Wasit Journal Of Sports Sciences

The study aimed to identify the difficulties that hinder professors at the University of Technology - College of Architecture from practicing sports activities. The sample consisted of (71) faculty members from the University of Technology - Department of Architecture, who were deliberately selected. The researcher used the descriptive survey method due to its suitability to the research problem. The research procedures included reviewing Arab and foreign sources and conducting interviews with experts and specialists to determine the research axes and prepare a questionnaire consisting of four areas (the field of sports capabilities, the health and physical field, the psychological field, and the social field). Validity and reliability coefficients were extracted, followed by the exploratory and main experiment, and data were transcribed and processed using the SPSS program to obtain, display, and discuss the results. The most important results of the study were the existence of difficulties that hinder the sample from practicing sports activities. Difficulties related to the social aspect were the highest, followed by difficulties related to the health and physical aspect, followed by the difficulty of capabilities, and the lowest were difficulties related to the psychological aspect. The study concluded that there is a relationship The difficulties encountered in practicing sports activities among the sample were attributed to gender, favoring females, academic qualifications, favoring PhDs, and age, favoring the age group (45 and older). The study recommended the following:Providing sufficient and appropriate sports equipment and tools, paying attention to safety and security factors; highlighting the importance of sports activities; developing programs, courses, and workshops; or printing and distributing guidebooks to colleges to explain the importance and benefits of practicing sports for faculty members, as well as how to perform them in a manner consistent with their health and free time; and focusing on improving faculty members' physical fitness levels. Reconsidering the planning and organization of academic schedules for faculty members and arranging work responsibilities, taking into account allocating time for practicing sports.

The use of modern educational technologies, including educational tools, equipment, and tools, takes into account the learning environment and how to organize it to serve the educational situation and address educational and teaching problems in a systematic manner, proceeding with organized and integrated steps, to contribute to creating scientific additions for learners, keeping pace with the development taking place in all fields, and achieving specific positive behavioral and educational goals. The researcher believes that educational design is a technique for developing education with its experiences and environments, and works to integrate known and proven learning strategies into educational experiences that make the pursuit of knowledge and skill more effective, reliable and sufficient. It is also a technique for creating learning experiences and environments that will improve educational activities, and make them more influential and interesting. What the researcher seeks through educational design according to Daniel's model for engineering and organizing the learning environment and bridging the relationship between theoretical principles and their applications in the educational situation to develop teaching by describing the procedures related to choosing the educational material. This may be related to teachers not using this coordination ability or perhaps these abilities and the existence of weakness in the students' coordination abilities, which the researcher believes have an important role in learning to score in handball, as it has an important impact in reducing time and effort to focus on the educational process.

The defensive side in football is responsible for blocking balls, monitoring, covering, pressing, and keeping dangerous balls away from the defending team's goal, by applying several duties or methods on the field, which the players of the defending team are assigned to implement, each according to his position and the duty assigned to him, in order to remove the danger of attacks from the opposing team. One of the most goal-scoring areas is the penalty area, in which the attackers move in order to reach the ball quickly and perform the scoring process, whether with the foot or the head, in static situations, or in different playing situations from the side or from deep, whether by handling or dribbling, despite the presence of defensive players who outnumber them within this important area for the defending team, whichThe researcher decided to prepare defensive exercises and know their impact on developing the skills of controlling and cutting inside the penalty area for young football players. The researcher used the experimental method by designing two equal groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-measurements that are compatible with the nature of the research problem and achieving the desired goals. The research sample was chosen in a simple random way and by lottery, and they were the youth of the Martyr Football Sports Club, numbering (25) players. They were randomly divided into two groups: experimental (10) players and control (10). The sample was distributed by dividing the players into groups and according to playing positions, and the selection was made randomly by drawing lots. The researcher recommended paying attention to defensive training in developing the defensive side inside the penalty area.

The importance of studying the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on the physical and physiological abilities of football players is highlighted, as it can provide a scientific basis for developing modern training programs and improving individual and team performance. The research aimed to identify the effect of HIIT exercises on some physical and physiological abilities of young football players. The researcher adopted the experimental method as the most suitable for the nature of the study, using a single experimental group design with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of young players from clubs in Al-Hay district participating in the governorate league for the 2024-2025 season. The research sample was selected using simple random sampling and consisted of players from Al-Hay club. The researcher concluded the following: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) contributed positively to the development of most physical abilities in football players, especially explosive power, speed-strength, and strength endurance, after a period of eight weeks of application. The use of HIIT training led to an improvement in some important physiological variables, particularly VO₂max and power. Anaerobic activity, while heart rate did not show any significant differences between the pre- and post-tests.

The problem can be summarized in two questions: Does the Clowes-Meyer strategy contribute to changing the level of metacognitive thinking and certain shooting styles in handball? Does the research support the comprehensive vision of development in physical education through the use of strategies that play a role in that vision? The research also aims to: prepare educational units using the Klausmeier strategy for metacognitive thinking and some types of handball shooting. Also, identify the effect of using the Klausmeier strategy on metacognitive thinking and some types of handball shooting. To achieve the objectives, the researchers chose an experimental approach with pre-test and post-test, and two experimental and control groups. They also selected a sample of (50) students. The sample was divided into a exploratory, a main experimental, and a control group. They then identified the research variables: metacognitive thinking. Some types of correction were then carried out, followed by the implementation of educational units using the Clowes-Meyer strategy. After identifying appropriate statistical methods, the results were extracted, leading to several conclusions and recommendations. Diversity in the use of teaching strategies is an important factor that those responsible for the learning process cannot do without. The teacher's strategy has positive effects in achieving learning differences, but it is less effective than the Close-Meyer strategy. It is necessary to use the Close-Meyer strategy in metacognitive thinking as well as in learning handball skills. It is necessary to activate diverse educational units that provide excitement, suspense, and a spirit of challenge.

The main research problem lies in the decline in the performance level of young 400m runners. Therefore, the researchers decided to develop special exercises to improve the sense of time and space in order to develop some physical abilities, namely speed endurance and performance in the 400m event for the youth category. The research questions are: What is the effect of special exercises based on the sense of distance and time on the speed endurance and performance of young 400m runners? The research aims to develop special exercises based on the sense of distance and time for speed endurance and performance for young 400m runners, and to identify the effect of special exercises based on the sense of distance and time on the speed endurance and performance of young 400m runners. The researchers hypothesized that using special exercises based on the sense of distance and time will positively affect the speed endurance and performance of young 400m runners. The importance and justification for the research lies in the fact that it addresses a vital aspect that has not been studied sufficiently in the Iraqi sports environment, which is the sense of distance and time and its effect on performance. Especially among elite athletes in the (400m) youth category. The research sample consisted of (12) competitors from Baghdad Governorate clubs participating in the Iraqi Championship for the (400m) youth category. The time frame was from 1/3/2025 to 1/5/2025, and the spatial area was the Ministry of Youth and Sports stadium in Baghdad. The researchers used the experimental method with the design of two experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests, as it is the most suitable to address the research problem and verify its hypotheses. The researchers concluded that there is an effect of the special exercises used by the researchers on the experimental group according to the sense of distance and time in developing speed endurance and performance for the 400m youth event. The researchers recommended using special exercises to develop the sense of distance and time in training short sprints because of its effective role in performance

Visual-motor perception is a fundamental ability that contributes to the development of motor and cognitive performance in football players, as it is the primary link between receiving visual stimuli and the appropriate motor response in fast-paced game situations. Given the importance of this aspect in improving response speed and decision-making accuracy, this research aimed to demonstrate the effect of visual-motor perception exercises on these two variables among football players from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Baghdad. The study employed an experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) and used pre- and post-tests. The results showed statistically significant differences favoring the experimental group in response speed and decision-making accuracy, confirming the effectiveness of perceptual exercises in developing neuro-motor performance. The discussion also indicated that integrating these exercises into training programs contributes to accelerating visual processing and increasing the accuracy of interaction with field situations. The research concluded that combining physical and perceptual training achieves better results than relying solely on traditional training, and it recommends including visual-motor perception exercises in university curricula to develop players' skill levels.

The research aimed to identify the level of reliance of sports and scouting activity departments on learning dynamics in their organizational environments, as well as to identify the level of possession of sports and scouting activity departments of the characteristics of the organizational innovation climate, as well as to identify the role that learning dynamics may play in driving the organizational innovation climate within sports and scouting activity departments. The researcher used a descriptive approach, using surveys and correlation methods. The researcher defined the research community as technical supervisors working in the sports and scouting activity departments affiliated with the education directorates in Baghdad Governorate, numbering (190) technical supervisors belonging to (6) departments. The researcher chose all technical supervisors to represent the primary research sample, which the researcher divided into three sub-samples: the exploratory study sample with a number of individuals reaching (10) supervisors, the statistical analysis sample with a number of individuals reaching (108) supervisors, and the final application sample with a number of individuals reaching (72) supervisors. With the aim of Collecting the required data for the research. The researcher prepared research tools. The first tool is the learning dynamics scale in the sports and scouting activity departments, with a number of paragraphs amounting to (15) paragraphs. The second tool is the organizational innovation climate scale with a number of paragraphs amounting to (15) paragraphs, and to answer the paragraphs of the two tools, the researcher put five-weight answer alternatives, which are (strongly agree, agree, somewhat agree, disagree, strongly disagree), and after completing the application of the tools and extracting the required results and processing them statistically, the researcher reached a set of conclusions, which are: The sports and scouting activity departments rely on learning dynamics in their organizational environments at a low level from the point of view of their technical supervisors. The environments of the sports and scouting activity departments have an average level of organizational innovation climate characteristics from the point of view of their technical supervisors. The possession of the sports and scouting activity departments to learn dynamics in their environments plays an influential role in driving their organizational innovation climate.

The importance of this research lies in highlighting the pressing need to develop endurance and performance of complex offensive skills among young basketball players through the use of a training method such as Sakiyo, This method has proven effective in improving players' performance under physical and technical pressure, contributing to achieving better results in matches, The research aims to prepare Sakiyo-style training to develop endurance and performance of some complex offensive skills for young basketball players and to identify the effect of Sakiyo training on endurance and performance of some complex offensive skills for young basketball players, The research population included players from clubs in Wasit Governorate that actually participated in the Iraqi Youth Clubs Championship, numbering (55) After conducting pre-tests and applying the training to the experimental sample, post-tests were conducted and the statistical data was processed Several conclusions were reached the Sakiyo method contributed to improving endurance and performance of some complex offensive skills by relying on agility, speed, and motor accuracy, which enhanced the ability to perform offensive skills efficiently under pressure.

This study examined the impact of blended learning, integrating instructional drills and motor imagery, on improving the tennis serve among 13-year-old players at the Diyala Specialized Center. The problem arose from the difficulty of mastering the serve through traditional methods that rely mainly on practice without the aid of modern technologies such as virtual reality. Using an experimental design, twelve players were divided into experimental and control groups (six each). The experimental group followed a blended program combining practical drills with motor imagery, while the control group trained with traditional methods. Findings showed significant post-test differences in favor of the experimental group, indicating greater improvement in serve performance. The study concludes that blended learning is an effective approach for developing serve technique and recommends its adoption in tennis training programs.

The importance of the current research lies in examining the relationship between certain anthropometric measurements and the performance of handball passing and scoring skills among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The current research aims to: Identify the relationship between some anthropometric measurements and the level of handball scoring performance among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. Identify the relationship between some anthropometric measurements and the level of handball passing performance among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a correlational approach due to its suitability to the nature of the current research. The research sample included only (50) students, who were selected using a simple random method to achieve the objectives of the current research. The percentage of the studied research sample amounted to (33.33%) of the total population. The researcher concluded the following: There is a significant correlation between total body height and the performance of both handball scoring and passing skills among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.There is a significant correlation between weight and the performance of both handball scoring and passing skills among students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.

This study aims to identify the relationship between certain physical attributes and skill performance achievement in artistic gymnastics, specifically trunk flexibility and the explosive power of the legs among gymnastics players. The importance of the study stems from the fact that gymnastics is a sport that requires a high level of integration between physical and technical abilities, as successful technical performance depends on the availability of specific physical attributes that contribute to mastering floor exercises and achieving higher performance scores. The researcher adopted a descriptive approach using the survey method. The research sample consisted of first-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Wasit. Standardized scientific tests were used to measure trunk flexibility and the explosive power of the legs. The validity, reliability, and objectivity of these tests were verified, and the data were statistically analyzed using the SPSS software. The results of the study revealed a statistically significant correlation between trunk flexibility and skill performance achievement in gymnastics, confirming the importance of flexibility in performing floor movements that require a wide range of motion and high balance. The findings also showed a stronger statistically significant correlation between the explosive power of the legs and skill performance achievement, as this attribute plays a major role in performing jumps and rapid movements that characterize artistic gymnastics. The researcher concluded that weakness in certain physical attributes, particularly flexibility, negatively affects the students’ technical performance level, and that the explosive power of the legs is one of the most important factors influencing the success of skill performance. The study recommended giving greater attention to physical testing and developing modern educational and training programs to improve the level of skill achievement in artistic gymnastics.

The present stud aims to examine the relationship between motor agility and offensive transition speed during the execution of selected throwing holds among junior Greco-Roman wrestlers. Motor agility is a core capacity that enables athletes to change direction rapidly and accurately while maintaining balance in competitive contexts. The study is motivated by the practical need for wrestlers to shift swiftly and proficiently from defense to offense. A descriptive, correlational design was adopted to investigate the association between agility level and offensive transition speed. The sample comprised juniors aged 15–17 years from Damok Sports Club. Test Agility motor 3×3, and balance, while offensive transition speed was measured during the performance of common throws, including the two-on-one arm throw and the head-and-arm (headlock) throw. The findings revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between motor agility and offensive transition speed: athletes with higher agility demonstrated greater speed and higher accuracy in executing the throws. These results underscore the importance of systematically developing agility within junior training programs, as it enhances technical performance and facilitates confident, balanced execution of complex movements. The study therefore recommends prioritizing agility-focused drills within the physical and technical preparation plans of wrestlers to raise overall performance and achieve better competitive outcomes. In sum, the evidence highlights the pivotal role of agility in advancing offensive performance and improving the efficiency of junior Greco-Roman wrestlers.

The importance of research came in investigating the facts of rubber rope training and its role in developing muscle strength and believing in the scientific development taking place in all sports fields, it became necessary to follow modern scientific methods and approaches. The snatch lift is one of the weightlifting activities and to deliver training information to the coaches of this game about the role of rubber rope training and its important positive results. The aim of the research was to identify the effect of rubber rope training on improving muscle strength and snatch performance for first-year students. The researcher reached the most important conclusions, including the suggested exercises using the auxiliary means (rubber ropes). It has a positive impact on developing the strength endurance level of the first stage of the snatch. There is also a clear improvement in the level of achievement in the snatch when using this type of training among the research sample. The researcher recommended the use of training using elastic ropes to improve muscle strength in weightlifting among students.

The need to improve performance in sprints, particularly the 50-meter freestyle, prompted this study to examine the effectiveness of training using reactive water pressure in developing "speed-specific strength" in swimmers. Speed-specific strength refers to the ability of muscles to produce high force at a clear speed, and is a crucial element in improving start times and during critical periods of the race. The study aimed to develop a training program based on reactive water pressure to develop speed-specific strength, to identify the program's effect on improving speed-specific strength in students, and to identify the effect of reactive water pressure training on achieving the 50-meter freestyle swimming milestone. The study relied on an experimental design, where a group of swimmers in Nineveh Governorate were selected and given a reactive water pressure training program for (4) weeks, with specific weekly sessions. The program included water exercises using variable water resistance tools that interact with body movement, such as reactive resistance, degrees of speed, and short resistance times, with an emphasis on performing at the maximum possible speed, and a balance between training and rest periods to reduce muscle fatigue and ensure recovery.

Applied sciences have contributed to the remarkable development of athletic standards in various games, especially in Olympic and international championships. As a result of this development, countries around the world have begun to plan the training process systematically and meticulously. However, the researchers observed a decrease in explosive power and 3-point shooting. The research aimed to identify the effect of plank exercises on developing explosive power and 3-point shooting skills among basketball players. The research hypothesized that the experimental group had an advantage in developing explosive power and 3-point shooting skills among basketball players. As for the research methodology, the researchers used a two-group design with equivalent experimental and control groups. The research sample included (14 players), who were players from the Maysan Governorate team. As for the conclusions, the plank exercises had a good effect on development. Explosive power and 3-point shooting in basketball among the experimental group and recommendations to include (plank) drills in the training units for all other referees as well as other training categories. The necessity for coaches to rely on the type of these drills because they are among the training methods that play an important role.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of physical training during fasting on selected blood components, namely red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), and plasma volume, among elite freestyle wrestlers. The experimental method with a pre- and post-test design was employed on a sample of ten elite wrestlers who performed a standardized training session during the month of Ramadan. Blood samples were collected before and after the training session. The results revealed a statistically significant increase in red blood cell count, indicating enhanced bone marrow stimulation and improved oxygen-carrying capacity as adaptive physiological responses to exercise during fasting. Conversely, a non-significant decrease in white blood cell count was observed, suggesting that short-term fasting combined with exercise did not adversely affect immune function in elite athletes. Additionally, a significant reduction in plasma volume was recorded, which can be attributed to fluid restriction and increased sweat loss during fasting hours. The study concludes that properly regulated physical training during fasting does not negatively impact key blood variables and may promote positive physiological adaptations in elite wrestlers. These findings highlight the importance of scientifically planned training loads and appropriate scheduling during Ramadan to maintain athlete health and performance.

The research aims to determine the relationship between psychological anxiety and decision-making skills among first-division basketball players by identifying (the level of psychological anxiety among first-division basketball players, the level of decision-making skills among first-division basketball players, and studying the correlation between psychological anxiety and decision-making skills among first-division basketball players). The researcher used a descriptive approach due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The researcher selected a random sample of (90) basketball players from first-division clubs in Iraq. The researcher relied on a psychological anxiety scale and a decision-making skills scale (prepared by the researcher) to collect data. One of the most important findings was a statistically significant negative correlation between psychological anxiety and decision-making skills. The higher the level of psychological anxiety, the lower the level of decision-making skills among players. One of the most important recommendations was the need to include regular psychological preparation programs within the daily training plan for basketball teams, with the aim of reducing levels of psychological anxiety and enhancing players' mental performance.

The importance of the research is evident in increasing the level of psychological endurance by giving it a role in training and competition for the purpose of increasing focus on skill performance and achieving higher levels in the future after building the sports base, which is the players of the age groups at the level of the education players from which the teams will be formed in the future. The research problem was The players have a lack of psychological focus, whether during training if the training units are difficult or during competition. This has been proven and observed. After taking the opinions of some specialists in psychology and training, it is due to psychological endurance and its major role in raising its level. The level of focus is raised. This is what the researcher sought in the research to enhance and raise the level of psychological endurance for the players and to know the extent of its ability to raise the level of focus in offensive skill performance. The aim of the research was to identify the effect of special exercises in raising the level of psychological endurance and concentration and in the offensive skill performance in basketball for female players of Basra Governorate Education. Accordingly, the conclusions were: Special exercises helped in raising the level of psychological endurance, concentration, and offensive skill performance in basketball for female players of Basra Governorate Education. It was recommended: Adopting special exercises because they helped in raising the level of psychological endurance, concentration, and offensive skill performance in basketball for female players of Basra Governorate Education.

This research aims to: Identify the differences between the two groups studying using the comparative concept mapping strategy and the traditional command-based learning method in learning and retaining certain freestyle wrestling holds. Determine the most effective technique for retaining certain freestyle wrestling holds. The researcher employed an experimental approach. The research population consisted of third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit, during the academic year 2024-2025. The research sample was randomly selected (by lottery) and comprised Section A, the experimental group that studied using the comparative concept mapping strategy, and Section C, which studied using the traditional command-based learning method.Five learning units were developed for the wrestling lesson using the comparative concept mapping strategy. Following a field experiment where the comparative concept mapping strategy was applied to the experimental group, and the command-based learning method was used with the control group, a post-test was administered after the curriculum was implemented. A retention test was then conducted. After data collection and processing, the data were statistically analyzed using appropriate statistical methods. The following conclusions were reached: The use of the comparative concept mapping strategy and the command-based learning method resulted in learning and retention of the ankle-grazing technique. The experimental group that used the comparative concept mapping strategy outperformed the control group in learning the techniques of performing holds (legs lock then lift, mat hold, and Abbasia hold( The experimental group that used the comparative concept mapping strategy outperformed the control group in retaining the techniques of performing holds (legs lock then lift, mat hold, and Abbasia hold).The researcher recommended the following - Emphasizing the use of the comparative concept mapping strategy in teaching motor skills in freestyle wrestling. Conducting further studies to determine the effectiveness of the comparative concept mapping strategy in learning other holds in freestyle and Greco-Roman wrestling, as well as various motor skills in other events.

Background: The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of pre-competition rehydration on cardiac electrical profile, electrolyte balance, perception of effort during high-intensity wrestling bouts. Methods: 10 adult male middleweight wrestlers underwent a crossover design, performing 2 trials: pre-emptive rehydration and no rehydration. Pre-match rehydration was executed by ingestion of an electrolyte solution (sodium 500 mg, potassium 200 mg, magnesium 100 mg) 3 hours before game time supplemented by another 250 mL 30 minutes before game time. Compared to the control condition. Result: the current result showed that the pre-emptive rehydration attenuated (QT interval: 408 ± 18 ms, HRV: 58 ± 7 ms) and recovered electrolyte level (sodium, potassium, and magnesium) during diarrhea. During the rehydration period, participants reported Decreased subjective fatigue, with a perceived exertion of 7.1 ± 1.2, compared with the ME alone. Sweat loss was also greatly attenuated in the intervention arm (0.5 ± 0.3 kg). Conclusion: These results also suggest that pre-exercise rehydration can contribute to better cardiovascular stability and Enhance performance and less fatigue in high intensity sports. These findings highlight the need for appropriate hydration practices in combat sport to maximize performance while reducing health risks

The study aims to identify the relationship between specific endurance and the achievement of the 200-meter sprint among junior athletes, as well as to determine the effect of speed endurance and strength endurance on the level of performance in the 200-meter sprint for juniors. The sample included 8 junior athletes from the national junior team in the 200-meter event, who were selected using the purposive sampling method. Tests and measurements were used as means of data collection, which included the 250-meter run test, the 200-meter run test, and the strength endurance test (burpee test / 60 seconds). The results showed a significant correlation between the 250-meter run and the 200-meter run, as well as a significant correlation between the 60-second strength endurance test and the 200-meter run performance . The study recommends emphasizing specific endurance training for the 200-meter sprint event, with particular focus on developing special endurance, and stresses the importance of integrating specific endurance training (strength endurance and speed endurance) within training programs for the 200-meter sprint.

The aim of this study was to analyze the biomechanical variables of foot positions during the execution of the forehand stroke in tennis, and to examine the impact of these variables on the effectiveness of technical performance. A three-dimensional biomechanical analysis was conducted using three Sony AS100v cameras positioned at two angled views (45°) from the front and rear to capture the full player motion, with an additional camera on the opposite side of the court to record the ball's landing point. The cameras were set at a frame rate of 60 frames per second. Twelve forehand stroke attempts were recorded, from which the best six were selected for analysis using the SkillSpector software, focusing on three key phases: the preparatory phase, the main phase, and the final phase. The results indicated that maintaining a foot stance width of 50–60 cm increased ball speed by up to 15%. An optimal force distribution between the feet (60% on the right foot and 40% on the left) improved performance by 12%. Ideal joint angles such as a knee angle between 130–145° and an ankle angle of 90° had a positive impact on the accuracy and speed of the stroke. Additionally, proper foot positioning reduced reaction time by 20% and enhanced overall performance effectiveness by 20%. The study emphasizes the importance of integrating biomechanical analysis of foot positioning into technical training programs to improve forehand stroke performance in tennis.

The aim of the research is To identify the level of organizational improvisation among directors of student activities departments in Iraqi public universities from the perspective of their sports staff, a descriptive survey methodology was used. The study sample consisted of 120 individuals from the sports staff working in student activities departments at Iraqi public universities. To obtain data and measure the organizational improvisation of these directors, the researcher used the Organizational Improvisation Scale developed by Al-Qarghouli, which includes 36 items distributed across six dimensions: creativity, adaptability, intuition, risk perception, opportunity, and solution building. Each dimension has six items. The response options were five-point scales: always, often, sometimes, rarely, and never, with weights of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 respectively. The scale was administered after meeting the scientific criteria of validity and reliability. The data were then statistically analyzed. Through the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, Pearson simple correlation, Spearman-Brown equation, Gittmann equation, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. The researcher drew several conclusions: The directors of sports activities departments in Iraqi public universities generally possess a high level of positive organizational improvisation, and each dimension of organizational improvisation is viewed from the perspective of their sports staff. In addition, the directors of sports activities departments in Iraqi public universities are distinguished by a very high level of organizational improvisation from the perspective of their sports staff. The researcher also recommended several recommendations, including: The researcher recommends the need to continue supporting and developing the level of positive organizational improvisation among the directors of sports activity departments in Iraqi public universities, through the establishment of specialized training programs and workshops aimed at enhancing organizational flexibility skills and rapid response to environmental changes.

The significance of this research lies in identifying the obstacles that hinder development and progress, which in turn affect outcomes and the extent to which they are achieved. Understanding these obstacles is crucial for diagnosing deficiencies and proposing administrative solutions to existing problems. It also contributes to the optimal investment and management of state resources through the formulation of strategic plans aligned with the vision of effective governance. This is accomplished by constructing a questionnaire to explore the barriers to sports tourism in Iraq from an academic perspective, as well as by examining these barriers in depth. The researcher adopted the descriptive methodology using a survey approach, which is appropriate for the nature of the study. The research population and sample consisted of faculty members from the Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at public universities (Baghdad, Al-Mustansiriya, Diyala, and Tikrit), totaling 157 participants. A range of statistical tools was employed to derive results that support the study’s objectives. Research Findings:- The results revealed the existence of significant barriers to sports tourism in Iraq.- These barriers were identified and analyzed to understand their impact on the sector.Research Recommendations: Emphasize the development of a strategic plan to address the barriers to sports tourism in Iraq. Encourage state institutions to invest greater effort in promoting sports tourism and enhancing its contribution to the national economy.

This research highlights the importance of identifying the impact of Specific Kinesthetic Intelligence (SMIT) training exercises on developing court defense and blocking skills among young volleyball players. This contributes to improving their technical and defensive performance and provides coaches with a modern training method that can be integrated into contemporary training programs to achieve optimal results. To investigate the impact of SMIT training exercises on developing court defense and blocking skills among young volleyball players, the researcher adopted an experimental approach, opting for a single-group pre-test/post-test design. The research sample was selected using simple random sampling and consisted of players from a local club. The researcher concluded that SMIT training exercises significantly improved the performance of young volleyball players in court defense and blocking skills.

This study aimed to develop exercises based on Stagnow's model for female volleyball players at the Wasit Girls Club. It also aimed to identify the effect of these exercises on developing certain physical abilities among the female volleyball players. The researcher used the experimental method, as it was suitable for the nature of the problem. The research population consisted of female volleyball players under the age of 20 at the Wasit Girls Club, The research sample was selected from the players of Wasit Girls Club, numbering (6) players, if the experimental design with a single group was used, since the team consists of 14 players, and some players were selected and some were excluded from the experiment with pre-test and post-test, The sample was selected purposively from the players of Wasit Girls Club, with three players chosen for a pilot study. The sample size represented 64.428% of the club's players. The conclusions were that the exercises using the Stagnow model effectively improved the players' physical fitness and significantly enhanced their performance, The exercises selected by the researcher had an indirect impact on the development of the studied skills, as evidenced by the improvement in their skill level in post-tests. The players demonstrated a positive willingness and enthusiasm to use the Stacknow model, given its proven track record of delivering tangible results in practice.

The importance of this concept in particular in endurance and high voltage sports, such as running activities in the square and the field, which requires complex interference between physical and psychological factors to achieve optimal performance. From this standpoint, the current research aims to study the relationship between emotional intelligence and physical fitness among the runners of running activities, revealing the level of each of them, and the nature of the link between the two variables. The researcher adopted the descriptive curriculum in the style of correlation of relations to be suitable for the nature of the research goals, and it was applied to a sample consisting of (30) runners from Baghdad Athletics Clubs, whose ages ranged between (18-23) years, and they exercise regularly during the Sports Season 2025. The emotional intelligence measure dependent on the Bradbury and Graves model (2005), which consists of four skills Main: self -awareness, self -management, social awareness, and relationship management. A group of fitness tests were also applied to measure the most important fitness elements associated with running activities, namely: endurance, speed, explosive strength, flexibility, and agility. The results of the research showed that the sample personnel have a high -level level of emotional intelligence, as the results showed that there is a positive correlation with statistically significant intelligence and physical fitness, indicating that athletes with high emotional intelligence tend to achieve better levels of physical efficiency. This is due to the ability of these runners to organize their feelings, control their emotions and motivate themselves to continue effort and training, which reflects positively on their physical performance.

The purpose of the study was to identify the relationship between motor coordination and performance level in discus throw. The research hypothesis posited a statistically significant correlation between motor coordination and discus throwing achievement. The descriptive method within the correlational studies approach was employed. The research sample consisted of 20 second-year female students from the College of Education for Girls, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. A dedicated form containing motor coordination tests was prepared and presented to a panel of experts in the fields of testing, measurement, and motor learning. Following data collection and form processing, one test—the Eight-Numbered Circles Motor Coordination Test—gained expert consensus for use. The statistical methods applied included the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, percentage, coefficient of variation, and Pearson's simple correlation coefficient. The conclusions drawn from the study were as follows: A significant correlation was found between motor coordination and the level of achievement in discus throw. The researchers recommended the following: Emphasizing the variable of motor coordination due to its direct impact on performance level in discus throw. Incorporating specific exercises to develop motor coordination by utilizing available tools and equipment. Developing various educational and training aids aimed at enhancing motor coordination, given its crucial role in improving discus throwing performance.

This study aimed to examine the effect of variable dynamic resistance belt training on developing explosive strength in young long jump athletes. A quasi-experimental design was employed, involving a purposive sample of 12 young athletes divided into an experimental group receiving the resistance belt training program and a control group following traditional training. The training program consisted of warm-up, main training using the resistance belt, and cool-down phases. Explosive strength variables, including vertical jump, standing long jump, and horizontal force application, were measured pre- and post-intervention. Results showed significant improvements in the experimental group compared to the control group, indicating the effectiveness of the variable dynamic resistance belt in enhancing explosive strength and improving technical and mechanical performance in young long jumpers.

The importance of this research lies in its use of the "Think Silently" strategy, a cooperative learning strategy, to identify its impact on deductive reasoning and learning the skills of receiving serves and defending the court in volleyball for second-year intermediate students during the academic year (2024-2025). The study included (65) students representing (3) sections. The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups, as it was suitable for implementing the field procedures. The research sample consisted of (43) students, selected by lottery from sections (B) and (C). Section (B) became the experimental group, and section (C) became the control group. The necessary tools and equipment were used in the research and its implementation steps, which included developing the "Think Silently" strategy, its scientific foundations, a pilot study, and the main field experiment, which involved pre-tests, the application of the "Think Silently" strategy, and post-tests. The researcher concluded that students need the "Think Silently" strategy to help them develop deductive reasoning and learn the skills of receiving serves and defending the court in volleyball. The researcher recommends By utilizing the “think silently” strategy in lectures, which plays a major role in deductive reasoning, and learning the skills of receiving the serve and defending the court in volleyball.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of CrossFit training on energy expenditure, cardiovascular fitness, some biokinetic abilities, and defensive skills in basketball players under 18 years. The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups (experimental and control) on a sample of 15 players, divided into two groups. CrossFit training was applied for 8 weeks, with three sessions per week, each session lasting 30–40 minutes. The results showed statistically significant differences in physical and skill performance after implementing the program, indicating the effectiveness of CrossFit training in developing the studied variables.

This study aims to investigate the impact of interactive teaching methods on enhancing physical performance and increasing student motivation in Iraqi schools. The research is based on social and constructivist learning theories, as well as behavioral and social theories. Data was collected using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations from high school students. The results showed significant improvements in physical performance and sports skills among students taught using interactive teaching methods. Additionally, there was an increase in student motivation and active participation in sports activities. These methods also enhanced social interaction and team spirit among students. The study provided recommendations for developing physical education curricula by integrating interactive activities and training teachers on effectively using these methods. These findings highlight the importance of employing interactive teaching methods to improve the quality of physical education and motivate students to actively participate in physical activities.

The research aims to reveal the effect of cooperative learning strategy for mastery in the level of performance of some ground movement skills. To achieve the research objective, the researcher assumed that there are statistically significant differences between the average scores of the pre-and post-tests of the control and experimental research groups in the level of performance of some ground movement skills for second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Mosul. The researcher also assumed that there are no statistically significant differences between the average scores of the two research groups in the post-test for the level of performance of some ground movement skills for second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Mosul. The researcher used the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The research community included second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences / University of Mosul for the academic year 2023-2024, numbering 221 male and female students. The research sample consisted of 30 students who were selected by simple random method and were divided into two groups randomly, with 15 students for each group (the control group used the traditional method and the experimental group used the learning strategy The researcher relied on the experimental design called (control group design (strict control) with pre- and post-test, as the researcher conducted the pre-test for the two groups at the level of skill performance for some ground movement skills (under investigation) and the proposed educational program was prepared with ground movement skills (forward roll open, standing on arms with roll, backward roll, human wheel, Arab jump, then diving) in which the pre- and post-tests are conducted in the form of a movement series after completing the educational program according to the strategy of cooperative learning for mastery, in addition to conducting formative tests at the end of learning each skill . The implementation of the program took (6) weeks, with two educational units per week. It was implemented during the specified period from 15/10/2023 and ended on 26/11/2023. After this period, the post-test was conducted for the two groups under the same conditions as the pre-test. The data was also collected, transcribed, and processed statistically using (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, (t) associated, and (t) independent to obtain the research results and discuss them so that the researcher can write the research conclusions and recommendations

This study aimed to identify the methods of sports marketing in the Directorate of Youth and Sports in Nineveh Governorate, as well as to evaluate these methods. The researcher used the descriptive approach (survey studies), as the research community included (143) individuals working in the Directorate of Youth and Sports in Nineveh. The researcher presented a questionnaire to a sample of the community that amounted to (80) individuals. The research tool, the questionnaire, included six axes related to marketing advertising and publicity rights, television marketing, marketing of sports tournaments and matches, marketing of players, marketing of sports and social facilities, and marketing of services to the internal and external public. The results showed that increasing the technical level of sports teams helps in optimal marketing through sponsorship and television broadcasting rights. Consider attracting companies and businessmen to sponsor a team or player.

The importance of this research lies in its linking of the tourism aspect with the skills aspect, as it attempts to effectively influence skills: contributing to understanding how to control focus in order to raise the excellence and speed of execution of transactional skills (such as aiming and passing). Furthermore, the study highlighted the students' ability to isolate external distractions and focus on physical tasks on the court. The research aimed to identify the relationship between attentional control and offensive basketball skills (passing and shooting) among female students. The researcher also followed the descriptive approach using correlational relationships. The research targeted fourth-year female students, and after applying the main experiment and statistically processing the data, the results were presented and discussed. The researcher reached the most important conclusions, which is that female students who have a low degree of attentional control are more likely to make technical mistakes as a result of being influenced by pressure or the audience. There is a statistically significant correlation between the strength of attentional control and the level of offensive skills performance; the greater the student's ability to control her attention, the better her skill performance.

Football is considered one of the first sports to capture the attention of officials, stakeholders, and followers of sports worldwide, due to the enjoyment it provides to its viewers and the financial gains it generates for players and those involved in its development. Goal-scoring is one of the most important skills in football, as it determines match results. The team with the highest scoring ability and accuracy is always the favorite to win. This research study aimed to design a test to measure the accuracy of goals scored from different distances by football players. The research population consisted of 1340 students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Diyala University during the academic year 2024/2025. The research sample comprised 241 third-year students. The researcher used a descriptive survey methodology, deemed most suitable for the nature of the research problem.

The problem can be summarized in two questions:
Does the relationship between transformational leadership and effective management contribute to improving referee performance?
Does this research support the strategic vision of the Iraqi Athletics Federation by promoting transformational leadership and effective management? The research also aims to: identify the two research scales, transformational leadership and effective management, of the Iraqi Athletics Federation from the referees' perspective; and identify the relationship between transformational leadership and effective management of the Iraqi Athletics Federation from the referees' perspective. To achieve these objectives, the researcher chose the descriptive approach. Using a survey method, he selected a sample of (100) athletics referees, dividing it into a pilot, a preliminary, and a main sample. He then developed two scales: Transformational Leadership and Effective Management. After that, the researcher identified the variables, extracted the results and correlations, and arrived at several conclusions and recommendations, including: Transformational leadership plays a positive role in achieving effective management within the Iraqi Athletics Federation. There is a growing awareness of the importance of cooperation within the federation to achieve success. It is essential to adopt a program that evaluates the federation's performance regularly. Similar studies should be conducted that address the study variables and utilize other samples.

The present study aims to identify the effect of the cooperative integration method on bodily–kinesthetic intelligence and on learning the technical performance of the volleyball serve. The researcher employed the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of 40 second-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Wasit for the academic year (2024–2025). The participants were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, with 20 students in each group. The cooperative integration method was applied to develop bodily–kinesthetic intelligence and to facilitate learning the technical performance of the volleyball serve. Equivalence and homogeneity were verified among the participants of the research sample. A specialized instructional program was designed for the educational material, consisting of eight instructional units, with two units per week. The duration of each instructional unit was 90 minutes. The experimental program commenced on Monday, October 16, 2024. Upon completion of the instructional program, the post-test was conducted.

This research aims to develop specific training exercises using auditory-visual stimuli and apply them to young football goalkeepers to determine their effect on improving reaction speed and catching rolling ground balls. To achieve this objective, the researchers employed an experimental design with two equivalent groups (control and experimental) using pre- and post-tests, as this approach was deemed most suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population was determined through a comprehensive census and consisted of six young football goalkeepers from Al-Kut Sports Club for the 2025-2026 season. These goalkeepers were then randomly assigned to two groups of three. The tests were then prepared and finalized. Once ready, the pre-tests were administered, and the researchers ensured homogeneity and equivalence. Following this, the researchers began implementing the prepared exercises for eight weeks, with three sessions per week, using a high-intensity interval training method at an intensity of 80-95%. After completing the exercises, they administered the post-tests. Upon obtaining the results, they used SPSS statistical software to analyze the data. The results showed that the exercises using auditory-visual stimuli contributed to improving the speed of motor response and the skill of catching rolling ground balls in football goalkeepers. Furthermore, the experimental group outperformed the control group in all research variables.

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of anaerobic exercises using different game situations on some complex physical abilities of junior handball players. The researcher used the experimental method with a two-group design (experimental and control) due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of (24) junior handball players who were randomly divided into two equal groups, with (12) players in each group. The experimental group applied an anaerobic training program using small-sided game situations, while the control group continued with the regular training program followed by the coach. The training program lasted for (8) weeks with (3) training units per week. The results showed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in the tests of complex physical abilities and the effectiveness of offensive performance. The researcher concluded that the use of anaerobic exercises through different game situations is an effective method for developing physical and offensive skill performance among junior handball players.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of the blended learning approach on learning some basic football skills among middle school students. The experimental method was used with a pre-test and post-test design for two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research sample consisted of (50) middle school students, who were randomly divided into two groups of (25) students each. The experimental group was taught using a blended learning program, while the control group was taught using the traditional teaching method in physical education classes.The educational program was applied for eight weeks, with two instructional units per week, each lasting (45) minutes. Several skill tests were used to assess the level of learning of basic football skills, including ball control, short passing, dribbling, and shooting at goal. The collected data were statistically analyzed using paired and independent samples t-tests.The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for both groups in favor of the post-test, as well as significant superiority of the experimental group over the control group in all post-test skill variables. The study concluded that the blended learning approach is an effective teaching method for improving the learning of basic football skills among middle school students.

The importance of the research lies in studying, describing and analyzing the level of motor performance of the research sample by knowing the details of the movement path, which shows the player’s path on the vaulting horse device, to know the strengths and weaknesses to achieve the desired goal from this movement As we did not find a broad base for this game in college as in other games such as football, volleyball, etc., and from here came the research problem that was manifested by studying the biokinematic variables in a precise study using kinematic analysis, which plays a major role in identifying the degree of influence of the variables on each other, which is determined on the basis of the degree and effectiveness of the performance level. The research aims to identify the values of some biokinematic variables for the forehand jump on a vaulting horse, as well as to identify the effect of training exercises on the values of some biokinematic variables for the forehand jump on a vaulting horse. The researcher assumed that there is an effect of training exercises on the values of some biokinematic variables for the forehand jump on a vaulting horse. University of Basra. The most important conclusions were improving the technique of performing the front handspring jump in the research sample when comparing the results of their scores in the pre- and post-evaluations. This achieves the goal of the research and its statistical hypothesis. As for the most important recommendations, they emphasized the importance of achieving ideal angles during landing and rising in order to maintain horizontal speed.