Journal of Alsalam University

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Abstract
This study aimed to measure the effectiveness of using AI-based Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITS) in improving the quality of educational outcomes for Physics in secondary education. To achieve the study objectives, a quasi-experimental approach was adopted. A questionnaire was used as the primary data collection tool, covering several dimensions: the effectiveness of intelligent systems in enhancing comprehension and achievement, interaction and motivation toward learning physics, and ease of use and technical support. The quality of educational outcomes represented the dependent variable.
Statistical analysis using multiple regression revealed a strong, statistically significant relationship between the use of intelligent tutoring systems and the quality of educational outcomes. The results showed varying levels of impact among the independent variable dimensions; "interaction and motivation" was the most influential dimension, while "ease of use and technical support" did not show a significant impact. The study concluded that integrating intelligent tutoring systems into physics education is crucial due to their effective role in enhancing academic achievement and developing students' skills. It emphasizes the need to strengthen interactive aspects and educational personalization.

Abstract
This research deals with the collection and study of the narrations of the noble Companion Tha'labah ibn al-Hakam al-Laythi (may God be pleased with him), who was among those who narrated few hadiths of the Prophet. The importance of the research lies in highlighting the narrations that may contain precise legal rulings despite their small number. The researcher followed the inductive-analytical method by listing the narrations in the books of the noble Sunnah, tracing their sources, and studying their chains of transmission critically according to the rules of criticism and authentication, while explaining unfamiliar words and deriving jurisprudential benefits. The study concluded that Tha'labah ibn al-Hakam witnessed the Battle of Khaybar and was a young boy during the time of the Prophet, and his narrations were diverse
to include important topics such as marriage, sales, jihad, and the virtues of knowledge. The study proved that most of his narrations fall under the category of "authentic due to external support," and among the most prominent of these are the hadith prohibiting temporary marriage on the day of Khaybar, and the hadith prohibiting looting and overturning cooking pots. The research recommended the necessity of paying attention to the narrations of the Companions who narrated few hadiths because of what they contain. Among the subtleties of chains of transmission and legislative benefits not found in the narrations of prolific narrators.

Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the strategic role of Organizational Agility (with its dimensions: sensing agility, decision-making agility, execution agility, and human resources agility) as an independent variable, in enhancing Digital Automation processes (including digital infrastructure automation, operational processes automation, administrative processes automation, and passenger service automation) as a dependent variable. The study was conducted within the environment of the Iraqi Airways Company. Adopting a descriptive-analytical approach to diagnose the variables' reality, data were collected via a questionnaire distributed to a purposive sample of (82) administrative leaders (General Manager, Assistant General Manager, Department Manager, and Division Manager). For precise data processing and hypothesis testing, Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed using Smart PLS 4 and SPSS software. The results revealed a statistically significant positive impact relationship between organizational agility and digital automation. This confirms that the company's ability to respond rapidly to environmental changes and the flexibility of its human resources represent the primary enablers for a successful transition toward comprehensive automation. Furthermore, the findings indicated that adopting "agility" strategies contributes to reducing time and effort while improving the quality of services provided to passengers. The study concluded with several recommendations, most notably the necessity of completing the company's digital infrastructure and intensifying training programs for leaders to enhance digital skills, thereby ensuring that Iraqi Airways reclaims its competitive position in the regional and international air transport market.

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Research summary
Clothing was a prominent cultural feature of Mamluk society, transcending its utilitarian function to become a means of expressing social status and military rank. The attire of the Emirs of the Hundreds held particular significance as they represented one of the highest echelons of the military and administrative elite in the Mamluk state. This was reflected in the opulence of their garments, the diversity of their elements, and the precision of their craftsmanship.
The Emirs of the Hundreds' clothing was distinguished by its multifaceted composition, encompassing both civilian and military elements, the use of luxurious fabrics and carefully crafted decorative motifs, and its simultaneous connection to combat function and symbolic authority. This clothing was also influenced by political, military, and cultural factors which contributed to shaping its unique character within the broader framework of Mamluk fashion.
This research aims to shed light on the clothing of the Emirs of the Hundreds in Mamluk Egypt by examining its various elements and their social and military significance, while tracing its historical development. This analysis relies on historical sources, descriptive texts, and available artistic and material evidence.

Abstract
The impact of Whole, Part, and Learning Unit methods on learning the spike skill with approach movement in Volleyball The research aimed to identify the effect of three teaching methods (Whole, Part, and Learning Units) on learning the spike skill with approach movement in volleyball among fourth-stage students at the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Al-Salam University College. Furthermore, it sought to determine which method is most effective in developing skill performance levels.
The researcher employed an experimental design with multiple groups on a sample of (15) students, who were divided into three equal groups. The results revealed statistically significant differences between the pre-and post-tests in favor of the post-test for all three groups. Moreover, the learning units method demonstrated superiority over both the part and whole methods in the skill performance level of the spike with approach movement.
The researcher recommends the adoption of the learning units method and the part method when teaching complex motor skills in volleyball.

Abstract
The Iranian-Israeli conflict has had political and economic repercussions on Iraq during the period from 2003 to 2026. Iranian influence in Iraq evolved since 2003, as Tehran exploited the strategic vacuum following the American occupation to deepen its presence through multiple political, security, and economic tools. In contrast, Israel viewed this expansion with grave concern and began launching military and intelligence strikes within Iraqi territory aimed at containing it. This conflict reached its peak in the 12-day war (June 2025), which constituted the first direct military confrontation between Iran and Israel, culminating in "Operation Split Serpent" (March 2026) that resulted in the assassination of Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei, senior commanders of the Revolutionary Guard, and nuclear scientists. Iraq paid a heavy price for being an open arena for this conflict; its national sovereignty was breached, its political decision- making became hostage to external pressures, and the closure of the Strait of Hormuz in response to Khamenei's assassination had a direct impact on the Iraqi economy, which depends on oil revenues for 90% of its income, leading to a halt in oil exports and the interruption of gas and electricity supplies.
The Iranian-Israeli conflict revealed the fragility and weakness of the Iraqi state in the face of external pressures, as well as the depth of the structural crisis it suffers from. It also demonstrated a decline in Iran's ability to mobilize its Iraqi allies, contrasted with the emergence of a growing national trend demanding the independence of political decision-making. This makes Iraq's future hostage to developments in the regional landscape and the ability of the political elite to overcome its divisions and build a unifying national vision.

Abstract
This study aims to explore the multiple linguistic levels in the book “Al-Irshad” through a selective analysis of selected texts. The research focuses on highlighting the phonetic, morphological, syntactic, and semantic characteristics that distinguish the language and how these levels contribute to building meaning and shaping discourse in this important linguistic work. The importance of the topic lies in the fact that it is a Qur’anic linguistic topic at the same time, and it does not merely present and document those linguistic phenomena, but rather it analyzes and studies them linguistically, linking the Qur’anic lesson with the linguistic lesson.

Research Summary
This study is a serious attempt to delve into applied hadith criticism by reviewing and analyzing the criticisms leveled by Imam Abu al-Hasan al-Daraqutni against the books of al-Bukhari and Muslim, the two most authentic collections of prophetic hadith. The study aims to reveal the nature of these criticisms and whether they undermine the fundamental authenticity of the hadiths or are merely a comparison between different chains of transmission. The researcher adopted an inductive-analytical approach and concluded that the vast majority of al-Daraqutni's criticisms are "artificial" criticisms of the chain of transmission (isnad) and do not lower the hadiths from their general acceptability. Rather, they reflect al-Daraqutni's strictness in the criteria of continuity and accuracy. The research concludes with important recommendations regarding the necessity of distinguishing between critical and non-critical defects when studying the two Sahihs (al-Bukhari and Muslim), and it calls for enriching the Islamic library with analytical studies that combine the approaches of early and later scholars in hadith criticism.

Abstract
This research examines the politicization of international sanctions and its impact on the legitimacy of authority, through an analysis of the Syrian case, particularly in the context of lifting sanctions on certain actors accused of committing grave violations. The study proceeds from the hypothesis that sanctions, despite being established as a legal tool aimed at deterrence and accountability, have not in practice been implemented in isolation from political considerations. Instead, they have been largely repurposed to serve the interests of international and regional powers.
Consequently, the lifting of sanctions on certain entities was not necessarily the result of a fundamental shift in their behavior or compliance with international law. Rather, it was often tied to a reprioritization by international actors, allowing for the integration of these entities into the transitional authority structure. Conversely, sanctions were maintained against other parties, reflecting a clear selectivity in application and raising serious questions about the decision-making criteria in this domain.
Domestically, this disparity has had direct implications for the legitimacy of this authority. The selective application of sanctions has undermined public trust and reinforced the perception that accountability is governed more by political calculations than by legal obligations. Externally, the reality has shown that international recognition is not based solely on adherence to legal norms but is significantly influenced by the calculus of interests and international and regional alliances.
Through this research, we aimed to expose the gap between the legal framework governing international sanctions—rooted in clear principles of maintaining international peace and security—and actual implementation practices that reflect an underlying political logic. Evaluating the effectiveness of sanctions cannot be decoupled from an analysis of the political structures dictating their direction.
We conclude that the politicization of sanctions diminishes their capacity to achieve their original objectives and undermines their role as instruments of justice and accountability. Moreover, the reintegration of actors implicated in violations through the lifting of sanctions poses structural challenges to the prospect of establishing stable and sustainable legitimacy. Accordingly, there is a pressing need to review the mechanisms for imposing and lifting sanctions to ensure a high degree of transparency, better aligning them with the requirements of transitional justice while acknowledging the complexities of the political context.

Abstract
The research aimed to identify the actual use of systems thinking by Quranic science and Islamic education instructors in colleges of education. The research problem focused on the limited utilization of various types of thinking in general, and systems thinking in particular, in the educational process and the achievement of desired educational goals. The researcher adopted constructivist theory as the theoretical framework for the research and employed a descriptive research methodology to arrive at the research findings. A questionnaire was used as the research instrument, employing a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire included four domains representing the main systems thinking skills: constructing main and sub-systems of thinking, analyzing them, understanding the systemic relationships between them, and evaluating them. These main skills comprised 20 sub-skills, distributed as five sub-skills for each main skill. The researcher verified the validity and reliability of the instrument and then applied it to the research sample. The results, calculated using the weighted average and percentage, showed that 17 out of 20 systems thinking skills were achieved.

Abstract
This research examines the civil protection of computer software designers, software licensing contracts, and the legal means available to protect designers from infringements, illegal exploitation, and breach of contractual terms, whether through contractual or tortious liability, or through patents for innovative software. It also explores modern means of enhancing protection, such as civil guarantees and compulsory insurance. The research compares national and international legislation to provide a comprehensive overview of how to guarantee designers' rights and the stability of their financial and moral rights, and the necessity of developing local legislation and linking it to licensing contracts to ensure effective protection for both designers and users.