iklil for Humanity Studies

In Mesopotamian civilization, humankind shaped its worldview through a constant quest to understand the forces of nature and regulate its relationship with the surrounding world. Symbols and myths served as cognitive tools for interpreting existence and imbuing it with meaning. Within this context, the duality of light and darkness emerged as one of the most significant symbolic pairs, contributing to the construction of the Mesopotamian people's cosmic, intellectual, and religious understanding. Their presence was not limited to the sensory level associated with the cycle of day and night, but extended to encompass metaphysical, ethical, social, and political dimensions.
In Mesopotamian thought, light was linked to concepts of creation, beginnings, and cosmic order. It was considered a manifestation of life, knowledge, and divine presence, and a means of controlling chaos and establishing justice and order. Conversely, darkness was associated with absence, decay, death, and the underworld. However, it was not portrayed as an absolute force of evil, but rather as an active cosmic element that is integral to the structure of existence and plays a complementary role in the cycle of life and death, and in the continuation of the cosmic order itself. Therefore, the relationship between light and darkness in Mesopotamian civilization is based more on the principle of balance and integration than on sharp opposition.
In this research, we will discuss the first part of it, which is light, knowing that this research is the nucleus of a book project that is being prepared that deals with light and darkness in the civilization of Mesopotamia, relying primarily on what the cuneiform texts have reported about that, and we hope to complete it, God willing.

The anonymous author of the manuscript “Three Pages on the Yazidi Religion,” which is a copyist’s copy, reveals in his introduction his purpose in composing it, which is to explain the doctrine of this religion, its beliefs, and their customs, which he arranges in nine paragraphs separated by the word “and from it.” His information came from what he had seen and what he had heard, as is evident in his narration of it, even if it was in a brief form. The manuscript includes three pages (1A to 3A).

This research was written under the title (The virtue of specific verses and chapters) from (The Treatise on the Recitation of the Qur'an by Imam Abu Sa'id al-Khadimi (d. 1176 AH): A Study and Critical Edition).
This research, in its academic section, discusses the personal and scholarly life of Imam al-Khadimi, the research methodology, and includes images from the manuscript.
The second section was the section dedicated to verifying the text that dealt with (the virtue of specific verses and chapters), in which the Prophetic hadiths were mentioned for those who wanted to know their virtue.

This study examines the digitization of documents and manuscripts and its pivotal role in protecting institutional memory and preserving historical heritage in the digital age. The research reviews the conceptual framework of documents, cultural heritage, and institutional memory, with an in-depth analysis of the multiple challenges facing the preservation of physical collections, ranging from natural deterioration caused by environmental conditions, through damage resulting from repeated handling and natural disasters, to the geopolitical risks posed by armed conflicts on historical archives.
The study highlights the multiple benefits of digitization, including preservation and conservation with a success rate of up to 89%, improved accessibility by 73%, enhanced collaboration between research institutions, and secure backup copies against disasters. The research also addresses the technical dimensions of digitization, including various scanning techniques, file format standards, AI-enhanced Optical Character Recognition (OCR) systems, and future developments such as blockchain technology and linked open data.
The study reviews international and regional experiences in digitization, including UNESCO's "Memory of the World" program launched in 1992, European strategies where 19 out of 28 EU member states have developed national digitization strategies, and the Indian experience which possesses the world's largest manuscript database with four million manuscripts. The research also discusses contemporary challenges related to intellectual property rights, information security, technical and financial constraints, and the absence of unified practices.
The study concludes that digitization represents a fundamental turning point in the preservation of cultural heritage, and that an effective approach to digital preservation requires three integrated dimensions : technical, semantic, and organizational. It emphasizes the need to balance the protection of creators' rights with facilitating broader access to cultural heritage materials, while preserving the authenticity and integrity of collections, and the importance of international and regional cooperation to coordinate efforts and exchange best practices to ensure the preservation of humanity's civilizational heritage and its safe transmission to future generations.

The geographical location of the northern Arabian Peninsula was a point of attraction for the regional powers surrounding the region, and an axis of struggle to control it due to its great importance as a passage for trade caravans between the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Iraq and Egypt, and a political and commercial link between the Arabian Peninsula and the Levant. It gave the region a special identity and a distinctive political weight, and pushed major political powers to impose their influence on it either by force or alliances to achieve their interests.

Since ancient times, the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea have alternated in dominance over the global maritime trade routes between East and West. However, with the establishment of the Abbasid state in 132 AH / 749 AD and the transfer of the capital of the Islamic Caliphate from Damascus to Baghdad, commercial activities shifted from the Red Sea to the Arabian Gulf. This helped the Arabian Gulf and its ports regain their economic status and global commercial renown, leading to a revival of trade in it. The capital, Baghdad, was linked by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers to the Gulf ports such as Al-Ubulla, Siraf, and Basra. Maritime navigation flourished, and goods and merchandise flowed into it as a result of the Abbasid caliphs' and senior state officials' keenness to secure the state's basic and luxury needs from the Far East and East Africa, and their great efforts in securing the ports and maritime navigation from dangers, pirates, and others.

The historical connection between Abu Abdullah al-Shi'i's role in spreading the Ismaili faith in North Africa and the establishment of the Fatimid state is significant. This research stems from the lack of academic studies that have examined the views of historians and researchers on Abu Abdullah al-Shi'i's personality, aiming to shed light on his intellectual contributions for future generations as a valuable resource for the present and future.
This study attempts to portray the life of Abu Abdullah al-Shi'i, despite the scarcity of information on this subject, relying on analysis and extrapolation. The research reveals that Abu Abdullah al-Shi'i possessed inherent qualities and qualifications, such as vast knowledge, intelligence, strong argumentative skills, and persuasive and communicative abilities, which he employed to serve his objectives. The research revealed that historians' and researchers' opinions of Abu Abdullah al-Shi'i were varied, stemming from their political and sectarian biases, which negatively impacted the information presented about him. It is the duty of a historian to be knowledgeable and impartial in their transmission of information, free from personal biases and political or sectarian influence.
As for the sources that were relied upon in completing this research, they are the book (The Opening of the Call) by Judge Al-Nu’man (d. 363 AH/973 AD), the book (News of the Kings of Banu Ubaid and their Biography) by Ibn Hammad (d. 626 AH/1230 AD), and the book (Deaths of Notables and News of the Sons of the Time) by Ibn Khallikan (d. 681 AH/1282 AD). Among the references that were relied upon are: (The State of Shi’ism in the Maghreb) by Najib Zbib, (The Flags of the Ismailis) by Mustafa Ghalib, and (Abu Abdullah Al-Shi’i) by Ali Hassan Al-Kharbutli, and other sources and references that enriched the research and brought it out in this form.

The life of the companion Abdullah bin Jaafar bin Abi Talib embodied a unique model that combined honor, lineage, prophetic education, generosity of soul, and loyalty to faith and family. He grew up in the care of the Noble Messenger Muhammad (peace be upon him) as an orphan after the martyrdom of his father Jaafar al-Tayyar (the winged one) in the Battle of Mu’tah (8 AH/628 AD). The care and attention of the Noble Messenger (peace be upon him) was an incubator that shaped his personality from a young age, from his legendary generosity, which was a proverb for generosity, helping the distressed, and feeding the poor, to the close connection of his fate with the family of the Prophet. Imam Ali (peace be upon him) married him to his daughter, Lady Zainab al-Kubra (peace be upon her), so he became the son-in-law of the Imam, Commander of the Faithful (peace be upon him) and the brother of the Imams al-Hasan and al-Husayn (peace be upon them). He remained loyal to this great bond throughout his life. His position on the Karbala incident was the best witness to that, as he sent his two sons (Aoun and Muhammad) to be martyred in front of the Imam. Al-Hussain (peace be upon him), then he had a pivotal role in caring for the women and children of the Ahl al-Bayt after the tragedy, defending them against tyrants, and striving to release them, shelter them, and return them to Medina. Despite his high social and religious status, Abdullah bin Jaafar preferred to stay away from the political conflicts taking place in his time after the martyrdom of Imam Ali (peace be upon him), while maintaining a clear moral stance that supported the truth and its people, especially his kinship to the Ahl al-Bayt (peace be upon him). He lived a long life full of giving and goodness, and remained a symbol of generosity, benevolence, and chivalry in Islamic memory until his death in Medina during the caliphate of the Umayyad Caliph Abdul Malik bin Marwan between (80-90 ).

THE dawn of Al_ Kharaj is one of the most important on the whole.
AL_ Kharaj bureau is considred one of the most important department at all , its considered the sours of all funds for the region and the state together . Al_ kharaj is a tax imposed on agricultural land , imposed by Muslims after the conquest .The conquerors divided the land of Iraq into agricultural units and kept them in the hands of their owners. Al_hadjjaj was directly responsible for the Iraqi Diwan Al_kharaj because of it importance. The hard _working persians(Al_Dahhakin Al_furs) were collecting the abscess tax, and the Arab persians were excluded from doing job.

Abu al-Tahir ibn Awf lived in an era marked by prosperity in various scientific and literary fields. He was an influential figure through his religious views and ideas, both jurisprudential and socio-political. He favored the dissemination of knowledge, and established extensive relationships with scholars of jurisprudence and hadith, as well as intellectuals and literature. He was also a distinguished public servant, such as his advisor on the construction of the first school in Alexandria during the Fatimid era, where he led the scientific movement. The Ayyubid sultans, especially Sultan Salah al-Ayyubi, consulted him on religious matters and public issues, requiring his consideration and advice, if confirmed. One of Sultan Salah al-Din's priorities was to unify the Islamic nation to confront the Crusader school. Initially, he was credited with contributing scholars and increasing the construction of schools, ribats, and zawiyas. His wisdom did not emerge from a vacuum, nor did it stem from the structures of his vision. Rather, it was a natural extension of the policy of Nur ad-Din Zangi, within the confines of the nation's heritage, civilization, glory, and pride. The study was organized into three parts, a conclusion, and a list of sources and references. The first section was: The autobiography of Abu Taher Ibn Awf. The second section was entitled: The scientific biography of Abu Taher Ibn Awf. The third section dealt with: “The comprehensive and administrative creativity of Abu Taher Ibn Awf.”

The primary research problem centers on elucidating the nature of the historical relations between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Volga Bulgaria Kingdom during the 4th Hijri century (10th century AD). The study investigates whether these relations were merely transient diplomatic contacts or a comprehensive strategic framework encompassing political, religious, and economic dimensions within the Abbasid foreign policy toward Northern peoples.
The research objectives are to uncover the historical roots of this communication and analyze "Ibn Fadlan’s Risala" as an official political and proselytizing document. Furthermore, the study aims to highlight the journey's role in establishing an Islamic presence in the Volga region, illustrating how the Caliphate utilized its moral influence and spiritual legitimacy as a tool for expansion instead of military force.
Regarding the results, the study concludes that the relationship was built on organic interdependence and mutual interests; the Bulgars gained political recognition and support for constructing a defensive fortress against the Khazars, while Baghdad strengthened its symbolic presence and secured northern trade routes. The findings confirm that the mission succeeded in institutionalizing Islam in the region through the construction of mosques and the organization of religious rituals. Additionally, the study affirms the supreme source value of Ibn Fadlan’s account in providing the first accurate ethnographic and geographical description of Northern peoples in the Arab-Islamic heritage.

The beginning of the seventh century AH / thirteenth century AD witnessed the emergence of the Mongols as a military force on the world stage, unparalleled in terms of killing and brutality in order to achieve their expansionist goals. According to the principles and foundations upon which the Mongol Empire was founded and the foundations laid by Genghis Khan, they gave nations and peoples a choice between submitting to the rule and will of the Mongols and offering obedience to them or confronting the deadly Mongol war god. Among the nations that were reached by the hand of the Mongol invasion was Poland. This research discusses the circumstances of the three military campaigns launched by the Mongols against this country, and this is what will be addressed within the folds of the narratives that dealt with the Mongol invasion attempts on Poland.

Ibn Wafid (Abu al-Mutarrif Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad), known as Ibn Wafid, was a renowned Andalusian physician of the 5th century AH (387 AH / 997 CE – 467 AH / 1074 CE). He lived during the era of the Taifa kingdoms, the period in al-Andalus that followed the fall of the Umayyad Caliphate, when the country fragmented into small independent states. Ibn Wafid was from the city of Toledo, one of the Taifa kingdoms. He was an exceptional and versatile scholar who left a clear mark on the history of the Islamic state. He studied medicine under the distinguished scholar Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, and also studied pharmacology and botany. He showed great interest in agriculture and in medicines derived from natural herbs, becoming a pioneer in the science of medicine and therapeutics. He was well known for emphasizing treatment through diet before resorting to medication. He authored numerous encyclopedic works in medicine and pharmacy, including The Book of Simple Drugs (Kitab al-Adwiya al-Mufrada), which compiled the medical knowledge of his time and was later translated into Latin. In addition to his scientific achievements, Ibn Wafid was also a skilled politician. He held the position of vizier in al-Andalus, thus combining scholarship and statesmanship.

Sub-Saharan Africa is one of the important regions in the continent of Africa. It is located south of the Sahara Desert, and its borders are from the Sahara Desert in the north to the tropical forests in the south, and from the Red Sea in the east to the Atlantic Ocean in the west. This region was established by several civilizations and countries, including the state of Ghana, Mali and Kanam Brno, as well as Islamic kingdoms, and from the geographers who dealt with this region, Sharif Al-Adrisi (T. 560 AH /1164 AD ) through his book \"The Long Walk\", which took about fifteen years to compose and prepare. This was with the support and encouragement of King Rogar II of Sicily (T. 548 AH / 1153 AD). Our geographers divided the land in his book into seven regions, and each region consists of ten parts, in which he talked about cities, countries, kingdoms, rivers, food, people\'s lives, industries, trade, crops, customs and traditions. Our research area was located in the first region in five parts of his book.

The Halawiyya School is one of the most famous historical schools in the city of Aleppo in the Levant since its establishment in the sixth century AH during the Zinged era. The Halawiyya School was distinguished by its Byzantine architecture when it was a Christian church, as well as its distinctive Islamic architecture, which included classrooms and residences for teachers and students, as well as for those who came to the school from various Islamic regions and cities. The Halawiyya School emerged as a school of jurisprudence based on the Hanafi school of thought and played an important role in the scientific and cultural movement by attracting a large number students of knowledge from various cities, as teaching was not limited to students from the Levant alone. The research problem is summarized by addressing the important and vital location of the school, its construction, and its effects, which are still present and bear witness to its great history to the present day, as well as the importance of the school and its teachers and their scientific role in the Zenkid (521-630AH/1127-1233AD) and Ayyubid (567-648AH/1171-1250AD) eras, and the many endowments to the school, which were the main source of funding for its needs. The researcher attempted to adhere to the specific historical period of the research, but for scientific reasons, he was sometimes forced to partially exceed it in order to clarify a particular issue or to examine a specific scientific root specific to the school. The study concluded with several findings, including: the emergence and status of the school in the Islamic era, during which the Halawiyya school clearly took shape and influenced scientific output and the role of its teachers in preserving cultural, civilizational, and social heritage, becoming one of the most important institutions of Islamic law and intellectual life at the time.

This study examines social and cognitive interaction in the Balkh community as a prominent civilizational model in Islamic history. The city of Balkh represented a major scientific, cultural, and social center that played a significant role in its regional environment. The research aims to explore the nature of social relationships and patterns of cognitive interaction among members of the Balkh community, as well as the role of religious and educational institutions in the production and transmission of knowledge, which contributed to the formation of a dynamic intellectual environment based on dialogue and integration among different social groups.
The study adopts a historical-analytical approach by examining manifestations of social interaction such as family ties, professional relationships, and the role of scholars and students, in addition to analyzing mechanisms of cognitive interaction including study circles, scholarly travels, and the exchange of ideas among various intellectual and doctrinal schools. The findings indicate that the Balkh community was characterized by a high level of intellectual openness and social cohesion, which created a fertile environment for the flourishing of both religious and rational sciences.
The study concludes that social and cognitive interaction in the Balkh community played a fundamental role in shaping the city’s cultural and scientific identity and contributed to promoting values of cooperation, tolerance, and intergenerational knowledge transmission.

This study constitutes an academic endeavor to investigate the role undertaken by women in German political life during the period from 1919 to 1945—a pivotal phase in modern German history that coincided with the collapse of the imperial regime and the emergence of the Weimar Republic. This era witnessed profound political and social transformations that significantly influenced the status of women and their participation in public life. The significance of this research lies in its analytical and historical examination of a crucial period that shaped the evolution of political and social thought in Germany and laid the groundwork for new concepts of equality and political representation. Furthermore, the study of this era provides a deeper understanding of the transformations that later paved the way for the rise of the Nazi regime and the resulting implications for the position of women in public life

This study examines Iraq–Brazil relations as a model of South–South cooperation in the fields of development and security, from historical, political, and economic perspectives. The research begins with an analysis of Brazil’s political system and state structures, including its federal framework, natural resources, and socio-economic development, providing the necessary context for understanding bilateral relations.
The study then explores the historical dimensions of these relations since the mid-twentieth century, including economic and trade cooperation, cultural exchange, and diplomatic interactions, with a focus on key developments before and after 2003, particularly the impact of international sanctions and the U.S. invasion of Iraq on areas of partnership with Brazil. Furthermore, the research addresses the contemporary political and economic aspects of bilateral relations, including trade, investment, Brazil’s balanced foreign policy in the Middle East, and cooperation in security and defense sectors.The study concludes that Iraq–Brazil relations hold significant potential to enhance sustainable development and regional security, provided that institutional cooperation mechanisms are activated, the role of the private sector is strengthened, and both countries effectively leverage their shared resources and expertise to deepen long-term bilateral partnership

Naim Moghabghab is a Lebanese politician from Mount Lebanon who belongs to the Greek Catholic community He moved with his father to Egypt, where he studied He then returned to Lebanon and completed his primary and middle school education at the Patriarchal School. He then returned to Egypt to complete his studies at the French Faculty of Law He worked as a journalist for Al-Muqattam and Al-Ahrar newspapers and as a war correspondent in North Africa under the supervision of the Egyptian army He returned to Lebanon in 1942 As a result of his accumulated experience that he gained as a result of his work as a war correspondent in the African continent, he founded the magazine Al-Aqdam, through which he stood with the independence government and supported the Bishamun government and transmitted its news through this magazine. He defended independence and demanded the withdrawal of the French and British armies from Lebanese territory He defended Lebanese law and stood against the uprising carried out by the opposition leaders To overthrow the authority of President Camille Chamoun, he had nationalist positions represented by his position on the Palestinian issue and his support for the Egyptian Republic during the tripartite aggression against it.

Since the end of world war11 Arab countries have sought to find a kind of unity among them that would satisfy their people the first gathering of independent Arab state at that time as well as attempts to establish unity between a number of Arab countries most notabably Egypt and Syria which could not continue due to a series of factors .However the Arab states later split into regional blocs that arose for various reasons :The Gulf Cooperation Council in1981 and The Union of Maghrab. On this basis the researcher chose to study both the Gulf cooperation council and the Maghreb union as the most important blocs in the Arab region for their study in terms of factors of development and organizational structure as well as the main areas of cooperation between member states

This study examines the development of medical education and healthcare in Iran from traditional medical practices to the emergence of modern medical education. In its early stages, medicine in Iran relied largely on traditional healing practices, herbal remedies, and the experience of folk practitioners. Over time, these practices gradually evolved through cultural interaction and the transmission of medical knowledge among different civilizations, particularly during the Islamic period when medical sciences flourished and institutions such as hospitals played an important role in medical practice and education.
The study pays special attention to the nineteenth century, when Iran began to adopt modern medical education with the establishment of Dar al-Fonun School, the first modern educational institution for teaching medicine and modern sciences in the country. This institution introduced European medical curricula and invited foreign instructors to teach modern medical sciences, contributing to the training of a new generation of physicians.
The study also discusses the later development of medical education that eventually led to the establishment of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Tehran, which played a significant role in expanding modern medical education and improving healthcare services in Iran.

The study examined the features of the French-American rivalry in the Arabian Gulf region after the British withdrawal from it between 1971 and 1979. It explored how Britain's withdrawal from the region led to a dangerous power vacuum and a disruption of the regional and international balance of power. This necessitated the United States filling this vacuum militarily, as the Soviet Union also viewed the region as a profound strategic depth in its southern sphere of influence, rich in oil resources. The presence of these powers (the United States and France) could pose a threat and create competition for the Soviet Union. The United States was keen to protect its interests in the Arabian Gulf region and mitigate the impact of Soviet competition. Therefore, it prioritized this task, relying on Iran and Saudi Arabia to form a force to protect the region's security. What mattered to the United States was the continued security of its energy supplies, particularly gas and oil, as these supplies were crucial to the West, and any threat to them was considered a threat to American national security. As for France, after losing its economic influence in Algeria due to the nationalization of its oil, the Gulf became its economic refuge. It was able to establish friendly and cooperative relations with Saudi Arabia and the Gulf countries, sign many arms deals and agreements, and compete with the United States in arms cooperation with the Gulf. France achieved the import of large quantities of oil, and this helped to achieve a large trade exchange based on deductions from the monetary value of oil.

The history of Yale University is a pivotal chapter in the development of higher education in the United States. From its founding in 1701 as a college school until 1870, it transformed from a small religious institution for training clergy into a national university with diverse academic and professional departments. The significance of this research lies in its examination of the foundational period that laid the initial intellectual and organizational groundwork upon which the university later rose to global prominence.
This research focuses on the history of Yale University from its inception in 1701 to 1870, emphasizing the motivations behind its founding, its institutional development, its educational curricula, and its early specialized schools. It concludes with a brief overview of the first regular admission of women through the School of Fine Arts in 1869, making 1870 a natural culmination of this phase, as it marked Yale's transition from a classical college to a modern university following the establishment of the School of Fine Arts (1869) and the formal admission of women.
This makes 1870 a natural conclusion to this phase, as it represents Yale's transition from a classical college to a modern university after the establishment of the School of Fine Arts (1869) and the formal admission of women. During this period of development, Yale transformed from a "local seminary" into a "major national university" embracing liberal and scientific thought, and taking its first steps toward academic equality. In this sense, the period (1701–1870) is considered the golden foundational century of Yale University, which paved the way for its subsequent global rise in the twentieth century.

The National Defense University for Military Studies is a military academic institution affiliated with the General Staff of the Army, concerned with academic and institutional education within the Iraqi Army. It was established in 1975 as the Academy of Higher Military Studies, and by July 1976, its name was changed to Al-Bakr University for Higher Military Studies. Following the events of 2003, it was re-established under the new name National Defense University, pursuant to a letter from the Joint Operations Command on June 30, 2006, and officially opened on October 1, 2006. On October 4, 2010, its name was changed to the National Defense University for Military Studies. Law No. 4 of 2016, the National Defense University for Military Studies Law, was issued, regulating the university's operations and the supervision and management of its affiliated institutions. Its name was changed again to the National Defense University for Higher Military Studies in 2020, and the following formations are affiliated with it: (National Defense College, War College, Staff College, Command College, Military College, Institute of Languages, and Center for Strategic Studies and Research).

The supreme religious authority in Najaf, represented by His Eminence Sayyid Ali al-Sistani, adopted a strategy of political resistance to confront the occupation, employing the very democratic principles that the occupiers themselves proclaimed in their quest to seize national sovereignty. The authority's firm stance was evident in its rejection of the appointment mechanism that the occupying power attempted to impose in forming the Governing Council and drafting the constitution, emphasizing that legitimacy derives solely from the popular will expressed through the ballot box. Despite complex security challenges, the religious authority waged a bitter constitutional and political struggle that compelled the occupying authorities to yield to the will of the Iraqi people. This insistence stems from a principled vision aimed at safeguarding the country against dictatorship and enshrining elections as a tool for empowering the people. In this context, the religious authority affirms that its role is not driven by political ambition, but rather by a religious and social responsibility aimed at protecting the interests of the faithful. Its involvement in the electoral process is rooted in its fundamental role in social stability and nation-building.

Iraq's importance to Moscow was due to historical and geostrategic reasons that were linked to some special features that made it distinct from Soviet ties with other countries and even some Arab Middle Eastern countries. In addition to Iraq's economic potential and wealth after 1972 and the rise in oil prices that followed, Iraq became a financial partner and customer for Moscow. What increased Iraq's importance to Moscow was Egypt's transformation and abandonment of its friendship and its orientation towards the United States of America, which gave Iraq importance to the Soviet Union and Iraq became the only remaining tool for its influence in the region. Its companies began to expand in Iraq, the goal being to gain broader interests in the Gulf region and then revive its economy. This was beneficial in protecting the political situation from collapse, especially since some features of changes and demands to amend the economic situation began to appear in Moscow.

During the 1990s, the Arab Republic of Egypt witnessed a noticeable increase in the pace of armed attacks by extremist Islamic groups targeting the tourism sector. This occurred as part of systematic attempts to undermine security and stability and strike one of the state's most important strategic sectors. Some of these attacks resulted in casualties among foreign tourists, which had severe humanitarian and security consequences and negatively affected Egypt's image as a safe tourist destination internationally. The tourism sector is considered one of the main pillars of the Egyptian national economy, as it represents a primary source of national income and plays an active role in providing job opportunities and supporting many related economic sectors. Therefore, targeting this vital sector does not only have economic repercussions but also extends to multiple security, political, and social dimensions

This study addresses the nature of the strategic partnership between Iraq and Iran in the post-2003 period, a phase marked by profound political, security, and economic transformations that reshaped the dynamics of interaction between the two states. The findings indicate that these relations rest upon a network of shared interests, grounded in geographic contiguity, economic interdependence, and religious as well as cultural affinities, in addition to the influential regional role of both countries. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that the strategic partnership between Iraq and Iran extends beyond the political sphere to encompass economic, energy, security, tourism, cultural, and educational dimensions. Nevertheless, the durability of this partnership remains contingent upon the capacity of both parties to insulate their bilateral relations from the politics of regional alignments and international polarization.

The education of slaves in Louisiana cannot be studied without considering the social and political history of the state, because education is rooted in the political history of the state, the definition of freedom by the state's freedmen was intrinsically linked to the right to free public education, and the efforts of slave education represented a small part of the social unrest that swept through Louisiana as the end of the Civil War in 1864 brought changes to the political landscape of Louisiana, and the impact of the Civil War on life Which included the subject of public education for blacks, the issue of public education remained controversial in Louisiana, public Louisiana, especially as the legislature, the U.S. Army, newspapers, and individuals throughout the state fought fiercely over the purpose Academy.

Al-Liwa newspaper unequivocally led the national movement in Egypt, with pressing national issues, primarily independence, dominating public discourse. This context significantly highlighted Al-Liwa\\'s national role in supporting Khedive Abbas Hilmi II. The newspaper explicitly articulated its objectives: serving Egypt and Islam, alongside vehemently condemning the policies of the British occupation authorities. This stance ultimately compelled Britain to recognize the provisional nature of its presence in Egypt, particularly as its international standing among nations critical of colonialism began to falter.
Al-Liwa fervently adopted nationalist ideologies, exposing British racism and their recurrent attempts to depose Khedive Abbas Hilmi II, especially following the re-enactment of the Press Law. While the British government exploited the national Denshawai incident—which ignited armed resistance against Britain—Al-Liwa countered the unjust tribunals against Egyptians by denouncing Lord Cromer\\'s oppressive policies, particularly against the poor. Furthermore, Al-Liwa took a firm stance against the 1907 Condominium Agreement, reminding Britain that Sudan\\'s conquest was achieved through Egyptian men and resources, thus unequivocally rejecting any attempts to divest Egypt of its political influence. The newspaper also championed the establishment of the Egyptian University in 1908, a project opposed by Britain as a potential catalyst for revolutions and unrest. Despite Lord Cromer\\'s campaign against it, Al-Liwa steadfastly defended the university\\'s initiative, advocating for Egypt\\'s significant position among nations through educational advancement. The Ibrahim al-Wardani affair in 1910 also received prominent coverage, with Al-Liwa proclaiming him a national martyr following his political assassination of Boutros Ghali. Similarly, the newspaper adopted a decisive position against the proposed extension of the Suez Canal concession in 1910, publishing numerous articles to rally Egyptians against the unjust scheme and to liberate the nation from this perceived conspiracy.In addition to its position regarding the 1911 Coptic Congress aimed at mitigating sectarian tensions between Copts and Muslims.

Turkey witnessed In 1923, a major political transition after the fall of Ottoman rule, as Kemal Ataturk came to the head of power, and modern Turkey fell under his reign under one-party rule. Then came the year 1946 for Turkey to enter into multi-party life, due to the results of World War II. Here, party competition began. In order to gain power, each of them used his own method in order to obtain what he wanted

This research examines the development of the relationship between secularism and political Islam in Turkey during the period (1919–1997), as one of the structural dilemmas in the history of the modern Turkish state. It starts from the assumption that Kemalist secularism was a party project imposed from above, which contributed to creating a continuous tension between the state and society. The research adopts the historical analytical method, tracing the stages of this conflict from the one-party stage to multi-party politics and the rise of organized political Islam, with a focus on the role of the military establishment in controlling the political sphere. It concludes that this conflict was not circumstantial, but rather constituted one of the main determinants of the course of Turkish political life until the end of the twentieth century.

Between 1950 and 1990, Turkey experienced a series of profound transformations that affected various political and social spheres, reshaping the internal structure of both the state and society. This period was marked by increasing levels of relative openness and an expanding margin of political pluralism, particularly following the end of certain phases of military rule and the country’s gradual shift toward a more inclusive democratic approach compared to previous decades. These developments unfolded within a broader context characterized by modern economic reforms, rapid social change, and growing engagement with new political orientations that significantly influenced the formation of Turkey’s evolving political system.
Amid these shifts, Islamic parties emerged as an important political component seeking to establish a foothold within the Turkish party landscape, despite the strict constraints imposed by the Kemalist system, which was founded on rigid secularism and the exclusion of religious expression from the public sphere. Nevertheless, Islamic movements and parties succeeded in developing their intellectual and organizational tools, presenting themselves anew as political actors capable of responding to both internal and regional developments. This enabled them to become an active part of Turkey’s political fabric throughout the four decades in question.
These parties distinguished themselves by their adaptability in dealing with state authorities and their ability to adjust to the social and economic changes shaping Turkish society, which ultimately strengthened their presence and influence. Over time, they managed to resonate with broader segments of the population, enhancing their role in political life and laying the groundwork for the emergence of more organized and influential Islamic-oriented movements in the subsequent decades.

Intelligence is considered the key to all powers in the knowledge economy, and education is a process through which previous generations transfer their knowledge and culture to later generations. It has become a reason for a scientific leap that the human mind could not have imagined. With the development of technology, artificial intelligence entered to improve the quality of education and to provide various opportunities for students’ learning, such as creating images, animations, and videos.
Artificial intelligence is not an ordinary information program; it is built on education more than it is built on programming. The aim of this research is to introduce the reader to the fascinating world of artificial intelligence, which is considered one of the most important products of computers in the era of globalization. Through this research, we explain how artificial intelligence is used in the study of history because it facilitates improving education, analyzing historical data, and extracting important results.
We reached several recommendations, including the need to establish fair, comprehensive, and ethical policies and systems for the use of artificial intelligence, and to provide main plans for managing education and learning, and to enhance artificial intelligence innovations for the sake of education. It also includes encouraging cooperation between humans and machines instead of complete reliance on intelligent systems. Enhancing the social and human sciences with artificial intelligence leads to pushing the limits of current knowledge toward unlimited knowledge and deeper levels, and solving the problem of lack of connection between other sciences, and removing the separating boundaries between different disciplines. The research shows how artificial intelligence techniques are used in analyzing historical.

Between1991 and 2003 the Arabian Gulf region witnessed significant regional transformations that directly influenced the foreign policies of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states. This period was marked by the emergence of numerous strategic challenges, most notably the aftermath of the Second Gulf War 1990-1991, the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, and the global shifts following the end of the Cold War. These events led to regional interventions that altered the balance of power and policies across the regio.
In response to these changes, the GCC states redefined their foreign policies to align with the demands of the period—particularly need to the maintain internal and regional security and stability. This period also witnessed an increased ;vemphasis on joint cooperation among member states to confront economic and political challenges. Concurrently, new roles emerged for certain regional powers seeking to expand their influence in the Gulf, prompting GCC states to adopt cautious and balanced positions to safeguard their national interests.
This study analyzes the features of GCC foreign policy during this sensitive period, highlighting the strategic frameworks, motivations, and major challenges the council faced. It also examines the mechanisms by which GCC states dealt with regional and global developments. Furthermore, the research seeks to emphasize the role of Gulf cooperation in strengthening unity and integration among member states as a fundamental pillar in confronting these to face changel.

American–Egyptian relations represent a deep and long-standing strategic partnership dating back to 1930. This relationship is centered on shared interests in the Middle East, particularly regional security and the Palestinian issue. It is characterized by military, economic, and security cooperation, despite the existence of tensions arising from human rights concerns and divergent regional policies. Nevertheless, the relationship continues to serve as a pillar of regional stability, supported by military aid and peace initiatives. Despite differences among American administrations, the American administration has played a significant role in the political developments that have taken place in Egypt since the outbreak of the January 25 Revolution in 2011, the fall of former President Hosni Mubarak’s regime, and the rise of President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi to power.

Heinz Himmler is considered one of the most important figures in the history of Nazi Germany. He was distinguished by his intelligence, ambition, and drive to realize German self-realization through the restoration of a powerful and glorious Germany, surpassing other nations. This enabled him to rise rapidly, far beyond his years, to the highest military ranks. He established numerous military, security, and intelligence formations, making him Hitler's second-in-command. Hitler had faith in Himmler's field and security capabilities, as well as his dedication to serving the Reich and its principles.
The importance of this research stems from examining Himmler's objectives in building security and intelligence institutions, which played a significant role in monitoring and controlling security both within and outside Germany during World War II and Germany's domination of most of Eastern and Western Europe.

Modern Arabic literature has derived artistic tools and techniques from other arts to keep pace with the events of the era, relying on some writers who represent an artistic and aesthetic phenomenon that is compatible with the changes occurring in the literary and social arena, as the creator aims to benefit from artistic tools and invest them in literary texts, which contributes to breaking the isolation in himself and opens the way for multiple readings, which meets psychological needs, in addition to being one of the elements that he uses to reach his goal through imagination and his inner voice, conversing with the world in search of what lies beyond the meaning by employing the dramatic character to enhance the subliminal text and attract the recipient, in addition to diving into the worlds of other arts, which enriches the literary text and leads it to creativity through renewal and keeping pace with the spirit of the era through the door of diversity and renewal and opening horizons for contemplation and interpretation

This study explores the themes of fear, horror, and chaos that dominated Iraqi society following the events of 2003 and the en try of the U.S.-led coalition forces. The violent escalation that followed these events had a harsh impact on the Iraqi people, who suffered from its calamities for many years. In his novel Frankenstein in Baghdad, Ahmed Saadawi sheds light on the events that shook and terrified Iraqi society, portraying to the world the magnitude of the pain and suffering endured by its people.
The research reveals the theme of fear and its deep semantic significance as a functional factor influencing the psychology of the characters and all elements of the novel. Fear emerges as a dominant and clear relationship linked to realistic and futuristic anxieties within the Iraqi individual. The characters appear anxious, suffering from pain, oppression, and grief as they live through these events and record their realities.
Fear is the persistent theme in Saadawi's narrative, as he lived through this pain and embodied it in his work. Therefore, the study links the "theme" not only to the subject matter but also to the deep connotations of fear and its dominant function as a catalyst for the novel's events. This fear is intertwined with chaos, absurdity, and alienation. The omniscient narrator remains hidden behind the events, exposing the truths of criminals and the corrupt by masking them behind the terrifying figure of "Frankenstein" with its well-known references.
The author meticulously selected and employed this character to represent the horrific gathering of body parts after explosions—Iraqi remains lost without cause or justification. The character became a tool or a theme of fear and horror, pursuing the corrupt before turning into the widespread chaos that prevailed in Baghdad. The author mentions specific characters, places, and events that served as a stage for conflict—a conflict in every terrifying and frightening sense of the word. It was a conflict of identity and belonging, which is the most severe form of pain when a human being is judged for their internal feelings and essence, finding themselves terrified and psychologically exhausted. Thus, the Iraqi individual had to survive amidst all these contradictions unfolding around them.

This study is an investigative approach to the employment of rhetorical luxury, its aesthetics, negatives and performance in the selected narrative text, and it traces the paths of this luxury represented by brevity and symbolism, and the manifestations of this on the text entitled (The Other Face) by the Iraqi novelist Fouad Al-Takarly, with the aim of involving the recipient in the search for the deep connotations and meanings. And exploring its depths, which are characterized by brevity, condensation, or symbolism, and anticipating the pivotal role that this condensation plays in the process of narrative and thematic integration and the narrative plot, and its effect on perceptions that are open to all possibilities in the recipient. The enduring artistic importance lies in breaking the horizon of expectation and not being direct in the presentation, and in the camouflaged concealment behind surface structures in order to discover the unknown.
The problem of the research becomes apparent to us in identifying the manifestations of rhetorical luxury adopted, which have become apparent to its reader through its use of metaphors, similes, figurative images, and semantically intensive linguistic structures, and revealing the extent of their presence in description, narration, and dialogue. Whether it was dominant or not, the study must examine the causal reasons for its use in the narrative text. It is essential to clarify the objectives of this research and investigate several functions, the most important of which is the aesthetic function, considering the artistic depth it adds to the narrated text. It also conveys the complex psychological anxieties of the characters, especially those related to internal conflict, alienation, and existential anxiety, which are a dominant theme in the novelistic text.
He did not stop at these limits, but rather sought to analyze the relationship between rhetorical luxury and meaning, by revealing the effectiveness of the rhetorical style in intensifying the horizon of meaning or rationalizing it according to what the novelist desires, and intensifying the semiotic symbols in the text. This research also aims to reveal how language is reinforced by the social and cultural context in which the narrated events unfold within the narrative space. Furthermore, it seeks to demonstrate the distinctiveness of Fouad al-Takrali's narrative style by linking rhetorical embellishment to his artistic vision and his linguistic choices employed in this selected text. Hoping that this research will contribute to the development of modern rhetorical studies, by applying rhetorical tools to narrative texts, in order to prove that rhetoric is not exclusive to poetic texts, but is capable of being a fundamental element in analyzing the novel, considering the richness of its semiotic interpretations, so that the reader can understand, analyze, and interpret its aesthetic and semantic structure.

The study of dialects represents a vital aspect of linguistics, as it illustrates the history a language has undergone, reveals its stages of development, and helps uncover the dialectal characteristics of each tribe and the extent of its participation in the formation of the Arabic language. A substantial portion of our linguistic heritage lies behind the study of these dialects due to their strong connection with the Holy Quran and its recitations, our local dialects across all Arab countries, and the noble Prophetic Hadith. The significant interest of contemporary Iraqi researchers in utilizing the prose texts of the Hadith in their grammatical studies, which are never devoid of citing its linguistic variants or pointing to its dialectal phenomena, is evident. Given the immense benefit and the important status of the Tamim tribe, this study addresses its dialectal phenomena related to nouns within these studies.
The research has shown the care our researchers have taken regarding dialectal issues, including the Tamimi dialect, as their studies encompassed the grammatical issues mentioned in books of grammar and language. The study revealed the numerous grammatical phenomena present in the dialect of the Tamim tribe compared to other dialectal phenomena. The Tamim tribe shared some of these phenomena with some neighboring tribes. These phenomena indicate the eloquence of the Banu Tamim tribe, as evidence for them is found in the Holy Quran and the texts of the Prophetic Hadith.

This study aims to investigate the semantic nuances of the form (khalaqa) in the Holy Quran, while demonstrating how grammatical positioning and Quranic context guide meaning. Furthermore, it highlights how this correlation expands interpretive horizons and deepens the understanding of divine objectives by uncovering the mechanisms of meaning generation and modification.

trying this research could shed light on the mechanisms of displacement, the(Isotopy), contrast (Contrast/Allotopy) Dimensions of the two semantic in the poetic text, as the two concepts can filled the space of the recent studies, since the transfer of their world crime from the field of physics to the field of linguistics, particularly linguistic, structural, and hence the aim of this research to focus on the applications of these two concepts and their modern, and in conformity with the product semiotic taken from the poem journey to the end of the poet Badr Shaker Sayyab model analytical convinced the evolution of these mechanisms and, hence based on what you say fall line of research within the summary and the group introductions general research and smoothing the look of three direct, in respect of the boots has included the study of the theoretical frameworks and concepts to the concepts of similarities and contrast,The first building has devoted the study of the phenomenon of saturation contrast audio within a fund of useful dimensions of the two semantic, and discussed the second building on the phenomenon of saturation contrast within the useful words of the dimensions of the two semantic, as we discussed in this amount of homelessness within four levels of the first and the morphological level, second level, lexical, and the third-level installation, the fourth level of the moral, and finally came out of the sea to a range of results, most notably that the phenomenon of saturation contrast audio manifestation in the poetic text of the topic is in our hands manifestation padded experiences the poet's self-worth symbolic and expressionistic rhythmical starting structure of the surface growth and the end of the structure not deep, It was influenced growing up in unifying the semantics of popular discourse and deliberative him

Literary autobiography is a genre constructed upon essential artistic elements, as are other literary forms. Central among these elements are luminous language, formative imagination, and candid self-disclosure. The fundamental aim of autobiography, in this sense, is to present its author in direct confrontation with life, openly articulating the impulses that stirred within, and revealing thoughts, emotions, and stances as they unfolded.
The significance of this study lies in the convergence of rare and valuable qualities embodied in Min Sawāniḥ al-Dhikrāyāt by Ḥamad al-Jāsir, foremost among them the author’s advanced age, vast knowledge, literary accomplishment, and his profound role in the events of his era and homeland. Ḥamad al-Jāsir lived for nearly ninety years and was honored with the title “The Scholar of the Arabian Peninsula.” This long life was rich and abundant in experience, encompassing travel, desert and urban life alike, and accompanied by emotions of joy and hardship.
Fate placed al-Jāsir at the heart of the major events of his time, supported by a distinctive and powerfully structured personality, along with a clear and expressive style in writing and composition. The findings of the study reveal, at their core, al-Jāsir’s deep-rooted and pervasive grounding in Islamic law and its upright methodology. Alongside this foundation lies a heart pulsating with human belonging—one that responds intensely when harm befalls him or his fellow human beings. His attachment to memory remained vibrantly alive; it was never replaced by a detached or cold acknowledgment of roles played, struggles endured, or pleasures experienced throughout the stages of his life. A pronounced emphasis on emotional sensitivity emerges as a truth that cannot be overlooked. This sensitivity possessed more than one dimension: while al-Jāsir perceived it at times as a form of weakness, it nonetheless functioned—despite its frailty—as an element he skillfully refined, directed, and elevated in value. He succeeded in employing it to activate and energize his creative power, thereby contributing significantly to his literary productivity.

The importance of this research lies in reading children's rhyming songs and revealing the dominant masculine mindset behind their composition, as well as the parental authority that links the linguistic text with the child's bodily movement, the prevailing customs, and common thinking in conveying the social images that control collective thought and presenting them to children. This ostensibly reflects the educational method dominant during that time period. The pieces in children's poetry represent an expression and declaration of the speaker's feelings and positive contemplations when the newborn is male, or fear and anxiety about the future—and sometimes the present—if the newborn were female, in order to examine.
Thus arose the need to understand the origin of that dominance and how it controlled the ancient Arab mentality (pre-Islamic period) through what was mentioned in the introduction under the title (The Concept of Male Dominance). Since poetry directed at children was not in the form of well-known long poems or verses with a consistent author, and did not express a stable emotion for a specific age stage, it became necessary to call it more 'lullabies for dancing' rather than 'dance poetry.' We discussed its definition and categories in the first section, then moved to the research problem and its main objective in an applied study in the second and third sections. The second section was titled (Dominance in Boys' Dancing Lullabies) and the third (Dominance in Girls' Dancing Lullabies), followed by the research results, sources, and references.

The research dealt with the study of the rhymed prose of the soothsayers in the pre-Islamic era as a social control and an explanation of the ability of the soothsayers to control the behavior of the individual in pre-Islamic society through prediction through a jinn follower who tells them what will happen to them in the future, good or bad, if they proceed with a certain action, and revealing the extent of compliance with such predictions. The reactions came in varying between acceptance on the basis that what is issued by the soothsayers is expected to happen inevitably, or rejection on the basis of the rule of reason and interest or benefit

This research examines the presence of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) in the poetry of the Al-Wa'i Al-Islami magazine through two main dimensions: the biographical dimension and the symbolic dimension. The research reveals how poetry successfully combines historical reality with timeless symbols, transforming events and the Prophet's life into moral and spiritual lessons, thus making the Prophet (peace be upon him) a living example of guidance and role model in Islamic poetry Contemporary. The research also clarifies the role of the Diwan of Poets of Al-Wa'i Magazine in renewing praise of the Prophet by linking it to the concerns of the contemporary nation and enhancing its spiritual and civilizational values.

The concept of inlaying is one of the phonetic phenomena that has a prominent effect in deepening and enriching the internal music of the poetic text, as it adds a melodic rhythm and a musical tone, The study aims to reveal its artistic characteristics and aesthetic features, and I have adopted the descriptive analytical approach to address them, in order to show how jewelry is employed in this style, The study also explored the extent to which inlay transcends its rhetorical function, becoming an aesthetic mechanism with semantic meaning through which he expresses his deep love for the family of the Prophet (peace be upon them). Furthermore, the study concluded that inlay contributes to shaping the rhythmic structure, highlighting the emotional state, and captivating the minds of listeners through the syllabic symmetry between the paragraphs of the poetic verse.

Arabic literature abounds with foundational heritage texts that epitomize the nation’s cultural identity. In this context, the discipline of "Tahqiq" (critical verification of manuscripts) has emerged as a vital science, instrumental in unearthing and revitalizing these intellectual treasures. Foremost among such works is "Al-Shi’r wa al-Shu’ara" (Poetry and Poets) by Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari (213–276 AH). Regarded as a cornerstone of Arabic literary criticism and belles-lettres, the book occupies a prestigious position at the pinnacle of classical heritage. This significance has prompted numerous scholars and orientalists—notably M.J. de Goeje, Ahmad Muhammad Shakir, Sheikh Muhammad Abd al-Mun’im al-Uryan, and Muhammad Qamiha—to undertake its critical verification.
This research sets out to conduct a comparative tracking of "Al-Shi’r wa al-Shu’ara" across three distinct editions: those of Ahmad Muhammad Shakir, Sheikh Muhammad Abd al-Mun’im al-Uryan, and Muhammad Qamiha. By meticulously scrutinizing these scholarly efforts and tracing their methodological approaches, this study concludes that Ahmad Muhammad Shakir’s edition stands as the most authoritative. His work strictly adheres to the rigorous standards of critical verification and exhibits minimal lapses, a testament to his profound expertise and lifelong mastery of the art of manuscript editing.

This research presents an analytical study entitled: "The Role of Context in Guiding Syntactic Analysis According to Grammarians: A Study in Light of the Qur’anic Text." It aims to highlight the importance of context in understanding and guiding syntactic rules as viewed by scholars of Arabic grammar, with a particular focus on applications derived from the Holy Qur’an.
The study begins with a theoretical foundation of the concept of context in its various forms (linguistic, situational, and semantic), then discusses the concept of syntactic guidance and the role of context among its mechanisms. It explores the perspectives of both classical and contemporary grammarians—such as Sibawayh, Ibn Jinni, Ibn Hisham, and Al-Zamakhshari—regarding the significance of context.
The applied section of the research is dedicated to presenting examples from Qur’anic verses in which grammatical disagreement occurred, where context played a decisive role in favoring one syntactic interpretation over another.
The research concludes with several findings, the most important of which is that context serves as a central tool in determining meaning and guiding syntactic analysis in the Qur’anic text. It also emphasizes that grammatical rules are not rigid, but rather flexible and adaptable to contextual meanings. The study recommends further integration between linguistic sciences and the fields of exegesis and rhetoric, in order to interpret Qur’anic syntax with greater accuracy and deeper understanding.

This research conducts a phonological, morphemic, and semiotic analysis of the poem \\\\\\\\"Semiramis\\\\\\\\" by the Iraqi pcdoet Buland Al-Haidari, The study aims to uncover the poem\\\\\\\\'s deep structure and employ AI to analyze phonological, morphological, and symbolic patterns that are difficult to detect through conventional methods. It seeks to demonstrate the effectiveness of AI in supporting literary analysis by revealing hidden relationships between sound and meaning. Furthermore, the research aims to bring forth semantic images that function as psychological symbols, expressing conflicting emotions such as betrayal, treachery, loss, and collapse, while also illustrating the role of repetition in reinforcing these meanings within the psyche.

The choice of character in a narrative text presented to children constitutes a key to deciphering the narrative mode employed in the text, whether historical, social, realistic, or science-fictional. This is particularly significant since children’s literature requires the inclusion of certain scientific and historical facts, as well as social and cultural concepts, given that it forms part of the tools of upbringing and education for children. It embodies a portion of the child’s cognitive and cultural foundation upon which he or she relies in the early stages of schooling. Through such literature, children are introduced to historical and social figures via the roles these characters embody in the literary text—whether good or evil—according to how the text presents them. Accordingly, such characters constitute an important source of the child’s knowledge reservoir. The collection The Sparrows Fight by Dr. Jassim Muhammad Salih has been selected as a model, as it acquaints the child with Arab life and with the hardships suffered by our homeland as a result of occupation, all presented in a simplified manner suitable to the child’s comprehension, thereby reinforcing in them the spirit of sacrifice and resistance.

This study examines the phenomenon of grammatical error in Arabic from an analytical perspective that seeks to distinguish between error as a deviation from the established linguistic system and error as a manifestation of natural linguistic development. The research is based on a central problem: grammatical error cannot be judged absolutely, but rather relatively, depending on the adopted norm, the context of use, and the degree of spread and regularity of the phenomenon. The study combines the traditional Arabic grammatical view of error—expressed through concepts such as laḥn (solecism), irregularity, analogy, and attested usage—with modern Arabic linguistic approaches that reconsider the relationship between rule and usage and view linguistic development as a gradual process.
The study demonstrates that classical Arabic grammar, despite its normative character, was aware of the nature of linguistic performance and acknowledged the possibility of error even in the speech of eloquent speakers. It also distinguished between rejected error and acceptable variation based on analogy and attested usage. Furthermore, the study shows that many contemporary grammatical errors remain genuine deviations because they lack functional justification and systematic usage, whereas other phenomena may be interpreted as transitional stages in linguistic development when they exhibit spread, stability, and the ability to generate new patterns. The study concludes by emphasizing the need for a balanced descriptive-analytical approach to grammatical error, one that preserves the integrity of Standard Arabic while taking into account actual linguistic usage and change.

After Mahmoud Darwis one of the most prominent poets of modernity and resistance in the Arab world, whose poetry often revolved around the Palestinian cause, we find his poetry as a human and poetic phenomenon in our Arab world. He blended women and homeland, and this blend provided his artistic experiences with an emotional spirit and generated that vivid vision, as the poem turns into a flash of a dream, in which love is distinguished by patriotism. Darwish used intertextuality with myths, religion, and history to enrich his poetic texts. He employed many symbols in his poetry, including the symbol of women and mothers to indicate homeland and identity, in addition to including the phenomenon of repetition in his poetry and its effect in enhancing meaning andrhythm
Criticism of Darwish has highlighted the merits of his poetic creations, which shine in the awareness of the general and specific Arab self. Finally, Mahmoud Darwish is not only a great poet, but also a great activist who combined political commitment with artistic and human depth.

This study aims to explore the explicit and implicit meanings in the Qur’anic verses related to miserliness, drawing on Grice’s theory of conversational implicature and analyzing the main principles he established as reflected in the Qur’anic discourse. The research seeks to demonstrate how the Qur’an employs indirect rhetorical strategies that exert a deeper impact on the recipient than direct expressions, thereby achieving pedagogical and persuasive purposes. The findings reveal that conversational implicature in the verses on miserliness does not merely rely on explicit reference to the concept but rather on suggestive techniques that stimulate the reader to reflect and contemplate the consequences of this trait, most notably the punishment in the Hereafter. This highlights the significant argumentative and rhetorical force of the Qur’anic discourse in addressing this phenomenon.