IRAQ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

A field experiment was conducted at the College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad through out summer of 2005 in a silty clay loam soil to study the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation application and non application in the uptake of potassium by corn field crop in two levels of potassium and three stages of shooting, flowering and harvesting (35,60,120) days in a factorial experiment under randomized block design with four replicates. Inoculation of mycorrhiza led to increase the dry weight of corn and the uptaken potassium in 10.4% and 19.0% respectively, as compared to the non-inoculated treatment, while the dry weight production had increased in 90.3% between the first and last periods. The uptaken potassium had the same trend but the obvious increase was in the inoculated treatment in a rate of 20.03% as compared to the non-inoculated one. There was a highly significant correlation among potassium applications in soil and the fungal biofertilizer and their interaction where the treatment (KAM) achieved the best significant effect in the studied properties. Also a highly significant correlation was found between exchangeable and non-exchangeable potassium in the presence of mycorrhiza with grian yield, dry matter, and potassium uptake by plant. The importance of the mycorrhiza or fungal biofertilizer in increasing the uptaken potassium and production under this experiment condition could be concluded.

This research aimed to know the effect of using the magnetic water technique on nutrients concentration in the soil and in the date palm offshoots grown in salt affected soils. Field experiment was carried out in 2006 in Al-(Amarah) date palm station, General State of Date Palm, Ministry of Agriculture. A magnetron device with 0.5 inch diameter was used and linked with the branch tube to drip irrigation system. The treatments were normal water (W0) normal water and chemical fertilizers (WF) chemical fertilizers and magnetic water (MF) and magnetic water (Mo) the treatments were replicated four times and the total number of was replicates were 16. The treatments were designed in RCBD. The magnetron intensity was 360 gauss. The experiment was Laid in soil affected by salts and designed in (RCBD). The device linked with the branch tube to dripping irrigation system. The treatments were :normal water (W0), normal water and chemical fertilizers (WF), chemical fertilizers and magnetic water (MF) and magnetic water (M0), There are four replicates witch became 16 experimental units and the intensity were 360 (gauss) in soil affected by salts.
The results showed that using this technique significantly increased phosphorus and potassium concentrations in soil and plant, as compared with the normal water. While no significant increases in the nitrogen concentration in the soil and plants. There was a difference in the solubility of the fertilizers due to the uses of magnetic water through the increases of fertilizers concentration in the soil and plant as compared with normal water. The results also showed a reduction in the electrical conductivity in the treatments in which magnetic water was used as compared with normal water.

This research was carried out in the experimental field, Horticulture Department, College of Agriculture, University of Baghdad, Abu-Ghraib, during fall 2006 and spring 2007 seasons using tuber seed of potato CV. Desiree class (A) in fall season and class (Elite) in spring season. In this experiment the effect of potassium spray and companion ion on potato yield and its components were tested. Three potassium salts (K₂SO₄, KNO, and KCl) at three concentration (0 (control), recommended 5g K2SO4 (S, treatment), 5.80 g/l KNO, (N, treatment) and 4.28 g/l KCI (Cl, treatment), 1.5 times of the recommended concentration (S. N and Cl; treatment) were used where 5g KSOA was used as the recommended concentration. Solution of above mentioned salts was foliar applied twice, first 45 days (vegetative growth stage) and second 65 days (at tuber bulking stage) after planting. Randomized Complete Block Design was adopted with three replicates where each included seven treatments. Least significant differences (L.S.D.) at 5% probability was used to compare the
In fall 2006, potassium sulfate at recommended concentration had highest marketable and total yield (25.92 and 28.63 ton/ha, respectively) as compared to control treatment which reached 17.14 and 19.40 ton/ha respectively), whereas in spring 2007, potassium nitrate at recommended concentration had the highest marketable and total yield (52.40 and 56.25 ton/ha respectively) as compared to control treatment (34.88 and 38.06 ton/ha respectively).
In fall 2006, S1 treatment increased the number of marketable tubers/plant (5.35 tuber/plant) compared to control (4.25 tuber/plant) while in spring 2007 potassium chloride at recommended concentration (Cl) increased the number of marketable tubers (9.25 tuber/plant) compared to control (7.10 tuber/plant). In both seasons (fall 2006 and spring 2007) NI treatment had the greatest tuber weight (112.70 and 120.50g respectively) while the control had the lowest tuber weight (91.20 and 98.40g respectively)-

Field studies were conducted at the College of Agriculture, Abu-Ghraib Baghdad to evaluate the susceptibility of three cultivars (Inkhad, Rabih and kafir) and hybrid money maker against the infestation by the corn borer Sesamia cretica to these cultivars. Results showed the sensitivety of all cultivars of sorghum to the corn borer, Sesamia cretica by a varying degrees during the spring and fall seasons, hybrid money maker was the most tolerant to the corn borer. Infestation rates were 33.83, 27.74, 45.40 and 18.56% and yield loss of 62.04%, 50.05%, 68.51% and 37.33% for cultivars InKhad, Rabih, Kafir and money maker respectively. Results also indicated a significant differences in terms of No. of larva/plant 5, 8.5, No. of tunnels plant 2.5, 6.75, No. holes plant 2.75, 6.75%, loss of plant height 10.00, 18.75% and of stem tunneled 18.39, 37.72% for hybrid money maker and cultivar Kafir respectively during the spring seasons. Also the results indicated a significant differences in terms of No. of larva/plant 10.67, 26.33, No. of tunnels plant 4.33, 6.33, No. holes plant 4.33, 6.00%, loss of plant height 9.33, 19.33% and of stem tunneled 16.51, 36.37% for hybrid money maker and cultivar Kafir respectively during the fall seasons. The role of these results, especially for the hybrid money maker in the IPM program for the corn borer, S. cretica also discussed.

This study was conducted to identify the common strain of Potato virus Y (PVY, genus: Potyvirus, Family: Potyviridae). The identification was achieved by means of symptoms on diagnostic hosts, transmission by Myzus persicae (Sulz.), and by serological properties. The virus isolate was obtained from infected potato (Solanum tuberosum) plants and isolated from a single spot on Chenopodium amaranticolor leaves previously inoculated by the isolate. The test of immunostrip specific for PVY showed positive reaction with extracts from infected potato. Local lesions were manifested on the inoculated leaves of Ch. amaranticolor within 8days of inoculation. Vein clearing symptoms were observed on the young leaves of infected N. tabacum ev. Samsun NN and Physalis floridana which developed on the last host to mottling, death, and dropping of the leaves. These symptoms indicate that the strain under study is PVY. Positive reaction was observed when a monoclonal antibodies specific for PVY was treated with extracts from potato, Physalis floridana, and N.t. Samsun NN plants by ELISA test. Also, a spur between an extract from tobacco Samsun NN inoculated by PVY and that from plant inoculated with Tobacco veinal necrosis strain (PVY) reacted with PVY antibodies by double diffusion test was appeared. It was found that the isolate is transmitted by M. persicae (Sulz.) which differentiated it from Stipple-streak strain (PVY) isolate, not transmissible by the aphid. These indicates that the isolate under study represent the ordinary strain of PVY (PVY).

The mold Penicillium candidum (camemberti) was grown on a solid media comprised of wheat bran and rice bran. The extracellular enzymes were extracted from each production media after 3 days of incubation. The obtained results revealed that rice bran was better than wheat bran as solid media for extracellular enzymes production, particularly the lipases and proteases. It was also found that the optimum conditions for enzymes production comprised using 15 ml distilled water:10 gm rice bran, 9x10° spor/10 gm rice bran as inoculum size, pH7, 30° C for 3 days incubation for proteases production and at 25 °C for 4 days for lipases production. The enzymes activity in crude extract was 8.5 unit/ml for proteases and 120 unit/ml for lipases under the above mentioned conditions.

The study included 10004 Holstein records (2400 cow) for milk production, lactation period and growth traits (Birth weight and gain from birth to weining), over the period 2000 to 2003, at Al-Nasr Dairy Station, United Livestock Co. Ltd. Al-Soweira (50 km south Baghdad). The study was conducted to estimate the regression coefficient of growth traits on milk production and lactation period after adjusted of the fixed effects.
The overall means of milk production lactation period, birth weight, gain from birth to weining and weining weight were 3782.81 kg, 307.18 day, 34.283 kg, 40.716 kg and 75.81 kg respectively. The season, year and parity effect on milk production and lactation period were significant (p < 0.01) The year effect on birth weight was significant (p < 0.05) , non-significant effect of season and parity in birth weight and gain weining.
Regression coefficients of daily gain on milk production and lactation period was significant (p < 0.05) * 0.0079, 0.032 , but Regression coefficients of birth weight and weining weight on milk production and lactation period were non-significant.

The effect of seasonal varation in some reproductive traits in Friesian cowas was studied at the Al-Nasr Dairy Cattle Station (50 Km south of Baghdad), over period from 2001-2004 Three Thousand one handred and nineteen records of period between calving to first estrus (PCE), service per conception (SPC) and period between calving to service (PCS) produced by Holstein cows were analyzed statistically. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonal variation and other factors in reproductive traits (PCE, SPC and PCS) and estimate of heritability with difference season of this traits. The General Linear Model (GLM) within the SAS program was used to study the effects of calving season, parity, state of cow at calving and sire. The overall. means for the PCE, SPC and PCS were 73.91 days, 3.07 service and 120.37 days respectively. Season, parity and state of cow at calving significantly affected in PCE, SPC and PCS. Wide variation of heritability estimates of physiological traits with highest estimate of the calving cows in winter and spring and least estimate in summer and autumn

This study was carried out in Al- Fadheliya region, east of Baghdad which were rearing an important number of buffaloes (they near to 40000 head) and this study included visitings to 10 buffalo breeders selected randomly from the period of 1/4/2009 to 12/12/2009 and taking 15 animals/breeder within 2 to 3 visitings to their farms, The measurements were: chest girth, barrel girth chest and barrel depth, length of body (slanting), height at shoulder and tail attachment besides to distance between shoulders and femurs, horn length and knee height, for description the body measurements in Iraqi buffaloes. These body measurements which belong to 102 dairy buffaloes with 40 dried and heifers between 2-3 years The overall mean for chest girth, barrel girth, chest and barrel depth. length of body (slanting) height at shoulder and tail attachment were: 232.86, 256.74, 0.45, 79.00.112.80, 148.96 and 146.48 cm. respectively. Distance between shoulders and femurs, horn length and knee height were: 49.35, 59.50, 41.90 and 38.85 cm. respectively.
Some characters affected highly significant by parity group (from 1st to 8th parity and more) for first four traits, while affected significantly (P < 0.05) for body length and height at shoulders and distance between shoulders and horn length, while other characters lack significance effect. So they are recommended to do more studies for this animal specially on animal breeding project and working in genetic conservation because may be find great variation in their morphology between governorate depending on breeding and feeding systems and our priorities do more research in middle part of Iraq and southern

This survey was conducted on parasites infecting cultivated fishes in Basrah University fish farm, Marine Science Center. Fish samples were collected from January 2002 to Octo. 2002. The study was concerned with identification of
fish parasites and determining their incidence and density of infection and their impact on captive fishes in the selected fish farms. The inspection revealed that common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was infected with two crustacean parasites (Ergasilus mosulensis and Lernaea cyprinacea), the grass carр (Ctenopharyngodon idella) was infected with Dactylogyrus sp., whereas silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) was infected with the fungus Saprolegnia sp. Mugilid fish (Liza abu) was infected with two species of crustaceans (E. rostralis and E. mosulensis).

Some blood parameters were cleared with Ctenopharyngodon idella fish fed on 250 mg vitamin C/kg diet where red blood cells counts reached 128 00 ± 0.92 * 10 ^ 4 cells/mm³ and packed cells volume was 21.40±0.50%, hemoglobin concentration was 34.20 ± 0.37 gm/100ml and blood glucose concentrations was. 60.60 0.40 mg%. Differential white blood cells increased significantly with increasing vitamin C level in ration, but it decreases with increasing experiment period toward the end and was 4.46 plus/minus 0.02 * 10 ^ 3 / m * m ^ 3 for neutrophiles 0.106+ tilde 0.002 * 10 ^ 3 / m * m ^ 3 for monocytes 46.01 plus/minus 0.005 * 10 ^ 3 / m * m ^ 3 for lymphocytes for Grass carp. GPT and GOT of plasma was decreased with increasing in vitamin C concentration in fish feed. They were 7.40±0.24 IU/1 of GPT and 31.0 ±0.44 IU/I for GOT.

A total of 5056 records were analyzed for factors affecting Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) incidence which were: parity, season of birth, year of birth, Total milk production and lactation period were collected during 1998-2001 on Holstein cows at Al-Nasr Dairy cattle station near Al-Soueira. The overall mean for FMD among cows was 3.251% and affected significantly (p < 0.05) by parity, season of birth and total milk production, but highly significantly affected by year of birth. Regression of FMD incidence on lactation period were -0.982 unsignificantly and negative.
Higher percentage of incidence was 4% at the first parity and this percentage reduced by aged. The incidence percentage at winter and Autumn received 3.89 and 3.29% respectively. Study year recorded differences in incidence percentage and the highest in 1997 was 18.54% and this reduction in recent years. Incidence percentage increased between cows with low production (less than 3000 kg) was 3.59%, while this percentage reduced between cows with medium production (3001-5000 kg) and high production (more than 5001 kg) were 3.06 and 3.09%, respectively.

Samples of urine were collected from patients who had symptoms of urinary tract infections in which 420 urine samples were collected from females and males from different hospitals in Baghdad city. The samples were cultured and the results were positive in 203 samples (48.33%). The result showed that Escherichia coli was the most common and prominent bacteria among patients of urinary tract infections (54.68%) while Klebsiella pneumoniae was in the second rank (18.23%), followed by Proteus mirabilis, Enterobacter cloacae and Staphylococcus aureus 11.33, 9.36 and 6.4%, respectively. The inhibitory effect of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the Plantago lanceolata (leaves) was studied by using four concentrations (25, 50, 100 and 200mg/ml) with one type of gram positive bacteria (S. aureus) and four species of gram negative bacteria (E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae and P. mirabilis). The aqueous, alcoholic extracts of leaves of P. lanceolata, showed no remarkable effect on K. peneumoniae, but they were active on the other bacterial species. The aqueous extract of leaves of P. lanceolata at a concentration of 25 mg/ml showed no inhibitory activity against all tested bacteria. Meanwhile, the alcoholic extract at the same concentration was showed no inhibitory activity against E. coli, E. cloacae and K. pneumoniae bacteria.

A total of 420 urine samples were collected from patients attended in different hospital in Baghdad city. All patients suffered from urinary tract infections. The laboratory diagnosis and characterization of bacteria isolated from urine samples revealed that Escherichia coli was the most frequently encountered 45.68%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae 18.23%, Proteus mirabilis 11.33%, Enterobacter cloacae 9.36% and Staphylococcus aureus 6.4%.
The inhibitory effect of the aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the Tribulus terrestris fruits at concentrations 25, 50, 100 and 200mg/ml was studied against E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, P. mirabilis and S. aureus. The study revealed that both the aqueous and alcoholic extract of fruits of T. terrestris were affective in the inhibition of all tested bacterial species. The aqueous extract at a concentration 200 mg/ml was more effective than alcohol extract against the tested bacteria S. aureus, P. mirabils, E. coli, E. cloacae and K. pneumoniae and the inhibition diameter was 16.84, 15.65, 14.70, 14.05 and 11.38 mm, respectively. Meanwhile, at the alcoholic extract was 13.07, 12.04, 11.23, 11.10 and 0.0 mm, respectively.

The aim of this investigation was to examine the antibacterial activity of the hull of Pistacia vera that extracted seperatly via Aqueous, Ethanolic 75%, Ethanolic 95% and Aceton 99% The tested hacteria included, pathogenic Escherichia coli, non pathogenic E. coli, Pseudomonas spp., Bacillus subtilis, B. Cereus, Stuphlococcus aureus, lactobacillus acidophilus and L. case. The minimum inhibitury concentration (MIC) was abo determined for the tested bacteria.
The obtained results revealed that there were significant differences (p <= 0.05) among the four extracts. The aceton extract revealed greater effect on of tested bacteria, followed by ethanolic extract 95%, While both aqueous and ethanolic 75% extracts had comparable affect. The aqueous extract showed greater affect on both Pseudomonas and Staph. anrews, compared to other tested bacteria, the inhibitury zone were 41 and 33.6mm, respecticely. While, L. acidophilus revealed resistance towared aqueous extract as the inhibition zone was 20mm. The obtained result showed that 0.01% was the MIC for all tested, bacteria for both aqueous and acetune extracts. The ethanohic extract 75% and 95% showed different affect on tested bacteria. The MIC for ethanolic 75% was 0.1% for each of the bacteria Pseudomonas, staph. aureus and 1.b. acidophilus. While MIC for ethanolic extract 75% was 8.1% for Psendomonas and Staph. aureus anly. The 0.01% concertation was the MIC for other tested bacteria.
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Bacterial cellulose (BC) was produced from molasses using local isolated of Acetobacter xylinum AJ3. The yield of the Bacterial cellulose produced from molasses was higher than that using glucose as a sole carbon source in HS medium. The yield of BC produced from molasses hydrolysate was higher than that of raw molasses, and the amount (BC) produced from molasses hydrolysate hy crude invertase enzyme was higher than that using molasses hydrolysate by acid. The amount of BC was1.52, 2.20, 6.82 and 8.50 g 1 in HS- medium, raw molasses, molasses hydrolysate by acid, molasses hydrolysate by crude invertase enzyme, respectively and the biomass reached a maximum value of 3, 3.5,5.0 and 5.5 g L, respectively. Mean while, the yield of the cellulose was increased added with agar and carboxy methyl cellulose in 0.2% to the production medium.

The enzymatic method for determination of cholesterol in blood serum was modified to be suitable for determination of Egg yolk cholesterol. Egg Yolk samples (0.2 g) are saponified directly (with out extraction of fat) in capped tubes with 5ml (0.5 M)methanolic KOH solution by heating for 15 min at 80C. After cooling with tap water, 1ml of distilled water and 5ml On f hexane was added to the mixtures shaked well for 10 seconds, and the unsaponifiable fractions were extracted with 5ml hexane. The reaction was carried out by using 0.25ml of hexane layer after evaporating the hexane at 37C, mixed for 10 minute with Iml of enzymatic kit. | cholesterol esterase(CE), cholesterol peroxidase, cholesterol oxidase(COD)] the concentration was determined by using spectrophotometer at 550nm after dilution 5 times with salt solution 2% and compare with standard solution at concentration 200mg/100ml. The arithmetic mean of cholesterol content for yolk were found 1219 mgm/100 ml. The precision was 0.998. The method has been successfully applied to quantitate cholesterol in a variety of yolk and its products.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of high somatic cell count on the development of proteolysis and lipolysis in pasteurized milk. A great increase in proteolysis activity on pasteurized milk samples prepared from raw milk with high number of somatic cell ( 1.34 * 10 ^ 6 cell/ml) was observed compared with samples with lower cell count ( 4.93 * 10 ^ 5 cell/ml). The NPN/TN for treated samples were 6.75, 9.21, 12.46, 16.93% whereas values were 6.75, 7.39, 8.92, 12.62% for control samples stored at 5°C for 0, 7, 14, 21 day respectively.
The values of ADV for pasteurized milk prepared from raw milk with high somatic cell count ( 1.341 * 10 ^ 6 cell/ml) were 0.73, 1.20, 1.56, 1.77 meq/100gm fat while values for controled milk samples with lower cell count ( 4.93 * 10 ^ 5 cell/ml) were 0.73, 1.01, 1.013, 1.46 meq/100 gm fat during storage at 5°C for 0, 7, 14, 21 day respectively.
The organoleptic evaluation indicated lower values for aroma and flavor for pasteurized milk samples prepared from raw milk with high number of somatic cell in comparison with pasteurized milk samples prepared from raw milk with lower number of somatic cell..

The present investigation showed that yoghurt samples prepared from milk with high numbers of somatic cell ( 1.45 * 10 ^ 6 cell/ml) were more sensitive to proteolysis than control samples with lower cell count 5.15 * 10 ^ 5 cell/ml). The % NPN/TN which obtained for treated samples were 6.43, 11.59, 12.14, 15.60% whereas% NPN/TN that obtained for control samples 6.43, 7.07, 8.32, 10.29% during different periods of storage for 0,3,7,10 days at 5 respectively. The values of ADV for yoghurt samples prepared from raw milk with high somatic cell count ( 1.45 * 10 ^ 6 cell/ml) were 0.55, 1.32, 1.61, 1.72 meq/100 gm fat, whereas ADV values for control samples with lower cell count ( 5.15 * 10 ^ 5 cell/ml) were 0.55, 0.78, 1.11, 1.40 meq/mg fat, during storage periods for 0, 3, 7, 10 days at 5 respectively. The obtained indicated that yoghurt samples prepared from raw milk with high number of somatic cells ( 1.45 * 10 ^ 6 cell/ml) yielded lower percentage of developed lactic acid (0.81, 0.89, 1.01, 1.13%), whereas control yoghurt samples with lower somatic cells count (5.15×10°cell/ml) resulted higher lactic acid percentage (0.89, 0.99, 1.07, 1.17%), during storage periods for 0, 3, 7, 10 days at 5 respectively.
The Clotting time for yoghurt samples prepared from raw milk with high somatic cells ( 1.45 * 10 ^ 6 cell/ml) was higher (3.5 hours) that yoghurt samples prepared from raw milk with lower cells count ( 5.15 * 10 ^ 5 cell/ml) 2.5 hours. The Results of organoleptic evaluation for yoghurt samples indicated lower grade for samples manufactured from raw milk with high number of somatic cells in comparison with control samples manufactured from raw milk with lower somatic cells count.

The research aims to identify the most important changes that affect the display in response Cauliflower crop in Iraq for the duration of the (1988-2007) and explain the behavior of farmers in the demand for the cultivation of this crup by going through the cultivation of this crop in Iraq during the period of the study results have shown that the compound annual growth rate of each of production and arva during the study period amounted to 9%, while the annual grow the rate of dun am productivity was 0.5% during the period of study and the small proportion of this decline is attributable to natural factors of high temperatures and drought, as well as the harsh conditions experienced by the farm of the Iraqi war and the siege and occupation of and the extent of its impact on the psyche of every fragi citizen. The annual growth rate of prices during the period of this study was 40% approximately possible overlap here and economic conditions experienced by the country\'s inflation and the decline in real income of farmers has prevent the larins to increase the cultivated ares when compared to the growth of prices,
At the time of the analysis to determine the most important factors affecting the presentation of the crop showed that there are several space variables and prices, productivity) for the Cauliflower of the previous year in addition to the rate of prices of vegetables for the winter previous model and ensures the risk of price, productivity and time. It turned out that the formula logsrithmic double gave the best results in the value of coefficient of localized 90% or 98% of the factors that affect the presentation of Cauliflower crop fanction have been included in the signals and moral tracher, some of the variables were consistent with the logic of economic theory and statistical standards and some of them contrary to the logic of economic theory cau be explained by the natural conditions experienced by the product and the farms of the psychological factors that affect the area under cultivation during the period of study.

The aims of this study was to study the economic analysis of the response of okra crop supply in Iraq for the period 90 to 2007 through the identification of key variables in the response of the supply of the crop, which offer prices of the previous crop and crop prices to rival the previous year, which was the, average price of summer crops for the year earlier and the risk Eldonmip price and area planted for the year earlier and the risk of productivity and time, where it found that the compound annual growth rate of the planted area of okra crop for 90-2007 was 1.69%, where it is less than the rate of compound annual growth rate of the crop, which was 93% for the same period. The rate of growth of production was reached 3.4% during the period of study. It was through price fluctuations and risk by crossing low-price decisions on the increase of cultivated areas, which amounted-0.0072 The negative sign showed that farmer will not take the risk the research has shown that the logarithmic formula gave the best results and relevance to the criteria of statistical theory and the logic of economic analysis has shown this formula to the (R2) equal to 0.70 ic that 70% of the introduced crop Okra response due to the following main variables (the area under cultivation for the year Earlier, the price of the crop of the previous year, the prices of the summer crop for the year earlier, the price risk, production risk, time) and 30% of the response of the crop due to the presentation of the range of factors of non-quantifiable factors, and the most important was the psychological factors. They also noted F and (t) test showed assign recant function at the level of morale of (0.05)..

The aims of this research is to estimate the total cost function for long-run of onion crop by using cross-section data for sample of producers in Salahaddian province during 2008 season. Long-run total cost average function LRATC was derived from estimated total cost function. The LRATC function showed that the least-cost farm output is 7771 kg / don and 14,68don) for onion respectively. The optimal area is higher than actual area planted for crops. Thus the producers recommended to expand their planted area in order to minimize their production costs and to know the economies efficiency mounted to 78% from many of farms.
It was also found that the area of economic efficiency is trapped between the intersection points A, B, the average cost of college 305,467.8 JD and economies of scale achieved amounted to 60%, sandwiched between flat production 2000-12000 kg / don.

The main objective of this study is to know the role of project in supporting farmers of spring potatoes in in creasing the farmers knowledge new technologies in plant potato crop at Ninavah governorate, the data have collected through aguestionnaire answerd by 25 farmers. Percentages mathe matical means, standard Deviations, simple Correlation and t-test were used to analy ze the data. the results have appeared the activety and successful of project to increase the farmers knowledge by new technologies in plant potato crop and continue to practice it. And t-test showed the differences between the farmrs knowledges before and after the project are significant at 0.01 level. result indicated that 96% of farmers had interested from the project-signhficant positive relationship observed between total farm area, quantity of products as independent variables with benefit farmers degrees as adependant variable- the farmers have suggested continue and expansion in project to comprise the great numbers of farmers in governorate.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the performance efficiency of new mobile seed cleaner for two varieties of wheat. Three factors were used in this study, The first one represented the variety of wheat including two varieties: IPA 99 and IPA 95, The second factor represented feed rate including three levels: 2.50, 8.75 and 21 kg/min. The third factor represented angles of inclination including three degrees: 0, 20, 40. The characteristics studied in this study were purity, output efficiency, energy consumption and productivity. The study used the completely randomized design and least significant differences of means test at level 0.05. The results were:
1- The variety IPA 99 was surpassed for recording greatest values for purity, grading output and productivity also recording significant lower in energy consumption.
2- The feed rate 8.75 kg/min recorded higher values for purity, output efficiency while feed rate 21 kg/min recorded higher productivity and lower energy consumption.
-3The angle of inclination 0 degree was surpassed for recording higher purity, output efficient and productivity. Angle 20 degrees recorded lower values in energy consumption

This investigation was performed in two areas, west and north west Baghdad (White gold village and shulla District). The study was included 322 buffalos within 206 were pregnant, some 32 were aborted and rated 9.93% of the total 15.5%. Thirty two blood samples were collected from 22 aborted buffalo, 5 pregnant buffalos, 3 buffalo heifers and 2 buffalo calf. All animals were selected from herds with repeated abortion history. The obtained results revealed a significant effects (p < 0.01) for the following factors: season, age of aborted buffalo, gestation period, body condition measurement for aborted animals. The serological tests revealed 9 positive cases for brucellosis as indicated by rose Bengal test (RBT). This was confirmed with indirect enzyme linked Immunosorbent Assays (I. ELISA). The obtained results confirmed that brucellosis was 28.13% of the tested animals