Sciences Journal Of Physical Education

This research sought to identify the level of fundamental skills among students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Mustansiriya University. It also sought to design exercises based on the H4 strategy for teaching selected fundamental volleyball skills to students of the same college. Furthermore, the study examined the level of skill acquisition in accordance with the H4 strategy in learning selected basic volleyball skills.
The researcher adopted the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature and problem of the study. The findings indicated that exercises designed according to the H4 strategy had a positive effect on improving students’ learning of fundamental volleyball skills. The H4 strategy provided students with an appropriate framework for understanding how to learn and apply skills through reliance on sensory integration and the coordinated use of body parts involved in performance. Moreover, the strategy contributed to integrating the senses associated with the learning process and establishing coherent and meaningful cognitive connections among students, thereby enhancing their learning outcomes.
The researcher suggests adopting the H4-based exercises implemented in this study, as they align with contemporary developments in global instructional strategies. It is also recommended to diversify and develop innovative exercises that support students’ learning processes and promote deeper understanding and faster skill acquisition. Careful selection and refinement of exercises are essential to ensure effective development of skill performance. Finally, the study emphasizes the importance of benefiting from previous research and implementing its recommendations and proposals, as some of these suggestions aim to complement and extend earlier scholarly efforts.

This research was designed to examine and compare reaction time between two groups of martial arts athletes (Karate and Muay Thai) from Basra clubs. An experimental approach was employed in accordance with the nature of the research, involving a sample of 30 advanced-level players. Reaction time tests were conducted for the striking leg in both groups using a spinning back kick from a fighting stance. A high-speed Canon camera operating at 240 frames per second was utilized to record the athletes’ movements, and a visual stimulus was applied to initiate the response. The findings revealed that the mean reaction time was 0.310 seconds for Karate athletes, compared to 0.342 seconds for Muay Thai athletes. Regarding movement response time, the mean duration for Karate players was 0.392 seconds, outperforming their Muay Thai counterparts, whose mean time was 0.432 seconds. The researchers attributed the superior performance of Karate athletes to the nature and philosophy of Japanese combat training, which emphasizes reaching and touching the opponent first rather than focusing primarily on impact force, whereas Muay Thai training prioritizes striking power over initial contact. The study concluded that Karate athletes demonstrate superior reaction time and motor response speed compared to Muay Thai athletes, and that even minimal temporal differences—measured in fractions of a second—can be decisive in competitive matches. The researchers recommended incorporating reaction time testing, motor response speed assessment, and biomechanical analysis into martial arts training programs due to their significant performance impact, as well as conducting further research in the field of biomechanics.

This study aims to investigate the impact of practicing hiking as an aerobic physical activity on selected physical and physiological variables, as well as body composition, among overweight women whose Body Mass Index (BMI) exceeds 25 and whose ages range between 25 and 30 years. The researchers adopted an experimental approach employing a single-group design, given its suitability to the nature and problem of the study. Baseline measurements were conducted to assess the targeted physical, physiological, and body composition variables prior to the intervention. Subsequently, a proposed aerobic training program based on mountain walking (hiking) was implemented over a period of nine weeks. The program was structured into three mesocycles, each lasting three weeks, with every week comprising a number of daily microcycles ranging from three to six training units. The training load followed a progressive pattern, advancing from lower to higher intensity in accordance with the planned load cycles and weekly units. The number of weekly training sessions began with three units, increased to four and five units, and reached up to six units during the ninth week, resulting in a total of thirty-eight training units throughout the program. Exercise intensity was maintained between 60% and 70% of heart rate reserve. The training sessions were conducted in mountainous areas surrounding the city of Koya (Koisanjaq). Upon completion of the training program, post-tests were administered, and the collected data were statistically analyzed using appropriate software to interpret the findings.

This study seeks to design a rehabilitation exercise program using suspended elastic resistance bands to treat partial anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears among team-sport athletes and to examine the effectiveness of this program in enhancing selected physical variables and alleviating pain intensity. The significance of the study arises from the high incidence of this injury in sports that require rapid changes of direction, jumping, and landing, which often lead to acute pain, reduced functional performance, and delayed return to competition. Injured athletes frequently rely on unstructured exercises or conventional physiotherapy approaches that may not ensure optimal rehabilitation outcomes; therefore, this study employed a modern training method based on suspended elastic resistance bands that consider body weight and the elastic resistance and recoil properties of the bands to facilitate gradual and controlled recovery. An experimental approach with a one-group pre-, mid-, and post-test design was utilized, involving six team-sport athletes diagnosed with partial ACL tears. Appropriate physical assessments and measurement instruments were administered, along with a pain scale supervised by a medical specialist. After conducting a pilot study, the main rehabilitation program was implemented for eight weeks, and the collected data were analyzed using suitable statistical procedures. The findings demonstrated significant improvements in muscular strength, flexibility, and range of motion, accompanied by a noticeable reduction in pain intensity, ultimately supporting a more effective return to training and competitive performance.

This study aims to examine the effect of employing progressive sequencing at the initial stage of instruction on the acquisition of the overhead and underhand passing skills, as well as the reverse order, among novice female volleyball players. It also seeks to identify the impact of this instructional progression on the retention of both skills. The research sample consisted of second-year female students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Mosul, during the academic year (2024–2025), totaling (57) students distributed across two sections. The participants were purposively selected on the basis that they were beginners in skill acquisition. A number of students (29) were excluded to form two equivalent groups, which were subsequently assigned randomly based on post-observation results, resulting in a final sample of (28) students. Both groups underwent an instructional program lasting five weeks, comprising ten instructional units per group, implemented over the period from 19/1/2025 to 23/2/2025. Following data collection and statistical analysis, the findings revealed that the group instructed through progressive sequencing demonstrated superior performance compared to the group that followed the reverse instructional method (from difficult to easy), specifically beginning with the overhead pass followed by the underhand pass.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents has escalated worldwide, underscoring the importance of comprehensive school-based screenings employing multiple anthropometric indicators to enable early identification of high-risk individuals. This study aimed to estimate the rates of general and central obesity among intermediate school girls in Diyala Governorate, to compare the diagnostic performance of several indices—Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist Circumference (WC), Hip Circumference (HC), Waist-to-Hip Ratio (WHR), and Waist-to-Height Ratio (WHtR)—in detecting at-risk cases, and to examine their associations with lifestyle and demographic variables. A cross-sectional design was implemented on a stratified cluster sample of 185 students. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, WC, and HC) were recorded, and BMI, WHR, and WHtR were subsequently derived. Information regarding physical activity, screen exposure, and dietary practices was obtained through a brief questionnaire. Statistical procedures included descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, correlation coefficients, multivariable logistic regression, and ROC curve analysis to evaluate and contrast the predictive accuracy of the indicators. Findings revealed that 15.14% (n=28) of participants were classified as overweight/obese, with 5.41% (n=10) identified as obese. Central obesity was observed in 1.62% according to WHtR ≥ 0.50 and in 10.27% based on WC ≥ the 90th percentile within the sample (WC90 = 73.2 cm). Parental obesity emerged as the sole significant independent predictor of student obesity (OR = 3.23; 95% CI: 1.38–7.58; p = 0.007). Among the evaluated measures, WHtR demonstrated superior discriminatory capacity (AUC = 0.907) in identifying central obesity compared with BMI and WHR.

This study aims to design an instructional strategy grounded in the constructivist learning approach in accordance with the Wheatley Model for teaching the kip-up skill on the horizontal bar to the research sample. It further seeks to examine the impact of employing a constructivist instructional strategy based on the Wheatley Model on learning the kip-up skill on the horizontal bar, as well as to determine the superiority of either the experimental or the control group in acquiring this skill. The researcher adopted an experimental methodology involving a sample of thirty third-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, randomly selected from a population of 140 students. Statistical treatments were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed a statistically significant effect of the instructional strategy based on the Wheatley constructivist model on learning the kip-up skill on the horizontal bar. Moreover, cognitive styles were found to play a pivotal role in understanding how individuals process information, thereby facilitating the selection of exercises and instructional approaches that align with their thinking patterns and contribute to the enhancement of their motor skills, performance proficiency, and cognitive development. The study recommends the adoption of the constructivist instructional strategy in accordance with the Wheatley Model for teaching the kip-up skill on the horizontal bar due to its demonstrated effectiveness in the present investigation and its potential applicability to other physical activities. It further emphasizes the necessity of equipping instructors in Colleges of Physical Education with comprehensive knowledge of diverse constructivist instructional strategies, given their substantial contribution to achieving superior learning outcomes, and of familiarizing students with constructivist learning strategies to foster collaboration, cultivate forward-looking perspectives, and empower them to attain academic and practical success.

The research problem is defined by the need for a scientific study that objectively diagnoses the manifestations of leadership charisma among physical education teachers, in a manner that contributes to developing their leadership capacities and enhancing educational and athletic performance within schools. The researcher aimed, through the design and application of a questionnaire, to identify the level of each dimension of leadership charisma among physical education teachers in the schools of Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate in accordance with the Bass and Avolio model. The scope of the study included the human domain represented by physical education teachers in Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate. The researcher employed the descriptive approach using the survey method due to its suitability to the nature and problem of the study. The research population consisted of physical education teachers in the General Directorate of Education of Najaf Al-Ashraf, totaling (723) male and female teachers. The research sample encompassed schools within the directorate and was distributed into a construction sample of (150) teachers, an application sample of (80) teachers, and an exploratory sample of (25) teachers. Based on the statistical analysis results, the researcher concluded that physical education teachers in the schools of Najaf Al-Ashraf Governorate demonstrate high levels of leadership charisma manifestations, reflecting their ability to exercise positive leadership roles within the school environment, whether through influencing students or enhancing interaction with colleagues and school administration. The researcher recommends strengthening professional development programs for physical education teachers through training workshops focused on developing charismatic leadership skills and refining its four dimensions, while providing a supportive school environment that fosters such leadership practices, thereby contributing to the sustainability of educational and athletic excellence.

The significance of this study lies in implementing composite dynamic lactate training and examining its impact on the development of the study variables among advanced volleyball players, with the aim of capitalizing on the findings to evaluate the effectiveness of integrating this training modality with technical–skill performance in a practical context. Such integration contributes to the systematic planning of subsequent training programs and facilitates the advancement of the training process toward higher levels of rapid progression, ultimately leading to the achievement of elite competitive performance in volleyball matches. The study aimed to design composite dynamic lactate training exercises for advanced volleyball players and to identify their effect on developing strength endurance and enhancing offensive performance effectiveness. The researcher hypothesized that composite dynamic lactate training would exert a positive influence on the development of strength endurance and the improvement of offensive effectiveness among advanced volleyball players. An experimental design employing a one-group pretest–posttest approach was utilized due to its suitability for the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of players from Al-Numaniyah Volleyball Club competing in the Premier League. Based on the findings, the researcher concluded that skill-based training structured according to the dynamic lactate method significantly contributed to the enhancement of strength endurance and offensive performance efficiency. Furthermore, the greater the muscular and hematological tolerance to lactic acid accumulation resulting from high-intensity exertion, the higher the players’ capacity to execute and sustain skill performance with improved efficiency and continuity. In light of these conclusions, the researcher recommends that volleyball coaches prioritize the incorporation of dynamic lactate training within their conditioning and technical preparation programs.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of the Listening Triangle and Think-Pair-Share strategies on the skill acquisition of selected fundamental futsal skills and to compare their effectiveness in enhancing these skills. The researchers employed the experimental method as it was deemed most suitable for the nature of the study, using a two-group experimental design with pre- and post-tests applied to both groups. The study population intentionally included fourth-year students at the College of Education – Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Soran for the academic year 2024–2025, totaling 35 students. The sample consisted of 18 students representing two classes, with 9 students per class, selected through simple random sampling (lottery) after excluding some members of the population. The Listening Triangle and Think-Pair-Share strategies were then randomly assigned to the two experimental groups, with class A representing the first experimental group taught using the Listening Triangle strategy, while class B represented the second experimental group taught using the Think-Pair-Share strategy. The researchers ensured equivalence between the experimental groups in growth variables (age, height, weight) and certain physical and skill characteristics, as these variables could affect the learning of the fundamental skills under study. Data were statistically processed using SPSS.

This study aimed to develop therapeutic exercise programs to enhance athletic performance in volleyball players and to investigate the role of such exercises in preventing common sports injuries, including those affecting the knee, ankle, and back. The researchers employed an experimental design, deemed the most appropriate method for addressing the research problem. The research population was intentionally selected via a lottery method, comprising volleyball players from Baghdad for the 2024/2025 sports season, while the sample was randomly chosen from Al-Sinaa Sports Club volleyball team, consisting of 18 players representing the population in full. The findings demonstrated a significant improvement across various aspects of physical performance, with a statistically significant difference between pre- and post-measurements in pain levels, thereby confirming the efficacy of the therapeutic program in substantially reducing pain intensity. The results indicate that therapeutic modalities such as infrared therapy, ultrasound, cryotherapy, and massage played a pivotal role in alleviating pain and enhancing the condition of the athletes. It is recommended to continue incorporating these therapeutic interventions within rehabilitation programs for athletes due to their effectiveness in reducing pain and inflammation and improving treatment outcomes. Moreover, it is advisable to design tailored rehabilitation programs that correspond to specific musculoskeletal injuries, with careful consideration of progressive stages in therapeutic exercise implementation.

The researchers conducted a study to assess the reaction time and motor response speed of the striking leg among two groups of combat sport athletes (Karate and Muay Thai) from Basrah clubs. An experimental design was employed due to its suitability for the study’s nature, involving 30 advanced-level athletes. Reaction time tests were performed for the striking leg during a back circular kick executed from a fighting stance. High-speed cameras (Canon, 240 frames per second) were used to record the athletes’ movements, alongside a photostimulator. The main findings indicated that Karate athletes demonstrated a faster mean reaction time (0.310 seconds) compared to Muay Thai athletes (0.342 seconds). Regarding motor response speed, Karate athletes also outperformed their Muay Thai counterparts, with a mean response time of 0.392 seconds versus 0.432 seconds. The researchers attributed Karate athletes’ superior performance to the nature and methodology of Japanese combat training, which emphasizes reaching the opponent first rather than maximizing striking force, whereas Muay Thai training focuses on forceful impact without prioritizing initial contact. The study concluded that Karate practitioners exhibit superior reaction and motor response speeds compared to Muay Thai athletes, noting that even small temporal differences (fractions of a second) can be decisive during competitions. Key recommendations include incorporating reaction time and motor response assessments, along with biomechanical analysis, into combat sport training programs, as well as conducting further studies in sports biomechanics.

This study aimed to examine the impact of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) exercises on enhancing selected functional and physical variables, as well as improving the performance of the “Anso” movement sequence in karate athletes. The research sample consisted of eight practitioners specialized in the movement sequence (kata) within the Sulaimaniyah Governorate, selected through a random sampling method. The researcher employed a set of functional and physical tests alongside an assessment of the movement sequence performance (kata) as tools to collect the necessary data for achieving the study’s objectives. The results, analyzed using the SPSS statistical program, indicated that HIIT exercises contributed significantly to improving various functional and physical variables while also elevating the performance level of the “Anso” movement sequence among karate athletes.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal disorders among women of reproductive age, causing a range of health issues such as irregular menstrual cycles, weight gain, insulin resistance, and elevated androgen levels. This study aimed to explore the relationship between regular physical activity and the mitigation of these symptoms by conducting a comparative analysis between two groups of women: those who engage in regular exercise and those who do not. The study included six women aged 25 to 35, divided into two groups: the experimental group, comprising women who practiced regular physical activity for a minimum specified duration, and the control group, including women who did not engage in any regular exercise. Data were collected through medical examinations, questionnaires, and biological measurements to assess hormone levels (e.g., insulin, testosterone), body mass index (BMI), and menstrual regularity. The results indicated that women who engaged in regular physical activity exhibited significantly better health indicators related to PCOS compared to inactive women. Improvements were observed in insulin levels, reductions in androgen concentrations, and enhanced menstrual cycle regularity. Additionally, physical activity contributed to lower BMI and reduced visceral fat, positively impacting overall hormonal health. The study underscores the beneficial role of regular exercise as a non-pharmacological treatment and an effective preventive measure for managing PCOS symptoms and improving women’s hormonal health. It recommends integrating physical exercise as a fundamental component of treatment plans for women affected by this syndrome.

This study addressed the problem of weakness among female students in their psychomotor abilities due to insufficient attention to both the practical and cognitive aspects of physical education lessons. This prompted the researcher to investigate this important aspect and work on improving it through examining the cognitive achievement strategy using mind maps for skill exercises in football. The study aimed to identify the effect of using concept maps on learning the motor performance of some football skills in physical education lessons. The researcher employed an experimental method using a two-group experimental design, one control and one experimental, appropriate for the nature of the study. The research population was intentionally selected from preparatory stage female students in Al-Qadisiyah Governorate for the academic year 2025–2026, totaling 38 students, divided into a control group of 15 students and an experimental group of 15 students. Experimental procedures and statistical treatments were applied. The main findings revealed that concept maps contributed to increasing students’ motivation for positive participation in the learning process, which led to an improvement in the motor performance of the basic football skills under study in the experimental group. Based on these results, the researcher recommends using the teaching method of concept maps in the theoretical aspect of cognitive achievement in football due to its positive impact on improving motor skill performance.

This study aims to investigate the impact of a training program grounded in cooperative learning on enhancing forward shooting accuracy and motor response speed among handball players at the Al-Rusafa II Training Center. The researcher employed an experimental design appropriate to the nature and objectives of the study. The study population consisted of handball players, and the training program incorporated structured cooperative activities specifically designed to develop fundamental motor skills through forward shooting and rapid responses to visual and auditory stimuli. Pre- and post-tests were administered to measure shooting accuracy and motor response speed, and the results were analyzed using suitable statistical methods. Findings revealed that the cooperative learning-based training program significantly improved both forward shooting accuracy and motor response speed compared to the control group, highlighting the efficacy of cooperative learning strategies in developing motor skills and enhancing the physical readiness of handball players.

This study aimed to investigate certain sensory perceptions and the performance of dribbling and shooting skills in football among second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala. It also sought to examine the relationship between these sensory perceptions and the performance of dribbling and shooting skills, as well as to determine the contribution of specific sensory perceptions to skill performance. The researcher employed a descriptive methodology using survey methods, correlational analyses, and contribution ratios to achieve the study objectives and test its hypothesis. The study population consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala, for the academic year 2024–2025, and a sample of 85 students was selected. The statistical analysis of the collected data and examination of the relationships among variables led to the conclusion that there is a positive correlation between certain sensory perceptions and the level of skill performance in shooting in football among second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Karbala.

The study aimed to develop and implement training exercises using the Fit20 technique for advanced volleyball players and to examine its impact on selected physiological variables, such as post-exercise heart rate, lactic acid concentration, and pulmonary capacity, as well as on muscular strength development of the upper and lower limbs, particularly explosive power. The researchers employed an experimental design suitable for the nature and objectives of the study. The sample was deliberately selected from Premier League volleyball players for the 2024–2025 season and divided into an exploratory group, two experimental groups, and a control group. The researchers identified the physiological variables and explosive strength tests for the arms and legs, conducted pre-tests for all groups, and subsequently designed the Fit20 training program. Following an eight-week training period with one session per week, post-tests were administered, and the results were statistically analyzed. The findings demonstrated the superiority of the experimental groups, leading the researchers to conclude that the players who followed the Fit20 program outperformed the control group in most measured variables, except lactic acid levels. The Fit20 exercises fostered a sense of competition, collaboration, and perseverance to achieve optimal performance outcomes. The study highlights the necessity of employing advanced equipment to accurately monitor physiological variables, enabling coaches to enhance athlete development, and recommends further research applying the Fit20 methodology to different age groups.

This study highlights the importance of employing blended learning to examine its impact on acquiring the lunge attack skill with the épée among female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul. Keeping pace with educational advancements and teaching methods has become essential, as limiting competency to a small group of learners is no longer acceptable amidst the rapid scientific developments. Most researchers across various schools of thought agree on a fundamental principle and goal: enabling the vast majority of students to achieve a high level of learning and improved performance. Accordingly, the researchers conducted an experiment integrating exercises based on a blended learning strategy in fencing with a sample of third-year female students during the 2024–2025 academic year to assess the impact of these exercises on learning the lunge attack skill with the épée. The study employed an experimental design with control and experimental groups, using pre- and post-tests suitable to the research problem. Analysis and discussion of the results revealed that the blended learning strategy significantly influenced the acquisition of the lunge attack skill with the épée, favoring the experimental group.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of a constructivist-based educational program utilizing the PEPE model on enhancing students’ learning motivation and the execution of selected offensive football scenarios. The problem of the study emerged from the researchers’ observation of a noticeable deficiency in skill acquisition, particularly in offensive football situations, due to the reliance on traditional teaching methods. Consequently, it became essential to employ contemporary instructional approaches and models, including the PEPE model, which plays a significant and effective role in the educational process by delivering accurate and concise information, thereby stimulating students’ intrinsic motivation to learn. A experimental methodology was adopted, suitable for the nature and objectives of the study. The research population consisted of third-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Al-Qadisiyah, for the academic year 2024–2025, totaling 153 students across five sections. Two sections were randomly selected to constitute the experimental and control groups, with the sample comprising 50 students, evenly distributed between the two groups. The researchers recommended the adoption of the PEPE model in teaching football courses at colleges of physical education and sports sciences, given its efficacy in enhancing learning motivation and improving students’ skill performance.

The importance of this study lies in enhancing the explosive strength of the arms and legs through the application of plyometric exercises using the circular and station training methods, targeting the muscles involved in the backhand smash in badminton. The research sought to examine the effect of plyometric exercises on explosive power and the accuracy of the straight backhand smash among the participants. The study population included advanced badminton players in Baghdad, totaling ten athletes, who were randomly assigned equally to two experimental groups: the first group trained using the circular method, and the second group using the station method. The training program lasted eight weeks, consisting of three training sessions per week, totaling 24 sessions. The researcher began implementing the prepared exercises for both groups on Wednesday, 3/9/2025, concluding on Monday, 27/10/2025. The results indicated that plyometric exercises using both circular and station training methods positively influenced the development of explosive power and the accuracy of the straight backhand smash in badminton players, with the circular training method showing a greater advantage over the station method in enhancing these attributes. The researcher recommends that coaches apply the prepared plyometric exercises using both training methods to improve the explosive power of badminton players and emphasizes the necessity of using supplementary tools in training sessions, such as boxes, hoops, barriers, and cones.

This study aims to identify the effect of specialized speed training on developing the temporal and spatial perception of handball referees. The researchers adopted an experimental approach with a pretest–posttest design for two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The study population consisted of active referees registered in the Central Handball Federation, totaling 32 referees. The sample was selected using a comprehensive census and divided into two groups (experimental and control) with 16 referees each. Specialized speed training was applied over 24 training units, three units per week for eight weeks, with each main session lasting 25–45 minutes. Continuous and interval training methods (both high- and low-intensity) as well as repetitive training were employed in the sessions according to the unit objectives. The study concluded that specialized speed training effectively enhances the temporal and spatial perception of handball referees in Iraq.

This study aims to investigate the role of television sports programs in cultivating sports culture among university youth, with a focus on ten Iraqi channels. The research employed a random sample of 200 university students aged between 18 and 25 years, and data were collected using a comprehensive questionnaire encompassing the cognitive, behavioral, value-based, and cultural dimensions of sports culture. The significance of the study lies in the necessity of understanding the impact of sports media on students’ awareness, behaviors, and values, contributing to the formation of a well-rounded sports identity.
The findings revealed that following television sports programs enhances knowledge of sports rules and skills, encourages participation in athletic activities, reinforces ethical and social values such as discipline, cooperation, and fair competition, and elevates awareness of sports and cultural identity among youth. Furthermore, the results indicated that the most-watched channels exert a stronger influence on sports culture compared to less-watched channels.
Based on these outcomes, the study recommends the development of television sports content to enrich sports knowledge and values, promote active engagement in sports, and continuously leverage media to advance sports culture. Future research should also assess the impact of digital channels and modern media on the sports culture of university youth

Recent studies have emphasized that students demonstrate greater retention and improved performance when learning collaboratively through interaction, consultation, discussion, and exchange of ideas, compared to learning individually. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the “Think-Pair-Share” strategy on acquiring selected fundamental handball skills among students, as well as to examine the differences between pre- and post-test results of the experimental and control groups regarding critical thinking and the mastery of these skills. The research population was intentionally defined as second-year morning students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Kirkuk, for the academic year 2024–2025, totaling 173 students distributed across three sections: Section A (54 students), Section B (57 students), and Section C (60 students). The sample comprised Sections A and B, with 20 students from each section randomly selected (via lottery) to form an experimental group and a control group, totaling 40 students, representing 23.12% of the population. The findings revealed that employing the “Think-Pair-Share” strategy had a direct and significant effect on students’ acquisition of the targeted handball skills. Based on these outcomes, the researchers recommend the incorporation of the “Think-Pair-Share” strategy as an effective instructional method that positions the student at the center of the learning process.

This study aims to advance pedagogical strategies and instructional methodologies in the field of physical education through the integration of artificial intelligence, thereby augmenting the educator’s role in delivering effective teaching practices via sophisticated technological tools. The researchers employed a descriptive survey methodology, which was deemed most suitable for addressing the study’s objectives and research problem. Data were collected through structured questionnaires targeting a sample of one hundred instructors specializing in teaching methods across major Iraqi public and private universities. Participation was facilitated through various social media platforms, enabling comprehensive insight into contemporary instructional practices and the potential of AI-enhanced pedagogy.