Vision Journal for Social Studies

This paper presents a qualitative study of Code-Switching in English poetry, utilizing T.S. Eliot's (1922) poem “The Waste Land” as data for analysis. Depending on Hoffman (1991) and Blom and Gumperz’s situational and metaphorical’ types of Code-Switching as a model for the study, the study examines the use and significance of Code-Switching within the poem. The findings reach such conclusions as Eliot employs his education and knowledge in connecting the world by providing us with examples reflecting different societies, cultures, and sharing background information about the miseries of the aftermath of World War I, particularly through the use of Metaphorical Switching and Inter-Sentential Switching.

This paper investigates the coordination between articulatory timing and voicing-onset time in English stop consonants within a unified acoustic model of stop release. Voice onset time (VOT), the current dominant acoustic correlate of stop voicing, has been studied for well over a century, initially coming to prominence in investigations of English and other languages. However, most previous work has studied VOT in isolation, without explicitly considering its relation to other temporal factors involved in stop production, such as closure length (CL) and release time (RT). As a result, essential features of the temporal organization of the stop-consonant output remain unexamined. To overcome this restriction, our analysis is limited to word-initial English stops /b,d,g,p,t,k/ and makes a multi-parameter acoustic analysis. Three timing measurements are analyzed in controlled phonetic contexts: closure duration, release-burst timing, and voicing onset. Acoustic measures are obtained with Praat. The analysis systematically tests patterning with respect to place of articulation, namely bilabial, alveolar, and velar stops, and whether these time-specification parameters display stable rather than independent coordinate variation. Place-of-articulation effects are evident across all measured parameters. Bilabial stops are characterized by shorter closure durations and earlier voicing onset with respect to release, but alveolar and velar stops exhibited more extended closures relative to voice onset. Moreover, the results reveal a correlation between closure duration and the onset of voicing, suggesting that the temporal conditions (i.e., timing) established during closure may affect the second stage of voicing following release. These findings are consistent with models of speech production based on coordination, which posit that stop consonants result from multiple articulatory gestures becoming temporally aligned and are sensitive to isolated acoustic events. Placing VOT offset within the broader framework of stop production timing, this work supports a general perspective on production in which an integrated timing approach is informative beyond the traditional account of VOT alone, towards fuller descriptions of stop consonant production in English.

The goal of art education is to develop learners\' emotional intelligence, enhance their aesthetic taste, and strengthen their artistic and cultural knowledge. To achieve these goals, teachers must choose effective teaching methods. These methods include posters, illustrations, and modern visual aids, such as data projectors. Teachers can also organize art exhibitions that showcase student work, highlight creativity, and provide opportunities for students to exchange experiences, develop self-confidence, and cultivate artistic appreciation. Despite the importance of these methods, teachers face several challenges, including limited materials and technical resources, large class sizes, and some teachers\' limited experience with modern teaching methods. This study employed an experimental approach with a sample of 30 students. The students were taught an art topic using a theoretical approach and then tested. The arithmetic mean was 53.3%, with a standard deviation of 15.6; there were also noticeable failure rates. The same topic was taught again using visual teaching aids. This resulted in an increase in the mean to 83.7%, with a standard deviation of 7.4, and an absence of failures. These results reflect a clear improvement in achievement levels. The research concluded that audio-visual teaching aids improve student comprehension, especially in overcrowded classrooms, by presenting content more clearly and attractively. This enhances the acquisition of artistic skills and develops artistic taste.

This study examines the evolution of religious thought among the Aryan peoples in ancient Iran, emphasizing its influence on the religious system of the Achaemenid kings. It investigates the early Aryan religious traditions, their parallels with the Vedic religion, and the role of geography and social structures in shaping distinctive religious patterns. The research further explores the transformation of Aryan beliefs from primitive forms of nature worship into the more systematic doctrines of Zoroastrianism, which later became the foundation of the Achaemenid imperial creed. The study argues that religion functioned not merely as a spiritual practice but as a central instrument for consolidating political authority and legitimizing imperial power in ancient Iran.).

Sustainable innovation is a cornerstone of improving the performance of government institutions and achieving comprehensive development. The role of women leaders is pivotal in supporting and strengthening this approach. Women leaders have proven their ability to effect positive change by adopting modern management methods and long-term strategic visions that consider the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of development. Women leaders are characterized by effective communication skills, emotional intelligence, and the ability to work collaboratively—factors that contribute to creating a work environment conducive to creativity and receptiveness to new ideas. They also play a vital role in fostering a culture of innovation within government institutions by empowering employees, encouraging individual and collective initiatives, and supporting continuous learning and professional development. The presence of women in leadership positions contributes to improved management of sustainable projects, as they tend to focus on long-term societal impact, resource efficiency, and balancing development requirements with environmental conservation. Furthermore, women leaders possess a strong ability to build partnerships with various stakeholders, such as the private sector and civil society, which supports the exchange of expertise and the development of innovative and sustainable solutions. Despite the cultural and institutional challenges facing women leaders, government policy support and the provision of training and empowerment programs contribute to strengthening their role and increasing their effectiveness. This study highlights the role of women leaders in Babylon Governorate through a practical, applied survey of government institutions in the governorate. The survey revealed the crucial role of women in sustaining leadership, which represents a strategic investment that contributes to achieving sustainable innovation and building a more efficient and resilient future for government.

This study examines the strategic importance of Somalia within regional security equations in light of the accelerating geopolitical transformations witnessed in the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa, particularly after 2020. Somalia represents one of the most geopolitically sensitive spaces in the region due to its strategic location overlooking vital international maritime routes and its direct linkage to the security of the Gulf of Aden and the Bab al-Mandab Strait. This has rendered Somalia a focal point for intersecting regional security interests and an arena for escalating competition and conflict. The study is based on the assumption that Somalia’s geographic location has not functioned as a source of strength within regional security frameworks; rather, in the context of political fragility and state weakness, it has facilitated the internationalization of its crises and contributed to the reproduction of regional instability. The paper analyzes the nature of security interactions associated with Somalia, with particular emphasis on Israel’s role in regional conflicts, as one of the actors seeking to reshape power balances in the Red Sea and secure its strategic interests related to maritime security and freedom of navigation. The study adopts a geopolitical analytical approach, while drawing on legal analytical tools in addressing issues of regional security and maritime routes, in order to assess the implications of this role for regional stability and security balances. It concludes that the involvement of regional actors, including Israel, in the Somali context has contributed to increasing the complexity of the regional security environment and reshaping patterns of traditional and non-traditional threats. This, in turn, necessitates a collective regional approach based on strengthening cooperative frameworks, respecting international law, and limiting the militarization of maritime spaces to achieve greater regional stability.

This study reexamines Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib’s decision to transfer the capital of governance from Medina to Kufa, moving beyond conventional political and military explanations toward a philosophical and ethical interpretation. It argues that Kufa was intentionally chosen as a social and moral testing ground to examine the feasibility of justice within a complex and non-ideal society. Rather than representing political failure, the Kufan experience revealed the ethical limits of society in bearing the cost of justice. Employing an analytical–interpretive methodology and drawing on Alid discourse alongside modern theories of justice and state formation, the study concludes that Kufa functioned as an early, deferred model of an ethical state whose realization depends on historical and moral readiness.

In light of the rapid development of medical technology and the shift towards relying on intelligent systems for diagnosis and surgical decision-making, this study addresses the issue of civil liability arising from the use of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in surgical procedures. The study aims to analyze the legal framework governing this liability and determine whether traditional civil law rules adequately address the new risks associated with AI use, particularly in cases of medical error or patient harm resulting from technical or software malfunctions. Additionally, the study highlights legal challenges posed by AI use, such as proving error, establishing causation, and distributing responsibility among parties. It also addresses the "black box" problem, which hinders understanding of intelligent systems' decision-making processes. Ultimately, the study concludes that a specific legislative framework is necessary to regulate AI use in the medical field. This framework must ensure the protection of patients' rights while striking a balance between encouraging technological innovation and strengthening legal accountability.

This research integrates two major models in personality science—learning styles and their three-dimensional relationship with Iraqi university students—based on Eysenck’s Psychoticism–Extraversion–Neuroticism (PEN) model and Cloninger’s framework of temperament and character traits, comprised of Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Reward Dependence. Learning styles represent cognitive, emotional, and physiological behavioral signatures that determine how a learner engages in any educational environment. The study adopted a theoretical analytical approach through a comparative review of personality theories—especially cognitive ones—within the cultural and educational context of Iraq. The aim was to uncover individual differences related to personality traits that lead some individuals to prefer certain styles of academic participation or classroom interaction based on their preferred learning styles. International studies of individuals with high Extraversion at various educational levels worldwide have shown that they tend toward active group work, while those with a reflective, structured style prefer self-disciplined learning, a trend clearly evident among introverts with high Harm Avoidance. The results indicate that individual personality dimensions explain part of the variation in the prevalence of learning styles, strongly supporting the existence of a psychological basis for educational diversity. More importantly, student behavior can be explained multidimensionally, given the suitability of both Eysenck's and Cloninger's models to this context. The study proposes a learner-centered approach to education, developing teaching strategies that consider the psychological differences among students. This research presents a preliminary theoretical framework, pending empirical verification within Iraqi higher education institutions, with the aim of promoting personalized learning on both academic and psychological levels and improving student well-being.

The research was concerned with the study of (Technical diversity in Ghassan Ghaib's works), through researching the completed works of art, through which it is clear that the optimal employment is made for the diversification of the different techniques in the formal organization processes and the materials used in the completion of these works, through which beauty appears from the intellectual, visual and objective sides. The current research includes four chapters, including the first chapter: (the general framework of the research) The research problem centered on the following question: What are the aesthetic values that were established through technical diversity in the works of Ghassan Ghaib? . While the importance of the research was manifested by studying the technical diversity in the works of Ghassan Ghaib and clarifying that relationship that connects art with his ideas in general and how to adapt the scientific and technical material in the structure of the artwork, then the goal of the research, which aims to identify the technical diversity in the works of Ghassan Ghaib, but its limits were limited, Temporally (1985 AD - 2020 AD), and spatially (Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Bahrain, Britain, America), and objectively, it includes a study of the technical diversity in the works of Ghassan Ghaib, which were executed with different materials, and the chapter concluded with the definition of terms. The second chapter included: (Theoretical framework and previous studies), two topics, the first topic concerned with studying the concept of technical diversity in art, and the second topic concerned with studying the technical diversity in the works of Ghassan Ghaib, and the chapter concluded with the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework and previous studies. The third chapter included: (research procedures), which included defining the research community according to the temporal and spatial limits. As for the research sample, it included (4) selected technical models, which were classified according to the time series (1985 AD - 2020 AD), where the research sample was chosen in an image Intentionality, the researcher relied on the indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework and sample analysis. As for the fourth chapter, it included the results, conclusions, recommendations, and proposals. Among the most important findings of the research objective: The technical diversity in Ghassan Ghaib's work depends on the concept of cultural knowledge, especially culture that breaks traditional cognitive expectations through reading the visual text of postmodern arts, which is a cornerstone and a major in the formation of themes,The technical diversity in the works of Ghassan Ghaib found a kind of overlay of semantic relations. The technical diversity of the artist, Ghassan Ghaib, achieved permanence in discovery, change, and experimentation through the overlapping of materials and raw materials with each other within a unified overall structure to achieve the astonishment of the recipient. The research ended with a list of sources, references, and research appendices

This research analyses the effect of implementing Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) principles on improving operational efficiency at the General Company for Electrical Manufacturing in Baghdad, Al-Waziriyah. The research stems from the importance of enhancing industrial performance and reducing unplanned breakdowns in production lines by adopting effective administrative and technical methodologies, most notably TPM that is one of the most prominent methods for improving productivity and quality and reducing waste. A descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was used to collect data from a sample of 100 employees representing various technical and administrative levels within the company. The data was then analyzed using Stata, where descriptive analysis, hypothesis testing, and linear regression were conducted to examine the relationship between the study variables. The results revealed that implementing TPM principles significantly contributes for improving operational efficiency, reducing breakdowns, and increasing operational stability. It also demonstrated that implementing TPM led to reduced costs resulting from unplanned downtime and improved production quality. It confirmed that the use of Stata was effective in analyzing data and arriving at accurate results that support informed development decisions. In the light of these findings, the study recommended adopting TPM as a comprehensive strategic approach across all industrial operations, while enhancing staff training and providing appropriate infrastructure, along with the continued use of modern statistical tools for analysis and evaluation.

This study aims to illuminate the reality of effective teaching strategies used by preparatory school teachers and their impact on developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills among students in Dhi Qar Governorate. The study employed a descriptive correlational approach. The sample consisted of 80 male and female teachers and 120 male and female students who were randomly selected from various schools in Dhi Qar Governorate. Data were collected using a questionnaire to evaluate teachers' use of effective teaching strategies, as well as critical thinking and problem-solving skill scales for students. Statistical methods included frequencies, percentages, the weighted arithmetic mean, standard deviation, the Pearson correlation coefficient, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The results showed that teachers used effective teaching strategies to a moderate-to-high degree and preferred active learning. Meanwhile, students' problem-solving and critical thinking skills were moderate. Correlational analysis revealed a strong, positive, statistically significant relationship between effective teaching strategies and students' critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Based on these findings, the study makes several recommendations, including promoting the use of effective teaching strategies, providing teachers with training programs, and developing an interactive classroom environment that incorporates educational activities focusing on critical thinking and problem-solving within the curriculum.

The establishment of modern Iraqi ports dates back to World War II. When British forces entered the area in 1914, they were compelled to build wooden docks in the stronghold. After the war, in 1919, the British issued a statement establishing the management of the Basra port. Starting in 1920, the British civil administration assumed control of the port. Iraqi ports remained under British Army management, overseen by the Ministry of Trade. The structure underwent numerous changes and transformations until becoming the General Company for Iraqi Ports in 1997. Due to the importance of ports in achieving sustainable economic development for the country, significant developments were implemented at the ports and within the company responsible for their management. The company undertakes various activities and tasks, including loading and unloading operations, maritime pilotage for ships and vessels, berthing and unberthing operations, marine dredging, and implementing port development projects and services related to its primary and secondary activities. The importance of this research lies in highlighting the significance of these ports in activating maritime trade because trade is the cornerstone of the country's economic development. The study clarifies the definition of the General Company for Iraqi Ports and provides a historical overview of its establishment and of Iraqi ports, all of which are located in Basra. The ports are classified by their services into two categories: commercial ports and oil ports. The commercial ports are: Umm Qasr Port, Khor Al-Zubayr Port, Abu Flous Port, and Maqal Port. The second category is oil ports: Basra Oil Port and Khor Al-Amaya Port. Additionally, the report will mention ports under construction, such as Grand Faw Port, and highlight the role and importance of these ports in achieving sustainable economic development for the country.

Contemporary journalism has undergone profound transformations due to the integration of generative artificial intelligence (AI) in news production, raising critical questions about its impact on journalistic credibility and public trust. The central issue lies in the absence of a comprehensive theoretical framework that clarifies the relationship between AI contributions and audience evaluation of content, alongside challenges related to transparency, accountability, quality, bias, and audience interaction. This study aims to analyze this complex relationship and propose an integrated model balancing human skills with advanced technologies. A multi-dimensional methodology was employed, including descriptive-analytical review of literature and existing models, comparative analysis of media organizations’ practices, case studies of leading institutions such as the Associated Press and The Washington Post, online surveys to capture perceptions of audiences and practitioners, and content analysis to compare quality and accuracy between human-produced and AI-generated texts. The findings indicate that content acceptance varies by type, transparency enhances trust, hybrid models maintain credibility, algorithmic bias requires human oversight, and collaboration between humans and technology improves efficiency and strengthens investigative analysis.

The advertising industry is an industry that highlights the importance and benefits of various products and services to consumers through advertisements on media such as the internet, print, television, and billboards. It is a global industry for marketing, public relations firms, media services, and advertising agencies. The goal of advertising is to attract consumers' attention to products and brand awareness. Excellent advertising leads to increased sales, thus raising the level of economic activity, which positively impacts economic development in a city like Ramadi, the capital of Anbar Governorate. This research aims to clarify the current state of the advertising industry in the city and the most important challenges facing the development of this industry. It also aims to develop a strategy through which advertising in Ramadi can be developed to become modern, contemporary, and digital. This strategy has a positive impact on producing high-quality, modern advertisements that increase consumer appeal and stimulate economic activity. A number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which is the weakness of the advertising industry in Ramadi due to the lack of real support for it. Recommendations were made that emphasize the need to develop advertisements and designs that keep pace with scientific development and modernity.

School dropout is one of the deepest scars imprinted on a student’s memory, profoundly altering their life trajectory. A student's withdrawal from the educational process at any stage prior to completion is a structural dilemma that requires serious intervention and sustainable solutions. This alarming phenomenon does not emerge from a vacuum. Rather, it is the product of a complex interplay of multiple factors. These factors range from fragile family socioeconomic conditions and schools lacking engaging pedagogical mechanisms to the exceptional circumstances the country has endured, including wars and political and security instabilities that have undermined the stability of educational and social institutions. These harsh conditions directly affect students' psychological states, confronting them with realities beyond their coping capacity. Ultimately, this drives them to leave school without fully realizing the dire consequences for their personal future and society at large. In most cases, students do not leave school voluntarily; grueling circumstances dictate alternative paths. They are driven into child labor or arduous work at an early age or wander the streets in a desperate attempt to escape their harsh reality. This renders them vulnerable to exploitation and a loss of identity. On a broader scale, the destructive impact of this phenomenon on the social fabric and the nation’s scientific progress is undeniable. It directly leads to a decline in cultural standards and a regression in human development indicators compared to other countries. Most perilously, it fosters the spread of ignorance and illiteracy in an era of digital and informational revolutions—a stark contradiction to the modern age's requirements, where illiteracy should long have been a thing of the past. School dropout is not merely theabsence of a student from a classroom; it is a hemorrhage of human capital that impedes social renaissance and delays the march of civilization

The 21st century has seen a radical transformation in the structure of technological systems, driven by the rapid rise of artificial intelligence. This powerful force is reshaping the economy, social interaction, and decision-making mechanisms. Intelligent systems now have the capability to learn, analyze, predict, and make decisions, relying on complex mathematical models and algorithms that transcend the limitations of traditional programming. Nevertheless, humanity remains the focal point of ethical values and the source of creativity and existential meaning. This underscores the importance of understanding the evolving relationship between humans and machines. This study uses nonlinear equations as a conceptual framework to analyze this relationship given their ability to represent complex systems affected by multiple nonlinear interactions. The study presents a simplified mathematical model that illustrates how to represent the interaction between human and computational capabilities. The model focuses on identifying points of equilibrium and imbalance that may affect the distribution of knowledge and productive power between the two. Additionally, the study addresses the philosophical and ethical dimensions associated with these models based on the premise that imbalances could lead to unforeseen social and economic consequences and perhaps even affect the future of humanity. This study aims to develop an integrated theoretical framework linking mathematical, philosophical, and social analyses to contribute to the formulation of a balanced vision that leverages technological progress while preserving human values and enhancing the role of humans in a rapidly evolving digital environment.

A noun as a definition is everything that denotes a meaning that is not associated with time. It may denote a living creature, an inanimate thing, a phenomenon, an action, a deed , or an intangible idea .The Akkadian language continued to be used as a language of address and codification alongside the Sumerian language until the end of the first millennium BC. and was written in cuneiform writing invented by the sumerians since the end of the fourth millennium BC. The ancient Iraqi heritage provided us with a lot of literary , legal and religious texts as well as economic, social and other texts … Most of these texts , especially the literary and legal ones , took into account the rules of the language. The use of the Akkadian language spread beyond the borders of Mesopotamia, and it was more like the diplomatic language used by the kings and rulers of the ancient Near East. The Akkadian language is an ancient Arabic language that represents the eastern branch of the ancient Arabic language family (the islands). The Babylonians believe that a thing does not take on a real existence for it unless it has a name . A thing can have a physical existence, but it will not become known until it has a name . The creation myth at the beginning of the second millennium BC states: When the sky did not yet have a name When the earth under the sky did not yet have a name
The names that the statues bear are the wishes of a long life for the people they represent, and once they are read , pronounced ,or sculpted, their effectiveness is strengthened … The importance of the name brought to us lists of names of ancient gods , names of kings , cities , crafts ,rivers … etc , as well as buying and selling contracts , adoption contracts, and various economic , social and administrative transactions … etc. and the necessity of the name in them.

This study aims to examine the impact of investors’ behavioral biases on trading decisions in the Iraq Stock Exchange, within the context of the shift in financial thought from the traditional assumption of fully rational investors and efficient markets—as proposed by Eugene Fama—to the behavioral finance perspective, which emphasizes the influence of psychological and cognitive factors on investment decision-making. This shift was largely shaped by the contributions of Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky through Prospect Theory, as well as the work of Richard Thaler in developing behavioral finance. The research problem stems from the observation of volatility and occasionally irrational trading behavior in the Iraqi market, which may be attributed to behavioral biases such as overconfidence, herd behavior, and loss aversion. Accordingly, the study seeks to identify the nature of these biases and measure their statistical impact on investors’ buy, sell, and hold decisions. The study adopts both descriptive-analytical and field research approaches. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire distributed to a sample of 150 investors. The responses were analyzed using SPSS, employing both descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, including Pearson correlation and simple and multiple linear regression analysis. The findings reveal the following: A statistically significant positive correlation exists between behavioral biases and trading decisions. Behavioral biases collectively explain approximately 41% of the variance in trading decisions (R² = 0.41). Herd behavior has the strongest effect (B = 0.29), followed by loss aversion (B = 0.23), and overconfidence (B = 0.21). All four research hypotheses were statistically supported at the 0.01 significance level. The results indicate that investors’ decisions in the Iraqi market are not based solely on objective financial analysis but are significantly influenced by psychological and social factors. This finding aligns with behavioral finance literature, which suggests that emerging markets are particularly susceptible to behavioral distortions. The study recommends enhancing financial literacy among investors, implementing awareness programs about behavioral biases, and improving disclosure and transparency in the market to increase trading efficiency and promote greater stability in the Iraqi financial market

This research aims to examine the issue of the global challenges posed by artificial intelligence to media, legal, and political systems, in light of the accelerating digital transformation and the expanding influence of smart media in shaping public opinion and decision-making, whether in Arab or Western contexts. The study is based on a fundamental hypothesis that the absence of intellectual and institutional integration between digital media, legal legislation, and political governance constitutes one of the main causes of inadequacy in addressing contemporary digital risks. The research adopts a set of methodologies, namely the descriptive, analytical, comparative, and foresight approaches. The descriptive approach is employed to define the concepts of digital media, legal legislation, and artificial intelligence, as well as to examine the reality of digital media practices and their interaction with existing legislative frameworks. The analytical approach is used to deconstruct the legal and regulatory texts governing digital media and artificial intelligence, while the comparative approach is applied to review and analyze selected Arab and Western regulatory and legislative models. In addition, the foresight approach is utilized to anticipate future trajectories of regulatory development, particularly the prospects for the evolving relationship between digital media and artificial intelligence amid the current accelerated digital transformations. The study also seeks to highlight mechanisms for balancing media freedom with legislative regulation requirements within different legal and political systems, by analyzing how legislation interacts with digital transformations without undermining freedom of expression, thereby ensuring harmony between technological innovation imperatives and the protection of public order and fundamental rights and freedoms. Furthermore, the research focuses on reaching accurate legal and empirical scientific findings upon which practical and feasible solutions can be built, contributing to the enhancement of digital governance effectiveness and institutional integration in addressing artificial intelligence challenges. This ultimately leads to the development of an anticipatory and institutional integrative model that coordinates smart media, legislation, and public policies within effective legal and regulatory frameworks, enabling the anticipation of digital risks, the rationalization of media discourse, and the protection of public opinion from algorithmic manipulation, while ensuring a sustainable balance between freedom of expression and the rule of law in the digital environment. The scientific value of the study lies in its interdisciplinary nature, offering applicable practical solutions in line with the objectives of the international scientific conference.










* Masoud Ramadnia, remadniamessaoud250@gmail.com

This study aimed to analyze the psychological and social obstacles to learning physics in Iraqi schools from the perspectives of students and teachers, and to identify the factors contributing to students’ low interest in studying physics and their declining academic achievement in the subject. The study adopted the descriptive analytical approach and the survey method, where a questionnaire was designed based on the theoretical framework and included two main dimensions: psychological obstacles and social obstacles. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample of preparatory school students (scientific branch) and physics teachers. The study interpreted the obstacles in light of the constructivist theory associated with the work of Jean Piaget, which emphasizes that learning is an active process in which learners construct knowledge through interaction with experience and experimentation. In addition, the study relied on Self-Determination Theory developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan, which focuses on the basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and relatedness as fundamental determinants of intrinsic motivation. The results showed that academic anxiety, low self-confidence, and decreased motivation were the most prominent psychological obstacles affecting physics learning, while the social obstacles included weak laboratory facilities, reliance on traditional teaching methods, and the influence of the societal stereotype that considers physics a difficult subject. The findings also indicated a relative agreement between students’ and teachers’ views regarding the presence of these obstacles, with differences in interpreting their causes. The study concluded that there is a relationship between psychological and social obstacles and students’ academic achievement in physics. It also emphasized that educational environments based on memorization and assessment pressure contribute to increased anxiety and reduced motivation. The study recommended adopting active learning strategies, developing laboratory environments, training teachers to support students’ psychological aspects, and enhancing communication with families and society to improve students’ attitudes toward physics in Iraqi schools.

The research aims to examine the impact of workplace bullying on the level of organizational commitment and productivity among the employees of Al-Nahrain University, considering it as one of the negative organizational phenomena that affect the university work environment and significantly influence institutional performance. The study is grounded in a theoretical foundation of key concepts, including workplace bullying, organizational commitment, productivity, and institutional loyalty, in addition to identifying the levels of organizational commitment and productivity among the employees, The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach and utilized a questionnaire as a data collection tool, targeting a sample of Al-Nahrain University employees. The research focused on analyzing the nature of the relationship between workplace bullying and organizational commitment, as well as the relationship between workplace bullying and productivity, through the use of appropriate statistical methods, The results of the study revealed a statistically significant relationship between workplace bullying and both organizational commitment and productivity. The findings indicated that higher levels of workplace bullying are associated with lower levels of organizational commitment and reduced productivity among employees, suggesting a strong interrelationship where one variable clearly affects the other. Additionally, the results demonstrated variation in the levels of exposure to workplace bullying according to certain demographic and organizational variables,The study recommended the necessity of adopting clear organizational policies to reduce workplace bullying, including conducting awareness seminars and workshops for all employees across departments to mitigate this negative phenomenon, which could otherwise spread if left unaddressed. Furthermore, promoting a positive work culture contributes to enhancing organizational commitment and improving productivity within university institutions.

This study aims to examine the impact of accounting measurement of Total Quality Costs on rationalizing managerial decisions in industrial companies, within a competitive environment characterized by rapid technological development and rising customer expectations regarding product and service quality. Quality has become a key strategic element for ensuring continuity and enhancing competitive advantage, which requires an accounting system capable of accurately and systematically measuring and analyzing quality costs. The research is based on the problem that many industrial companies do not give sufficient attention to the accounting measurement of Total Quality Costs, nor do they effectively utilize the resulting information to support their managerial decisions. This leads to lower decision efficiency and higher overall costs due to the focus on short-term cost reduction while neglecting prevention and appraisal costs. The study adopted the descriptive-analytical approach to develop the theoretical framework of Total Quality Costs, which include prevention costs, appraisal costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs. In addition, a field approach was used through data collection and analysis employing appropriate statistical methods to test the research hypotheses. Multiple linear regression analysis, correlation coefficients, and the coefficient of determination (R²) were applied to measure the strength of the relationship between the four quality cost variables and the dependent variable represented by the rationality of managerial decisions. The results revealed a statistically significant relationship between the accounting measurement of Total Quality Costs and the rationalization of managerial decisions in industrial companies. The findings also indicated that increased spending on prevention and appraisal costs contributes to reducing internal and external failure costs, which positively reflects on the quality of managerial decisions and the efficiency of resource allocation. Moreover, the study confirmed that incorporating periodic quality cost reports within the accounting information system enhances the relevance and accuracy of information and supports pricing decisions, process improvement, and overall organizational performance. The study concludes that the accounting measurement of Total Quality Costs is not merely a control tool, but rather a strategic approach to cost management and performance improvement. It recommends developing cost systems in industrial companies to independently incorporate quality costs, establish specialized cost centers, and integrate them with activity-based costing systems in order to strengthen management’s ability to make rational decisions that achieve sustainable competitive advantage.

The Crusades represent a significant chapter in the history of the West and the East, and the Christianization of the Islamic world, which lasted for nearly two centuries. The Crusades were not the first colonial endeavor beyond their borders, but rather a continuation of the expansionist policies of Western rulers. In fact, these wars appear to be a historically delayed reaction to the Islamic conquests of the first century. Not all inhabitants of the conquered territories embraced Islam, but Islam spread throughout the regions, and its acceptance continued to grow. Even centuries later, most of the inhabitants of these lands, including those who did not convert, were influenced by the advancement and development of Islamic culture and civilization. The conditions in the Islamic world and the lands of Islam in the eastern Mediterranean, such as the Levant and Egypt, were extremely chaotic and disorderly at the beginning of the Crusades. The political and religious unity that had existed until the third and early fourth centuries quickly collapsed. Because at this time, the Abbasid Caliphate had become more of a ceremonial institution, and its spiritual, political, and military authority was diminished, the general mobilization of the people was sidelined. Furthermore, the great and powerful empire formed by the Seljuk Turkmen after the death of Malik Shah had declined and collapsed. Within every corner of this vast empire, small, independent principalities emerged in various regions, including the Levant.

This paper addresses the formation of a model for restructuring organizational operations. Here, I introduce concepts such as human competence, artificial intelligence (smart technology), and organizational and value-based identity, which enable organizations to excel through total quality, performance, knowledge, workability, and workplace well-being. This is done to decipher the ways in which management disseminates what we call the hybridization of human resource management activities, transforming them into new horizon projects for the \"capacity of human resources\" and a reservoir of infinite potential, or even the achievement of infinite resources. We invoke the broader context of management to place human resource management within the framework of modernity, a cultural era whose main characteristic is what we call \"the non-recognition of limitations.\" This modern synthesis—with these concepts—provides the foundation for contemporary organizations to achieve the infinite sustainability of human resources in the future. This paper explores how current organizational vocabulary and practices can be used to reframe the subject matter in a way that is relevant to future organizations in light of changing environmental and technological conditions. It explores the endless possibilities of developing contemporary conceptual frameworks.

This study aims to examine the impact of financial performance indicators on firm value in a sample of non-financial companies listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange during the period 2019–2023. The study is based on a small panel dataset comprising 50 observations representing 10 companies over 5 years. Tobin’s Q was employed as a proxy for firm value, while return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), and earnings per share (EPS) were used as the independent variables, with firm size included as a control variable. To achieve the study’s objective, descriptive statistics, a correlation matrix, and the variance inflation factor (VIF) test were applied, followed by the estimation of a pooled ordinary least squares (Pooled OLS) model with HC3 robust standard errors. The findings indicate that the overall model is statistically significant and explains a meaningful proportion of the variation in firm value. The results also show that firm size retains a positive and statistically significant effect, whereas the significance of profitability indicators declines in the joint estimation due to the relative overlap among them and the structural characteristics of the Iraqi market, particularly in terms of liquidity and trading depth. The study concludes that explaining firm value in the Iraqi market cannot rely solely on accounting profitability; rather, it is also influenced by firm size, market structure, and the quality of disclosure.

Minds (scientific competencies) represent one of the most important basic pillars in the development process in any country, especially the human development process, given the major role of this scientific segment in building the economic base to advance the development reality of these countries. Perhaps the Iraqi reality, which witnessed political, security, and economic turmoil for several decades, has negatively impacted the country's reality and caused the migration of minds (scientific competencies) abroad, resulting in a negative impact on the national economy. This problem of brain drain abroad is still being suffered from by Islamic countries in general and Iraq in particular to this moment, and it has continued in light of the current reality, which is witnessing a set of challenges that have caused the migration of minds outside their countries. Furthermore, there is a lack of a clear strategy in these countries, including Iraq, to develop a plan to reduce the brain drain and work on bringing back the minds and skills that have emigrated, or to absorb emerging talents within the country and overcome all the difficulties they face in order to retain these minds that represent the true human capital of these countries. Therefore, the aim of this research is to highlight the extent of the impact of brain drain on human development indicators in Islamic countries in general and Iraq in particular, and its negative impact on vital sectors in these countries, such as the health and education sectors, which reflect the development and progress of any country, starting from these vital sectors that represent the backbone of any country. From this perspective comes the importance of researching brain drain (scientific skills) to know the impact and variation in the relationship between brain drain and human development.

Russian-Ukrainian relations began to deteriorate with the outbreak of a series of protests in Ukraine in late November 2004/January 2005, known as the Orange Revolution. This crisis reached its peak in 2013 when the Ukrainian government suspended negotiations on an association agreement with the European Union and launched a partnership with Russia. This generated resentment among pro-European Ukrainians, and Maidan Square in Kyiv became the epicenter of the protests and the starting point of the Euromaidan Revolution. In 2014, Russia launched a military offensive against Ukrainian cities, a war described as the largest in Europe. The Russian-Ukrainian crisis was part of a series of accumulating crises within the context of the ongoing transformation of the global order. It also marked a turning point in international relations, the repercussions of which continue to unfold gradually, posing major challenges on the geopolitical, economic, and military levels. This conflict undermined global security and stability and sparked Fundamental questions about the future of the international order and the role of the great powers have arisen. This war has led to a reshaping of international alliances and an attempt to end what was perceived as a unipolar system.

This study examines the challenges facing national constitution in adabting to the profound transformations brought about by digitalization and legal globalization , in acontext marked by the unprecedented expansion of cyberspace and the increasing overlap of legal systems beyond traditional territorial boundaries of the state b. the research aims to analyze the Legal and constitutional conceptual framework of digitalization and Legal globalization , and to clarify their implications for the function of national constitution ,particulary with regard to the concepts of sovereignty ,constitutional jurisdiction ,and the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms .It further addresses the most significant contemporary constitutionl challenges , foremost among them the issue of constitutional jurisdiction in the cross- border digital space ,as well as difficulty of reconciling traditional constitutional texts with the requirem of rights protection in the digital environment in this regard, the study highlights the mechanisms of constitution and legal a daptation , both at th inter level through the development of constitutional provisions and national legislation and a the external level through benefiting from comparative constitutional experiences and intenational human rights standards .the research concluds that the effectiveness and continuity of national constitutions in the age digitalization and legal globalization depend on the adoption of flexible constitutional approaches capable of achieving abalance between national sovereignty , international cooperation, and the protection of rights and freedoms in the contemporary digital sphere .

This study seeks to analyse the role of creative social change in supporting sustainable development pathways within Iraqi society, in light of the social, economic, and political challenges facing Iraq, particularly poverty, unemployment, weak public services, and declining trust in institutions. The study is grounded in the assumption that social innovation and community participation can provide effective approaches to addressing these challenges and promoting sustainable development. The research adopts a descriptive–analytical methodology and employs a structured questionnaire to collect data from a random sample of 209 respondents representing diverse social groups within Iraqi society. The findings indicate a high level of societal awareness regarding the importance of creative social change, particularly in the fields of education, economic development, and social justice. The results also reveal the existence of a correlational relationship between creative social change and sustainable development within the study sample, while highlighting the pivotal role of community participation and youth empowerment in supporting developmental initiatives. The study concludes that creative social change can serve as a supportive strategic tool for advancing sustainable development in Iraq, provided that enabling institutional environments are established, partnerships between government and civil society are strengthened, and investments in education, awareness, and the empowerment of active social groups—especially youth—are prioritised. The study recommends adopting innovative participatory policies and expanding locally based social innovation initiatives to support long-term sustainable development.

This research aims to analyze the role of cognitive integration between management and behavioral economics in enhancing the resilience of Iraqi organizations against global shocks. It adopted a quantitative methodology through a long-term comparative study design, utilizing multivariate time series analysis and path analysis via AMOS software, with secondary data derived from financial and annual reports of the Iraq Stock Exchange and global databases for the period 2015-2024. The sample included three organizations: Iraqi Investment Bank (financial sector), Iraqi Cement Company (industrial sector), and Dijla Telecommunications Company (service sector), selected purposefully to represent sectoral diversity. The conclusions highlighted that cognitive integration enhances resilience in a non-uniform manner, with a greater positive impact in young service sectors, and a negative effect of biases in traditional industrial ones, supported by triple models explaining sectoral variance. Recommendations include developing training programs for bias management, implementing dynamic control systems, accelerated learning models, annual comparative studies, and adapting models as diagnostic tools.