Journal of Alsalam University

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Abstract
This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of using AI-based Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) in improving the quality of educational outcomes for Physics in secondary education. To achieve the study objectives, a quasi-experimental approach was adopted. A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool, covering several dimensions: the effectiveness of intelligent systems in enhancing comprehension and achievement, interaction and motivation toward learning physics, and ease of use and technical support. The quality of educational outcomes represented the dependent variable.
Statistical analysis using multiple regression revealed a strong, statistically significant relationship between the use of intelligent tutoring systems and the quality of educational outcomes. The results showed varying levels of impact among the independent variable dimensions; "interaction and motivation" was the most influential dimension, while "ease of use and technical support" did not show a significant impact. The study concluded that integrating intelligent tutoring systems into physics education is crucial due to their effective role in enhancing academic achievement and developing students' skills. It emphasizes the need to strengthen interactive aspects and educational personalization.

Abstract
This research deals with the collection and study of the narrations of the noble Companion Tha'labah ibn al-Hakam al-Laythi (may God be pleased with him), who was among those who narrated few hadiths of the Prophet. The importance of the research lies in highlighting the narrations that may contain precise legal rulings despite their small number. The researcher followed the inductive-analytical method by listing the narrations in the books of the noble Sunnah, tracing their sources, and studying their chains of transmission critically according to the rules of criticism and authentication, while explaining unfamiliar words and deriving jurisprudential benefits. The study concluded that Tha'labah ibn al-Hakam witnessed the Battle of Khaybar and was a young boy during the time of the Prophet, and his narrations were diverse
to include important topics such as marriage, sales, jihad, and the virtues of knowledge. The study proved that most of his narrations fall under the category of "authentic due to external support," and among the most prominent of these are the hadith prohibiting temporary marriage on the day of Khaybar, and the hadith prohibiting looting and overturning cooking pots. The research recommended the necessity of paying attention to the narrations of the Companions who narrated few hadiths because of what they contain. Among the subtleties of chains of transmission and legislative benefits not found in the narrations of prolific narrators.

Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the strategic role of Organizational Agility (with its dimensions: sensing agility, decision-making agility, execution agility, and human resources agility) as an independent variable, in enhancing Digital Automation processes (including digital infrastructure automation, operational processes automation, administrative processes automation, and passenger service automation) as a dependent variable. The study was conducted within the environment of the Iraqi Airways Company. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach to diagnose the variables' reality, data were collected via a questionnaire distributed to a purposive sample of (82) administrative leaders (General Manager, Assistant General Manager, Department Manager, and Division Manager). For precise data processing and hypothesis testing, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed using Smart PLS 4 and SPSS software. The results revealed a statistically significant positive impact relationship between organizational agility and digital automation. This confirms that the company's ability to respond rapidly to environmental changes and the flexibility of its human resources represent the primary enablers for a successful transition toward comprehensive automation. Furthermore, the findings indicated that adopting "agility" strategies contributes to reducing time and effort while improving the quality of services provided to passengers. The study concluded with several recommendations, most notably the necessity of completing the company's digital infrastructure and intensifying training programs for leaders to enhance digital skills, thereby ensuring that Iraqi Airways reclaims its competitive position in the regional and international air transport market.

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Research summary
Clothing was a prominent cultural feature of Mamluk society, transcending its utilitarian function to become a means of expressing social status and military rank. The attire of the Emirs of the Hundreds held particular significance as they represented one of the highest echelons of the military and administrative elite in the Mamluk state. This was reflected in the opulence of their garments, the diversity of their elements, and the precision of their craftsmanship.
The Emirs of the Hundreds' clothing was distinguished by its multifaceted composition, encompassing both civilian and military elements, the use of luxurious fabrics and carefully crafted decorative motifs, and its simultaneous connection to combat function and symbolic authority. This clothing was also influenced by political, military, and cultural factors which contributed to shaping its unique character within the broader framework of Mamluk fashion.
This research aims to shed light on the clothing of the Emirs of the Hundreds in Mamluk Egypt by examining its various elements and their social and military significance, while tracing its historical development. This analysis relies on historical sources, descriptive texts, and available artistic and material evidence.

Abstract
The impact of Whole, Part, and Learning Unit methods on learning the spike skill with approach movement in Volleyball The research aimed to identify the effect of three teaching methods (Whole, Part, and Learning Units) on learning the spike skill with approach movement in volleyball among fourth-stage students at the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Salam University College. Furthermore, it sought to determine which method is most effective in developing skill performance levels.
The researcher employed an experimental design with multiple groups on a sample of (15) students, who were divided into three equal groups. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-and post-tests in favor of the post-test for all three groups. Moreover, the learning units method demonstrated superiority over both the part and whole methods in the skill performance level of the spike with approach movement.
The researcher recommends the adoption of the learning units method and the part method when teaching complex motor skills in volleyball.

Abstract
The Iranian-Israeli conflict has had political and economic repercussions on Iraq during the period from 2003 to 2026. Iranian influence in Iraq evolved since 2003, as Tehran exploited the strategic vacuum following the American occupation to deepen its presence through multiple political, security, and economic tools. In contrast, Israel viewed this expansion with grave concern and began launching military and intelligence strikes within Iraqi territory aimed at containing it. This conflict reached its peak in the 12-day war (June 2025), which constituted the first direct military confrontation between Iran and Israel, culminating in "Operation Split Serpent" (March 2026) that resulted in the assassination of Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, senior commanders of the Revolutionary Guard, and nuclear scientists. Iraq paid a heavy price for being an open arena for this conflict; its national sovereignty was breached, its political decision- making became hostage to external pressures, and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz in response to Khamenei's assassination had a direct impact on the Iraqi economy, which depends on oil revenues for 90% of its income, leading to a halt in oil exports and the interruption of gas and electricity supplies.
The Iranian-Israeli conflict revealed the fragility and weakness of the Iraqi state in the face of external pressures, as well as the depth of the structural crisis it suffers from. It also demonstrated a decline in Iran's ability to mobilize its Iraqi allies, contrasted with the emergence of a growing national trend demanding the independence of political decision-making. This makes Iraq's future hostage to developments in the regional landscape and the ability of the political elite to overcome its divisions and build a unifying national vision.

Abstract
This study aims to explore the multiple linguistic levels in the book “Al-Irshad” through a selective analysis of selected texts. The research focuses on highlighting the phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic characteristics that distinguish the language and how these levels contribute to building meaning and shaping discourse in this important linguistic work. The importance of the topic lies in the fact that it is a Qur’anic linguistic topic at the same time, and it does not merely present and document those linguistic phenomena, but rather it analyzes and studies them linguistically, linking the Qur’anic lesson with the linguistic lesson.

Research Summary
This study is a serious attempt to delve into applied hadith criticism by reviewing and analyzing the criticisms leveled by Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Daraqutni against the books of al-Bukhari and Muslim, the two most authentic collections of prophetic hadith. The study aims to reveal the nature of these criticisms and whether they undermine the fundamental authenticity of the hadiths or are merely a comparison between different chains of transmission. The researcher adopted an inductive-analytical approach and concluded that the vast majority of al-Daraqutni's criticisms are "artificial" criticisms of the chain of transmission (isnad) and do not lower the hadiths from their general acceptability. Rather, they reflect al-Daraqutni's strictness in the criteria of continuity and accuracy. The research concludes with important recommendations regarding the necessity of distinguishing between critical and non-critical defects when studying the two Sahihs (al-Bukhari and Muslim), and it calls for enriching the Islamic library with analytical studies that combine the approaches of early and later scholars in hadith criticism.

Abstract
This research examines the politicization of international sanctions and its impact on the legitimacy of authority, through an analysis of the Syrian case, particularly in the context of lifting sanctions on certain actors accused of committing grave violations. The study proceeds from the hypothesis that sanctions, despite being established as a legal tool aimed at deterrence and accountability, have not in practice been implemented in isolation from political considerations. Instead, they have been largely repurposed to serve the interests of international and regional powers.
Consequently, the lifting of sanctions on certain entities was not necessarily the result of a fundamental shift in their behavior or compliance with international law. Rather, it was often tied to a reprioritization by international actors, allowing for the integration of these entities into the transitional authority structure. Conversely, sanctions were maintained against other parties, reflecting a clear selectivity in application and raising serious questions about the decision-making criteria in this domain.
Domestically, this disparity has had direct implications for the legitimacy of this authority. The selective application of sanctions has undermined public trust and reinforced the perception that accountability is governed more by political calculations than by legal obligations. Externally, the reality has shown that international recognition is not based solely on adherence to legal norms but is significantly influenced by the calculus of interests and international and regional alliances.
Through this research, we aimed to expose the gap between the legal framework governing international sanctions—rooted in clear principles of maintaining international peace and security—and actual implementation practices that reflect an underlying political logic. Evaluating the effectiveness of sanctions cannot be decoupled from an analysis of the political structures dictating their direction.
We conclude that the politicization of sanctions diminishes their capacity to achieve their original objectives and undermines their role as instruments of justice and accountability. Moreover, the reintegration of actors implicated in violations through the lifting of sanctions poses structural challenges to the prospect of establishing stable and sustainable legitimacy. Accordingly, there is a pressing need to review the mechanisms for imposing and lifting sanctions to ensure a high degree of transparency, better aligning them with the requirements of transitional justice while acknowledging the complexities of the political context.

Abstract
The research aimed to identify the actual use of systems thinking by Quranic science and Islamic education instructors in colleges of education. The research problem focused on the limited utilization of various types of thinking in general, and systems thinking in particular, in the educational process and the achievement of desired educational goals. The researcher adopted constructivist theory as the theoretical framework for the research and employed a descriptive research methodology to arrive at the research findings. A questionnaire was used as the research instrument, employing a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire included four domains representing the main systems thinking skills: constructing main and sub-systems of thinking, analyzing them, understanding the systemic relationships between them, and evaluating them. These main skills comprised 20 sub-skills, distributed as five sub-skills for each main skill. The researcher verified the validity and reliability of the instrument and then applied it to the research sample. The results, calculated using the weighted average and percentage, showed that 17 out of 20 systems thinking skills were achieved.

Abstract
This research examines the civil protection of computer software designers, software licensing contracts, and the legal means available to protect designers from infringements, illegal exploitation, and breach of contractual terms, whether through contractual or tortious liability, or through patents for innovative software. It also explores modern means of enhancing protection, such as civil guarantees and compulsory insurance. The research compares national and international legislation to provide a comprehensive overview of how to guarantee designers' rights and the stability of their financial and moral rights, and the necessity of developing local legislation and linking it to licensing contracts to ensure effective protection for both designers and users.

Abstract
Given that women constitute a proactive and vital element in society, it is imperative to illuminate their contemporary issues. Consequently, this research is titled: 'Jurisprudential Rulings Pertaining to Women’s Participation in Competitions.'
Structurally, the study comprises an introduction and a preliminary section defining 'competitions' both linguistically and idiomatically. It is further divided into two primary requirements: The first delineates the definition, types, rulings, and jurisprudential regulations of competitions. The second requirement focuses specifically on the regulations governing women's participation in these competitions. The research concludes with a summary of findings and a comprehensive list of primary sources and references.
Regarding the research methodology, a descriptive approach was employed, as necessitated by the nature of the study in describing the legal and jurisprudential rulings associated with women’s participation in competitions.

Abstract
This topic addresses one of the prominent styles unique to the Holy Qur'an in its words, structures, and meanings. It is one of the clearest manifestations of its linguistic miracle, namely the phenomenon of semantic transformations of words. Semantic transformation does not simply refer to a change in the meaning of a Qur'anic word, but rather to the precise connection between the word, its meaning, and its context, which grants the Qur'anic discourse its depth and sublimity, and reveals its exceptional expressive power.
This research is divided into three main sections: The first section addresses the concept of semantics and its importance. The second section is dedicated to explaining the textual context and its impact on guiding Qur'anic meanings. The third section, entitled "Semantic Transformation in Qur'anic Words – An Applied Study," presents applied models that highlight the impact of context on the diversity and transformation of meaning.

Research Summary: The research addressed the acronym “BRIC”, first introduced by the Director of Research at the investment bank (Goldman Sachs Bank), which refers to four emerging economic powers (Brazil, Russia, India and China), destined to become the dominant economies of tomorrow... Due to their growing economic weight, the effects of the economic and political decisions of these countries on the rest of the world cannot be ignored... Unlike the case with the first emerging economies (the Four Dragons: Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan), then (the Asian Tigers: Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia), or also the emerging markets in Mexico.

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Research Abstract
The research focuses on studying the biography of Imam Muhammad bin Harun al-Kinani (d. 750 AH) and analyzing his jurisprudential opinion on one of the most intricate issues of purification (Taharah): the ruling on "small quantities of water when contaminated by impurities without undergoing physical change" (alteration of attributes). The study aims to highlight Imam Muhammad bin Harun's fundamental (Usuli) and legal (Fiqhi) methodology in addressing this issue as presented in the book "Al-Tawdih: Sharh Mukhtasar Ibn al-Hajib." Furthermore, it examines the extent of his influence by and upon the Maliki school, while conducting a comparative analysis of his views with other schools of Islamic jurisprudence. Success is granted by Allah.

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Abstract
The divine promise that God made to the believers to establish a state of justice, truth, and peace is an inevitable divine promise that will not be broken or delayed. This promise will be fulfilled at the hands of Imam Mahdi Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Askari (may God hasten his reappearance), the twelfth Imam of the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon them). When God permits his appearance, he will fill the earth with justice and equity after it has been filled with injustice and oppression, thus fulfilling the true divine promise, for God does not break His promise. The Book of God contains verses that give glad tidings of the empowerment of the believers, the inheritance of the earth by the righteous, and the triumph of truth over falsehood. These verses are interpreted by narrations from the Ahl al-Bayt as their complete fulfillment being the state of Imam Mahdi, which will definitively eliminate the state of falsehood with the state of truth. Likewise, many proofs have been narrated in the purified Sunnah of the noble Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) and from the Imams of guidance after him regarding the appearance of Imam Mahdi (may God hasten his reappearance) to establish the state of truth and end the state of falsehood. That state would be established under the leadership of the infallible ruler who would govern according to the law of the Prophet, may God bless him and his family and grant them peace.

Abstract
This study examines the issue of religious culture by analyzing the relationship between immutable religious truth and variable human interpretation within a comparative framework. It distinguishes between sacred religious texts as sources of absolute truth and human understanding influenced by historical and social contexts. The research assumes that many contemporary religious perceptions result from accumulated human interpretations rather than the essence of religious truth. By comparing selected interpretive models, the study analyzes the role of interpretation in shaping religious culture and awareness, clarifying the boundary between immutable sacred principles and relative human reasoning. The study contributes to rationalizing religious discourse and promoting a balanced religious awareness capable of engaging with contemporary challenges while preserving religious constants.

Research summary
This research addresses the issue of al-kurr water and its determination according to Sayyid Muhammad Saeed Al-Hakim, by explaining the concept of al-kurr in Imami jurisprudence and the narrational evidence relied upon in defining it. It presents the methods of estimating al-kurr mentioned in the texts, whether by weight or by volume, while analyzing the principles adopted by jurists in understanding these narrations and reconciling them. The study also highlights the issues related to differences in estimation resulting from changes in water density or variations in measuring units such as the span (shibr), and clarifies Sayyid Al-Hakim’s approach in considering al-kurr fundamentally a volumetric measure. The study concludes that his determination of al-kurr is based on a conciliatory methodology that harmonizes the textual evidence and emphasizes the volumetric dimension as the primary basis of measurement.

Research Summary
Al-Nasafi relied primarily on the "Usuli Schools" (Schools of Jurisprudential Principles) that preceded his era, most notably: Usul al-Bazdawi (Fakhr al-Islam), which is considered al-Nasafi's primary reference, as he was influenced by its methodology in establishing Hanafi principles. He also drew from Usul al-Sarakhsi, deriving numerous practical applications and evidentiary arguments, particularly in controversial issues (Masā’il al-Khilāf), as well as the works of al-Jassas (Abu Bakr al-Razi), which he utilized to link foundational principles (Usul) with exegesis (Tafsir) and legal rulings (Ahkam).
Regarding Hadith sources, al-Nasafi did not overlook the textual evidence (al-Janib al-Naqli); rather, he cited textual proofs from the Six Books (al-Kutub al-Sittah), focusing on what serves Hanafi jurisprudential rules. He also utilized previous Hadith commentaries to clarify modes of inference and to reconcile transmitted texts with rational reasoning.
Furthermore, he relied on Juridical sources (Furu'); since his book "Kashf al-Asrar" is a commentary on the principles of jurisprudence, al-Nasafi needed to connect these principles to specific legal branches through the works of Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani (Zahir al-Riwayah), such as "al-Asl" and "al-Jami' al-Kabir", and Mukhtasar al-Tahawi as a reference for the jurisprudence of the early Imams.
In terms of Linguistic and Grammatical sources, as the science of Usul depends largely on the "implications of words" (Dalalat al-Alfaz), al-Nasafi derived his material from Sibawayh and al-Farra to anchor the grammatical rules upon which legal deduction (Istinbat) is built. For lexicography, he relied on lexicons (such as al-Sihah by al-Jawhari) to verify the meanings of linguistic terms. Finally, he incorporated Theological sources (Ilm al-Kalam), where he was clearly influenced by the Maturidi school. This influence is evident in the chapters on "Ethics" (al-Husn wa al-Qubh), "Commands and Prohibitions," and "Human Acts," relying on the works of the Maturidi scholars of Transoxiana (Ma Wara’ al-Nahr).
As for his Methodology in handling these sources, it was characterized by Comparison, where al-Nasafi compared the views of the Hanafis and the Shafi'is (especially Imam al-Shafi'i and al-Juwayni), refuting opponents with strong arguments. He followed the path of Conciseness and Refinement (al-Ikhtisar wa al-Tahrir), distinguished by his ability to summarize the views of his predecessors (like al-Bazdawi) while adding his own touch of clarification. Lastly, he emphasized Rational Inference, blending textual sources with the logical and rational frameworks prevalent in his time.

Research Abstract
The Maliki school in Iraq is considered one of the most significant jurisprudential branches that enriched the Madhhab, and Imam Ibn al-Abhari stands out as one of its pillars and reformers. This research examines his jurisprudential views and preferences (Ikhtiyarat) in the "Book of Blood Money" (Kitab al-Diyat) as presented in his work "Sharh al-Mukhtasar al-Kabir." The study explores the life of Imam al-Abhari, his scholarly status, his pursuit of knowledge, his teachers, and his passing. It also analyzes the specific terminologies of legal preference (Tarjih) he employed. Furthermore, the research investigates his specific selections within the chapters of Diyat (Blood Money) through a comparative study with other Islamic schools of jurisprudence. Finally, the study concludes by weighing the different opinions and favoring the most preponderant view based on the strength of the evidence (Dalil).

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Abstract
This study aims to analyze the dynamics of urban and agricultural sprawl and its impact on the ancient city of Nineveh, employing an integrated methodology that combines historical and spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques. The research relied on comparing historical maps with modern satellite imagery to track changes in land use across different time periods, from the 19th century to the present.
The findings revealed that Nineveh underwent radical shifts in settlement patterns. In the 19th century, it was almost entirely free of urban expansion, except for a limited area in the southern part. However, the second half of the 20th century witnessed extensive urban sprawl, transforming almost the entire southern part into residential and agricultural areas. In contrast, the northern part remained relatively unaffected for a long period before experiencing a significant acceleration in settlement expansion over the last two decades, with the encroached areas more than doubling.
The study also revealed that urban sprawl is linked to multiple factors, most notably population growth, political changes, weak urban planning, and the absence of effective oversight for the protection of archaeological sites. This has led to the destruction or burial of large parts of the city, especially during periods of instability, posing a direct threat to the sustainability of its cultural heritage.

The findings underscore the importance of using modern technologies to monitor spatial changes, as well as the necessity of adopting sustainable urban planning strategies and enforcing legislation related to the protection of antiquities. The study concludes that the continued urban sprawl without effective intervention will lead to the loss of what remains of the ancient city of Nineveh within a limited timeframe.

Abstract
This research revolves around the study of the jurisprudential (Fiqh) issue regarding the silence of a virgin as a form of consent in marriage. This study is conducted through the lens of the didactic poem (Mandhuma) titled: "Al-Masa’il al-Lati La Yu’dhar bi-al-Jahl Fiha" (Issues in which Ignorance is Not Excused) by Sheikh Imam Bahram al-Damiri (d. 805 AH), who is considered one of the most prominent figures of the Maliki school of thought. The research begins by introducing Al-Damiri's scholarly life and his high academic standing, then moves to examine the specific ruling on this issue, explaining that a virgin's silence is treated as verbal consent due to her inherent shyness, while emphasizing that she is not legally excused by claiming ignorance of this rule. Furthermore, the research reviews the various opinions of jurists and their evidence concerning the authority of compulsion (Wilayat al-Ijbār) and the seeking of a virgin’s permission. It concludes by favoring the school of Abu Thawr al-Baghdadi, which harmonizes the guardian's authority with the woman's consent, thereby achieving balance and fulfilling the higher objectives of Sharia (Maqasid al-Shari'ah) in family building.

Summary
The Holy Qur’an highlights a strong and inseparable relationship between the human right to think and the right to believe. True faith, according to the Qur’an, is built upon reflection and contemplation. It calls for the use of reason in understanding the universe, the self, and divine signs, while rejecting blind imitation. This emphasizes that sound belief should arise from awareness and conviction, not coercion.
The Qur’an also affirms freedom of belief by establishing the principle of no compulsion in religion, reflecting respect for human will and the individual’s right to choose what to believe. At the same time, it links this freedom with responsibility, as each person is accountable for their choices.
Thus, the interconnection between thinking and belief is evident: thinking serves as the path leading to belief, and belief grounded in conscious reflection is stronger and more enduring. This is the approach the Qur’an adopts in shaping the human being.

Abstract
This research examines the names and languages of the tribes mentioned in Taj al-Din al-Jundi's (d. 700 AH) book, "Al-Iqlid fi Sharh al-Mufassal," as it relates to al-Zamakhshari's (d. 538 AH) commentary on "Al-Mufassal fi San'at al-I'rab." The focus is on how al-Jundi employed these names to explain linguistic issues. The research reveals al-Jundi's keen interest in these names and languages, both Arabic and non-Arabic. Furthermore, it demonstrates that al-Jundi did not merely transmit opinions but engaged with the views of earlier scholars such as al-Khalil, Sibawayh, Ibn Faris, Ibn Duraid, and others, highlighting points of agreement and disagreement.
It became clear that al-Jundi agreed with others in classifying some words as tribal names, while disagreeing in others, demonstrating his independent opinion. He also noted multiple pronunciations of some words, while being careful to preserve linguistic diversity. Furthermore, his explanation of certain names reveals his unique opinion that a name is used for a specific tribe; that is, his opinion is singular and not mentioned by anyone else. The research reveals that al-Jundi's methodology is based on combining linguistic narration with analysis, employing comparison as a means of determining the most likely interpretation. In light of this, it becomes clear that al-Uqlid is an important source for studying the languages of the Arab tribes and their linguistic development.

Abstract
This research explores the city of Kufa through the lens of the book Akhbar al-Buldan (news of the Lands). A seminal work representing a flourishing era of historical-geographical literature.
This tradition was pioneered by Al-Jahiz, who set the foundation for this methodology by focusing on the environmental and human characteristics of regions. Al-Jahiz was particularly known for prioritizing narratives about people and their social qualities over the mere physical description of places.
Ibn al-Faqih followed in his footsteps, putting Al-Jahiz theories into practice. He skillfully blended historical accounts- his primary source material- into the core of geographical research. Through his writing, he presented a unique "human geography" deeply imbued with literary style. Consequently the book serves as a rich repository of information and anecdotes that embody the cultural intellect of the era. In his descriptions of Kufa, Ibn al-Faqih provides diverse narratives where literature, history, and poetry intertwine to form the structural basis of his accounts. He succeeded in presenting a specialized 'science of countries' (IIm al-Buldan) where geography serves as the general from work while historical events remain the central theme.

Abstract
Iraq inherited a number of problems from the previous regime as a result of wars and divisive policies against regional and global countries. After the change in 2003, and for two decades, Iraq suffered from the disruption of development projects in the country due to the lack of security and stability, internal conflicts, and terrorist threats, which reached their peak with the control of large parts of Iraqi territory by the ISIS terrorist organization in mid-2014. However, the recent political and security breakthrough witnessed by the country has prompted political decision-makers to seek to revive and initiate strategic projects in the field of infrastructure. Since it is not possible to develop a comprehensive development strategy in Iraq without referring to the regional context,
The Iraqi economy is broadly linked to the regional economy through trade and investment. Therefore, it is necessary to develop relations with neighboring countries and create the necessary incentives for these neighbors to support a comprehensive development strategy in Iraq, ensuring that these neighboring countries have a reasonable interest in Iraq's resurgence as a society and an economy capable of sustaining itself. Since economic factors are among the most important influences on the foreign political movement of states, the economy drives a state's external actions flexibly if it is active and enjoys high growth rates, or it restricts its movement, making it dependent on external aid or exposing its economic security. Hence, the Development Road project was initiated based on Iraq's desire to diversify its income sources, enhance the momentum of developmental operations, and integrate its economy with the regional economies by increasing and attracting local and foreign investments in infrastructure, transportation, and energy projects, creating qualitative transformations in the Iraqi economy and strengthening Iraq's geopolitical position by turning the country into an important player in international transport, making it a hub and a link for global trade exchanges and connecting it to supply chains.

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

Abstract
Before we begin writing the abstract of our research paper, "The Occupation of Jerusalem by Nations and Peoples Throughout History - and its Blessed Conquest in the Islamic Era," we found that no nation on Earth has been subjected to the same level of suffering as Palestine, with Jerusalem, or Bayt al-Maqdis, at its heart. This is due to Palestine's geographical location at the historical crossroads of three important continents: Asia, Africa, and Europe. Furthermore, it possesses significant natural resources and holds religious importance for the three Abrahamic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Additionally, there is Bayt al-Maqdis, or the Noble Sanctuary, which was built by the Prophet Adam (peace be upon him), as mentioned in the hadith. The period in which Bayt al-Maqdis was built, after the Sacred House (the Kaaba), saw all the prophets and messengers participate in its construction and restoration. Their involvement in Bayt al-Maqdis was both material and spiritual, as it existed before them all. The Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) led all of them in this endeavor. We have divided our research into an introduction, followed by an explanation of the importance, objectives, and methodology of the topic. The research is then divided into three sections, each containing several points, followed by a conclusion and the most important findings. The explanations, then the most important sources and references, followed by this summary in both Arabic and English. May God grant success.

Research Summary
This research addresses the principle of blocking the means to evil as one of the fundamental principles influencing judicial practice. The research focuses on highlighting the impact of blocking the means to evil in the judiciary and its role in rationalizing judicial reasoning and preventing circumvention of Sharia rulings.
The research relies on the analytical and inductive method through the study of applied judicial models that illustrate how the judge relies on this principle in resolving disputes. The research concludes that blocking the means to evil is an important judicial tool for regulating rulings and achieving harmony between the legal text and practical application, provided that its controls are adhered to and it is not expanded in a way that violates the principle of judicial legitimacy.

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Abstract
This study aims to analyze the concept of Qur’anic inimitability (i‘jāz) by comparing the creedal (‘aqīdī) and linguistic methodologies, and critically examining the notion of "scientific inimitability" in light of both approaches. The research affirms that the essence of Qur’anic inimitability, as understood in classical Islamic thought, rests on two interrelated dimensions: the creedal dimension, which establishes the Qur’an as definitive proof of the Prophet’s truthfulness, and the linguistic dimension, which demonstrates the Arabs’—masters of eloquence and rhetoric—inability to rival the Qur’an in their own field of expertise. The study argues that "scientific inimitability," despite the good intentions of its proponents, departs from the original nature of the Qur’anic challenge, as it relies on scientific facts unknown at the time of revelation and confines the Qur’anic text to shifting epistemological frameworks. The research concludes that scientific inimitability cannot serve as an independent proof of the Qur’an’s miraculous nature; at best, it may function—as a secondary, corroborative indicator—provided it adheres to strict methodological criteria, respects the historical-linguistic context of the text, and is not presented as a primary purpose of revelation. Ultimately, preserving the Qur’an’s identity as a “book of guidance” necessitates rigorous linguistic analysis and sound creedal understanding, avoiding apologetic agendas or forced interpretations.

Abstract
The digital age has brought significant transformations in modes of communication and religious expression. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and WhatsApp have become effective tools for interaction among individuals from diverse religions and cultures. These platforms offer vast opportunities for religious outreach and the dissemination of beliefs, fostering interfaith dialogue and promoting spiritual values. However, they also raise questions about appropriate usage in alignment with ethical and religious values.
This study examines the impact of digital media on religious practices across various religious contexts. It compares individuals’ behaviors and religious engagement on social platforms, highlighting both the positive aspects—such as increased awareness and interreligious understanding—and the negatives, including the spread of superficial thinking or misuse that contradicts moral and religious principles. The study also addresses the ethical and educational frameworks that should guide users to ensure responsible and meaningful engagement in the digital space.
The research aims to provide a comparative analytical perspective on the role of social media in shaping and transforming patterns of religious practice in the digital era, while exploring both its potential and its challenges in the context of growing technological openness.

Abstract
The research aims to identify the importance of the Arabian Gulf, as the Arabian Gulf occupies a very important geopolitical position in the Middle East region. Its geographical location, which is in the middle of the three continents of the Old World (Asia, Africa, and Europe), has made it a meeting point for transportation routes between these continents and a waterway. These geopolitical advantages have given the Arabian Gulf region an important position in the calculations of regional and international countries, especially the United States of America, in order to control oil and natural gas supplies. The United States of America is keen to maintain its interests in the Middle East region in general and the Arabian Gulf region in particular. The importance of this research lies in its aim to study the Arabian Gulf region and its geopolitical significance to the United States. The research aims to:
1. Highlight the geopolitical advantages of the Arabian Gulf region as a vital sphere.
2. Clarify the geopolitical importance of the Arabian Gulf to the United States.
3. Envision the future of Gulf-American relations. To validate these hypotheses, the research employs an analytical approach (power analysis) to illustrate aspects of natural geographic power, particularly .. The geographical location of the Arabian Gulf, as well as the economic factors that characterize the Gulf region, are the main reason for American hegemony over the region. The research concluded with several results, perhaps the most important of which is that the importance of the Arabian Gulf stems from its being a vital energy center, a strategic location, and an area of political and military influence that directly affects global stability.

ABSTRACT
Debate contributes to the development of deep thinking and reflection on various issues, and it serves as a means of seeking truth through interaction and discussion with others. The dialogue in a debate takes place between two parties, whether individuals or teams, on a specific topic, with the aim of clarifying facts, highlighting what is right, and exposing falsehood. This requires a genuine desire to reach the truth and to adhere to it without harming anyone.

Research summary
This research begins with the concept of nature as a sign of faith in light of Islamic belief. It explores how nature contributes to the understanding of its magnificent Creator, its relationship to Him, and the interconnectedness of these signs. These signs serve to strengthen faith in humankind, deepen contemplation and reflection on the order of this magnificent universe, and reveal the messages it conveys, which resonate with every discerning mind.
This research comprises two sections: Section One: Defining the concept of nature and its role as a sign of faith – specifically mountains – which includes four points; and Section Two: The signs of faith in mountains as found in the Holy Quran and the Prophetic Sunnah, which includes two points.

Abstract
This study aimed to analyze the impact of digital ticketing platforms on improving attendance density and developing match revenues in Iraqi football clubs, based on the growing importance of digital transformation in enhancing sports management, operational efficiency, and financial performance. The study relied on panel data at the club and home-match levels over the period from 2020–2021 to 2024–2025, with a total of about 1,700 observations covering 20 Iraqi clubs. Digital ticketing platforms were measured through a composite index including the percentage of tickets sold digitally, the percentage of matches covered digitally, the electronic payment ratio, the actual attendance rate of digital ticket holders, and purchase completion time. Attendance density was measured by the ratio of actual attendance to available stadium capacity, while match revenues were measured by average ticket revenue per match.
The results revealed a positive and statistically significant effect of most dimensions of digital ticketing platforms on both attendance density and match revenue development, while purchase completion time showed a significant negative effect, indicating that faster ticket purchasing procedures enhance both attendance and revenue.
The findings also confirmed the existence of a long-run cointegration relationship among the study variables, and the estimated models showed good statistical fit and diagnostic validity. The study concludes that expanding the use of digital ticketing platforms represents a practical approach to improving the organizational and economic efficiency of Iraqi football clubs.

Abstract
This research focuses on the "Theory of Contraction and Expansion," which emerged in the ancient Baghdad school. This Sufi philosophical theory addresses the states of the human soul between constriction and expansion, both spiritually and intellectually. It is considered one of the foundations upon which prominent Muslim thinkers and philosophers, such as al-Farabi and Ibn Sina, relied in developing their understanding of the relationship between humanity and its Creator, as well as in interpreting numerous psychological and existential phenomena.
The state of "contraction" represents the feeling of shrinking and constriction resulting from sins or straying from spiritual values, while "expansion" expresses the state of openness and expansion experienced by individuals in closeness to God or in achieving spiritual equilibrium. Thanks to this philosophy, the theory was applied more broadly, encompassing philosophy, economics, and even the natural sciences, where it was used to explain various phenomena and changes experienced by individuals and society.
One of the most significant impacts of this theory was on Islamic thought, as it provided a framework for reflection on issues such as justice, predestination, and free will. As a result, this theory has had a profound impact on subsequent philosophies, not only in the Islamic world but also on global philosophy. This study underscores the importance of further research into this theory to understand its potential applications in the modern era, particularly in the fields of psychology, education, and social thought.

Research Summary
Custom is considered one of the important sources of legal reasoning in Islamic jurisprudence, as jurists rely on it to derive legal rulings and apply them to people's lives, especially in matters for which there is no explicit text. Custom is defined as what has become established in people's minds and accepted by sound nature, whether it be in word or deed, provided that it does not contradict definitive legal texts.

The importance of custom lies in its flexibility, which helps Islamic law keep pace with the changes of time and place. Jurists have established a comprehensive and influential principle: "Custom is authoritative," which highlights the role of custom in formulating and regulating legal rulings according to people's interests.
In the jurisprudence of worship, the influence of custom is relatively limited, as acts of worship are based on divine decree. However, custom is considered in certain practical details, such as determining specific measures or customs related to people's lives (like customs of purification, dress, and working hours), provided they do not contradict Islamic legal texts.

In the jurisprudence of transactions, the influence of custom is much broader and clearer. It is considered one of the most prominent sources upon which rulings are based in contracts and financial and social relationships, such as interpreting contract terms, defining their conditions, and regulating rights and obligations, especially in the absence of a text or consensus. This fulfills the objectives of Islamic law in facilitating matters, removing hardship, and achieving justice among people.
Islamic jurists stipulate several conditions for applying custom, the most important of which are: that it does not contradict a legal text, that it is consistent or prevalent, and that it existed at the time the ruling was established, thus ensuring its consistency with the objectives and established principles of Islamic law.

In conclusion, custom represents a vital element in Islamic jurisprudence, contributing to flexibility and balance between the immutability of texts and the changing realities of life. Its influence is clearly evident in transactions, with a controlled presence in certain aspects of worship, thus affirming the applicability of Islamic law to all times and places.

Research summary
The supernatural was a prominent factor shaping the thought and consciousness of pre-Islamic Arab society. It contributed to the formation of a complex system of religious and social culture within this society, which lived in a harsh desert environment. This environment opened the door to many fundamental questions concerning death, destiny, and the unseen world, a concept conceived by humankind and known as the unseen. This concept served as a guide to distinguish between right and wrong, abundance and scarcity.
The supernatural manifested in various forms, including belief in hidden forces such as jinn and the spirit world, and the veneration of priests and soothsayers who acted as intermediaries between the visible and unseen worlds. These practices included divination using arrows and augury, customs and traditions passed down through generations and prevalent in every Arab tribe.
This study sheds light on an important intellectual phase before the advent of Islam, which provided a Quranic and miraculous interpretation of these inherited customs and complexities, reorganizing the relationship between the human world and the unseen within a monotheistic framework. The metaphysical perceptions and practices were transformed into a unified religious doctrine. This is why the study came about to understand the basis of the intellectual and anthropological transformation of the Arab man.

Abstract
The current research aims to identify the impact of digital technology on the psychological development of children and adolescents, focusing on internationally standardized public schools in Baghdad. In the era of rapid digital transformation, technology has become an essential element of the educational, psychological, and social environment, radically altering patterns of learning, communication, and socialization. Based on Bronfenbrenner's ecosystem theory, modified by Johnson (2009), the current research frames digital technology as an integrated developmental context with varying positive and negative effects across different developmental stages

Abstract: Political satire has set itself as an impactful tool in political discourse particularly in issues that are characterized by its geopolitical nature and sociopolitical sensitivity and require the discourse initiators to be prudent, rational and masterful in order to efficaciously achieve the intended purposes beneath their satire. Hence, this study explores political satire as a discursive strategy of negotiating the Israel-Palestine conflict by taking a representative extract from Bassem Youssef and Piers Morgan’s viral You Tube interview which was streamed online on October the 17th, 2023 aftermath the Israeli bombing of Gaza on the 7th of October, 2023. The data analysis has been conducted according to an eclectic analytical framework that merges Simpson’s (2003) model of satire along with Van Dijk’s sociocognitive approach of Critical Discourse Analysis (henceforth CDA). Thus, the present study has three objectives. In the first place, to figure out and investigate the stylistic tools that comprise the micro layer of Youssef’s satirical discourse and how they contribute to the formulation of his satire. Next, to critically scrutinize the cognitive activation of satire via discursive strategies utilized by Youssef in order to tackle the way his satire influences cognitive constituents including mental representations, knowledge management, schemata and framing and ideologies. Eventually, the third objective is confined to the explanation of the outcomes of the micro and macro levels’ integration and interaction which lead to ideological unpacking and unveiling the purposes beneath Youssef’s employment of satire in the selected corpus. This multidimensional analysis gets the researcher to derive some major conclusions. First, Youssef’s purposefully deploys a diverse collection of stylistic tools such as overt, covert and echoing irony, dark humor, juxtaposition, parody, register-shift, sarcasm, intertextuality, allusion and others to build up the micro level of his strategic satire. Each tool serves various discursive purposes including highlighting absurdity and contradiction in the different fragments of his interview and contribute to the overall theme of his argument. Second, the macro level of Youssef’s satirical discourse manifests his utilization of discursive strategies such as implications, ideological polarization, lexical selections and actor description which perfectly match the tools in the micro level. Accordingly, he indirectly weaponizes satire to channel ideological implications of victimization, dehumanization, international collusion against Palestinians, political skepticism, strategic manipulation and stabbing and reshaping the media framing of the conflict and most importantly to contextualize the conflict within its historical roots rather than the Western media attempts to restrict it within the borders of the events of the 7th of October, 2023. This opens new horizons of the conflict perception and public reception of its reality. In addition to sociopolitical and ideological critique, Youssef’s operates his satire to serve other discursive functions including challenging and disarming the opponent, deconstruction of Israel’s positive self-image and spotlighting and lightening-up the discourse. Consequently, his ideologically-based satire departs the entertainment zone into an exquisite political strategy that transmits the conflict negotiation into a new perspective that stimulates public perception, mindsets and cognitive schemas out of the imposed conventional frames of victimization and misleading declarations about the conflict.