Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences

Different extracts and concentrations used in this study showed different effect on growth of the dermatophytes used Piedraia hortai, Microsporum ferruginium, Trichophyton mentographyte and Candida albicans .High inhibitory effect on these dermatophytes was shown by clove oil compared with the rest of the extract.Thyme oil came second in its inhibitory effect ,particularly at concentration 30-40 mg/ml Candida albicans was highly affected by Thyme oil than by other extracts.Extracts from Pseudomona aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger showed less inhibitory effect on the studied dermatophytes than that caused by clove and Thyme oils.However Candida albicans showed resistance to pyocyanin extract.

The Mycotoxins are considered as a form of secondary by products which have relatively lower molecular weights. (108) samples of the foods were collected from the local markets which were produced in local , arabic ,and foreign different factories .The results showed that most foods were contaminated with molds. Twenty four mold isolates were isolated from Corn & Potato chips samples. Twenty mold isolates were isolated from dairy samples. Twelve mold isolates were isolated from cereal samples. Eleven mold isolates were isolated from nut samples .Also ,eleven mold isolates were isolated from dried fruits samples ,and 8 mold isolates were isolated from meat Samples. The most mold genus types that dominated in these isolates were Aspergillus and Penicillium genus, which familiar with its mycotoxins productivity.

18 samples of powder infant formula milk (PIFM) under six monthes were collected from the local markets of Tikrit city which belongs to six trade markes ;Biomil ,Novalac ,Dielac ,Geguiz ,Cellia and Sunny baby .Bacteriological tests has done to isolate Enterobacter sakazakii and numbers of Enterobacteriacea The total count of Enterobacteriacea were as below: 6 for Biomil , 23 for Novalc , 42 for Dielac , 82 for Geguize , 94 for Sunny baby ,and 97 CFU/g from Celia. Biochemical tests were carried out to identify the isolates and they are: Ent.sakazakii ,Ent .aerogenes , Ent.cloaca ,Pantoea agglomerans, Escherichia coli ,Escherichia coli :O157:H7 , Klesiella spp ,Hafinia spp ,and Salmonella spp. Ent.sakazakii was isolate frome trademarks: Novalac , Geguiz, and Sunny baby, the percentage of presentation of Ent.sakazakii was measured in four out of (18) samples with percentage as 22.2%.So the trade marks which this bacteria isolated from was unfit to consumption as milk for confirm to the absence of this bacteria from PIFM under six months for it is dangerous to infants health.

The effect of atrazine were studied as a cause of degeneration in white mice musmusculus .The mice were injected with intra peritoneal dose of atrazine 170 mg/kg b.w. for 8 days. The results were showed that the weight for the body was decreased closed to 18.32-22.67 g while the weight of the lung ,liver, kidney and heart decreased too .Also the rate of mortality were increased. Histologically,there were many abnormalities which were noticed in the internal organs like the lung,liver,kidney and heart which were found necrosis and degenerations with infiltration.lymphocytes.with.bleeding.in.some.of.these.organs.

Experiment was carried out in the field of poultry of the Department of Animal Resources, Faculty of Agriculture / University of Tikrit, for the period from 06/10/2011 till 24/11/2011, compared to a study aimed at the productivity performance of the three most common hybrids specialized in the production of chicken meat and study the effect of age on differences in performance productive, since at the age of 32, 37, 42 and 47 days were select 12 birds from each treatment were randomly assigned to the purpose of slaughter, and took measurements of the carcass, the results showed the presence of more than significant (P <0.05) in body weight and increase weighing and feed consumption and feed conversion ratio, while there were not significant differences in the proportion of Alhlakat. As noted above hybrid Ross (imported) at the age of 37.42 and 47 days, followed by hybrid 308Ross which exceed the hybrid Hubbard,

This study was carried out at the poultry Farm of Animal Resources Department, College of Agriculture, university of Tikrit for a period from 6-October-2011 up to 10-November-2011 . 480 chick one day-old were used and randomly assigned to four treatments, each containing three replicates in each duplicate 40 chicks, fed birds ad libitum in a three diets: and transactions experience as follows : sunflower, palm , powder vegetable and corn oil. The results as follow. Obtain a significant improvement (P<0.05) in the rate of body weight, weight gain feed conversion, carcass weight and dressing percentage for the first, second and fourth treatment compared with the third treatment (powder vegetable oil) which high moral (P<0.05) in the percentage mortality compared with second treatment. while did not significant differences in total feed consumption and abdominal fat of all treatments.

Due to the aboard application of Glibenclamide as oral reducer of the sugar concentration in blood ,broad this study was designed to estimate the effect of Glibenclamide drug on some blood measurements and its relationship with antioxidant status in Alloxan – induced diabetic albino rabbits.The recent study designed to Know and observe the effect of the sugar reducer and its activity in oxidation-antioxidants (MDA – GSH) as well as its effect on hematological parameters as (PCV and % Hb and RBCs and WBCs and ESR and Platelets numbers).The results of the recent study showed that the activation of the diabetes by Alloxan induction resulted in significant concentration (p≤ 0.05) in decrease concentration of PCV and % Hb and decrease number in RBCs and Platelets number and decrease concentration of GSH ,whereas the results of the study showed a significant increase in the concentration of the MDA and WBCs and count ESR as compared with the healthy control group , whereas the treatment of the Albino rabbits with the oral reducer only led to an insignificant decrease at concentration of significance(p≤ 0.05) as compared with the healthy control group in WBCs and ESR , but there were significant differences in PCV and % Hb and RBCs and MDA. The treatment of the rabbits infected by diabetes activated with the oral reducer showed a significant increase at the concentration of significance (p≤ 0.05) as compared with the infected control group in PCV and % Hb and Platelets number and concentration of GSH but the treatment resulted in a significant increase in the RBCs and WBCs and ESR as well as the concentration of the MDA.

This study involved giving the administration of clomiphene citrate to albino Rabbits through the feeding tube .Was used in this experiment (24) Rabbit were distributed randomly into five groups . Group is control to each containing (8) animals (4 males and 4 females), second group to each containing (4 females) , third group to each containing (4 male) treated with (2mg kg clomiphene citrate) , four group to each containing (4 females) , and five group to each containing (4 male) treated with (4mg kg clomiphene citrate) .Were in this study investigate the effective of the clomiphene citrate drug on fertility and to its effect on the Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH) , Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Prolactin, Testosterone in both sexes .The study results showed the following: that giving the animals ( male and female) a dose (2mg kg) resulted in this treatment to raise the concentration of the hormone FSH and LH rise was not significant for both sexes, either treatment dose (4mg kg) has led to raise the concentration hormone level (P ≤ 0.05) for both sexes compared with the control group. There is also a significant difference in the concentration of hormone Testosterone and prolactin in both sexes compared with the control group as a result treatment dose (2, 4 mg kg). has resulted in treatment B (2mg kg) to raise the concentration hormone Testosterone and prolactin increase was not significant for males, as to the concentration of both hormone in females has resulted in treatment to reduce the concentration hormone decrease was not significant compared with the control group. either treatment (4mg kg) led to the lifting of concentration hormones increase significantly for males either for females, there was a significant decrease in the concentration of hormones compared with the control group.

This Work included a taxonomic a morphological study of scarab beetle Pentodon bispinifrons Reitter . which were collected from many localities of Kurdistan region / Iraq during the period from June/ 2008 until January / 2010 . The species was described in details. some important parts have been illustrated such as Antenna, Mouthparts, Elytra, Legs, and Male genitalia. The date of collection, localities and distribution were mentioned.

A field experiment was conducted at field of Agricultural researches center/Erbil during 2009 to study the effect of the fertilizers phosphor and potassium on cotton fiber properties, Lachata variety. A factorial experiment (3x4) was applied using randomized complete block design (RBCD) with three replicates, comprised of three levels of phosphor and four levels of potassium. Adding 240 kg P2O5 ha-1 led to increase of fiber index and percentage of early maturity (6.08 and 75.6%) respectively and decrease of maturity percentage, active fiber length, maximum fiber length and elongation percentage (90.4%, 20.2 mm, 29.4 mm and 8.38%) respectively. The linear regression formulas showed a direct relationship between phosphor levels and each of fiber index, percentage of early maturity, while there was inverse relationship between phosphor levels and each of maturity percentage, active fiber length, maximum fiber length and elongation percentage. Adding potassium had effect on some fiber traits, It produced highest value for fiber index when adding 160 kg K2O ha-1 and highest maturity percentage when adding 80 kg K2O ha-1 and highest strength (22.41 gm/tex) when adding 240 kg K2O ha-1. There was direct relationship between potassium levels and the traits; fiber index, maturity percentage and fiber strength according to linear regression formulas. There was significant interaction between phosphor levels and potassium levels over affecting all studied traits except fiber fineness. The level 240 kg P2O5 ha-1 with levels 160 and 240 kg K2O ha-1 produced highest value for fiber index, percentage of early maturity respectively, likewise, the level 120 kg P2O5 ha-1 with 80 kg K2O ha-1 produced highest maturity percentage (94.7%) and fiber elongation (9.57). The traits; active fiber length, maximum fiber length and fiber strength responded to none adding phosphor with 160 and 240 kg K2O ha-1 and produced highest value (21.3 mm, 31.7 mm and 22.77 g/tex) for the three traits mentioned respectively. Significant positive correlation appeared between maturity percentage and active fiber length (r = 0.55) and with maximum fiber length (r = 0.31), while there was a significant negative correlation between percentage of early maturity and maturity percentage and maximum fiber length (-0.37, -0.42) respectively.

The present study has been carried in the wire house at the Department of Biology/ College of Education/ University of Mosul . The experiment with studying the effect of soaking wheat grains of two cultivars Abu-Ghraibe-3- and Ebba-95 in there concentration (0.0 , 100 , 200 ppm) of IAA , with exposing the plants to two periods of drought. This treatment has an effect in some growth , physiological characteristics and mineral composition of the plants. The experimental was designed according to Complete Randomized Design.The technique of soaking the grains in two concentration of IAA led to improve some of growth characteristics such as height of plants , area of flag leaf , the number of stomata's (12.51 , 18.79 , 5025%) respectively and increase content of nutrient elements Ca , Mg , K , P (65.38 , 15.78 , 19.12 , 47.62%). Exposing the plants to drought period reducing the most the studied characteristics and increase in injury index plasma and decrease content of nutrient elements , The second drought period was more effect than the first one. The interference between of concentration of IAA and drought periods had positive effect in most of the studied characteristics.Finally Abu-Ghraibs-3- variety was superior than Ebba-95 at plant height , number stomata and concentration Ca , Mg , K .

Fourteen genotypes had bean choosed to found best regreation equation to estimated of yield of seeds of different maturated of soybean which cultivated in two plant densities , low with 300000 seed.ha-1 . and higher 600000 seed . ha-1 . in RCBD experiment with three replicates Values determination treatments for regreation equations in all varieties showed that number of seeds of plant was the important point to explaining of variation of single plant yield in low density , compaired with weight of seed characters in higher density , showed also that increasing of numbers of studied character in expected equation decreased of the error mean squares , while in creased values of determination coefficient which pointed to increasing of exacting these estimation equations .

A field experimental study performed during 2009 Season in the field crop research college of Agriculture - Tikrit University . Randomized completely Block design in asiplit plot system with three replication were used , including application treatments ( growth regulator Micronutrients , growth regulators plus micronutrients ) as sub - plot and genotypes ( W888 , Marsoomi 4 , and Nazley 87 ) as amain plots.
Results showed superiority Nazley 87 in boll number plant and seed cotton yield ( g plant ) . Spraying micronutrients increasing boll number plant and seed cotton yield even used alone or mixed with growth regulator , improving seed cotton yield more obviously in using micronutried with growth regulator and most obviously in using alone that gave ( 21.26 ) boll plant and ( 60.86 ) g plant seed cotton besides improving other yield components , therefore Spray micronutrients 2kg Dunum regarded adequate for increasing production seed cotton yield

A Comparison laboratory trait was conducted to compare the effect of salinity levels on germination and seedling growth of some bread and durum wheat cultivars. Two groups of wheat cultivars , the first include the bread wheat cultivars Sham – 6 and sabah , and the second include the durum wheat cultivars Dor -29 and Alnaama , were grown under salinity levels 0,3,6,9,and 12 ds/m for two weeks in 25 c .The balanced groups in split blot design with three replications was used. The results showed a significant decrease in water uptake , shoot and root length and their dry weight with the increasing of salinity level, in addition to delayed the germination in all cultivars . The group of durum wheat surpass the bread wheat group in all studied characters . Dor-29 showed the highest values in all characters. There were a significant differences between the bread wheat cultivars and a significant interaction between salinity levels and cultivare within bread wheat cultivars group in root and shoot length and dry weight .

Five inbred lines of sunflower have been introduced within the full diallel cross proposed by Griffing(1956) . Planted in the spring season 2011 in afield belonging to a farmer in AL-Dour city.produced seeds of (20) hybrids in addition to seeds of (5) parents .the resulting seeds planted as a compared experiment in the autumen season 2011 , according to randomized complete block design with three replication to study general and specific combining ability ,estimate some genetic parameters and to estimate the effect of reciprocal cross, for number of seeds in the head ,seed weight, seed set and seed yield . High significant differences were found for all traits except seed weight . Inbred line 5 had the higher positive effect to general combining ability for yield and seed weight . Superiority (5×1) by giving the higher positive effect to specific combining ability for seed set and seed yield . The hybrids (5×3) , (5×3) and (3×1) had higher positive effect to specific comining ability for number of seeds in the head and seed weight .The heigher ratio of heritability in broad sense (85.26%) in a single crosses for seed yield ,While the ratio of heritability in narrow sense was low for all traits . The average degree of dominance was greater than 1 in asingle crosses for number of seeds in the head, single and reciprocal crosses for seed yield .Which shows the over dominance .A significant role was found for cytoblasmic inheritance to control the traits, except seed weight.

An experiment was carried out in Diyala during growing season 2008 , to investigate the effect of three irrigation dates (7,14 and 21 Day) after flowering and tow levels of nitrogen (100 and 200 kg N.h-¹) in yield and yield components of cotton (var . lashata).The experimental design was randomized complete block design with three replications . was applied to show results as follow :The irrigation date at 21 day gave higher percentage of number of open bolls / Plant (85.97%),total number of bolls ( 45.42% ), seed index (10.53%) , weight of bolls (40.25%) lint yield (86.32%) , lint percentage (12.07%) ,and seed cotton yield (86.20%) ,as compared with irrigation date at 7 days . High level of nitrogen 200 kg . N.h-¹ open bolls /plant (23.33%), total number of bolls (16.87%) , seed index , (20.89%) gave higher percentage of number of and weight of bolls (40.87%) , as compared of application (100 kg .N.h-¹) and gave higher of lint yield ( 1169.85 kg .h-¹) as compared with (100 kg.N.h-¹). Asingificat interaction was observed between irrigation date at 21days and Nitrogen applied at (200 kg .N .h-¹) in all studied characters .

This study was conducted to determine the effect of seed size ( small , medium , large and mixed ) and plant density ( 300 and 400 seeds/ m2 )in yield and yield components of three bread wheat varieties (Sham-6 , Iraq , and Iz ) .Seeds classified using standard sieves no.7and 8 (2.83 ,2.36 ml2 aperture) respectively .A field experiment was conducted in 2009-2010 in two locations, Alsharkat 126 km south Mosul and Ninava governorate using RCBD design . The results illustrate that the plants grown from large and medium seeds were superior in most yield and yield components traits in two locations except (spike wt. and seed wt. /spike gm). Iraq var. was superior in most yield traits in two locations comparing with the other two varieties , the second order interaction has a significant effect in some traits . This study illustrates that using large homogenized seeds and constant plant population were important factors to get good growth and increase chance to get more yield.

Astudy was conducted for evaluating of performance and . estimating of som genetic parametera and selection index for nine genotypes of double row and aloccal variety of barley crop – Seeds of these genotypes had been planted in two locations , first in fields of Agrioaltore college / Tikrit U niversity , other in Tuz location at winter season of 2010 – 2011 by using R.C .B. D with three Replicates . Characters of grain yield (GY) efficiency of metabolism (NET). Refative growth ratio (RGR) leaf area ratio (LRA) duration of maximum standing leaf eara (LAD) efficiency of the yield spikes . density/m2, number of spike seeds , weigh of 1000 grains , plant height and harvest index were studied , the results showed as Highly signi , ficant differences were appeared between genotypes for all studied traits , the genotype (CWB 117-77-9-7/ICB-104073 // Abiath arabi) Was saperion in grain yield , efficiency of (GY) , (NET) , (RGR) , weigth of 1000 grains and harvest index in college location . The genetic variation was signiffcant in both two locations for all studied traits except duration of maximum leaf aera in college location . High value of broad sense heretability was occurred in grains yield , relative growth rate , ratio of leaf aera , efficieany of yield , spikes density and number of spike seeds , reflected on expected genetic advance parameter. High relative efficiency was occurred in selection index including gratrs yield , ratio of area and duration of maximum leaf area standing traits in college location , while grains yield , efficieny of metabolism , relative growth rate and duration of maximum leaf area standing were in Tuz location , the genotype (CWB 117-77-9-7/ICB-104073 // Abiath arabi) was superior in both tow location .

A study was conducted during the Summer Season 2007 at two locations , first one was in the field crop of Department , College of Agriculture – University of Tikrit , where as the second location was Awenat village ( 20 Km South of Tikrit ) .The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of both , cultivar and plant densities in field characteristic , of Upland cotton plants . The cultivar varieties were ( Lachata , Montana , Nazley 87 , and Stoneville 474 ) . While density levels were ( 133333 , 88888 and 66666 plant h ) . Plant distances used were ( 10 , 15 , and 20 cm ) between one hole and the other , the distance between rows were 75 cm .
A Factorial Experiment in a Randomized Complete Block Design ( R . C . B . D ) with three replicates for each treatment combination was used for the statistical handling of the data . Five field characteristic were investigated ( say them ) . The results obtained revealed a significant differences ( p < 0.05 ) between cultivars for all the traits with the exception of the number of vegetative branches plant at the first location ( Al Qadisiya ) .A significant differences between plant densities were found to be evident in plant height in Awenat location , number of vegetative and fruiting branches plant , number of days for first boll opening at both location. Cultivars × plant densities interaction effects were recorded to be significant on most of the traits . Location effects on most of the studied traits with the exception of the number of fruiting branches , days from planting to 50 % flowering percentage , days for first boll opening .

This study was carried out at the Collage of Agriculture, Tikrit University from July 2006 to July 2007, to investigate the effect of storage conditions in some quality characteristics of bread wheat (AL-IRAQ), aiming at supplementing some information regarding optimum safe storage conditions of wheat, as well as the ways of reducing wheat losses during storage. The studied traits included the percentage of oil, protein, ash, crude fiber, and total carbohydrates contents, as an indicators of wheat spoilage. A factorial experiment in R.C.B.D was applied, using four moisture content levels (10,12, 14, and 16%) MC, and three storage periods (60, 120, and 180 days), stored in `tightly polyethylene bags with three replicates for each treatment combination. Duncan Multiple new Range Test (DMRT) at (p <0.05) was used for treatments means comparisons. The results obtained showed non- significant (p <0.05) differences between all treatments at (10%, and 12%) MC, for all the studied traits, while significant differences between treatments stored at (14%,&16%) MC which resulted in significant degradation in oil, protein, carbohydrates percentages,, as well as increasing in the crude fiber, and ash percentages according to moisture content elevation and time of storage longevity.

This experiment was conducted in the lanth house of Horticulture Department-College of Agriculture-Baghdad university during the growing season of 2010 To study the effect of GA3,Humic acid and the method of its application on some vegetative characteristics one year old of plum seedling cv.Bathenjany budded on apricot rootstock ,treatment included two concentration 50,100 mg.L-1 GA3 as foliar spray,two concentration of Humic acid 1,2 ml.L-1 as foliar spray and two concentration of humic acid 5,10 ml.L-1 used with irrigation water .RCBD design at three replicate was conducted and used L.S.D to comparted the means .The Results obtained showd that two rates of GA3 were increased significantly stem height,while treatment with Humic acid 10 ml.L-1 was increasd significantly stem diameter,leaf area,number of leaves and branches,dry weight of leaves and branches, % of carbohydrate in shoots,chlorophyll and NPK content in leaves ,were also increased by foliar application of humic acid at 2 ml.L-1 .

The experiment carried out in the greenhouse nursery of Nineveh forest seedlings to study the response of forests seedlings (Eucalyptus spp., Defnis nerri and Olea europaea.L) for the period of February to June for 2011, The experiment involved spraying seedlings with leaf fertilizer and leaf magnetically treated water and plain water), periods (10 days and 15 days and 30 days) between each spray to wach the impact of these factors on the length property of the seedling and stem diameter. The results showed the possibility of replacing leaf-based fertilizer with water spray processed magnetically (within the limits of the experiment) did not differ in average unless a very few recorded 39,71 and 39,58 respectively, As noted at the highest levels registered during the month of June, was not working for periods of spraying any significant effect on the level of experience, The seedlings type was the most effective factor . The increase in length in the deadline for the experiment compared to the beginning of it was 46,29 , 27,05 and 10,75 cm for eucalyptus and oleander and olive respectively.The diameter ivrease was doubled as compared with it's beginning recording 7.867 and 13.939 as an average .

Soil mulching was carried out with transparent and black polyethylene , in addition to uncovered treatment (control), interacted with three levels of humic acid (0.0 , 1.0 , 2.0 ml l-1) which were arranged in RCBD design with three replications during the season of 2010 at the vegetable field / Hort . Dept . The main obtained results were summarized as follows :
Mulching soil revealed a significant effect in most growth trails and marketable yield and its components. Concentration of Humic acid exhibited supervision the level 1.0 ml l-1 . in number of growth traits , head weight and marketable yield . the best results were obtained from the interaction treatment among soil mulching + 1.0 and 2.0 ml l-1 . which giving the highest means in most studies traits . head diameter was distinguished with higher and little direct effect in the marketable yield , whereas , the highest indirect effect produced from head weight through the path of most studied traits . trend analysis exhibited a significant quadratic order regression form between humic acid concentrations with traits of no. of leaves , leaf area , dry weight plant-1 , head diameter & circum ference , head weight and marketable yield of endive .

This experiment was conducted at laboratory of plant tissues- Department of Horticulture and landscape designe –College of Agriculture- Basra University, during 2012- season to investigate the enhancement of the growth of in vitro propagated pineapple plantlets after acclimatization (to reach their proper size when they were transported under green house conditions) by studying the effect of various culture media and application of different levels of urea to find out the best media and proper concentration of urea for gowth of in vitro propagated pineapple (Ananas cmousus .L.Merr),cv. Del Mont plantlets . Results of the study revealed that plantlets grown in culture medium containing only peatmoss was significantly increased in plant length , number of leaves /plant, fresh weights of vegetative growth and roots which were 18,77cm,9.33/plant,1.68 and 0.44gm respectively as compared with other pineapple plantlets grown in culture medium containing only sand or medium containing sand: peatmoss (1:1) . Plants gown in medium containing peatmoss had dark green color as compared with other plants gown in other media. The viability of plants grown in peatmoss media was 100% whereas plants grown in sand: peatmoss had 75% and 50% for those grown in media containing only sand. Fertilizer treatment of urea 2% resulted in significant increase in length of plants , number of leaves,vegetative growth and roots fresh weight, length and number of roots which were 14.83 cm,14.33/plant, 2.66gm,0.17gm,7.00cm,and 9.33/plant respectively ,as compared with other treatments (%0,%0.5,%1,%1.5) urea.The lower leaves that nearest to soil surface became brownish color and dried as the concentration of urea was increasing in soil of pots.

This study was carried out in the agricultural experiment station of the horticultural and landscape department /College of Agriculture / Tikrit – University , during the spring season of 2010. to study the effect of harvesting dates 16/5 and 27/5 and the spraying nutrition (with the concentration of 3ml/liter Algamix , and 4ml/liter EM1) on the growth and yield of garlic which is grown in gypsum soil . We used RCBD design as an experimental factor in three replications .The results showed that there were no significant effect by the harvesting date on most studied properties except the dry matter percentage of the garlic lobes in where the first date showed significant increase . Whereas the spraying nutrition showed that the spraying nutrition by Algamix showed significant increase in most studied properties compared with the control treatment followed by EM1. The Interaction between Algamix spraying and the dates of harvesting concerning the whole properties showed significant results compared with the treatment control .

Studies show that fixing sand dunes by the dry planting has an effect upon the physical characteristics of the dunes soil Aggregate stability by using three parameters which is the prestige rate of Dry aggregates which have diameter More than 0.84 mm , mean might diameter and the mean of demolition , bulk density was Management by using the core method . Planting tamarisk trees increases the amount of the organic material as well as the natural vegetation. These trees also work as bumpers reduces the wind speed and thus reduce the wind erosion. Additionally, the results show a reduction in the bulk density as well as the percentage of sand for the dry aggregates, the results show the process of fixing made aggregates with diameters larger than 0.84mm, and it increased the average of the mean weight diameter (MWD) and it reduced the rate of demolition, so we can conclude that the fixing method stricture the soil .

A factorial experiment under the RCBD in three replicates was carried out in the Department of Soil Sciences and Water Resources , College of Agriculture , University of Baghdad in a silt loam soil classified as typic Torrifluvents subgroup, to disclose the effect of different salts in the native and adsorbed potassium release in soil. The experiement included two splits , the first one without planting , and the second one with barley planting using 7Kg plastic pots. Pots were irrigated after losting 50% available water with river water until the plants reached 10 cm length then they were irrigated with different types of water : river water , well water , ammonium sulphate , magnesium sulphate , calcium chloride and sodium chloride. Salt solutions were added at EC value of 8 dS.m-1. Soil samples were taken in three periods : one month later , two months later , and at harvesting (after five months). Potassium was measured after being extracted by two types of extraction solutions :0.01M calcium chloride and 1N ammonium acetate.Results showed the difference in potassium release (native and absorbed) due to the difference in salt treatments and the type of extraction solutions. The highest quantity of released potassium was in ammonium sulphate treatment , extraction treatment of ammonium acetate gave the highest quantity of released potassium after one month of planting , while the calcium chloride extraction solution gave the highest potassium quantity of released potassium after two months of planting and at the harvesting periods.

A pot experiment was conducted in the green house in college of agric.-univ. of tikrit during 2010- 2011 season to evaluate effectiveness of phosphate rock (PR) through direct application or mixing with organic materials and its effect on growth and yield of wheat in a gypsiferous soil. this study consisted four P source which it are TSP, PR, PR+1% Peat, and PR+1% Manure, P level (as PR) which eousisted of four levels i.e: 0, 30, 60, and 90 (mg P.kg soil -1) in three replicates using RCBD, design. The study was conducted in a green house by packing 6 kgs of soil in pots. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were added by the some level 0f each to all the pots. The soil was mixed with chemical and organic fertilizers and put in pots. The soil was cropped to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) var. Tamouz. After harvest straw yield , grain yield, and P uptake in strow and grain, and bicarbonate extractable P were measured and determined. Result shown that.the best source and level of P was PR+1% Manure at 90 (mg P.kg soil -1) which was superior over the other sources with a significant sources in all growth, , yield and soil properties studied. The differences were significant between P sources in straw and grains weight. P sources differed significantly after harvest in Olsen P in soil after harvest. The sources PR+1% Manure at 90 (mg P.kg soil -1) was the best significantly. and uptake in straw and uptake in grain. On other parameters (strow weight, grain weight, total P uptake) there were no significant difference between the level 90 and 60 achieved the highest value.

The study was which included choose and delineation representative locations for rangeland which was that difference vegetation cover and that to suffer from cause and degree difference degradation : Hatra, Tal abta, Baashiqa, Tal- Kaif, Shirqat and Tlool- Albaj. And additions soil sample representative locations for rangeland. The samples were brought to the lab, to make some of determination and measurements physical and chemical on the soil sample which involves texture, organic matter, CaCO3, CaSO4. 2H2O, Ec and pH. wholly depending more than satellite images which made indexes values accounts and plant indicator, and they are(NDVI, VI, TNDVI, SAVI, MSAVI, IPVI). Besides preparing satellite images NDVI and delineation degrees of degradation by using group of programs. Noticed through the results indexes values and plant indicators which consider on the plant cover in the locations which located to the north of Ninevah which represented with Baashiqa and TelKaif, where the NDVI value occurred (0.16, 0.29)respectively, and occurred indices SAVI,MSAVI and IPVI (0.44, 0.44,1.15) in Baashiqa location, and existed that low value in Hatra location of occurred (0.09, 0.11, 1.03) respectively. The results extracted that Al-Jazera areas suffer from risks of degradation and desertification largely. So that degrees of the sever degradation and very sever degradation were common. And addition soil properties degradation of physical and chemical caused be overgrazing, processes of plowing and mismanagement .

To know the ability of Gypsum soils to losing the two water molecules (CaSO4.2H2O) in different temperature start from 40C° to 105C° for different Gypsum soils . Prepared the different samples from mixing lower Gypsum soil and higher Gypsum soil , taken from the surface soils horizon (Ap and C) to made Gypsum contents G1 (13.76%) , G2 (27.52%) , G3 (34.40%) , G4 (48.16%) , G5 (68.80%) The results shown the Gypsum contents G0 , G1 , G2 loosed of weight 47.59% , 46.95% , 48.59% respectively from samples weight after saturated in 75C° degree , and the Gypsum contents G3 , G4 , G5 , Gh shown losing in weight 49.35% , 49.71% , 50.16% , 51.21% respectively after saturation in same temperature . When the temperature continuous the losing weight continue in gypsum soils G0 , G1 , G2 to be 50.18% , 50.37% , 52.32% respectively from the weight after saturation in 105C° degree , and the Gypsum contents G3 , G4 , G5 , Gh losing weight 56.00% , 59.34% , 62.30% , 67.42% respectively from the weight after saturation in same degree . The results shown the water molecules being losing from (CaSO4.2H2O) to the Gypsum contents G3 , G4 , G5 , Gh in 75C° degree and higher until 105C° and the water molecules loss was 6.00% , 9.34% , 12.30% , 17.42% for the Gypsum contents G3 , G4 , G5 , Gh respectively in 105C° degree

Two laboratory experiments were carried out, the first one was to study the adsorption behavior of Copper and Cobalt on Bentonite and Kaolinite, by adding four concentrations of the two elements 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/L to the minerals speratly. The adsorption was described by using three equations: Liner, Freundlich, and Langmuir. The second experiment was to study the relations of quantity and inatensity (Q/I) for Cu and Co and to calculate the buffer capacity of Bentonite and Kaolinite for the two elements by using Beckett method.The results of the first experiment showed that the concentration 200 mg/L gave the highest amount of adsorption for Cu and Co on the two minerals, and the concentration 50 mg/L gave the lowest amount of adsorption. According to Langmuir equation the maximum adsorption capacity of Cu and Co was higher in Bentonite than Kaolinite, and reaction rate constant of Bentonite was higher than Kaolinite for all three equations Liner, Freundlich, and Langmuir.The results of the second experiment indicated that the amount of Cu and Co adsorbed on Bentonite was about 10 times more than adsorbed amount on Kaolinite, and the buffer capacity of Cu and Co was higher in Bentonite than Kaolinite.

The study aims to investigate the effect of different levels of phosphate fertilizer on the response of wheat( Triticum aestivum L.) to foliar application of iron and zinc in gypsiferous soil . A field experiment was conducted during the season 2009-2010 to grow wheat. The experiment was designed as afactorial experiment with split-split block design with three replications. Phosphorus levels was the main plot and wheat varieties was subplot and finally the treatments of iron and zinc were sub –subplot . phosphate fertilizer was applied at four levels 0, 86, 172 ,258 (kg P.ha-1) as triple superphosphate(21%p)before planting Wheat varieties( IPA 99) and (Abu- Gharib-3) were used in this experiments. Iron was added at three levels 0,50,100 (mg Fe . L-1 ) as ferrous sulphate while zinc was added 0,25,50( mg Zn .L-1 ) as zinc sulphate and their compinations were nine treatmens as follows: ,Fe0Zn1,Fe0Zn2,Fe1Zn0,Fe1Zn1,Fe1Zn2,Fe2Zn0,Fe2Zn1,Fe2Zn2. Zn0 Fe0 Iron and Zinc were applied as foliar application at Tillering and booting stages of plant growth.Results induicated that application of phosphate Iron and zinc fertilizers significantly increased dry weight and uptake phosphorus, iron and zinc .High level of Phosphate fertilizer decreased the dry weight and Phosphorus iron and zinc uptake . Abu-Grhaib-3 Varitey was more susceptible to application of iron and zinc at P0 level than IPA99 varitey. IPA99 variety was superior in dry weight yield and iron and zinc uptake compared with Abu-Ghraib variety. Treatment of Fe1Zn1-P2 of IPA99 gave the highest uptake of iron 194.90mg. plant-1 while the treatment Fe2 Zn0-P2 of Abu-Gharib-3 variety gave 190.61 mg-plant-1. Treatmrnt Fe0Zn2-P2 of IPA99 gave the the highest value of zinc 76.79mg. plant-1 , while at Abo-Gharib-3 treatmentofFe0Zn1-P1 gave 61.77 mg,plant-1. .

A semi _ detailed soil survey project located north of Tikrit City was selected to determine soil series distribution patterns as well as their variability within the studied area . However a quantitative forms and shapes of representative mapping units were also measured . Tow strip transects perpendicular to each other were made and eleven soil series having 292 frequency were chosen for this study . result indicated that four bench-mark soil series are dominated in the study area . these series according to their area size and frequency , are : Hatra , 131FKW , Seneah , MW1, Shargat , 131FKE , and Kharag , 121FXW , Results indicated that area size of each series was correlated to number of its frequency .Shape index of map units related to the soil series studied that 93% of them were among the very simple , and medium complexity . Shargat 131FKE and Almangor 121FCW soil series showed the highest degree of similarity , However Shargat 131FKE also showed a highest dissimilarity with Sedaid 131FCE . It is also found that Hatra 131FKW was the most associated series with other series .

Ln this reseach , thdede application of complete and wheat tomato,Cucumber , it was found that the net in come for wheat mounted to (38.992) din ,and (392.658) din for tomato and cucumber respectively . and it was found that are with cucmber , mounted to (960440.0) thousand din , the application of financial Evolution Criteria was more profitable ,in this research it was Recommended in to teah the farmers how tow apply this Technique in order to maximize their profits and in order to selsct the more profitable crop or crops from the alternations

This research aims to estimate the training needs of the irrigated wheat growers Baiji district and its relation with some factors by estimation the level of grower skills and knowledge of wheat growing , as well as estimation the need of training in each field of wheat growing and limits the difference of training needs according to some personal characteristics and finally to estimate the relation between training needs and most of the independent factors .The sample of research consists (150) farmers who represent (10%) of a total farmers in Baiji district in Salah Adin province. Research data has been collected by using the questionnaire which specially prepared to estimate the training needs, so the first part of its consists the personal, social , communicational and commercial criteria ,either the send part consists the estimation of training needs of wheat growers, then it has been shown by specialists to achieve the external truth, and during the first test the afflation measurement of Article differentiation and its difficulty dealing , then some articles omitted, and the final article were (52), and the calculus of testing stability has been done by semi-partition method ,then the stability dealing reached at (0.702), after that the procedure of data collection has been began by personal interview ,later and after unloading data and classification ,the process of its has been done statistically This research aims to estimate the training needs of the irrigated wheat growers Baiji district and its relation with some factors by estimation the level of grower skills and knowledge of wheat growing , as well as estimation the need of training in each field of wheat growing and limits the difference of training needs according to some personal characteristics and in comes the most important the findings of research: The results show that (88.78%) of the wheat farmers in the district of Baiji, those with a low level of knowledge or the average in the cultivation of wheat, either in relation to the training needs of the results showed that (88.78%) of them need training or a moderately large, and it was order of the fields of cultivation of wheat, according to the need for training as follows: control, fertilization, planting date, harvesting, diseases and insects that infect wheat, a method of agriculture, irrigation, seed, creating the ground. The results showed significant differences in the average training needs of wheat growers in the district of Baiji, according to the variables: age, type of farm ownership. while there are no significant differences in the average training needs according to the variables: educational level, the space utilized in agriculture, the average agricultural production. In light of the findings of the research findings have suggested that the researcher a set of recommendations

The main objectives of this study are to evaluate the functional training in Sallahaldain center for agricultural extension and training through the trainee point of view in the following fields (training objectives, selecting of the trainees , methods of training , training aids, training content , environmental of training , trainers qualification and training results ) . also to identify the differences of the training results according to the trainees point of view (as additional factor ) according to their functional and personal characteristics . This study has covered all the trainers and trainees whom participated in the training courses which achieved by Sallahuldain center for agricultural extension and training from 19/9/2011 to 5/9/2012 . The number of trainers were 109. The data were collected through personal interview using application forms of question naira, while the second included the functional and personal characteristics of the trainees , and (g) fields for training evaluation , in addition to the participant of the research in the training courses . these criteria have been submitted to some experts to check the external and content validity , and after deleting , The reliability was measured by two methods which were . split – half method then corrected by ( Spearman – Brown ) and ( Alpha Crobach ). Data were collected and statistically anal zed through the use of some statistical means as : percentage weight , Pearson's correlation coefficient , Spearman , Mann – Whitney test and Kurskal – Wallis test , and the field of efficiency came tending in the first rank with percentage weight ( 85.9 % ) , while the field of trainees test came at the last rank with percentage weight (72.866 % ) The result also showed no significant differences in the result of training according to (academic qualification – a pre-training course, the desire to innovativeness and motivations of training ) . the result also showed significant differences in the result of training according to ( sex , age, the specialization in the training course subject , -training course , occupation ambition). In the light of such results, the researcher , and making use of trainers who are qualified and have enough time for training . It is also , the center administration of extension has to put accurate criteria included the specifications of selecting and domination of the trainees to participate in the training courses . according to their training needs , specialization and the desire to be trained .

This research aims to study and estimation of quantities the optimal combinations (labor and capital) used by the farmers of the crop in the province to achieve the volumes of the various production at (break-even point, the volume of production of the sample, the optimal size of production, production volume of the Maximization-profit) and the extent of convergence of these quantities with the quantities volumes actual growers crop, and urged farmers to adopt these quantities and volumes of the study, and through the use of Cobb DoGlas and derivatives economic concluded that the volume of production at break-even point is 1839 kg / don and the amount of work achieved is 5.41 man / day and the capital required for this size is 76,297 dinars, while the actual size of the production sample is 3297 kg / don and the amount of capital achieved by 13.9 man / day and the capital needed for that was 435,538 dinars, and the optimal size of production that minim izing costs amounted to 4005 kg / don and quantity optimum to achieve total 10 man / day and the amount of capital optimization necessary to achieve it was 535,938 dinars, while the production size of the Maximization profit amounted to 3706 kg / don which is less than the size of production optimization because of the lack of response to price levels to expand production, while the quantitative optimization of working that maximize the profit of 19 man / day, and quantitative optimization of capital that maximizes the profit amounted to 281,084 dinars, and found that the greatest net profit achieved by farms, if produced at the optimal size of production reached in the study, 332,750 dinars, while the when-sized Maximization profit 285,000 dinars, which is less than the optimal size of production due to lack of response price levels to reach production to the level of the maximum as well as increasing production costs significantly after passing the optimal size which caused the decline in net profit, while the size of the marginal rate technical reached at a point 16829 and at the optimal size of production amounted to 9104 and when the size of the production of the sample was 6550 while the value when the size of the Maximization profit 4791, and found values as positive and decreases as the expansion of production and it shows that the production in the second stage, as the study proved that the output threshold of both labor and capital is equal to the flexibility of the variable element in the stability of the other element in the middle of the arithmetic, and also proved that all the values of the average labor and capital is greater than the values of marginal product to both elements, and the extents productivity was 1458 kg between break-even point and the size of the production of the sample and the extent of productive between the optimal size and size of production of the sample was $ 708 kg, while the -237 kg between the optimal size and size Maximization for profit, and these levels decrease and converge whenever the expansion of production and evidence for that is the possibility of expanding the use of resources farm down to the size of the optimum

Abstract
The effects of green tea extract on relative concentration of myoglobin (Mb), metmyoglobin (MetMb) and oxymyoglobin (MbO2) forms and on peroxide values formation in ground beef meat was studied. Green tea extract(GTE) was mixed with ground meat (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) of meat weight. Samples stored for 1, 4, 8 and 12 days at 4 Cº. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between control samples and samples treated with different levels of green tea extract in terms of myoglobin forms and peroxide values after storage under refrigeration. Treated samples with GTE developed low peroxide values compared with control and enhanced the proportion of each myoglobin form present. However, addition of 1 – 2 % of GTE to ground beef meat was adequate in reduced meat lipid oxidation and stabilized the meat color through decreased metmyoglobin (MetMb) formation after refrigeration

Five species of fish collected from the Tigris River at Tikreet city, Salah Al-Deen province, Iraq, were screened for protozoan parasites. Among four species of Cyprinidae and one Mugilidae, seven species of protozoan parasites were encountered and three are reported for the first time in Iraq. These parasites inlcuded Apiosoma megamicronucleatum (Timofeev), Eimeria sinensis Chen, Myxobolus musculi Keysselitz. Also, new host records in Iraq for Myxidium rhodei Léger and Myxobolus persicus Masoumian, Baska & Molnar.

Abstract
This study was carried out in a greenhouse of Horticulture Department, Plant production school, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry / Duhok University from 15th Feb. to 1st June 2008. It aims the study to investigate the effect of wounding and indole butyric acid (IBA) concentrations (0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 mgl-1) on rooting ability of hard wood cuttings of Plumbago capensis plant. The results indicated that rooting percentage significantly increased by wounding the cuttings 60.79% as compared with unwounded cuttings 45.84% and farther more enhanced good of roots and vegetative growth characters. And best results of rooting and vegetative growth characters were obtained when cuttings treated with 1500 and 2000 mgl-1 of IBA. While the interaction treatments between wounded cuttings and 1500 and 2000 mgl-1 of IBA improved all characteristics of roots and shoots under the study.