Ur Journal for Human Sciences

The research adopted a key question to delve into a purposeful methodology for analyzing and interpreting the societal viewpoints of the research sample from the general public. The question is: What is the effectiveness of the news abundance pursued by Al Jazeera satellite channel regarding the confrontations and clashes between the Zionist entity and the Islamic resistance movements in Palestine after October 7, 2023, and their expansion into Lebanon And Yemen, ending with the Zionist aggression against Iran on June 24, 2025.
The research relied on deductive hypotheses from the Uses and Gratifications Theory due to its proximity and direct connection to the research topic. As for the research methodology, the latter is considered one of the causal (explanatory) researches that aim to understand and identify the cause and effect relationships between media variables and social phenomena The reason for identifying causal research is that it is an ideal and realistic choice for the methodological perspective that relies on the closest foundations for considering the relationships of mutual influence between the media outlet and its programs and the intensity of its coverage of certain topics on the one hand, and the audience and the motives for its exposure to that media outlet and its news programs on the other.
The research found that the intentional/purposive sampling (non-probability sampling) makes the study consistent with the methodological considerations that must be defined based on the research’s adoption of a pre-defined theory, which is the Uses and Gratifications Theory, which prompted the researcher to choose it with a size of 382 items.
Regarding the most important findings of the research:
85% 1. 85% of respondents believe that Al Jazeera's news coverage and its availability regarding the Arab-Islamic-Zionist conflict after October 7, 2023, has aligned with their cognitive and emotional attitudes regarding the brutal massacres and starvation policies perpetrated by the Israeli occupation against innocent civilians in Gaza.
2. Approximately 85% of those surveyed agree that their monitoring of Al Jazeera's coverage of the events after October 7, 2023, has increased due to their desire to be informed about the rapidly unfolding events at that time, and that the abundance of the news channel was informative and made them anticipate more coverage.
3. 95% of those surveyed believe that the channel, with its abundant news coverage of events after October 7, 2023, has moved away from the tension and dramatic spectacle that complicates the audience's understanding by focusing on clear, simple, and well-defined programmatic methods.

تعد زيارة الرئيس المصري محمد انور السادات الى الكيان الصهيوني في 19 تشرين الثاني 1977, الحدث البارز والمهم في الوطن العربي, لذا برز الموقف الشعبي الكويتي لتلك الزيارة والتي ظهرت على عدة جوانب منها الرأي العام والاتحادات الطلابية داخل جامعة الكويت, كذلك اخذت حيز كبير من اهتمام الصحافة الكويتية وكتابها كونها الحدث الاكثر تأثيراً على القضية العربية بشكل عام والقضية الفلسطينية بشكل خاص, لاسيما وان الدول العربية كانت ترى منذ عام 1948 ان الاتصال الكيان الصهيوني جريمة سياسية وخيانة عظمى للقضية الفلسطينية, فيما اعتبرت الشعوب العربية ان الزيارة تتسم بالخطورة على الوضع العربي وكان من الممكن تجنبها في ظل الظروف الحرجة التي تعيشه المنطقة العربية, وان الحق العربي لن يرجع بطريقة الزيارات والحوارات مع الكيان الصهيوني, وانما ما اخذ بالقوة يسترجع بالقوة فقط, وان مجرد قيام رئيس دولة عربية بالزيارة تعني اعترافا رسميا "بإسرائيل".

The sale of stem cells is a contemporary legal and jurisprudential issue that has not been regulated by traditional jurisprudence or old legislations, due to rapid developments in medicine and biotechnology. These cells are used in various fields such as tissue engineering and the treatment of incurable diseases, which has sparked a debate regarding the legality of their sale. In the absence of clear legal regulation, disagreements have emerged among scholars and legislators about the permissibility of financial transactions involving them, with some countries prohibiting it while others allow it under specific conditions. This research aims to study the sale of stem cells from the perspective of Imamite jurisprudence and national laws, analyzing the legal and Shariah regulations governing it, while focusing on the legal and ethical challenges associated with this issue. The topic addresses three main axes. The first axis examines the jurisprudential ruling on the sale of stem cells according to Imamite jurisprudence, based on the principles of "what a person does not own, he cannot sell" and "no harm and no harming." The second axis focuses on the legal framework in several national legislations, which vary between criminalizing the sale and permitting it under strict conditions. The third axis highlights the legal and ethical challenges. The research relies on a descriptive-analytical methodology to study jurisprudential and legal texts, alongside a comparative approach to analyze various legislations, whether in Arab or Western countries, and to compare them with the international standards adopted in this field. It also analyzes the jurisprudential principles that define the scope of actions regarding the human body, in order to reach a clear legal and religious ruling. The results show that Imamite jurisprudence prohibits the sale of stem cells based on rules that prevent financial transactions involving the body, except in cases of extreme necessity and under strict controls. National laws vary between criminalizing their sale and permitting it under certain conditions, reflecting the need for the development of clearer legislation to regulate this issue. The recommendations emphasize the necessity of enacting laws that define the processes for donating stem cells, while prohibiting any commercial transactions involving them, and enhancing international cooperation to establish unified standards for their use. Strict penalties should also be imposed on illegal trafficking of stem cells, and awareness campaigns should be launched regarding the legal and ethical risks associated with their sale.

The oath of "Qasama" is considered one of the legal means adopted by Islamic jurisprudence to prove intentional murder in the absence of conclusive material evidence. It is used as a supplementary method that relies on the oaths of the blood relatives to establish the accusation. However, modern positive laws, including Iraqi law, have not adopted Qasama as a primary means of proof; instead, they have leaned towards relying on scientific and forensic evidence, such as forensic reports, digital evidence analysis, and modern investigative techniques. This research addresses the concept of Qasama, its jurisprudential and legal dimensions, and its compatibility with modern principles of criminal evidence by analyzing the position of Islamic jurisprudence in comparison to positive laws, with a focus on Iraqi legislation and its alignment with global legal systems in proving intentional murder, and the impact of this on achieving criminal justice. The research problem is manifested in the conflict between jurisprudential rules that accept Qasama as a means of proof and positive laws that require the existence of conclusive material evidence. There is also a challenge regarding the compatibility of Qasama with the principles of modern criminal justice, which rely on judicial certainty based on evidence. Among the most significant challenges, we find the absence of explicit texts in some laws regarding the possibility of using or rejecting the oath (qasama), which creates a disparity in judicial interpretations, alongside the issues related to its application in societies that rely on modern judicial systems. The research poses the main question: What is the legitimacy of the qasama in proving intentional murder according to Islamic jurisprudence, and how consistent is it with modern positive laws, especially in Iraqi legislation? It also branches into questions related to the evidentiary value of the qasama, the restrictions imposed by legal systems on means of proof, and the possibility of reforming the Iraqi legal system to achieve a balance between Islamic jurisprudence and modern legal developments, while considering the ethical and social dimensions in criminal legislation. The research relies on a descriptive-analytical approach, reviewing the legal and jurisprudential texts related to the qasama and comparing them with positive laws, particularly Iraqi law.

The study aims to identify the design thinking skills among students of the Science Department at the College of Basic Education in light of the STEAM model. The sample consisted of (259) male and female students from the Science Department, in its two branches (Physics - Biology), for the academic year 2024–2025. The research tool was developed, which is the Design Thinking Skills Test consisting of (30) multiple-choice questions, each with four options, only one of which is correctThe results showed the following:.
1. The study revealed that the students possess a high level of design thinking skills.
2. The results indicated that there is a convergence between the levels of males and females, which indicates that gender is not a significantly influential variable in acquiring design thinking skills for the study sample.
3. The skill of (problem identification and design testing) obtained a high percentage, surpassing the other skills.
4. There was no significant difference regarding the achievement variable among the students of the Science Department.
In light of these results, the researcher presented several recommendations that may contribute to improving the level of design thinking skills among students, including:
1. Utilizing activities based on problem-solving and project-based learning to develop the skills that were less prevalent.
2. Organizing training courses for faculty members on how to develop students’ design thinking skills.
3. Encouraging and fostering students’ analytical and creative thinking and providing continuous feedback.
4. Enhancing educational programs that integrate design thinking skills into curricula and classroom activities.
The researcher also presented some suggestions in light of this study:
1. Conducting similar research on design thinking skills in other departments of the College of Basic Education.
2. Conducting a study to determine the effectiveness of an educational program for developing design thinking skills among students.
3. Conducting a study to identify the extent to which faculty members at the College of Basic Education practice design thinking in their teaching.
4. Proposing the inclusion of study units or specialized skills aimed at developing design thinking skills within students’ academic curricula.

The research aimed to explore the impact of the two-column summaries strategy on the academic performance of fifth-grade literary students in history and its role in enhancing their mental alertness. This was investigated through the following hypotheses:
1-There is no statistically significant difference at the significance level (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group students who studied using the two-column summaries strategy and the control group who studied using the traditional method in the achievement test.
2- There is no statistically significant difference at a significance level of (0.05) between the average scores of the students in the experimental group who studied using the two-column summaries strategy and the control group who studied using the traditional method in developing mindfulness.
This study focused exclusively on female students in the fifth literary grade attending daytime schools under the General Directorate of Education in Babylon during the 2024/2025 academic year. The experiment was conducted during the second semester, with the research sample composed of (73) female students distributed into two classes, randomly divided into two groups. Class (B) was the experimental group and its members were (38) female students, and Class (A) was the control group and its members were (35) female students. The two groups were rewarded with chronological age in months, intelligence, history score for the fifth literary grade, previous information test, and pre-mental alertness scale.
The researcher organized the essential elements for the experiment, which involved defining the scientific materials, outlining the behavioral objectives, and creating detailed teaching plans.The experimental group studied using two-column summaries, while the control group studied using the traditional method for a full semester.
After that, The achievement test and mindfulness scale were administered to both groups. To analyze the findings, the data were statistically processed using a t-test for two independent samples. Based on the results obtained from the study , it was noted that the experimental group outperformed the control group. In light of the research results, the researcher developed a set of recommendations and proposals related to the research results.

This study investigates the phenomenon of semantic stability and pragmatic shift in Quranic vocabulary in light of modern linguistics. It aims to reveal how Quranic terms maintain their core, stable meaning (semantic stability) while performing multiple and evolving communicative functions (pragmatic shift) according to different contexts. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology that integrates classical Arabic linguistic and exegetical heritage with modern linguistic theories, particularly semantics, pragmatics, and speech act theory.
The study concludes that the Quranic term possesses a unique dual structure, combining a stable "semantic core" that ensures the continuity and coherence of textual understanding across eras, and a shifting "pragmatic margin" that allows for flexibility in interpretation and its adaptation to various contexts, audiences, and times. This balance is considered one of the aspects of the inimitability (I'jaz) of the Holy Quran, making it a text valid for all times and places. The study provides applied models of terms such as "heart" (Qalb) and "light" (Nur), and an analysis of Surat Al-Fatihah to substantiate its central hypothesis.

Muʿāṭāh sale is a contract based on mutual consent without requiring verbal formulation or formal documentation, making it a subject of extensive legal and jurisprudential debate. While its simplicity and ease of execution make it widely practiced in everyday transactions, it simultaneously raises challenges concerning its enforceability and the immediate transfer of ownership. In Imamī jurisprudence, Muʿāṭāh sale only permits the use of the sold item but does not immediately transfer ownership unless additional evidence establishes contractual commitment. In contrast, Ḥanafī jurisprudence considers it a binding contract that transfers ownership upon exchange, without requiring verbal articulation. From a legal standpoint, some civil systems, including the Iraqi Civil Code, adopt a flexible approach by recognizing Muʿāṭāh sale as a valid contract while imposing formal registration requirements for certain transactions, such as real estate, to ensure ownership stability. This study examines the extent to which Muʿāṭāh sale qualifies as a legally binding and ownership-transferring contract under Islamic jurisprudence and civil law. It also addresses challenges such as the absence of verbal formulation, the possibility of unilateral revocation, the role of customary practices in completing contractual deficiencies, and the risks posed by the lack of formal documentation. The significance of this study lies in the need to clarify the legal framework of Muʿāṭāh sale, particularly with the expansion of digital transactions and e-commerce, where contracts are often formed through non-traditional means. The findings indicate that while Imamī jurisprudence does not necessarily recognize immediate ownership transfer, Ḥanafī jurisprudence and Iraqi law validate ownership transfer upon exchange, especially in transactions not requiring formal registration. This study recommends reforming civil laws to provide a clearer legal framework for Muʿāṭāh sale, specifying when it directly transfers ownership and when additional formalities are required, particularly in the context of e-commerce and digital transactions.

The study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Priority Pyramid Strategy in enhancing achievement in geography and developing creative thinking among fifth-year literary female students. An experimental design was employed with two groups — experimental (35 students) and control (33 students) — ensuring equivalence in age, prior achievement, prior knowledge, intelligence, and creative thinking. During the first semester of the 2024–2025 academic year, nine geography units were taught, with 160 behavioral objectives prepared according to Bloom’s taxonomy and 34 daily lesson plans validated by experts. Two research instruments were developed: a 40-item multiple-choice achievement test and a 30-item creative thinking test, both verified for validity, reliability, item difficulty, discrimination, and distractor effectiveness. After administering the post-tests and analyzing the results using the independent samples t-test, findings revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in both achievement and creative thinking.

The current research aims to develop a proposed guidance program )using relaxation techniques ) to deal with psychological stress among female Students in the preparatory stage.
To measure psychological Stress, the researcher adopted the Dhadhoh scale, which consists of (30) items whiith alternatives (always, sometimes, rarely, never) the researcher applied the scale to a sample of (200) female Students in the academic year (2024 - 2025) the resalts showed that the research community of female students in the preparatory stage suffers from psychological stress.

Ibn Jahzam was a Sufi shaykh and a hadith scholar at the Sacred Mosque in Mecca. Andalusian students of knowledge, as well as pilgrims arriving in Mecca, received from him their learning and religious knowledge. They emulated his asceticism and Sufi practices, transmitted his narrations, narrated from him, and disseminated his scholarship throughout al- Andalus upon their return.
The study was divided into two section.
The first section examined the personality of Abo al- Hasan ibn jahzam, his pursuit of knowledge, his teachers, companions, and Eastern students, as will as his writings on Sufism, his transmitted narrations, scholarly opinions about him, and his death.
The second section focused on the Andalusian students who studied under Ibn Jahzam, those whom he authorized to transmit his narrations, and the circulation of his works within Andalusian scholarly circles.

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is considered one of the most prominent Indian thinkers and leaders who spent many years of his life fighting against class discrimination in India. He dedicated his life to defending the rights of the Dalit class, a class that suffered greatly because of Hindu texts that dehumanized them and treated them in a manner closer to animals. The opportunities that were available to him were among the factors that helped him achieve his goals, including his selection as a member of the Constitution Drafting Committee as a result of his legal prowess, which enabled him to raise the issue of his class and include it in the Indian Constitution in 1956.

Wrongful killing is one of the important topics that Islamic law has emphasized its provisions and has arranged for its perpetrator to pay blood money, punishment and expiation. Many verses of the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet have been mentioned on this topic regarding the perpetrator of wrongful killing. The Sunnah of the Prophet has explained the blood money, punishments and expiations for those who kill a person by mistake, to increase the concern for the blood of a Muslim. The development that has occurred in contemporary societies has led to the emergence of new concepts of wrongful killing, so it is necessary to know how to prove it, especially from the point of view of Islamic jurisprudence in order to preserve the sanctity of human blood, whether the perpetrator or the victim. In this research, we try to stand on the types of wrongful killing and its images in its contemporary resources as much as possible with the pillars and conditions that achieve wrongful killing in its contemporary resources with their harmony in Islamic jurisprudence.

Environmental pollution is one of the most serious challenges facing humanity in the modern era, due to its devastating effects on human and animal health and ecosystems as a whole.1 This report goes beyond the traditional understanding of pollution as an isolated phenomenon, providing a comprehensive analysis of the complex and reciprocal relationship between natural and human geographical factors and the patterns and levels of pollution. The research relies on a descriptive, analytical, and inductive approach to explain how geography is not merely a site of pollution, but rather a pivotal variable that determines its nature, spread, and the aggravation of its effects.
The research problem lies in understanding how the geographical characteristics of the environment (such as climate, terrain, and water systems) and human activities (such as industrialization, urbanization, and transportation) affect pollution, while reviewing the modern geographical tools available to address these challenges. The study finds a causal and cumulative relationship between human expansion and pollution, and that natural factors such as climate and terrain can amplify its effects, as is the case in the "vicious cycle" that links climate change, forest fires, and air pollution. Furthermore, the case studies highlight that pollution is a predominantly spatial phenomenon, concentrated in specific geographic locations such as industrial areas and densely populated cities. The report concludes with practical recommendations that emphasize the importance of integrating a geographical perspective into planning and development policies, leveraging advanced technologies such as geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing to monitor pollution and manage resources sustainably.

Dawah ( invitation) is a literary concept that denotes the efforts to promote a particular idea or value through literary works. Literature، whether poetry or prose، encompasses means of expressing visions and ideas aimed to bring social or cultural change. The research question concerns how the call for peace is expressed by two poets—the pre-Islamic poet Zuhair ibn Abi Salma and the contemporary poet Muhammad Ali Shams al-Din. The study seeks to illuminate how each poet treats the topic of peace and how temporal and social contexts influence their perspectives. Dawah can address multiple themes such as peace، justice، equality، or rationality، with writers employing rhetorical and artistic techniques—such as imagery، narration، and characterization—to create an emotional and intellectual impact on the reader. The study aims to reveal the poets’ visions of the concept of peace، analyze the artistic methods they employ، and highlight the influence of historical and social contexts on their literary production. An analytical، descriptive، and historical approach is adopted، given the substantial temporal gap between the two poets، along with a comparison of each poet’s approach to expressing peace. The study also applies the theory of literary themes to focus on the themes of peace، war، and reconciliation in the poets’ poetry. Among the findings: poetry is an important vehicle for disseminating human values، as both poets contribute to promoting a culture of peace and rejecting violence. Zuhair’s language is clear and direct، conveying wisdom and life experience، while Shams al-Din employs symbolism and linguistic condensation. The study demonstrates that the concept of peace is not merely a reflection of a single era، but a broadly rooted idea across ages.

Administrative inspection reports from the Ministry of Interior are important documents that have not been officially published and contain valuable information about the educational reality in Kirkuk. In some years, Kirkuk suffered from a shortage of educational staff, and some buildings were unsuitable for student housing or education. Some schools experienced a lack of classrooms and sanitary facilities, in addition to the Directorate of Education's inability to provide the schools with necessary supplies such as trips, chairs, and desks for students. Most of the school furniture was old and inappropriate. At the same time, the city of Kirkuk witnessed a wide turnout of families eager to educate their children, with an increase in the number of schools. Women played a significant role in managing schools or working as teachers, encouraging families to enroll their daughters in education. Administrative inspectors tried as much as possible to identify the causes of the deteriorating educational situation by making recommendations on many negative issues in some schools and submitting them to the relevant authorities for resolution.

The roots of the Algerian Communist Party can be traced back to the activities of the French Communist Party. In the city of Constantine, however, the party's real emergence began in 1935. It attracted a diverse membership that included Muslim Algerians, French settlers, Amazigh (Berbers), and Jews. Among its ranks were also several employees from the postal and telecommunication services, as well as railway workers.
The party initially focused its efforts on advocating for the national independence of Constantine. It established an underground printing press that disseminated Arabic-language pamphlets calling for independence. Simultaneously, the party faced significant repression from the French colonial authorities, compelling it to operate clandestinely. In 1946, the party called for the establishment of an Algerian government within the framework of the French Union. However, during its 1949 congress, it reversed this position and adopted a clear demand for full Algerian independence.
The Communist Party also sought integration within the broader national movement. It cooperated with the Association of Muslim Scholars and extended calls for collaboration to both political and religious forces within the Popular Front. During the outbreak of the 1954 revolution, the party was subjected to intense repression, as the French authorities associated it with armed resistance. This forced the party to return to clandestine operations, forming a secret nucleus from 1956 onwards. This nucleus aimed to build a genuine multi-party national front, although this initiative was rejected by the central leadership of the National Liberation Front (FLN). Following Algeria’s independence, the Communist Party was officially banned in November 1962.

This study examines the state of education in Kirkuk based on administrative inspection reports from the period 1933–1939, a pivotal phase in the history of education in Iraq in general, and Kirkuk in particular. During this period, education witnessed notable development in various aspects, including the expansion of schools and the growing interest of local families in educating their children—especially girls. Notably, several girls' schools were established in Kirkuk and its subordinate districts
The research relies primarily on administrative inspection reports issued by the Ministry of Interior, as they contain accurate and detailed information regarding the educational conditions in Kirkuk and its surrounding areas. These reports include the names of both boys’ and girls’ schools, as well as private schools, along with statistics on the number of students and teachers in each institution. Additionally, the reports provide comprehensive descriptions of the school buildings, indicating whether they were state-owned or privately rented. They also highlight the schools’ needs in terms of teaching staff and essential supplies
These rich and detailed reports serve as a valuable historical source for understanding the development of education in Kirkuk during this significant period

Travel bans are one of the legal means used by states to ensure compliance with laws and regulations. They are particularly important in civil contexts, where they may interfere with individual rights and freedoms. The research aims to achieve several main objectives, including: analyzing the legal framework for travel bans in Iraqi legislation, and assessing the effectiveness of these procedures in achieving justice and balancing individual rights with the interests of society. The research relies on a descriptive and analytical approach, collecting data from relevant legal texts and legislation, in addition to analyzing judicial rulings and practical applications of travel ban procedures. The research concludes that the legal regulation of travel bans in Iraqi civil procedures represents a fundamental pillar for protecting individual rights and ensuring public security. By implementing the stipulated laws and procedures, a balance can be achieved between protecting personal freedoms and the need to maintain order. Appeal and grievance mechanisms allow individuals the opportunity to defend their rights, enhancing the integrity of the judicial system.

This study analyzes challenges in Iraq’s tax system, including inefficient collection, a narrow tax base, and administrative corruption, with oil revenues constituting over 90% of the budget.[^1] It proposes reforms to expand the tax base, improve collection, and reduce oil dependency by 2025, using analytical, descriptive, and comparative methods, drawing on UAE experiences. Proposed strategies include introducing digital taxes and VAT, digitizing tax administration, enhancing transparency, and diversifying non-oil sectors. The study recommends government collaboration with international organizations and awareness campaigns to boost tax compliance, fostering a sustainable, equitable economy despite challenges like corruption.

There is no doubt that Abbasid era was full of noisy political events that made Islamic history coloured with bloodshed. All that appeared in the greatest Arabic books so that the government was so bloody.
Entrance:
authority Violence
authority (Al Sulta) as a language and concept (Su-L-ta)
It means power and force
As also the name of Sultan came from the origin of authority and manhood also it means the sharp tongue.

The research aims to identify the role of social media in developing collaborative education concepts and enhancing awareness of the dimensions of digital education among students in the College of Basic Education. The researcher used a tool divided into three main axes: the use of social media for educational purposes, the representation of collaborative education concepts in the digital environment, and awareness of the dimensions of digital education and associated ethical practices. The results showed that students use social media for educational purposes to a moderate degree (arithmetic mean = 3.04), while their representation of collaborative education concepts was slightly lower (arithmetic mean = 2.96). However, their awareness of the dimensions of digital education and its ethics was relatively high (arithmetic mean = 3.53). Statistical analyses also revealed no significant relationship between the use of social media and both collaborative education and digital awareness. However, a weak significant correlation was found between collaborative education and digital awareness, indicating a slight correlation between them. A gap also emerged between digital awareness and actual practice, as students were found to be more aware than committed to ethical digital practices. These results point to the need to promote collaborative education concepts across social media and develop training and awareness programs aimed at enabling students to engage in safe and effective collaborative interactions in digital environments.
Keywords: Social media, collaborative education concepts, dimensions of digital education

This research examines the third phase of the Early Dynastic Period (2550–2371 BCE) in ancient Iraq, a period marked by significant political, social, and economic transformations. The most prominent of these transformations was the first reform movement led by the priest Ur-Mikna in the city of Lagash. This movement aimed to combat corruption and exploitation, reorganize society on just economic and social foundations, and implement reforms that included tax reductions, the restoration of temple properties, and the accountability of corrupt officials and employees.
Despite the brevity of Ur-Mikna's reign, he established the foundations of justice and equality among social classes and laid the groundwork for the unification of the Sumerian city-states. This unification was later achieved by Lugal-zage-si, who conquered Lagash and its ruler, successfully uniting the Sumerian city-states under a single central authority. He established the first unified state in ancient Iraq and paved the way for the rise of the Akkadian Empire under Sargon of Akkad. The significance of this period lies in its demonstration of the relationship between internal reform and political transformation, and how social and economic reform could pave the way for stable political unification. The research also sheds light on the role of reformist kings in establishing concepts of justice and order, and laying the foundations for a centralized state, reflecting the evolution of political and administrative thought in ancient Iraq and highlighting its place in the history of human civilization.

This study aimed to shed light on the educational implications of the term "'asma" (protection) in Quranic discourse. This was achieved by clarifying the linguistic and semantic meaning of this term, identifying its most prominent occurrences in the Holy Quran, analyzing its educational directives, and reviewing how it reflects on the upbringing of the Muslim individual and the building of society. The study also addressed the methods of Quranic guidance, manifested in praise and condemnation, helping to draw lessons and morals, teaching individuals to hold fast to God, remain steadfast in the truth, and escape temptations and deviations.
The study also revealed that most previous studies focused on the doctrinal and linguistic dimensions of the concept of infallibility and adherence, without addressing the applied educational dimension. This created a knowledge gap in utilizing the Holy Quran as a comprehensive educational resource. The current study sought to bridge this gap by extracting the educational implications of Quranic texts and linking them to contemporary educational reality, while highlighting their role in consolidating the values of unity, social cohesion, and promoting moral integrity among individuals and society. The study also demonstrated that the concept of infallibility in the Qur'an is not limited to the infallibility of prophets, but rather includes directing people to adhere to God as a means of protecting their natural disposition and building a balanced personality capable of facing intellectual, moral, and social challenges. Based on this, the study presented practical educational recommendations that can be applied in educational curricula and programs to guide individuals and society toward adherence to Qur'anic values and confronting intellectual and social deviations.

This research aims to study the stylistic features in the poetry of the modern Syrian poet – Anas Al-Dughaim – through his poem (The Laurel) using a stylistic, descriptive, and analytical approach; to find models of stylistic images in the poem and to clarify the poet's intention in employing them in an attempt to understand how Al-Dughaim utilizes the potentials of the Arabic language and its methods in shaping his poetic text and revealing its deep structure through analyzing each element of the language in the text (The Laurel). Therefore, the research focused on the phonetic level to uncover the artistic methods and expressive and aesthetic values that Al-Dughaim infused into his poetic discourse, revealing his poetic features and ways to explore them, with the aim of highlighting the poet's poetic abilities, his culture, and his skills in using language. Finally, the research concluded that the poet aimed, through the use of these stylistic patterns, to express repressed emotions and feelings to convey his love for the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family); the authenticity of the poet's poetic experience, his issues, and the themes of his poetry, which contain content that embodies the call to praise the honorable Prophet (peace be upon him and his family), mentioning his attributes, his praises, and highlighting the most significant events that occurred during his time.

This study reviews Iraq’s demographic transition between 1997 and 2044, focusing on population size, age structure, and fertility trends, based on national census data and official projections. It examines Iraq’s entry into the demographic window of opportunity through data from the Ministry of Planning and international sources, highlighting the increasing share of the working-age population relative to dependents. Although fertility has gradually declined, the total fertility rate remains above replacement level, sustaining natural population growth.
The findings indicate that Iraq has entered the early phase of this window, yet full economic gains are uncertain due to structural barriers such as high youth unemployment, limited female labor force participation, institutional inefficiencies, and mismatches between educational outputs and labor market demands. Regional disparities and a weak private sector further constrain progress. The study underscores the urgency of integrated population and development policies, particularly in education, health, and employment, to transform Iraq’s demographic momentum into a driver of sustainable development rather than a missed opportunity.

Arabic literature reached the height of its development and maturity during the Abbasid era, serving as a vivid reflection of the achievements of human civilization under Arab influence in various forms. Poetry became a central pursuit for both the elite and the general public, with many poets competing for recognition at the courts of rulers. The number of poets and versifiers grew significantly, and history has preserved the names of those who demonstrated genuine poetic talent. Among those, many gained fame by maintaining close ties with the political elite. However, Ibn al-Rumi, through his remarkable poetic genius, managed to etch his name among the immortals despite remaining distant from the social and political arenas. He emerged as a true voice of human emotion and sentiment—a quality that deeply marked his poetry, which stands as a distinguished example of refined, emotional, and humane verse. His ability to articulate the inner feelings and psychological states of the human soul is especially notable.
Accordingly, this study is entitled "Pain and Despair in the Poetry of Ibn al-Rumi", as these themes occupy a prominent place in his poetic works. The nature of the subject required us to adopt a descriptive approach to outline the phenomenon under investigation. We also employed analytical methods to interpret and explore the issues raised by the poet in his personal and creative experience, aiming to clarify and highlight the impact of pain and despair in Arabic literature and the factors that shaped these emotions in the poet’s life, as reflected in his literary texts.

The study, titled “Self-Pain and Identity Fragmentation in Contemporary Iraqi Feminist Poetry,” revealed to us the most important manifestations of pain and its psychological dimensions in the feminist text. This specialization is also concerned with studying social, artistic, and aesthetic phenomena in light of the psychological approach, using the quantitative methodology on the one hand, or the qualitative methodology on the other hand, or both together. Fragmentation in contemporary Iraqi feminist poetry is a striking feature of poetic experiences haunted by the dialectic of the self and the world preoccupied with the desire to be freed from anxiety and confusion, and to confront internal frustrations on the personal, human, and social levels with a combative spirit and a thinking mind.

During the period (1992-2000) , Syrian policy was characterized by its focus on the recovery of the occupied Golan Heights from Israel as part of any peace settlement, while maintaining a strict negotiating position. Syria participated in multilateral peace negotiations , focusing more on bilateral negotiations, especially after the Madrid Peace Conference that began in 1991. It emphasized international legitimacy as the basis for a solution, based on Security Council Resolutions 242 and 338 , as well as the principle of land for peace , rejecting any concessions before ensuring a complete Israeli withdrawal from the Golan. The Syrian government also linked the Golan issue with the Lebanese issue, considering that any agreement with Israel must include both sides , and not maintain any open front against it , in order to strengthen its negotiating position. Syria also rejected unilateral peace, particularly the 1993 Oslo Accords, which were secretly signed by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Syria considered the agreement a betrayal of the Palestinian cause because it failed to achieve the right of return or an independent state with Jerusalem as its capital. Syria believed that a Palestinian signature would weaken the Arab negotiating position, as Israel would direct its efforts to impose similar conditions on Syria and Lebanon. Syria feared that Palestinian normalization would lead to international pressure on Damascus to accept an unbalanced peace. Therefore, Syria increased its support for the Palestinian opposition, including Hamas, to counter the repercussions of Oslo. Regarding the 1994 Wadi Araba Agreement , which Jordan signed with Israel , Syria criticized the agreement for ignoring the Syrian issue , particularly since Jordan signed it without prior coordination with Damascus. Furthermore , Jordanian normalization legitimized the Israeli occupation without guarantees of its withdrawal from the Golan Heights. Conversely, Syria strengthened its alliances with Lebanon and Iran to counter the isolation resulting from the unilateral peace. The year 1998 witnessed tensions between Syria and Turkey, due to Syria's support for the Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK). Turkey threatened to invade Syria in 1998, forcing Syria to negotiate. Syria showed tactical flexibility when its national interests were threatened, unlike its firmness on the Golan Heights issue. From another perspective, the bilateral Geneva negotiations in 2000 failed due to Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Barak's insistence on relinquishing Israel's control over the shores of Lake Tiberias, a non-negotiable condition for Syria. Syria also strengthened its attachment to Hezbollah in Lebanon as a pressure card against Israel , and thus shifted from the option of negotiation to the option of resistance.

The interventions of colonial powers in the Middle East had a major impact on the region’s That support generated a conflict between the Islamic resistance and the colonial forces, embassies in Seeking to secure the release of their detained comrades, the resistance began targeting foreigners in Lebanon, marking the beginning of what became known as “the hostage crisis of foreign nationals in Lebanon.”
Among the most prominent were the bombings of the U.S. embassies in Beirut and Kuwait , which it viewed as retaliation for American support of the Zionist invasion of Lebanon and as an attempt to deter Kuwait from supporting Iraq in its war against Iran. After the Kuwaiti government succeeded in arresting those responsible—members of Lebanon’s Hezbollah and Iraq’s Islamic Dawa Party, both linked to Iran—Kuwait officially became tied to the hostage issue.

This research provides an in-depth analysis of the role of Iran's missile force in reshaping the dynamics of the 12-day war between Iran and Israel in June 2015, which represented a strategic turning point in the regional conflict in the Middle East. This is due to its advanced arsenal, which includes ballistic and hypersonic missiles, such as. With the Fateh-1 and Khaibar missiles, Iran successfully challenged Israeli technological superiority, bypassing advanced air defense systems such as the Iron Dome and Arrow. During Operation True Promise 3, Iran launched over 550 ballistic missiles and 1,000 drones, achieving a 16% penetration rate in recent days, leading to. The attacks damaged vital infrastructure, such as air bases in Nevatim and Tel Nof, and an oil refinery in Haifa, destroying 32,975 properties, displacing 15,000 citizens, and causing casualties including 28 deaths and more than 3,200 injuries. These attacks resulted in $12 billion in economic losses for Israel, with daily costs for military operations and defense reaching $725 million. This led to a reduction in Israel's economic growth forecast from 4.3% to 3.6%, and an increase in the fiscal deficit. Politically, the war strengthened internal unity in Iran, as President Masoud Pezeshkian exploited the conflict to rally nationalist sentiment, reinforcing Iran's image as a regional deterrent power. Diplomatically, Iran successfully leveraged Qatari and Omani mediation to pressure the United States into a ceasefire, thereby strengthening its position in the nuclear negotiations and securing more favorable terms. The war also reshaped regional alliances, with the "axis of resistance," despite its relative weakness, supporting Iranian attacks through Hezbollah and the Houthis, who launched missiles and drones to increase pressure on Israel. The research examines the development of Iran's missile capabilities since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, overcoming international sanctions to become an effective deterrent. It also reveals the challenges Israel has faced, including the depletion of its missile defense stockpile and rising economic costs. The social repercussions include widespread panic and exacerbated internal tensions. Through a comprehensive analysis supported by scholarly sources, the research highlights how Iran's missile capabilities have contributed to reshaping the regional balance of power and raises questions about the future of conflicts in the region.

The research examines the attached budgets in Iraq during 1933–1939, a crucial stage in the development of the Iraqi financial administration. It studies their origins, purposes, and impact on organizing the financial and administrative work of three main institutions: the State Railways, the Basra Port Authority, and the Supreme Council of Endowments. The study finds that these budgets granted limited financial independence to productive departments, enabling them to generate surpluses that supported national projects. The attached budgets represented a pioneering experience in Iraq’s fiscal history and contributed effectively to building the foundations of the modern Iraqi state.

The purpose of the ideology of war in pre-Islamic poetry is to study the ideas that those tribes carried in the pre-Islamic era, which poets of the "Days of the Arabs" employed in their poems. These ideas formed a artistic canvas that shows us the features of those tribes, their lives, traditions, values, and customs that became norms and a culture known as the pre-Islamic era in the Days of the Arabs.
Undoubtedly, these customs and traditions are the foundation of the collective pre-Islamic mind, and generations adhered to them, respected them, and they became established until they turned into a law that those tribes adhered to. Deviating from them would bring shame and blame to whoever transgressed them and violated the covenants that the tribes agreed upon in the Days of the Arabs.
These customs and traditions are the ideology of those tribes that were employed through poetry and were respected and adhered to by the tribes, becoming a culture that represents the pre-Islamic era and an identity that distinguishes tribes from one another for the sake of elevation, supremacy, survival, and dominance over others, and achieving security and safety to ensure continued existence in a difficult environment to live in due to conflict and struggle for dominance and survival

The novelist Falah Rahim's work has distinguished himself in the literary arena of the novel, due to its distinctive narrative style, its clever use of narrative techniques, and its clear impact on the reader. His novel is also a historical document that recounts Iraq's political, social, economic, and cultural history, using tremendous linguistic capabilities and events from the depths of reality that remain deeply embedded in the mind of the recipient, inspired by Iraqi society. In his novel, "The Night of the Second of August," dialogue and description dominate his narrative in an attempt to reveal the narrative's events to the recipient and influence them. He also depicts the narrative event in its various forms in a way that captivates the reader and reveals the narrative's hidden meanings. He uses the technique of dialogue to express what is deeply ingrained in the soul, and the technique of description to accurately depict the narrative event, reveal it to the recipient, and influence them. We also note a relationship between dialogue and description in the narrative. They fulfill their function by revealing the inner selves of the fictional characters to the reader, not just their outward appearance. This reveals their sadness, joy, and anxiety. Novelist Falah Rahim leveraged his cultural, scientific, and historical potential in his novel, presenting it in a diverse and influential literary and linguistic style. He was keen to convey Iraq's political history with all its diverse cultural heritage.

This research examines the geo-economic competition over natural gas resources in the Eastern Mediterranean and explores how major gas discoveries have reshaped the region’s strategic position within the global energy security landscape. The study addresses a central question: How does this competition affect the prospects for sustainable regional cooperation and the roles of international actors in shaping the choices of the littoral states? To answer this, the research analyzes the geo-economic geography of Eastern Mediterranean gas, maritime boundary delimitation agreements under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), and the impact of armed conflicts and domestic and regional instability on the investment environment. The study adopts a multi-method approach combining descriptive–analytical methodology, geo-economic analysis, and comparative assessment of the experiences of Eastern Mediterranean states in exploration and exploitation. Findings reveal that the region has become a new competitive arena for energy, with a clear gap between early-investing states and others hindered by political and security challenges, alongside the influential presence of the United States, the European Union, and Russia. The research recommends enhancing the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum into a more binding institutional framework, using gas-related projects as instruments for de-escalation and conflict resolution, developing national energy strategies for lagging states, and directing gas revenues toward sustainable development and environmental mitigation.

This study is concerned with examining vocalic disharmony between short vowels within morphological patterns and the resulting phonetic heaviness or aversion caused by the articulatory effort exerted by the speaker during pronunciation. Vocalic disharmony is considered a relative phenomenon that varies according to speakers, their dialects, and their habitual speech practices. The degree of phonetic heaviness differs depending on the type of consonant intervening between the two vowels.
This phenomenon is particularly evident in Arabic when nouns and verbs are attached to pronouns such as the third-person singular suffix -hu (hāʾ al-ghāʾib) and the second-person suffix -ka (kāf al-khiṭāb), where speakers encounter vowel disharmony. The language tends toward vowel variation in order to achieve phonetic harmony and economy of articulatory effort, a tendency that is especially frequent in Arabic.
Accordingly, this study is entitled Vocalic Disharmony between Short Vowels. The speaker mitigates disharmony between short vowels through three principal processes: assimilation and dissimilation, deletion, and vowel reduction (sukūn).

This research aims to analyze the journalistic image on the digital platforms of the Kuwaiti magazine "turathina" and explore its role in promoting Gulf cultural identity during the period 2019-2025. It employs an analytical semiotic approach, following the model of Ferdinand de Saussure and Roland Barthes in their levels of meaning (explicit and implicit). The research's significance stems from its focus on heritage images published on specialized digital platforms, which contribute to the reproduction of cultural awareness, the construction of collective memory, and the restoration of the relationship between the present and the past through visual discourse. The research relied on a purposive sample of five journalistic images published within the magazine's digital content. These images were selected to represent diverse themes, including: old television scenes, images of diving and sea travel, the linguistic origins of the Gulf dialect, old social rituals, and images from the life of old Kuwaiti society. Each image was analyzed on two levels: the descriptive level, which includes its explicit elements (people, places, objects, and composition), and the symbolic level, which reveals the underlying cultural meanings and symbols associated with identity. Heritage and collective memory: The results of the analysis showed that the images published on the platforms of Our Heritage magazine represent a deep cultural visual discourse that goes beyond the news function, as the images show a remarkable ability to rebuild the Gulf cultural identity, by invoking common elements in Arab and Gulf memory. The research also showed that the use of heritage visual symbols contributes to producing connotations that enhance belonging and identity, and reconnect the reader with his cultural roots through modern digital media

In conclusion, the Arabic language has great significance and a lofty position among the world's languages, due to its unique characteristics. Arabic was added to the official languages of the United Nations as the sixth language in the 1960s. This occurred after the importance of Arabs became apparent, and the importance of including them in global dialogue became apparent. This necessitated the opening of international relations and diplomatic representation, followed by the subsequent attacks on many foreign countries, particularly the September 11 attacks. All of these factors contributed to the demand for learning Arabic, which resulted in research and studies on the methods and approaches for teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. Researchers have devoted the greatest attention to Arabic language teachers in this field. The research problem was defined by answering the following questions:
What is the level of practice of Arabic language teachers for non-native speakers of educational competencies in schools?
What are the educational competencies required for Arabic language teachers for non-native speakers?
The research reached several conclusions:
An emphasis has been placed on educating and preparing teachers and providing them with the essential skills and competencies for success in their work. Teacher education programs have varied from traditional programs based on information to performance-based programs.
The educational literature related to educational competencies, as well as references and periodicals that addressed the field of educational competencies for non-native Arabic language teachers, was reviewed. A list of educational competencies specific to non-native Arabic language teachers was created .

The study addressed faith in God and its relation to success in life from a Quranic perspective by exploring the importance of faith in God (monotheism/faith) according to the Holy Quran, understanding the nature of the relationship between faith and success/righteousness from the Quranic viewpoint, clarifying the truth of God\'s promise to believers regarding worldly success and safety from the Quranic perspective, examining the consequences of disbelief in terms of failure and hardship from the Quranic viewpoint, recognizing the connection between trials and success through patience and reliance (patience and reliance) according to the Quran, and applying a descriptive analytical methodology to achieve its objectives. The study reached several conclusions, the most important of which are that faith in God is an imperative and a duty for every human being and a source of goodness for humanity, that God Almighty is the sole deserving of worship and the true capable source of benefit and harm, that true success is the result of sincere believers who embody their faith in practical behaviors, and that a true believer combines firm belief with diligent action. The study found that believers are those who transform their heartfelt faith into practical behavior, and that God promises believers victory and success, and that God\'s support for His servants is linked to faith and good deeds, and that empowerment on earth is contingent upon adherence to God\'s religion and not merely on material strength. The study concluded that goodness is associated with faith-based guidance and that the Quranic text presents the contrasting destinies of the believer and the disbeliever. It also confirmed that trials are a tool for distinguishing the sincere and elevating faith, and that trials are not an end but a means, and not a punishment but a test that reveals the true nature of servitude to God.

This research aims to study the pre-Islamic ṭalal motif from a new perspective, namely through analyzing the poetics of absence in the poetry of Imru’ al-Qays, drawing on concepts from Reception Theory such as the horizon of expectations, the implied reader, and textual gaps. At its deeper level, the ṭalal is not merely a physical trace of a vanished place or a severed relationship; rather, it is a poetic space founded on absence as an alternative presence—one that provokes the reader and invites them to reconstruct meaning.
The study is divided into three main sections: the first addresses the theoretical framework of the ṭalal in pre-Islamic poetry, the second focuses on the foundations of Reception Theory, and the third applies these concepts to examine patterns of absence in the ṭalal of Imru’ al-Qays.
The research concludes that absence in the ṭalal is not simply loss, but rather an aesthetic force that stimulates reception and keeps the text open to multiple interpretive possibilities, thereby reinforcing the relevance of pre-Islamic poetry and its capacity for reinterpretation within modern critical approaches.

The current research aims to identify indicators for evaluating the performance of university professors according to Deming's global standards in the College of Basic Education (Sumer University as a model). The researcher adopted the descriptive survey method because it is suitable for the nature of the research, and the number of the research population was (148) teaching staff from the College of Basic Education for the academic year (2025-2026، (The sample consisted of (50) male and female professors from the College of Basic Education. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted Deming's checklist consisting of (14) criteria, and the validity and reliability of the instrument were verified, and its psychometric properties were extracted. The data was collected and analyzed using the SPSS statistical program.

The present study aims to investigate:
The level of playful intelligence among female students in the Colleges of Education for Women.
The level of playful intelligence among these students in light of the academic specialization variable.

To achieve the study objectives, the researchers randomly selected a sample of 100 female students from the Departments of Quranic Sciences, Life Sciences, Kindergarten, and Arabic Language, all in their fourth year of study. A scale consisting of 24 items was developed, and its validity and reliability were verified. The questionnaires were then administered to the research sample, and the responses were analyzed.
The results of the study revealed the following:
• A high level of playful intelligence among female students in the Colleges of Education for Women.
• A significant difference in playful intelligence among the students according to their academic specialization

May peace and blessings be upon the best of prophets and messengers, Abul-Qasim Muhammad, and his pure and immaculate family, and may the everlasting curse be upon all their enemies until the Day of Judgment. To proceed:
The verse of purification, which is the latter part of verse 33 from Surah Al-Ahzab, wherein Allah Almighty says:
"Indeed, Allah desires to remove impurity from you, O People of the House, and to purify you thoroughly" — has been a subject of disagreement among commentators from both Islamic sects (i.e., the Shia and Sunni schools of thought), as is the case with many verses of the Holy Qur’an.

Some Sunni scholars have stated that it pertains specifically to the wives of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family), while others have said that it includes both his wives and his progeny. There are also those who believe it encompasses all of Banu Hashim, and others who hold that it is exclusively about the Prophet, Ali, Fatimah, Hasan, and Husayn (peace be upon them all).
As for the Shia school of thought, it maintains—without dispute—that the verse is specific to the People of the Cloak (Ahl al-Kisa’). There are numerous narrations supporting this view, reported through Shia sources, in addition to many narrations from Sunni sources that affirm the verse was revealed specifically about the People of the Cloak, with no inclusion of the Prophet’s wives.
This, God willing, will be clarified in our research based on the sources that report and support this interpretation.

wayahdif albahth 'iilaa dirasat altashbih walaistiearat fi riwaya ('ahlam fataat sharqiatin) lilriwayiyi alearabii haydar hikmat, lijihat tawzifiha fi 'iibraz tabieat aljadal bayn alwaqie walkhayal fi alriwayati, wakayf yaekis dhalik tatalueat almaktabat alsharqiat watahadiyatiha.
watataeadad riwaya ('ahlam fataat sharqiati) mukhrij eam 2022m, bakurat 'aemalih alriwayiyat alati tulamis mawdueat aijtimaeiatan wanafsiatan hasaasata, alsaeb bialfataat fi almujtamaeat alsharqiat lijihat tatalueatiha watahadiyatiha. wayaemal alkatib fi hadha alriwayat aljadidat ealaa balaghiat mutaqinat mithl altashbih wayastakhdimuha fi altaeamul mae alqadaya aldaakhiliat waltahadiyat alati tuajihuha alshakhsiat alrayiysiatu.
wayatadakhal alwaqie walkhayal fi hadhih alriwayat liushakil sahatan sardiatan aihtiram alshakhsiat alrayiysiat bayn ma hu mutah wama tamnaha, fi mutamar eamaa hu mtwar fi tasis almujtamae aleiraqii bishakl khasa, walearabii emwmaan, khalf zawahir al'ahdath walshakhsiaati.

This research aims to shed light on the topic: (The Saudi Position on Hindu Aggression Against Indian Muslims: The Babri Masjid Events of 1992 as a Case Study). It seeks to clarify the reality of Saudi Islamic activism, as Islamic activism in Saudi foreign policy has served as a tool for the Kingdom to exert its influence and implement its expansionist plans. As the custodian of the holy sites in Mecca and Medina, this has given it a drive to disseminate its ideas through the broadest possible Islamic lens. It is important to emphasize that the primary objective of any authority like the Saudis is its own survival, and its initiatives, reactions, stances, and foreign policy are all shaped by this imperative. Therefore, specialists in Saudi foreign policy find that it rests on two important pillars: Islam and Arabism. However, the first pillar, which is the focus of this study, stems from the presence of the holy sites in Mecca and Medina, which has been a fundamental reason for making Islam one of the most important foundations and cornerstones of Saudi foreign policy since its inception

This study examines the impact of teacher assessment literacy on classroom assessment practices within the context of English Language Teaching (ELT) in Iraq. Teacher assessment literacy, broadly defined as teachers’ knowledge, skills, and competencies in designing, implementing, and interpreting assessments, is a critical factor in shaping instructional effectiveness and student learning outcomes. Effective classroom assessment practices, particularly formative approaches, are widely recognized as essential for fostering learner engagement, improving academic achievement, and guiding instructional decision-making.
Employing a mixed-methods design, this research integrates quantitative and qualitative data to explore the relationship between assessment literacy and assessment practices among Iraqi EFL teachers. Quantitative data were collected through structured surveys measuring teachers’ understanding of assessment principles and their classroom application, while qualitative data were obtained from semi-structured interviews that provided deeper insights into teachers’ perceptions, challenges, and professional needs. The participants included both in-service and pre-service English teachers from diverse educational institutions across Iraq, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the local ELT context.
Findings indicate that teachers with higher levels of assessment literacy are more likely to implement diverse formative assessment strategies, adapt instruction based on student feedback, and promote learner autonomy. Conversely, limited assessment literacy often results in an overreliance on summative testing, restricting opportunities for meaningful learning and skill development. These results highlight the strong link between teacher assessment literacy and classroom assessment effectiveness in the Iraqi ELT setting.
The study concludes that professional development programs focused on enhancing assessment literacy are essential for improving the quality of English language teaching in Iraq. It further emphasizes the need for institutional and policy support to integrate assessment literacy training into teacher education programs.

The feelings of fear that control the characters’ behavior in Melville’s novel play the vital role of depicting the progress of the incidents due to the positive adjectives that generated these hateful feelings. The characters in Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick are shaped by the positive effects of their fears. The product of identity is a complicated one. More fluid than fixed, our identity is comprised of a mixture of inner feelings and outer presentation of self. In short, fear is the ability to recognize danger leading to an agreement to confront it or to flee from it. The ultimate goal of this paper is to reveal how the emotion of fear in this novel goes far beyond the negative interpretations, and fully contribute to a definition of the characters’ identity.

This research examines the play Fool for Love written by the American author and playwright Sam Shepard in 1983 as a tumultuous love and romantic tragedy. The plot of the play is about a rodeo performer, “Edie”, and his half-sister, “May”, with an old man as a narrator of their story, who is in fact separated physically from the two characters: May and Edie, and who is mentally presented in a variant platform that is only visible to the audience. The story opens with Edie and May, sitting silently in a room where May is laying down on a bed and Edie is on his chair, while the old man is on a rocking chair speaking to them. This study tackles through the lens of Sigmund Freud’s (1923) psychoanalysis theory of id, ego, and superego, the psychoanalytic behaviours of Eddie and his beloved May. Moreover, this study demonstrates the characters’ unaware conducts to reveal their profound consciousness towards each other’s emotional status. Furthermore, this paper aims to highlight precisely the American issue of co-dependency that affects both characters’ actual interactions within each other. Therefore, the main purpose of this paper is to tackle the socio-historical impacts on the characters of Fool for Love through the above mentioned theory. However, this study will provide a comprehensive image that other scholars may find it useful to their researches.

This study investigates the role of emojis as a complex semiotic system within the context of digital communication, particularly among members of the younger generation. Emojis have evolved from simple pictorial expressions into a nuanced mode of meaning-making that complements, modifies, or even replaces written language in online interactions. The research draws upon theories from semiotics, sociolinguistics, and media studies to analyze how emojis convey emotional subtleties, manage conversational tone, and support interpersonal connection in virtual environments. Furthermore, the study explores how frequent emoji use reflects broader cultural patterns, generational identity, and communication preferences unique to digital natives. By analyzing real-world data from social media, messaging platforms, and online forums, the paper illustrates the strategic and often creative ways in which young users employ emojis to construct meaning and navigate social dynamics. The findings highlight the necessity of recognizing emojis as legitimate and impactful components of modern digital discourse, with implications for language evolution, digital literacy, and cross-cultural communication.

This paper seeks to discuss how Arnold Wesker uses his plays to analyze the role of capitalism in influencing the individual voice in the society. The paper attempts to demystify the way in which the work of Wesker reflects the class struggle and the dehumanizing nature of the capitalist systems that focus on the ignored accounts of the working people and the importance of voice in a socio-economic environment. The research design adopted in this work is a textual analysis, which will consider a few of the plays by Wesker, such as The Nursery (1959), The Kitchen (1959), The Organisation Man (1960), The Company of Five (1962) and Accidental Death of an Anarchist (1970). It begins with the analysis of the historical background of the British theatre during the late twentieth century, where the focus is made on the relations between the capitalistic systems and the proletariat. The results show that Wesker successfully brings out the voice battle between children and adults in a capitalist system, the obstacles of the social and economic circumstances in the face of self-expression. This discussion brings out a key point of view of the intersect of art and socio-political commentary that illustrates the uses of dramas by Wesker in the analysis of the intricacies of capitalism and the conflict of classes. Summing up, the works of Wesker are regarded as a valuable contribution to the discussion of the problem of capitalism and the identity of the working classes. The critique of voice silencing or voice disregard is indicative of a desperate and ongoing social problem. Its limitations are discussed in fulfilling the need to re-examine these themes in the wider context of the theatre and its interrelationship with socio-economic reality. The use of voice and fight against expression as highlighted by Wesker depicts the need of narration that challenges the status quo and it requires more studies done in the field to enable more understanding of the dynamics as raised by wesker.

The study is a descriptive and qualitative one. It aims at investigating one of the syntactic function of adjective in English language, which is the attributive function ,in the novel , Emma by Jane Austen. The study gives a syntactic overview about the basic aspects of attributive adjective in English language, their types and their orderings. The data that is chosen to describe the types and ordering of attributive adjective is the first three chapters of the novel. The model that is used to classify the attributive adjectives in the novel is Biber et al 's model (1999) while the model that is used for ordering is Carter and McCarthy (2006).The frequencies of attributive adjective are as well explored in the analysis section of the study. Some conclusions are drawn from the results, on the top of them is that Jane Austen uses the two types of attributive adjective in the novel: the classifiers and the descriptors and the occurrences of descriptors are more than the classifiers. The novelist uses 112 descriptors and 35 classifiers. The conclusions also show that the novel has numerous instances of two or three adjectives that are used to describe a single nouns and those adjective are arranged in an ordered way.