Misan Journal for Physical Education Sciences

This study aimed to identify the impact of a specially designed training curriculum on developing some functional and physical variables among boxers. An experimental approach was used due to its suitability for the nature of the study, Furthermore, the experiment was conducted on a research sample from the Al-Amal Sports Club for boxers aged 17-18 for the 2024-2025 sports season. Their number is 20 boxers, and after conducting physiological examinations and homogeneity of variables (height - weight - and training age), then 14 boxers were selected, as their percentage reached 70% of the research community, after which the experimental group underwent the training method for a period of (8) weeks, at a rate of (2) training sessions per week, The training curriculum included focused exercises to improve the functional variables under investigation, in addition to physical exercises to develop the elements of strength, speed, and agility, Pre- and post-measurements of the functional variables were conducted for the experimental group, The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in most of the studied variables, indicating the effectiveness of the training approach in improving the functional and physical aspects of boxers.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using augmented reality (AR) glasses on learning the technical performance of selected fundamental football skills among learners aged 13–15 at Zakho Academy, An experimental design was employed with a sample of twenty players randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 10), which received an instructional program using AR glasses, and a control group (n = 10), which followed the traditional training method, The AR-based program consisted of eighteen instructional units over six weeks, focusing on inside-foot passing, inside-foot dribbling, inside-foot shooting, and ball control with the instep, A validated performance evaluation checklist was used to assess technical skill acquisition, and data were analyzed using SPSS through arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation, Mann–Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests, The results indicated statistically significant improvements between pre- and post-tests in both groups, with greater gains observed in the experimental group. These findings demonstrate that using AR glasses is effective in enhancing the technical performance of fundamental football skills, and the study recommends integrating augmented reality technologies into instructional programs for youth players

The aim of the research is to identify the level of wise leadership among football coaches in Maysan Province, to measure the level of time management and the extent of their commitment to using time-organizing skills during the training process, as well as to determine the correlation between wise leadership and time management among football coaches in Maysan Province , The researcher employed the descriptive method using the correlational approach, as it is the most appropriate for addressing the research problem. The research population consisted of football clubs in Maysan Province, from which (20) coaches were deliberately selected and distributed across the clubs, As for the research sample, it was randomly selected by lottery and consisted of (12) coaches representing the first-division football clubs in Maysan Province. The study results revealed that football coaches possess a high level of wise leadership, which reflects their awareness of the importance of wise leadership in organizing the team and directing it toward achieving sporting goals. Furthermore, the results of the statistical analysis indicated a strong correlation between wise leadership and time management, This indicates that wise leadership is reflected in time management and the organization of training schedules. Based on this, the researcher recommends the necessity of adopting standardized tests to measure wise leadership among sports club coaches, as well as integrating training programs in wise leadership and time management into the curricula for coach preparation within football associations. Moreover, it is recommended to train coaches on the use of practical tools for time management. The researcher also emphasizes the importance of encouraging coaches to practice smart delegation (assistants, fitness coaches, performance analysts) in order to reduce non-essential burdens and allow them to focus their time on technical work. Additionally, it is advised that clubs and associations reduce unnecessary administrative pressures on coaches and provide a work environment that enables them to manage their time efficiently. Finally, the researcher highlights the need for future studies on the impact of wise leadership on time investment in different contexts such as professional clubs, youth categories, and national teams.

This study investigated the placebo effect on physical and motor performance tests in young fencers across different age groups. Using an experimental pretest-posttest design with two groups (total N=12, 6 per group), the research compared outcomes between younger fencers (mean age 13.66 years) and older fencers (mean age 15.66 years). Results revealed significant performance improvements following placebo administration in the younger, less experienced group across multiple tests including speed endurance, lunge accuracy, and balance measures. In contrast, the older, more experienced group showed no statistically significant placebo effects. These findings suggest that placebo responsiveness in fencing performance may decrease with athlete age and training experience. The study recommends strategic incorporation of placebo techniques in youth fencing training to enhance psychological readiness and performance, while cautioning against overuse to maintain effect potency. Placebo interventions appear most effective when selectively employed before major competitions rather than as routine training tools. These results contribute to understanding age-related differences in psychological performance enhancement within combat sports.

The aim of this research was to identify the common leadership behavior patterns among department heads in the faculties and departments of physical education and sports sciences at universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and to examine the significance of differences in these patterns according to demographic factors: gender, age, and academic qualifications.
The research relied on a descriptive comparative approach. The research population consisted of (394) male and female faculty members, and the sample consisted of (180) male and female faculty members who were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The scale of leadership behavior patterns, based on path-goal theory, was applied to them. The scale, prepared by the researchers, consisted of (40) items distributed equally across four leadership styles: participatory, directive, supportive, and achievement-oriented. Its validity and reliability were verified. The data were statistically processed using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for two independent samples, one-way analysis of variance, and the least significant difference (LSD) test.
The results showed that the most common leadership style among department heads was supportive, followed by directive, achievement-oriented, and finally participatory. The study revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the sample members’ views on the four leadership styles of department heads attributed to the gender variable, in favor of females, and in three leadership styles (participant, supportive, achievement-oriented) attributed to age, in favor of the younger ones. The study revealed significant differences in one style, the participatory style, according to the educational qualification variable, in favor of master’s degree holders. The researcher concluded that most of the heads of departments in the faculties and departments of physical education and sports sciences at the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq tend to adopt the supportive style among the leadership behavior styles in their leadership. In light of the results, a set of recommendations and proposals were presented.

Jump-rope exercises are a good form of physical exercise that can provide numerous benefits for cardiovascular health and improve agility and coordination. Furthermore, this exercise is a recreational activity that offers complete excitement. The study aimed to:
1. Identify the effect of using jump-rope exercises on developing certain motor characteristics.
2. Identify the differences between the pre- and post-test results of some motor characteristics among the research sample.
The research hypothesis was:
1. The use of jump-rope exercises has a positive effect on developing some motor characteristics.
2. There are significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of some motor characteristics among the research sample, in favor of the post-tests.
The researcher used the experimental method on a sample of (5) undergraduate students who do not participate in any sports activities.
The researcher conducted the pre-tests on Thursday, February 3, 2024. The jump-rope exercises presented by Muhammad Nasr al-Din Radwan were applied for a period of (6) weeks, three (3) times per week. After completing the scheduled period for the main experiment on Thursday, March 24, 2024, and after processing the data on a computer using the statistical program (Spssvor 10), a set of conclusions was reached, the most important of which are:
1. The results of the research sample showed that the post-tests of motor attributes progressed after the pre-tests.
2. The balance attribute achieved the highest improvement rate, reaching (15.384), while the agility attribute achieved the lowest improvement rate, reaching (12.790).
The most important recommendations are:
1. The need for those involved in the training process to focus on using jump-rope exercises to improve motor attributes.
2. The need to conduct further studies that address the body's functional systems and physical attributes.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of organizational factors on employee work engagement in the General Departments of Sports and Youth, with a particular focus on the mediating role of psychological empowerment. The statistical population consisted of all employees in the General Departments of Sports and Youth in Kerman Province (50 employees) and Yazd Province (45 employees). Given the small population size, a census method was adopted to include all members in the statistical sample (N=95), from which 76 valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis, comprising 40 from Kerman and 36 from Yazd. For data collection, three main instruments were employed: Shaskin and Morris’s (1984) Organizational Factors Questionnaire, Spreitzer’s (1995) Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire, and Kanungo’s (1982) Work Engagement Questionnaire. For the analytical part, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied. The findings revealed that psychological empowerment exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on work engagement, with a path coefficient of (β = 0.49, t = 2). Moreover, both organic and mechanistic structures significantly influenced psychological empowerment, with coefficients of (β = 0.34) and (β = 0.30), respectively. Additionally, psychological empowerment played a mediating role in the relationship between organic structure and work engagement (β = 0.15), as well as between mechanistic structure and work engagement (β = 0.17). These findings emphasize the critical importance of considering psychological empowerment and organizational factors as fundamental elements in enhancing employee work engagement within the workplace.

This study aims to analyze the role of television talk shows in highlighting the issues of female athletes with special needs. The content analysis method was used to examine a set of talk shows broadcast on Iraqi channels From January 1, 2024 to January 1, 2025 the study found that talk shows focus individually on women's issues without sufficient attention to collective women's sports. The results also showed that these programs address the issues of female athletes with special needs on specific occasions without continuous and periodic coverage.

The research aimed to identify the effect of using the Eisenkraft Inquiry Model on cognitive achievement in basketball for first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zakho, and the effect of using the Eisenkraft Inquiry Model on acquiring basic basketball skills among first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zakho. The researcher used the experimental method with an equivalent two-group design. The research population consisted of first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zakho for the academic year 2024/2025, numbering (50) male and female students. To achieve the research objectives and collect data and select a sample that represents the community, the researcher adopted the purposive sampling method, and accordingly, the sample was selected, consisting of (30) male students in their first academic year in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zakho. The researcher concluded that the use of the Eisenkraft Inquiry Model in the basketball course for first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zakho for the academic year 2024-2025 led to positive results in raising the level of achievement in the experimental group and that the Eisenkraft model was more effective in achieving the targeted educational objectives. The researcher recommends the importance of using modern methods in teaching physical education, including the Eisenkraft Inquiry Model, due to its positive and effective impact on acquiring basic offensive basketball skills