the other materials used in the manufacture pastirma which include spices and garlic, then packaged mixture of pastirma in natural casings. Pastirma matured at 15-17 C˚ and 75-80% relative humidity for 4 weeks. The microbial quality was followed during the cooling weekly for 4 weeks. Pastirma inoculated with 5% Lb .acidophilus gave the best results in high number of starter bacteria, decreasing the undesirable microorganisms such as (coliform bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, staphylococcus aureus and molds & yeasts), Salmonella were not shown in all samples, and good results in (appearance & color) then pastirma inoculated with same concentration of Lb.casei in secondly than other treatments for two types of pastirma.

This experiment included study efficiency of two Sheller type (Romanian and England Manufacturing),Feeder speed 3,15 and 4,20 m / sec , Drying grades 80 and 90c, The properties which were studied including productivity, electric power consumption, seed moisture and nutrient value ( protein ,oil and carbohydrate percentage).The research was performed by applying the factorial experiments according to the complete randomized design C.R.D with four replications and data were analyzed statistically, Mean values of each treatment were compared using LSD at the 0.05 level of confidence to test significance The results showed the following : performance England Sheller an increasing feeder speed caused increased productivity , Electric power consumption, seed moisture with high efficiency than Roman Sheller England sheller at speed feeder 4,20 m/sec indicated significant superiority up on Romanian sheller in achieving higher productivity and seed moisture content but Roman sheller at speed feeder 3,15 m/sec indicated superiority up on England sheller in achieving lower electric power consumption , Increasing drying temperature from 80 to 90c caused an increasing percentage carbohydrates , Also to a decreased in the percentage of protein and oil , When it surpassed in Romanian sheller temperature drying 80 c superiority up on England sheller in achieving higher protein percentage while England sheller at temperature drying 80 c achieving higher oil percentage and achieving higher carbohydrate percentage at temperature drying 90 c than Romanian sheller

Two experiment were conducted in Lath house of botanical department in The technical institute AL-Kufa from 15/9/2009 to 1/6/2010 to study the effect of spraying of Indol -3-acetic acid(IAA) and Gibberellic acid(GA3)on growth of carnation plant Dianthus caryophyllus L.Var chabaud ,The experiment contains sixteen Factorial treatments i.e. interactions between four concentrations of Indol -3-acetic acid (0,25,50 and 75)Mg.L-1 and four concentrations of Gibberellic acid (0,100,200 and 300)Mg.L-1 in three sprayers 1/3/2010, 15/3/2010, 1/4/2010,Complete randomized design was used with three replicates, using Duncan's multiple range test at probability of 0.05 was adopted to compare means. Results showed that :
1- Spraying plant with Indol acetic acid at concentration 50 Mg.L-1 or Gibberellic acid at concentration 300 Mg.L-1was increased significantly in all the studied characteristics which gave the higher plant height,leaf area,shoot dry weight, leaf contents of total chlorophyll,numbers of mean roots, root dry weight,leaf content of Indol acetic acid,leaf content of Gibberellic acid, flower length stem,number of petals,flower dry weight, and vessel life,respectively. compared with lower values which were produced from the plants control .
2- Result revealed that interaction between two plant hormones the treated plants with Indol acetic acid in concentration 50 mg.L-1 and Gibberellic acid in concentration 300 mg.L-1 was increased significantly in all the studies characteristics .

This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of some insecticides against onion maggot Delia antiqua (Meigen) on Leek Allium porrum (L.) during growing seasons 2009 and 2010 , the results revealed that Trigard was the most effective insecticide against the insect during first season 2009, it resulted in lowest average infestation percentage , reaching 11.42 % , Karate and Commandor provided next better protection against the larvae , with averages 15.71 and 16.18 % respectively , compared to 40% at control treatment .and Trigard decreased the larvae population up to 1.14 larvae/ plant , Commandor , Karate and Avaunt gave next better control , reaching 1.85 , 2.38 and 2.61 larvae /plant as compared to 7.28 larvae / plant at the control .
The application of insecticide against onion maggot during second season 2010 ( Trigard was absent and Lannte was used ) resulted that Commandor and Lannate were more effective at controlling the insect, the infestation with D. antiqua reached to 3.80 and 3.81 % respectively , compared to 9.04%. at control treatment, reached to 9.04% . and it was noted the significant decrease in the numbers of living larvae at all pesticides, the larvae population reached to 0.23 larvae / plant at Karate followed by Commander and lannate reaching to 0.47 and 0.85 larvae / plant, respectively, compared with control , reached to 9.04%. . it was found that the effect of second spray reduced the infestation and population insect compared to first spray , the results also revealed that the application of insecticides in the first growing season had role in reducing the infection rate in the second growing season .

This research was conducted at the orchard of kufa technical institute during the seasons of 2007 , 2008 , 2009 . Twenty uniform date palm trees " phoenix dactylifera l.. " from each of the two cultivars zahdi and khastawi (35-40 year old) were used .The objectives of this experiment was to study the effect of green leaves pruning on annual production of inflorescences , leaves and the yield . Only eight fruits bunches per each tree were selected after 30 days from pollinations then removed the remaining bunches , the green leaves were pruning's at four treatments included keeping ; 8,9,10,or 11 green leaves per bunch in addition to the control treatment (without pruning) . Randomize complete bloke design was used with four replicates in each treatment. The results indicated keeping ten leaves per bunch had caused the improvement of growth and achieved good result specification like the annual production of inflorescences and new leaves ,increase the yield and improves the quality of the fruits by increasing its weight and size . Also the production of the inflorescences and new leaves had not affected compared with the control treatment or keeping eleven leaves per bunch at both cultivars, but keeping eight or nine leaves per bunch caused decrease in the annual production of inflorescences, leaves, also in the weight, size of the fruits and in the yield at both cultivars .

An investigation of the suitability of water for irrigation in the Jeblla – Sowaira sector of AL – Masub Alam fall Drain was made . Nine testing Locations were selected for this purpose . Measuring of the Parameters was Continued from July 2010 to Jan . 2011 . This study concluded that the the salinity of AL – Masub Alam is ( 2830 – 4850 ) umhos /cm and not suitable for the sensitive crops . Also these tests show that the values of Sodicity which is ranged between ( 3.24 – 3.66 ) have a limited effect on the Crop growth , and determine the suitability of water for irrigation purposes on different Soils . The results indicate that the testing samples exceed the limits of chloride and magnesium hazards . This might be reduce the crop growth and productivity . While the boron is not presented in this study . The abstracted result of this study refers to the suitability of water for irrigation of non – sensitive crops . Also the agricultural lands in this area require a good management and Suitable drainage system and leaching to protect the Soil and water from the pollution .

This experiment was conducted in the Mashkhab region – Najaf province for 2008-2009 seasons to find out the impact of mass selection of some yield characters of the high yield plants of the first season to grow them in the second season using RCBD with 3 replicates, results show that .
selection ( S2) had the highest means of all traits studied ( 25.94 , 310.22 , 5.33 t\h) for number of panicle/ plant , number of seeds /panicle and seed yield , same selection gave the highest heredity percentage (45.5 , 68.4 % ) for number of panicle respectively .This selection also gave higher genetic variation ( 29.9 , 17.4 and 13.5 %) for number of panicle/ plant , number seeds / panicle and grain yield respectively .
It could be concluded that the above characters could be used in the breeding and improving programmers for this important crop.

An experiment was conducted at Gbalah district –Babylon Governorate in plastic houses in 2008 to study the effect of two liquid fertilizers (amino alexin and amino qualent minors) on growth and yield of bell pepper , carisma variety. There were 4 treatments : without fertilization (control) , amino alexin 2Ml/L , amino qualent minors 1.5 Ml/L and both of them .
The results showed that the application of liquid fertilizers have a significant effect on vegetative growth and yield component . Each of them caused a significant increase in plant height and branches , fruit weight , and total yield . The application of both fertilizer together was superior in all studied parameters as compared with others .

Invasion hasbandary of laying hens is considered ones of important resource in Iraq, Which has important position in national economic. There fore , it is necessary to imphasize the development of it in order to increase the development circle of this part.
Iraq suffers of abvious decreasing of table eggs production and the agriculture sector can not fill the gap between the local production and the requirement more over the big part of consumption can be satisfied throw importing. This problem is increased widely because of the few of fodder and the high price and there is no agreement between the condition and specific control. In addition to that there is a low in product prices because of the importing competition and there is no exist of importing political for eggs which supply the need of the country according to the scientific style with out losing for the local product.
So it is necessary to pay attension to the project and it’s the goal of this study to make economical analyses to the company and using for example the economical standard.
The in vested Iraqi diner ( ID) which get avenue standard score ( 2.3) ID. The period of reframing the working capital is relatively ( 1.007) year in average , the percentage profit is ( 57 %) which is not good and encarages the investors to do such product through the prices of in cames & expenses suffers because of the local market condition. So the company achieves not good economical profile ( 319,175,181) ID. The result shows the company not in stability & is frequency.

The trials were carried out at three years : 2006-2009 under plastic houses condition in two location : Jebela / Babylon and Agriculture College / Baghdad , to study of eggplant phynotypes and its relationship for infection percentage by B. cinerea . The phynotypes are very affective for increased infection by fungus and found sepals swept to behind with petals when stay contact with frout for longetime reduce infection percentage reach to 60% when compared with petals stay contact for longetime are very important for growth and invasion the frout by fungus to reach infection percentage 100%. The furrows on sepals and frout carrier , and sepals swept to behind were increased of infection percentage 35% when compared with pureline which havent frout this phynotypes to reach infection percentage 7.5%.

The study consisted of Survey , distribution and Control of bacterial soft rot disease caused by Erwinia carotovora var carotovora. developed into four potato refregirated storages Were: Abu-Ghraib , Yousifia , AL-Ghazal Co. Storage , and AL-Fallaja .
The Survey process Was Conducted in different periods during Spring months ,2002. The infection percentages ranged from 3 to 19%.
E. carotovora. var carotovora. isolations that had been taken from these four Storages were identified and had been found that this bacteria was responsible for making this disease inside these storages. Many isolated bacteria that belong to both genus and species were grown at potato dextrose agar (PDA) and McConkey medium . The factors affected the pathogenic ability of E. carotovora . were : temperature , humidity , potato sensitivity , potato wounding and pollution , and the time between wounding and the hading wounds .
The Study showed that the period 15 days was the best period of heeding wounds when the temperature was 21co at infection volume 5.9ml .Diamont Variety was more sensitive than Desiree variety to be infected by E. carotovora .

This study was conducted in Animal farm, that belong to Animal Resources Dept., College of Agriculture &Forestry, Mosul University. by using fifteen local lambs were used with age ranging between 5-6 months and an average of initial weight 31.20 ±0.4 kg,the lambs were distributed randomly into three groups (5 animal/group),and then were fed ad libitum on three rations contain same crude proton (17.79%) and metabolisable energy(2432Kcal/Kg.feed),but different in Nigella sativa meal percentage (0 , 9 and 18%)which was replacing as partial of soybean meal in the rations, the lambs groups were fed 90 days. The effect of using different percentages of Nigella sativa meal was studied on some productive traits (daily and total gain ,feed intake,feed efficiency, final weight and economic feed efficiency) and some biochemical( total protein ,albumin, globulin ,blood glucose blood urea, glycerol and triglycerides).The results dictated that lambs fed 9% Nigella sativa meal ration had significantly affect(P≤0.05) when compared there lambs were fed 18% Nigella sativa meal ration ontotal protein and triglycerides, while the lambs fed 18% Nigella sativa meal ration had significantly effect (P≤0.05)as compared to the lambs fed control and18% Nigella sativa meal ration on final weight and albumin has highly significantly effect(P≤0.01) as compared to the lambs fed control and18% Nigella sativa meal ration on daily and total gain and glucose blood, while the using of different percentage of Nigella sativa meal has non significantly effect in globulin , blood urea and glycerol. We conclusion from this study that the use of Nigella sativa meal in fattening rations lambs with average 9% of the components of the diet which gave the best results in some of the characteristics of productivity, economic cost and biochemical parameters of local lambs

The storage Remnants conceder as type of material of poultry Ration in the most of World countries because it represent cheap material and doesn't used as Human feed ,in the other hand it conceder as good nutrient value .
The study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary inclusion of dust that found with the Rice (Rice Dust ) which is , selling as feed for animal . Two hundred and twenty five day-old mixed sexes broiler (hybrid ) were divided into three groups of 75 birds each with 3 replicates and randomly assigned to this treatment diets. Group 1 controlled with no addition Rice dust while group 2 and 3 the addition Rice Dust 2% and 4% diet, respectively. These experiments until their marketing age (8 weeks old). Then the characteristics were studied : The marketing body weight , mortality percentages, feed intake , feed conversion efficiency , percentages of carcass yield . Gut weight & length Relative and edible giblets (heart, liver, and gizzard) percentage , The results showed no significant (p>0.05) differences in all of these characteristics.

Agricultural education is the basic foundation for agricultural development , Vocational agricultural education is one levels of this education , and it facing many problems that limit its role and its contribution to agricultural development , which requires research to diagnose these problems and address them .
The present study which conducted in Al-Diwaniyah agricultural secondary school reached that the most problems facing vocational agricultural education in the province are :a poor motivation to study and educational attainment in most of the students ,the small numbers of students enrolled in agricultural schools , lack of educational system to the plants and incentive programs for students and the lack of definition of the importance of agriculture and agricultural education within the community .

This study has been conducted in the Musayab Technical College during the period from September 2009 to June 2010.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of foliar fertilization spray with Humic acid (H.A) and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) and their interaction on the root and shoot properties. In addition to the leaf contents of the macronutrients (N, P, K), as well as the carbohydrates in the olive seedling of SHAMI cultivar.
Factorial experiment was adopted with in RCBD. The first factor was the liquid organic fertilizer sprying (H.A), with three level ( 0, 5, 10 ) ml / liter . The second factor was the chemical fertilizing with (DAP), four levels was used ( 0, 5 , 10, 15 ) gm / seedling , with three replicates ( five seedling / experiment unit ), So the total number of seedling was 180 seedlings of one year old .
The results were analyzed by using the Anova table and the mean were compared by using the least significant different of 0.05 level.
The most important results were as follow :
1- The foliar sprying with ( H.A) with 10 ml / liter shows on significant effect on all root and shoot properties ( main stem length which reach to 93.54 cm , the number leaf was 510 leaves on each seedling , The highest leaf percent of ( N, P, K ) was 3.38 , 0.25 , 2.98 respectively ) , compare to control treatment which is (3.10 , 0.21 , 2.77 ) % respectively. The carbohydrate content of leaf was 89.6 mg / liter compared with control treatment which was 85.32 mg / liter.
2- The DAP treatment with 15 gm / seedling shows on significant effect on all root and shoot properties (( main stem length was 122.44 cm , the number of leaf was 664.66 leaves / seedling , the highest mean percentage of (N, P ,K ) in leaf were (4.62 , 0.36 , 4. 05 ) % respectively compared with control treatments which were (2.17 , 0.13 , 1.67 ) % respectively. In addition to the leaves content of carbohydrate were 92.77 mg / liter compared with content of control treatment which was 79.42 mg / liter.
3-The interaction between the fertilizer spraying by Humic acid (H.A) with 10 ml\l concentration and soil fertilizing with 15 g\seedling of ( DAP) of showed a significant effect on all root and shoot properties. The interaction gave a significant increase in the leaf contents of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Carbohydrates.

This study included the effect of ethanol extract of leaves Ricinus communis on some biological aspects of the Aphis fabae Scopoli .
The results showed that, the extracts of R. communis were effective on all biological aspects of insect, a direct correlation was found between extract concentration and mortality rates. The mortality rates of the different nymphal instars 1st , 2nd , 3rd , 4th and the adult in ethanol extract increased from (6.55, 5.74, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0) % respectively in the control treatment to (15.56, 15.00, 14.18, 13.56, 12.79)% respectively at the concentration of 10 mg/ml .
Cumulative mortality of immature stages reached 100% at concentration of 10mg/ml, compared with 20 % at control treatment.
Developmental period of the immature stages 6.2 days, and female productivity 31 nymph/ female in the control treatment while no register developmental period and female productivity in concentration of ethanol extract.

ِA microbiological study was done on the samples of the industrial stages used
in three bakery in Baghdad Governorate . The industrial stages was the first ( flour ) ,
second ( dough ) , third ( formation ) , fourth ( bread ) .This study included the
total count of aerobic bacteria , coliform bacteria , spore former bacteria , non lactic acid bacteria , lactic acid bacteria , yeast, molds , This study aimed to know the
effect of industrial stages on microbiological contamination for bakery products .
Results showed that high significant differences were observed in count of all kinds of
microorganisms among the industrial stages in all bakery, in second industrial stage
(dough ) increased the total count of aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria , spore former bacteria , non lactic acid bacteria , lactic acid bacteria , yeast , molds ( 21 , 5 , 12 , 7 ,
455, 6 , 2 ) double respectively compared with the first industrial stage ( flour ) , in the third stage ( formation ) increased the count of all kinds microorganisms to double except the coliform bacteria was decreased . in the fourth stage ( bread ) large decreased in the count of all kinds of microorganisms .