kufa journal Physical Education Sciences

The research aims to find out:
The study aimed to design a group of interactive agility exercises and their impact on some physical variables in gymnastics and to reveal the weak level of skill and physical performance of female students in gymnastics to improve their performance and whether there were statistically significant differences between the groups by using the experimental approach. The study population included (50) students. For the academic year 2022-2023, the sample consisted of (15) students from the third stage, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Al-Qadisiyah. It was divided into two groups. By using the statistical program (SPSS). The results indicated that interactive agility had an effective role in the success of learning in addition to The training curriculum also helped improve the performance of the students with the skills of the kinetic chain in gymnastics. The researchers recommended focusing on the characteristic of agility in training on the skills of the kinetic chain in gymnastics.

The first 1 the exercises were carried out according to the proposed training method for a period of (10) weeks, with three training units per week, and in the repetitive training method. The researcher used the experimental program. He prepared a special form that included the tests for the research, and it was presented to a group of experts, and they agreed on the appropriateness of the tests to achieve the goal of the research. After applying the program completely, the results of the tests were collected, processed statistically, presented and discussed in a scientific manner in order to achieve the goal of the research.
From this, the researcher drew a set of conclusions, including
- The need to use the proposed exercises because of its positive impact in developing the transitional speed in football.
The researcher recommended a set of recommendations, including:
- Training on the proposed exercises works to improve the transitional speed of soccer players.

Soran University, Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education and Sports Science
The research aims to find out:
• The impact of the convergent and accommodator learning styles according to the learning styles of Kolb's model in acquiring some basic skills in football for first-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University.
• The difference between the convergent and accommodator learning styles according to the learning styles of Kolb's model in the post tests of selected some basic skills to football.
The researchers used the experimental method due to suitability to the nature of the research, the research sample was selected from first-stage students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Salahaddin University, they were divided into two experimental groups, the first used the convergent style according to Kolb's model and the second experimental group used the accommodator style according to Kolb's model, The research tools included some basic football skills, It has been confirmed that the equivalence and homogeneity in the basic skills of football and the variables that play an influential role in the selected basic skills of football, After completing the application of the educational program and conducting post-tests, the data were processed by appropriate statistical means, and the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are:
• The effectiveness of multimedia used by students with convergent learning style in acquiring selected basic skills, except long pass skill in football.
• The effectiveness of the structural learning style used by students with the accommodator learning style in acquiring all selected basic skills in football.
The researchers recommended the need to determine the learning style of the learners according to the classification of Kolb's model because of its greatimportance in choosing the preferred teaching method, as it has proven effective in acquiring basic football skills.

The functional work that tennis players face during training or competitions is of high intensity, and the requirements of this work of aerobic and anaerobic capacities are very high and require high functional efficiency of the player’s body organs and devices to meet those requirements. Then, in return, the issue of recovery in modern sports training has become no less important than carrying The training itself, which is the means used by the coach to influence the athlete in order to raise the level of performance and sporting achievements, as high sports results are closely linked to the implementation of a high load associated with a high-level recovery system, not only during training, but also during competition and the preparation period.

The research aims at the following:
1- Constructing a measure of the educational involvement of volleyball teachers in the departments and colleges of physical education and sports sciences in the Republic of Iraq.
2- Building a measure of teaching skills for volleyball teachers in the departments and colleges of physical education and sports sciences in the Republic of Iraq.
3- Identifying the relationship of educational involvement with the teaching skills of volleyball teachers in the departments and colleges of physical education and sports sciences in the Republic of Iraq.
The researchers used the descriptive survey method for its suitability with the nature of the research. The research community consisted of all teachers of volleyball in Iraqi public universities for the academic year 2021-2022, who numbered (124) teachers, and the community was distributed by (29) public universities in Iraq, including a college or department of education. Mathematics, and the research samples amounted to a total number of (98) teachers, constituting (79.03%) of the original research community. 8) Two teachers, which constitute (8.16%), while the application sample amounted to (40) teachers, which constituted (40.82%) of the research samples, distributed in equal proportions.
The researchers built two scales, the first is the educational engagement scale, which consisted of (33) and contained (4 dimensions, which are cognitive 6 items, behavioral 10 items, emotional 7 items, and emotional 10 items. As for the second measure, teaching skills, it consisted of (55) items that included (6). Axes distributed on the axes of planning 11 paragraphs - means and techniques 8 paragraphs - implementation of teaching performance 14 paragraphs - reinforcement and student motivation 8 paragraphs - feedback 6 paragraphs - evaluation 8 paragraphs according to (5) alternatives are (always - often - sometimes - rarely - never and given It has weights (1-5) for the two scales.
Scientific transactions of validity and reliability were conducted to extract the discriminatory power of the paragraphs and the correlation coefficient between each paragraph and the axis and between the axes and the scale in general. Through the following statistical means (percentage, relative importance, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, standard error, torsion coefficient, flattening, T-test for independent samples, simple correlation coefficient (Pearson), alpha-Cronbach coefficient, Gitman coefficient).

The research consisted of four chapters, the first chapter included the definition of the research, and it dealt with the research problem, the objectives of the research and the research hypotheses as well as what it includes for the limits and fields of the search and the definition of the most important terms. And experimental, as well as discussion of all results, in order to investigate the validity of the hypotheses. As for the fourth chapter, it contains conclusions and recommendations

The researcher felt that knee clatter actually exists in some children and it affects their movement performance and has bad health consequences for their future, which negatively affects the health level in society and the sports level, identifying the effect of rehabilitation exercises on knee clatter in kindergartens, there is a positive effect of rehabilitation exercises on knee clatter in kindergartens, preparing rehabilitation exercises and auxiliary tools to rehabilitate knee clatter in kindergartens, identifying the effect of rehabilitation exercises on knee clatter in kindergartens, there is a positive effect using rehabilitation exercises on knee clatter in kindergartens.
By choosing the experimental method with a single experimental group to suit the nature of the problem and verify the research hypothesis.
The pre-test was conducted on the research sample members before starting to implement the rehabilitation program in order to determine knee clatter in the research sample. The basic experiment will be represented through the research procedures by the pre-tests used by the researcher using

The importance of research lies in using preventive training in some physical abilities to develop arm movement in butterfly swimming, as swimming has a distinct importance over other sports for the physical, psychological and social benefits it brings to humans, and for its place in championships and Olympic Games, where a number of medals are allocated to it that exceed any other type of sport. Recent years have witnessed a wide interest in the field of scientific research for this type of sport, and this has appeared in the increase in the number of researches, in addition to specialized scientific books that seek to benefit from the results of scientific studies and research, and this benefit is crowned in the field of scientific application for training and education. Swimming is one of the water sports and its backbone, as it is characterized in its performance from other games by the quality of continuity and permanent flow that appears in the continuous mutual work between the movements of the arms and legs, as it is performed in an environment characterized by continuous resistance, whether from the density of the water or its pressure on the body or the waves resulting from movements in the water. Therefore, the movements must be in accordance with a motor rhythm that is appropriate to the swimming method. As is known, each stroke or movement takes a certain period of time to perform, and these strokes or movements are repeated and complex, during which work is exchanged between the arms, legs and head. During these periods of time, muscle contraction and relaxation occur, i.e. the exchange between work and rest. The more fluid this exchange is, the more the resulting force is in the direction of the movement. Thus, there is economy in effort and no feeling of fatigue, as the driving force is gathered at the appropriate moment and the desired goal is achieved. The problem of the research is that there are several preventive exercises in some physical abilities that have an impact on the development of arm movement in butterfly swimming for players. There are those who follow an educational method for arm movements. Due to the difference in preventive training methods and the inability to determine which preventive exercises are better in developing arm movement in butterfly swimming, this is done through economy in effort and time spent as well as cost. Therefore, the researcher decided to study this problem to determine which preventive training in some physical abilities has an effect on the development of arm movement in butterfly swimming for players.

Research Problem The research problem is summarized in the following question: -

Does the use of special exercises according to the integrated educational environment have a positive effect on the agility and technical performance of the football dribbling skill for students?
The current research aims to prepare special exercises according to the integrated educational environment for football, and to identify the effect of exercises specific to the integrated educational environment on agility and learning the football dribbling skill for students.
The researchers used the experimental method because it is compatible with the nature of the research problem, and also chose to design the method of the two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The research community was determined by the first-stage students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Kufa, numbering (67) students.
In light of the conclusions reached by the researchers, it is recommended to focus on using learning according to the integrated educational environment in learning the football dribbling skill for students, and to benefit from learning according to the integrated educational environment in increasing time and benefiting from it in the educational process, and to conduct more studies that use according to the educational environment for the purpose of learning skills for team games.

The continuous increase in training loads placed on players is one of the topics that prompted researchers to study the impact of loads on the player's internal environment, including biological processes and the individual's internal balance, which directly affect the fitness of the player practicing specialized sports activity. Therefore, the coach must be familiar with the physiological phenomena resulting from the negative impact of training loads so that he can regulate training loads and gradually increase them and stop to a certain extent so that it does not lead to a negative and adverse effect on the functional and health status of players, the most important of which is the release of what is known as free radicals. Hence, the importance of research emerged in identifying the enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase SOD) that are found in plasma and the body due to their importance in restoring balance and inhibiting the work of free radicals and their essential role in protecting the cell from oxidative stress. The research problem emerged in identifying the extent to which antioxidants affect the quality of anaerobic physical effort exerted. Failure to properly distribute efforts can greatly increase the accumulation of free radicals. Interest has begun in researching the possibility of averting the danger of these free radicals, which puts the player on the safe side of practicing sports activities. The aim of the research was to identify the concentration of some antioxidants (superoxide dismutase SOD) before and after exposure to the period of anaerobic efforts for young handball players. The researcher assumed that the period of anaerobic physical efforts negatively affects some antioxidants (superoxide dismutase) for young handball players. The researcher used the descriptive method to suit it to solve the research problem, as the players will perform the efforts on the treadmill until the effort is exhausted. The research community and sample are (Al-Karkh Club) for the sports season (2022-2023). The sample reached (16 players) after excluding (3) goalkeepers and excluding (1 player) who did not perform the test and his procrastination. His results were excluded to reach the final number of the sample (12 players). The first exploratory experiment was conducted on (Tuesday) corresponding to 1/2/2022 at (nine o'clock in the morning) in the Physiology Laboratory of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Qadisiyah University on a sample that included (2) players from the sample members to ensure the validity of the devices used in the research and the time taken for each player. The main experiment is carried out every four days. The main experiment was carried out in the hall (Mundhir Shanawa / Baghdad Governorate) and blood samples were taken by the laboratory technician and transported by laboratory containers to the Baghdad Laboratory in Diwaniyah Governorate.

The importance of the research lies in the use of offensive tactical performance exercises, including penetration, finishing the attack, occupying, expanding in depth, and exchanging positions between attackers, for the purpose of developing the physical capabilities of attacking players in the last third of the field in positions (13-14-15-16-17-18), which are the tactical positions adopted in dividing the field tactically. The aim of the research was to prepare offensive tactical performance exercises for football players aged 17-19 years, in addition to identifying the effect of tactical performance exercises on some physical variables in football players aged 17-19 years. The researchers assumed that there was statistical significance between the results of the pre- and post-tests of the two research groups in favor of the post-test, in addition to the presence of statistical significance between the results of the post-tests of the experimental and control research groups in favor of the experimental group. As for the research methodology, the researchers followed the experimental method by designing the experimental and control groups with a pre- and post-test. As for the research community and its sample, the research community was deliberately determined by the players of the clubs of Wasit Governorate, aged 17-19 years, participating in the governorate league for the 2021-2022 football season, numbering (8) clubs. As for the research sample, it was deliberately selected and represented by Wasit Club as an experimental group, numbering (8) players, and Al-Shuhada Club as a control group, numbering (8). As for the exploratory group only, it was from Al-Izza Club, numbering (4) players. After determining the research variables and tests that are compatible with those variables, the researchers conducted the pre-tests with the assistant work team on Sunday and Monday, dated 12-13/6/2022 at Wasit Club Stadium for the two groups. Offensive tactical performance exercises were applied on Sunday 19/6/2022 and the exercises continued to be applied in 24 training units distributed over 8 weeks, each week with three training units that occupied the days (Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday), and the exercises were given in the main section of the training unit, and during the application of the exercises, the researchers took into account all the principles of sports training in terms of intensity, gradation, fluctuation and the specificity of the application of tactical training, and the application of tactical performance exercises ended on Wednesday 10/8/2022, after which the researchers went to apply the post-tests on Sunday and Monday 14-15/8/2022 at Wasit Football Club Stadium, taking into account all the conditions in which the pre-tests were applied. After collecting the data and processing it statistically using the SPSS statistical package, the researchers reached the most important conclusions, which stated: The offensive tactical performance exercises had a positive effect on the players of the experimental group, especially in the speed of motor response and explosive ability. In addition, it developed the transitional speed, and this is what the results proved.

The major purpose of this study was to determine the differences in the effects of using spaced and massed practice teaching methods on learning of receiving and control skill in football. The two researchers adopted an experimental design known as the design of two equal groups with two pre- and post-tests. The two researchers used receiving and control skill tests to collect data from 24 students in the first stage of the department of physical education and sport sciences at Soran University: 12 students for the spaced group and 12 students for the massed group, the researchers used SPSS to analyze the data. After analyzing the data, The researcher communicated the most important results: in both groups, significant differences were observed in receiving and control skill in favor of the post-test, but when comparing the post-test results of both groups, significant differences were observed in receiving and control skills in favor of the spaced group. The results of the current study confirm that the spaced teaching method is more effective for learning and improving football skills. A strategy teaching learning that used (spaced practice) with an interval time is more effective than the strategy teaching learning that used (massed practice) without an interval time in learning receiving and control skill, according to the results of current study, it is better to arrange the educational curriculum at colleges of physical education in spaced instead of massed.

The research aims to: Prepare complex physical and skill exercises for ages 14-16 years. Identify the effect of complex physical and skill exercises on some basic skills among academy players in Sulaymaniyah Governorate in football aged 14-16 years. Identify the differences in some basic skills of the experimental and control research groups among academy players in Sulaymaniyah Governorate in football aged 14-16 years. To achieve the objectives, the researchers used the experimental method using the equivalent groups method. The research community consisted of football academies in Sulaymaniyah Governorate, numbering (39) academies, as the selection fell on the Raparin Academy affiliated with Rania Sports Club randomly by lottery, and the research sample consisted of (38) players, and players over the age of (16) years were excluded, and their number was (8) players. (8) players who participated in the exploratory experiment were excluded. (Two players) were excluded due to their absence from performing the test. Thus, the number of individuals in the research sample reached (22) individuals, and they were divided randomly by lottery into two groups (experimental and control). The researchers applied the training program prepared for the experimental group, and the control group applied the exercises. Then the researcher conducted the post-tests on the research sample. After obtaining the results, the statistical package (SPSS) was used to process the data. The researchers reached the following conclusions: The use of complex exercises (physical and skill) has a clear effect on developing the skills (researched). The experimental group that implemented the complex exercises (physical and skill) outperformed the control group in the basic skills of football under study (straight rolling, medium handling, suppression, heading the ball, scoring accuracy).

The aim of the research is to prepare a training curriculum for football juniors and to identify the effect of the training curriculum on the physiological variables of football youths. The researcher used the experimental approach in the one-group style, being the appropriate approach to solve the research problem and achieve its goals. The research community included conservative emerging players who are aged (15-17) years, with (20) players - (10) players were chosen from them, representing the research sample, in a random way. Simple (lottery) After excluding the goalkeepers, the physiological variables were determined (pulse immediately after effort, maximum oxygen consumption VO2 max, systolic blood pressure after effort, diastolic blood pressure after effort). Periodic tests of the training curricula prepared by the trainers for the physiological aspects for the purpose of evaluating their training curricula

The sports activity departments, which are located within the organizational structure of the sports and school activity departments in the General Directorates of Education in Iraq, are one of the institutions that play a decisive role in managing and organizing various school sports events, and their roles extend to emphasizing the necessity of effective participation of students in various sports activities, and the importance of these institutions is keen The researcher is studying it.The aim of this research is to:
- Revealing development leadership practices by directors of directorates of sports and school activity departments in Iraq from the point of view of the sports technical supervisors of their sports activity departments.
- Revealing the nature of the competitive climate in the directorates of sports and school activity departments in Iraq from the point of view of the sports technical supervisors of the sports activity departments therein.
- Determining the nature of the relationship and the role played by the development leadership of the directors of the directorates of the sports and school activity departments in making optimal use of the competitive climate therein.
The approach used in this research is the descriptive approach using the survey method and the method of correlational relations. The technical sports supervisors in the sports activity departments in the directorates of the sports and school activity departments constituted the research community. They numbered (218) sports technical supervisors. They divided into three sub-samples: the survey sample, numbering (8) supervisors, preparation sample, numbering (126) supervisors. Finally the final application sample, numbering (84) supervisors. Paragraph, and the second for the competitive climate and the number of its paragraphs (10) paragraphs. Using a set of statistical means, the researcher extracted the results. These means are (the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, simple correlation coefficient, linear regression coefficient via the statistical package (SPSS). Through the results that reached, the researcher concluded a set of conclusions, which are:
- Directors of sports and school activity departments have an average level of developmental leadership, from the point of view sports technical supervisors in sports activity departments.
- The sports and school activity departments characterized by having a moderate level of competitive climate from the point of view of the sports technical supervisors in the sports activity departments.
- There is an effective role for the developmental leadership practices of directors of sports and school activity departments in optimally exploiting the competitive climate in the departments based on a moral correlation.

The importance of the research lies in using the Fernald multi-sensory model to identify its effect on emotional control and learning some basic skills in football. The researchers used the experimental method in the style of two equal groups to suit the research problem and in applying its procedures. The research sample was the first-stage students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Qadisiyah University, numbering (30) students. They were randomly divided into two groups, a control and an experimental group, with (15) students for each group. The necessary tools and devices were used in the research and its implementation steps, which included preparing the Fernald multi-sensory model and some exploratory experiments, reaching the main one included in the pre-tests and applying the Fernald multi-sensory model, then the post-tests. The researchers concluded that the Fernald multi-sensory model had a positive effect in developing emotional control and some basic skills in football for first-stage students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researchers recommend benefiting from the Fernald multi-sensory model in educational units because of its major role in emotional control and learning some basic skills in football.

The study aimed to identify the relationship between some physiological variables during the access to the instantaneous steady state with performance endurance for young soccer players. Within the statements of the Sports Talent Care Department in Al-Diwaniyah for the year 2020-2021, which numbered (15), and after excluding the goalkeepers, the final number of the sample members reached (12) players. One of the most important findings of the study of physiological variables is a significant correlation with performance endurance according to the stage of stability for young soccer players. Conducting physiological and physical tests, according to scientific foundations, periodically for football players.

The importance of the research is through developing exercises with multiple stimuli to develop indoor soccer skills and introducing them into the educational and training units of this activity, as diversifying the use of these exercises and introducing them into the educational and training process constitutes a necessary condition to increase the player's experience. As for the research problem, through the researcher's field experience as a former player and also through his educational career as a physical education teacher and a technical supervisor in sports and school activities for the education of Najaf Governorate, and through his observation of teachers, instructors and trainers, most of them work with exercises with one stimulus, so the researcher decided to work with exercises with several stimuli

The aim of the research is to identify the extent to which physical education teachers practice constructive teaching. The sample community consisted of middle school principals in the central Ramadi district, numbering 72 principals. To achieve the aim of the research, a questionnaire was prepared consisting of 46 paragraphs distributed over four areas: planning, preparation and initiation, classroom interaction, and evaluation. The results showed that planning came in first place, followed by evaluation, then classroom interaction, and preparation and initiation came in last place. The researcher recommended continuing to accustom students to practicing constructive teaching.

The sports field has witnessed great progress in various team sports, including indoor soccer, as this game is usually characterized by speed and accuracy in skill performance, in addition to the diversity of offensive and defensive playing styles. This is due to the development that has occurred in the field of sports training science and a deep understanding of what this science includes in order to reach the highest levels through research and constant review of everything new to add new information by following modern scientific methods and various devices and tools to bring players to an advanced level in skill performance. The importance of the research comes from identifying the effect of exercises for the (Football Flick) device on the skills of players in indoor soccer. The problem of the research is the lack of use of modern sports devices that help develop the skills of players in indoor soccer, which prompted the researchers to prepare special exercises using the device in order to develop the basic skills of the ball for players. The researchers used the experimental method of designing a single group. The research sample consisted of players from the Shahrban Club in indoor soccer, numbering (16) players. After completing the field experiment, the researchers concluded that the nature of the exercises for the device used led to Players interacted and increased their enthusiasm for performance, which had a positive impact on developing skills.

The research aims to identify:-

1- The values ​​of a number of biomechanical variables and the accuracy values ​​of the short low forward transmission of the sample.

2- The relationship between a number of biomechanical variables and the accuracy values ​​of the short low forward transmission of the sample.

The researchers targeted the research community of the University of Mosul badminton team players, numbering (9) players who won first place in the University of Mosul Championship for the academic year 2022/2023. (5) players were selected from the research community intentionally, as the sample percentage reached 55.55% of the research community. The independent variable was studied, which is the biomechanical variables associated with the accuracy of the short low forehand serve in badminton, represented by angles, heights, displacements, different speeds, angular momentum, and angular kinetic energy of the striking arm and racket in badminton. The dependent variable is the accuracy of the short low forehand serve. All successful attempts for each player were analyzed from a total of (10) attempts by testing the accuracy inside the badminton court, and the values ​​of the aforementioned biomechanical variables were extracted to study their relationship to accuracy. The time was calculated using the imaging devices used, as it gave (120) images/second, and using the analytical program (Kinovea) for sports movements, as the researchers used the statistical program ( spss) to extract the values ​​of the arithmetic mean - standard deviation - coefficient of variation % - Pearson's correlation coefficient to reach the research results. The researchers concluded the following:

1- A number of the selected biomechanical research variables achieved the research objectives with the presence of a correlation relationship in the short and low serve represented by (speed of the hitting arm and racket, maximum height of the shuttlecock above the net, angular momentum of the hitting arm and racket, actual performance time) with accuracy despite the weakness of the sample in the rest of the studied variables.

2- The higher the speed of performance in the serve, the higher the speed of the racket movement, which will increase the movement of the shuttlecock to cover the distance of the opponent's court in less time to the effective place accompanied by accuracy.

3- The short total performance time has a prominent role in the success of the type of serve used to achieve the best accuracy for the sending player and achieve the best achievement despite the presence of the opponent player.

The researchers recommended a number of recommendations that will contribute to the development of badminton skills in particular and other sports events in general.

The importance of the research is evident in raising the level of technical performance of wrestling players, especially the performance of various grips through proper education and the use of the educational model and method that suits the level of education, including the (EDGA) model and the cooperative learning method (collective treatment), and thus we contribute to building the wrestling game in the correct way. The research problem was: It requires finding a suitable educational method and model such as the (EDGA) model and the cooperative learning method (collective treatment). The objectives of the research were: 1- Identifying the effect of the (EDGA) model using the (cooperative collective treatment) method in learning some grips in freestyle wrestling for beginners. Accordingly, the conclusions were made: 1- The (EDGA) model using the (cooperative collective treatment) method is of great importance in teaching some grips in freestyle wrestling for beginners. The recommendations were: 1- Adopting the (EDGA) model using the (cooperative collective treatment) method for its importance in teaching some grips in freestyle wrestling for beginners.