Misan Journal for Physical Education Sciences

This study aimed to identify the impact of a specially designed training curriculum on developing some functional and physical variables among boxers. An experimental approach was used due to its suitability for the nature of the study, Furthermore, the experiment was conducted on a research sample from the Al-Amal Sports Club for boxers aged 17-18 for the 2024-2025 sports season. Their number is 20 boxers, and after conducting physiological examinations and homogeneity of variables (height - weight - and training age), then 14 boxers were selected, as their percentage reached 70% of the research community, after which the experimental group underwent the training method for a period of (8) weeks, at a rate of (2) training sessions per week, The training curriculum included focused exercises to improve the functional variables under investigation, in addition to physical exercises to develop the elements of strength, speed, and agility, Pre- and post-measurements of the functional variables were conducted for the experimental group, The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in most of the studied variables, indicating the effectiveness of the training approach in improving the functional and physical aspects of boxers.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of using augmented reality (AR) glasses on learning the technical performance of selected fundamental football skills among learners aged 13–15 at Zakho Academy, An experimental design was employed with a sample of twenty players randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 10), which received an instructional program using AR glasses, and a control group (n = 10), which followed the traditional training method, The AR-based program consisted of eighteen instructional units over six weeks, focusing on inside-foot passing, inside-foot dribbling, inside-foot shooting, and ball control with the instep, A validated performance evaluation checklist was used to assess technical skill acquisition, and data were analyzed using SPSS through arithmetic mean, standard deviation, Pearson’s correlation, Mann–Whitney, and Wilcoxon tests, The results indicated statistically significant improvements between pre- and post-tests in both groups, with greater gains observed in the experimental group. These findings demonstrate that using AR glasses is effective in enhancing the technical performance of fundamental football skills, and the study recommends integrating augmented reality technologies into instructional programs for youth players

The aim of the research is to identify the level of wise leadership among football coaches in Maysan Province, to measure the level of time management and the extent of their commitment to using time-organizing skills during the training process, as well as to determine the correlation between wise leadership and time management among football coaches in Maysan Province , The researcher employed the descriptive method using the correlational approach, as it is the most appropriate for addressing the research problem. The research population consisted of football clubs in Maysan Province, from which (20) coaches were deliberately selected and distributed across the clubs, As for the research sample, it was randomly selected by lottery and consisted of (12) coaches representing the first-division football clubs in Maysan Province. The study results revealed that football coaches possess a high level of wise leadership, which reflects their awareness of the importance of wise leadership in organizing the team and directing it toward achieving sporting goals. Furthermore, the results of the statistical analysis indicated a strong correlation between wise leadership and time management, This indicates that wise leadership is reflected in time management and the organization of training schedules. Based on this, the researcher recommends the necessity of adopting standardized tests to measure wise leadership among sports club coaches, as well as integrating training programs in wise leadership and time management into the curricula for coach preparation within football associations. Moreover, it is recommended to train coaches on the use of practical tools for time management. The researcher also emphasizes the importance of encouraging coaches to practice smart delegation (assistants, fitness coaches, performance analysts) in order to reduce non-essential burdens and allow them to focus their time on technical work. Additionally, it is advised that clubs and associations reduce unnecessary administrative pressures on coaches and provide a work environment that enables them to manage their time efficiently. Finally, the researcher highlights the need for future studies on the impact of wise leadership on time investment in different contexts such as professional clubs, youth categories, and national teams.

This study investigated the placebo effect on physical and motor performance tests in young fencers across different age groups. Using an experimental pretest-posttest design with two groups (total N=12, 6 per group), the research compared outcomes between younger fencers (mean age 13.66 years) and older fencers (mean age 15.66 years). Results revealed significant performance improvements following placebo administration in the younger, less experienced group across multiple tests including speed endurance, lunge accuracy, and balance measures. In contrast, the older, more experienced group showed no statistically significant placebo effects. These findings suggest that placebo responsiveness in fencing performance may decrease with athlete age and training experience. The study recommends strategic incorporation of placebo techniques in youth fencing training to enhance psychological readiness and performance, while cautioning against overuse to maintain effect potency. Placebo interventions appear most effective when selectively employed before major competitions rather than as routine training tools. These results contribute to understanding age-related differences in psychological performance enhancement within combat sports.

The aim of this research was to identify the common leadership behavior patterns among department heads in the faculties and departments of physical education and sports sciences at universities in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, and to examine the significance of differences in these patterns according to demographic factors: gender, age, and academic qualifications.
The research relied on a descriptive comparative approach. The research population consisted of (394) male and female faculty members, and the sample consisted of (180) male and female faculty members who were selected using a stratified random sampling method. The scale of leadership behavior patterns, based on path-goal theory, was applied to them. The scale, prepared by the researchers, consisted of (40) items distributed equally across four leadership styles: participatory, directive, supportive, and achievement-oriented. Its validity and reliability were verified. The data were statistically processed using the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for two independent samples, one-way analysis of variance, and the least significant difference (LSD) test.
The results showed that the most common leadership style among department heads was supportive, followed by directive, achievement-oriented, and finally participatory. The study revealed that there were statistically significant differences in the sample members’ views on the four leadership styles of department heads attributed to the gender variable, in favor of females, and in three leadership styles (participant, supportive, achievement-oriented) attributed to age, in favor of the younger ones. The study revealed significant differences in one style, the participatory style, according to the educational qualification variable, in favor of master’s degree holders. The researcher concluded that most of the heads of departments in the faculties and departments of physical education and sports sciences at the universities of the Kurdistan Region of Iraq tend to adopt the supportive style among the leadership behavior styles in their leadership. In light of the results, a set of recommendations and proposals were presented.

Jump-rope exercises are a good form of physical exercise that can provide numerous benefits for cardiovascular health and improve agility and coordination. Furthermore, this exercise is a recreational activity that offers complete excitement. The study aimed to:
1. Identify the effect of using jump-rope exercises on developing certain motor characteristics.
2. Identify the differences between the pre- and post-test results of some motor characteristics among the research sample.
The research hypothesis was:
1. The use of jump-rope exercises has a positive effect on developing some motor characteristics.
2. There are significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of some motor characteristics among the research sample, in favor of the post-tests.
The researcher used the experimental method on a sample of (5) undergraduate students who do not participate in any sports activities.
The researcher conducted the pre-tests on Thursday, February 3, 2024. The jump-rope exercises presented by Muhammad Nasr al-Din Radwan were applied for a period of (6) weeks, three (3) times per week. After completing the scheduled period for the main experiment on Thursday, March 24, 2024, and after processing the data on a computer using the statistical program (Spssvor 10), a set of conclusions was reached, the most important of which are:
1. The results of the research sample showed that the post-tests of motor attributes progressed after the pre-tests.
2. The balance attribute achieved the highest improvement rate, reaching (15.384), while the agility attribute achieved the lowest improvement rate, reaching (12.790).
The most important recommendations are:
1. The need for those involved in the training process to focus on using jump-rope exercises to improve motor attributes.
2. The need to conduct further studies that address the body's functional systems and physical attributes.

This study aimed to analyze the impact of organizational factors on employee work engagement in the General Departments of Sports and Youth, with a particular focus on the mediating role of psychological empowerment. The statistical population consisted of all employees in the General Departments of Sports and Youth in Kerman Province (50 employees) and Yazd Province (45 employees). Given the small population size, a census method was adopted to include all members in the statistical sample (N=95), from which 76 valid questionnaires were retrieved for analysis, comprising 40 from Kerman and 36 from Yazd. For data collection, three main instruments were employed: Shaskin and Morris’s (1984) Organizational Factors Questionnaire, Spreitzer’s (1995) Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire, and Kanungo’s (1982) Work Engagement Questionnaire. For the analytical part, Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied. The findings revealed that psychological empowerment exerts a positive and statistically significant effect on work engagement, with a path coefficient of (β = 0.49, t = 2). Moreover, both organic and mechanistic structures significantly influenced psychological empowerment, with coefficients of (β = 0.34) and (β = 0.30), respectively. Additionally, psychological empowerment played a mediating role in the relationship between organic structure and work engagement (β = 0.15), as well as between mechanistic structure and work engagement (β = 0.17). These findings emphasize the critical importance of considering psychological empowerment and organizational factors as fundamental elements in enhancing employee work engagement within the workplace.

This study aims to analyze the role of television talk shows in highlighting the issues of female athletes with special needs. The content analysis method was used to examine a set of talk shows broadcast on Iraqi channels From January 1, 2024 to January 1, 2025 the study found that talk shows focus individually on women's issues without sufficient attention to collective women's sports. The results also showed that these programs address the issues of female athletes with special needs on specific occasions without continuous and periodic coverage.

The research aimed to identify the effect of using the Eisenkraft Inquiry Model on cognitive achievement in basketball for first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zakho, and the effect of using the Eisenkraft Inquiry Model on acquiring basic basketball skills among first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zakho. The researcher used the experimental method with an equivalent two-group design. The research population consisted of first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zakho for the academic year 2024/2025, numbering (50) male and female students. To achieve the research objectives and collect data and select a sample that represents the community, the researcher adopted the purposive sampling method, and accordingly, the sample was selected, consisting of (30) male students in their first academic year in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zakho. The researcher concluded that the use of the Eisenkraft Inquiry Model in the basketball course for first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Zakho for the academic year 2024-2025 led to positive results in raising the level of achievement in the experimental group and that the Eisenkraft model was more effective in achieving the targeted educational objectives. The researcher recommends the importance of using modern methods in teaching physical education, including the Eisenkraft Inquiry Model, due to its positive and effective impact on acquiring basic offensive basketball skills

The study aimed to identify the effect of using an assisting device in learning the technical performance of some basic volleyball skills among fifth-grade secondary school male students at New Zakho Mixed Secondary School. The researchers adopted the experimental approach due to its suitability for the nature of the problem. They used the experimental design with strict control, known as the equivalent randomized groups design with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of fifth-grade secondary school students. The sample was randomly divided by lottery into two groups: Class (A) as the experimental group and Class (B) as the control group. After excluding some students due to their lack of commitment to the scheduled educational sessions, the final sample consisted of 20 students, with 10 in each group. The researchers prepared an evaluation form for the apparent construction of the selected skills' movements, in addition to developing educational units based on the instructional device. Equivalence between the two groups was established. The program lasted for six weeks, with two educational units per week. After the experiment ended, data were collected and statistically analyzed. The researchers concluded that the use of the assisting device and the adopted method had a clear effectiveness in enhancing the students’ abilities in learning the technical performance of some basic volleyball skills. The experimental group, which used the assisting device, outperformed the control group, which applied the conventional method, in the technical performance of certain basic volleyball skills.

The research aims to develop a superset training curriculum using weights and to identify the effect of the superset training curriculum using weights on hormonal responses in bodybuilders. The research population consists of 40 bodybuilders in gyms in Halabja Governorate, all of whom have similar characteristics in terms of age and training experience. The sample was selected using the deliberate selection method, and the number of players reached 20, representing 50% of the original population. They were divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, with each group comprising 10 players. The researcher then conducted the main experiment, beginning with pre-tests of the study variables on the control and experimental groups. The experimental group then implemented the training curriculum for eight weeks, with three training units per week. After completing the eight-week training curriculum, the researcher conducted post-tests on the control and experimental groups and compared the results using the SPSS statistical software. Among the most important conclusions: The use of superset resistance training for 8 weeks contributed to increased muscle mass in the experimental group compared to the control group, which may indicate the effectiveness of this training method in enhancing muscle mass.No significant change was observed in growth hormone or testosterone levels in the experimental group, despite the improvement in muscle size. This may indicate that muscle changes may be due to environmental or neuromuscular factors rather than hormonal factors.The most important recommendations are: Adopting the superset exercise method in training programs for developing muscle mass and hormonal responses, due to its potential effectiveness in improving muscle appearance and strength, and conducting subsequent studies using longer durations and diverse training programs to more accurately monitor hormonal effects.

The research aimed to design CrossFit training programs for female fitness trainees in gyms aged (20–25) years and to identify the effect of CrossFit training on their body composition. The researchers hypothesized that there are statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results in body composition components among the experimental group trainees. The experimental research method was adopted, using a single-group design, on a sample of (10) female trainees who were deliberately selected, representing 20% of their original population, namely women aged (20–25) years attending the “Carbon Gym” fitness center in Misan city. After preparing the research tests, the CrossFit training program was applied for (10) consecutive weeks, with (3) training sessions per week. Upon completion of the experiment, the results were processed using the SPSS system. The findings indicated that training in the CrossFit style helps improve body composition by balancing the three components (muscle mass percentage, fat mass percentage, and fluid percentage) in women training according to the body’s health requirements—by increasing the desirable ratios, reducing the undesirable ones, and maintaining fluid levels according to healthy standards. The researchers recommended avoiding reliance on unscientific programs, methods, and random practices in some fitness centers that adopt popular trends from unofficial media. It is also necessary, when training women, not to confine them to the prevailing fashion standards promoted on social media and in beauty and fitness fields, as these may impose dietary problems that could harm trainees’ health and safety. Furthermore, the presence of a nutritionist, a clinical physician, and a physiology specialist in health-oriented fitness centers is essential if such centers aim to achieve optimal health conditions.

This study aims to explore the relationship between violence against women and psychological stress coping strategies among female physical education teachers, comparing those who engage in physical activity with those who do not. The significance of the study lies in highlighting the role of physical activity in reducing psychological stress and improving mental health among female teachers, as well as examining the impact of the professional environment and institutional support in limiting their exposure to violence. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology and analyzes findings from various previous studies that addressed violence against women and psychological stress in different contexts. The results indicate that teachers who engage in regular physical activity are less susceptible to psychological stress compared to their inactive peers. Furthermore, the presence of a supportive environment and the use of positive coping strategies significantly contribute to better mental health. The study recommends promoting physical activity, providing psychological support programs, and developing a safe and supportive work environment for female teachers.

The study aimed to develop an educational curriculum based on Hilda’s model for teaching selected offensive skills in fencing to students, as well as to identify the significance of the differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests for performing these skills ,The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between the two groups in favor of the experimental group in learning certain offensive skills in fencing, The experimental method was employed using the design of two equivalent groups with pre- and post-tests, as it was suitable for the nature of the research problem, The research population was intentionally selected from third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Masan for the academic year 2024–2025, totaling 38 students in the theoretical division, The sample was randomly divided into two equal groups, with 19 students in each; the experimental group was subjected to the educational curriculum based on Hilda’s model, while the control group received the traditional educational units , The sample represented 100% of the research population , The study concluded that the application of the stages of Hilda’s model significantly contributed to improving students’ practical performance in the skills of direct straight attack and attack with a change of direction , In light of the findings, the researcher recommended adopting Hilda’s model or similar educational models when designing curricula for teaching sports skills, particularly in individual sports such as fencing.

This study aims to examine the relationship between intellectual capital and talent management, and their role in achieving outstanding performance in the student activities departments of public universities in Baghdad. The significance of this research stems from the fact that student activities have become one of the fundamental pillars of the university educational process, as they contribute to shaping students’ personalities, enhancing their leadership and creative skills, and building a positive image of the university.

The importance of the research lies in achieving distinguished sporting achievements, a goal sought by all countries and individuals, as these achievements have become evidence of the advancement and progress of peoples due to their advanced social and cultural impact. This requires comprehensive preparation that takes into account many aspects that contribute to the teams or players reaching a high level. The problem of the research emerged for the researchers in studying the differences in the aspects of muscle strength of the arms between discus throwers and javelin throwers in the city of Mosul, and identifying the effect of the studied aspects of muscle strength of the arms in achieving the discus and javelin throw activities for advanced throwers in the city of Mosul. The current research aims to identify the statistical differences between discus throwers and javelin throwers in the city of Mosul in the aspects of muscle strength of the arms (maximum strength of the arm muscles, speed-characterized strength of the arms, endurance of strength of the arms, explosive strength of the arms). The researchers assumed the existence of statistically significant differences between discus throwers and javelin throwers in the city of Mosul in the aspects of muscle strength of the arms. (maximum arm muscle strength, arm speed-specific strength, arm endurance, and arm explosive strength). The researchers used the descriptive approach, both correlational and comparative, due to their suitability to the nature of the current research.

The research included the introduction and the importance of the research: The importance of this research is highlighted in developing a proposed rehabilitation method to rehabilitate the muscles working on the shoulder joint and its impact on the range of motion of the joint for volleyball players. The research problem is evident in the need to develop a proposed rehabilitation method to rehabilitate the muscles working on the shoulder joint and its impact on the range of motion of the joint and its working muscles for volleyball players. This method should be standardized and integrated and adopt the scientific and practical experimental method. It works to treat and rehabilitate tears of the muscles working on the shoulder joint. The research aims to prepare a proposed and standardized rehabilitation method for injuries to the muscles working on the shoulder joint and its impact on the range of motion of the joint. As for the research hypotheses, the researcher assumed that the rehabilitation method has a positive impact in treating the selected injury under study. As for the research areas, the human field is players injured by injuries to the muscles working on the shoulder joint (the supraspinatus muscle, the gluteus maximus, and the rotator cuff). The time frame for the period from 1/3/2024 to 1/10/2024. The spatial frame is Basra Center for Medical Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy, Golds Gym Center, and Al-Madinah Center for Rehabilitation and Physiotherapy. The third chapter included the research methodology, field procedures, and research method, as the researcher used the experimental method. The research community is Basra volleyball clubs, and its sample is players with torn working muscles of the shoulder joint. The researcher also deliberately selected the sample. The tests used in the research were the range of motion test, extension, flexion, adduction, and rotation of the shoulder joint, and included pre- and post-tests. The fourth chapter included a presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results. The fifth chapter included conclusions and recommendations, as the results showed the positive impact of the method used to rehabilitate the injury under study for volleyball players. The researcher recommends emphasizing the selection of rehabilitation exercises in rehabilitation curricula for sports injuries in a manner consistent with the level of injury.

Constructivist theory describes Landa’s model as one of the approaches to learning and performance, as it deals with the understanding of methods and performance (procedural processes) and the organization of mental activities through conscious awareness by transforming knowledge into skills and abilities. It helps the learner acquire information or lesson content and translate it into solving scientific problems. Landa suggests that in order for the learner to optimally perform mental activities, knowledge must be broken down—this is achieved by transforming complex and compound knowledge into organized and logical basic steps. The multiball technique is considered one of the modern methods used in motor learning, as it relies on the use of more than one ball at the same time. It is applied as an effective educational method to enhance response speed and motor accuracy by exposing the learner to multiple and successive stimuli. Attentional control represents the ability to direct and focus attention on relevant stimuli and avoid distractions, which contributes to improving the quality of motor performance and maintaining efficiency under pressure.
This review aimed to explore the effectiveness and impact of Landa’s model and the multiball technique on attentional control, and to highlight the importance of this research in addressing the urgent need to develop traditional teaching methods that no longer meet learners’ needs in light of the contemporary technological revolution. This is particularly significant in team sports, which require rapid interaction and complex skills. Studies published in recent years were reviewed through databases such as Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, and PubMed.The researcher concluded that, despite the diversity of applied techniques, no direct scientific studies have been found linking the multiball technique specifically with Landa’s model and attentional control. Furthermore, no studies were identified concerning the use of the multiball technique in early learning stages. Integrating the cognitive methodology of Landa’s model with a technology-rich educational environment and reducing distraction during motor performance may therefore render the proposed study an effective approach for developing educational curricula in teaching skills within team sports.

This review aimed to identify the quality of match management among referees and to highlight the importance of referee management in relation to the games assigned to them within their specialization. The researcher seeks to establish the preliminary steps for her future study through a scientific investigation that generally addresses sports activities.
The current study aims to analyze the reality of these games and how referees manage them, in order to identify the obstacles they face and to enhance the level of management quality of such games in service of the public interest. Studies published in recent years, from 2003 onward, were reviewed from databases such as Google Scholar, IEEE Xplore, and ScienceDirect, with a focus on peer-reviewed research that addressed the independent variable (referees’ management quality).
The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that the subject of management quality is a purely administrative and significant matter that permeates all aspects of life due to its vital role in developing or improving any work. It is a positive concept in public life, reflecting the quality of work in an ideal manner. Linking this administrative concept to referees of a game that appeals to children, adults, professional athletes, amateurs, and veterans’ championships—which include all segments of society—demands further investigation to cover all relevant aspects.
Additionally, this literature review enabled the researcher to learn how to formulate objectives and hypotheses, define the research population and sample, establish the research plan and select an appropriate methodology, determine variables and tests, analyze results statistically, discuss findings with scientific accuracy, and finally develop proposals and recommendations. The researcher recommends conducting field studies to explore the reality of this game, assess its management practices, and identify its strengths and weaknesses.

This research aims to study the effect of training using virtual reality and augmented reality devices on hormone levels in junior tennis players.
Research Methodology:
An experimental methodology was used, with participants divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group used virtual reality and augmented reality devices in their training, while the control group used traditional training methods.
Results:
The results demonstrated the impact of the training program. The results showed that the training program had a positive impact on the players' hormone levels and skill abilities.
Conclusions:
The training program using virtual reality devices had a positive impact on the hormone levels and skill abilities of junior tennis players.
Recommendations:
It is recommended to use virtual reality devices in sports training to improve players' hormone levels and skill abilities

The aim of this study was to examine neuromuscular coordination and its relationship to the accuracy of ball handling and shooting skills in football, as well as to investigate motor response and its relationship to the accuracy of these two skills. The researcher employed the descriptive correlational method due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem and its objectives. The sample was selected using an age-based method from players of Diyala Sports Club participating in the 2024/2025 season of the Iraqi Stars League, after obtaining official approvals for conducting the tests The study sample consisted of 14 players out of 26, representing 53.84% of the original population.
The researcher concluded that motor response speed is a fundamental and decisive ability in performing physical, technical, and tactical skills among football players, both in defense and attack. There is a significant correlation between motor response and the skills of ball handling and shooting, as the effective performance of these skills largely depends on the players’ neuromuscular response speed. Furthermore, training experience and the diversity of motor stimuli (in different directions and with varied repetitions) enhance the understanding of the required motor tasks and contribute to making rapid and precise decisions during play, thereby improving skill performance.
Based on these findings, the researcher recommends incorporating exercises to develop motor response speed into the regular training curriculum for football players, emphasizing multidirectional drills and diversity in motor tasks. Additionally, designing training programs that include neuromuscular coordination exercises with the ball is advised to enhance coordination between the eyes and hands, and between the eyes and feet, thereby increasing skill accuracy. Training should also focus on building confidence in performance and improving decision-making speed through simulation of real match situations during practice sessions.

The study aims to investigate the effectiveness of combined exercises using resistance bands in developing certain aspects of muscular strength and their impact on the performance level of jump shooting in basketball. The researchers employed the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research population was deliberately selected from the Halabja Sports Club basketball team for the 2024–2025 season, consisting of 16 players. A sample of 12 players, representing 75% of the population, was chosen randomly through a lottery system and divided equally into an experimental group and a control group, with six players in each group. Measurements were taken for specific aspects of muscular strength (explosive power of the leg and arm muscles, and speed-strength of the leg and arm muscles) before and after implementing the training program, in addition to assessing the accuracy and efficiency of jump shooting.
The results indicated statistically significant differences in favor of the post-tests, suggesting that the use of combined exercises with resistance bands effectively improved the targeted muscular strength, which in turn positively influenced the skill performance of jump shooting in basketball. The study concludes that incorporating combined exercises using resistance bands into training programs is an effective approach to enhancing the physical and skill levels of basketball players.

The research aims to prepare a training program in the HIIT method that is carried out in terms of the test (speed endurance) and the method of high-intensity interval training. Iraq aged (16-18) years, and the sample was selected deliberately, and the researcher used a set of high-intensity HITT exercises in terms of speed endurance test, and the implementation of the training curriculum took (12) weeks, and the statistical data (SPSS) were processed.
The researcher reached a set of conclusions and recommendations:
The results of the study have proven: High-intensity HITT training in terms of speed endurance test stimulates the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which plays an important role in communication between nerves and muscles, which speeds up the muscles' response to neural commands and improves athletic and motor performance in activities that require speed and endurance. It also enhances the role of the amino acids under study, and contributes to improved achievement.
The researcher recommended several recommendations, including: incorporating training modules in the HITT method specific to the speed endurance test within the 200m sprinter preparation

The importance of the research lies in its practical application by identifying the role of creative leadership among physical education teachers and the extent of their contribution to performance efficiency. Therefore, the researcher decided to study the personal reality of teachers within the school through the role of creative leadership in performance and interaction efficiency. The aim of the study is to identify the role of creative leadership in the performance and interaction efficiency of physical education teachers in Baghdad Governorate. The researcher used the descriptive approach because it is appropriate to the nature of the problem. She chose the research community represented by the Karkh Education Directorates (First) for the academic year (2024-2025). Boys' schools in the directorate were identified for the purpose of conducting the study and formulating recommendations.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the SCAMPER strategy on the technical performance of selected offensive skills in football among first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Education, University of Zakho. The researchers adopted the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the problem, using a true experimental design known as the randomized equivalent groups design with pre- and post-tests.
The research population consisted of first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Education, University of Zakho. The sample was randomly divided into two groups: Group B was assigned as the experimental group, and Group A as the control group. After excluding a number of students, the final sample consisted of 26 students, with 13 students in each group.
The researchers prepared an evaluation form to assess the face validity of the selected skills’ movements and designed instructional units based on the SCAMPER strategy. Homogeneity and equivalence were established between the two groups. The instructional program was implemented over six weeks, with two sessions per week. After the completion of the experimental period, data were collected and statistically analyzed using SPSS software. The following statistical tools were employed: mean, standard deviation, percentage, coefficient of variation, Mann–Whitney test, and Wilcoxon test.
The researchers concluded that the SCAMPER strategy and the instructional method applied had a clear and significant impact on improving the students’ technical performance of offensive football skills. The experimental group that followed the SCAMPER strategy outperformed the control group, which followed the traditional method, in the technical performance of offensive football skills. The effect size of the SCAMPER strategy was moderate for the skills of (dribbling with the inside of the foot, dribbling with the outside of the foot, and passing with the inside of the foot), and large for the skills of (shooting with the inside of the foot and chest control).

This study was conducted to evaluate the influences of heat stress (HS) during summer competition on core temperature, blood pressure, respiratory rate and sweat rate of wrestlers in hot versus thermoneutral environments. Physiological measurements were taken during 3-minute standardized bouts in each condition 24 male wrestlers. Core temperature (mean, 1.6 degrees C higher), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and total sweat loss increased significantly more in the hot condition compared with room temperature. These results suggest that heat stress is a significant cardiovascular and thermoregulatory stress that could impair performance and increase heat-illness risk. The high respiratory rate and sweat loss show that the body wants to get rid of heat, but at the same time indicate further increase of the physiological strain. These results emphasize the importance of heat acclimatization programmers and fluid provision to reduce performance problems in the heat. In general, the present investigation depicts valuable information on the Physiological Responses of wrestling under thermal strain, which can be used as the basis for the better athlete safety and performance management.

The significance of this study stems from its focus on identifying the phenomenon of overweight and obesity, along with the associated health, social, and psychological burdens imposed on individuals. Moreover, it highlights the critical role of adherence to regular physical activity and healthy dietary habits in preventing and treating obesity.
Research Objectives
1-To design a scientifically structured training and nutritional program aimed at regulating body weight and addressing obesity.
2-To examine the impact of the proposed training and nutritional program on the percentage of body fat (obesity rate).
Methodology
The researchers employed the experimental approach using a one-group pre-test and post-test design. The study sample consisted of ten (10) trainees. The designed training and nutritional programs were initially applied to a pilot sample to ensure the validity and feasibility of the procedures, and subsequently implemented on the main research sample. Following the intervention, the researchers analyzed and discussed the obtained data, which led to several key findings.
Findings
The training and nutritional programs demonstrated a statistically significant effect in reducing body fat percentage (obesity level) among the participants in the research sample.
Recommendations
1-The researchers recommend that professionals working in the field of obesity management adopt the proposed training and nutritional program due to its proven effectiveness.
2-It is essential to enhance public awareness regarding health and nutrition among both obese and non-obese individuals as a preventive measure against obesity.
3-Authorities and health organizations should organize continuous awareness campaigns, seminars, and educational initiatives through social media platforms to emphasize the dangers of obesity and the importance of regular physical activity in its prevention
4- Relevant institutions are encouraged to establish public sports facilities that provide accessible spaces for individuals to practice physical activities, thereby reducing the risk of various diseases and improving mental well-being
5. Researchers in the fields of sports training science and exercise physiology are urged to give further attention to the issue of obesity by conducting more empirical studies to identify the physiological and behavioral factors associated with it, whether positively or negatively.

The Beyer model is recognized for achieving good results in scientific research. Given our focus on developing psycho-physical compatibility, this model can be effectively employed within educational units. It is an educational model based on a set of principles and behaviors, including mastery, immediate feedback, and reliance on the learner\'s self-effort. The research problem crystallized around investigating the effect of musical rhythm according to the steps of the Beyer model on learning some floor exercises in artistic gymnastics for preparatory school female students during the 2023-2024 academic year. The research sample comprised 20 students, divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group followed the curriculum of the physical education school, while the experimental group adhered to the researcher\'s curriculum.

Current study aims to create scale to measure Iraqi’s attitudes towards fitness and physical exercise that available on social media platform. Survey research design was employed to collect data from 155 persons from local environment which constituted study sample, the sample was chosen by convenience sample technic. The psychometric characters was examine by statistical means to ensure scale’s items reach top-notch quality. The scale after statistical analysis was consist of 16 items. Study recommended use this scale to measure Iraqis’ attitudes toward fitness and work exercise which display on social media. Further the to use the iraqis’ attitudes relationship with another variables.