Journal of college of Law for Legal and Political Sciences

This study examines the concept of sustainability from a holistic perspective that integrates environmental, economic, and social dimensions, emphasizing its importance in ensuring the balanced use of natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. The study also reviews contemporary sustainability trends in the Dhofar Governorate, such as the expansion of renewable energy projects, the development of ecotourism practices, and the increasing adoption of recycling initiatives. Furthermore, it addresses the necessary requirements for sustaining these efforts, including the formulation of comprehensive development plans, the integration of roles between government institutions and civil society, and the strengthening of government initiatives through environmental policies, awareness campaigns, and development programs.
The study is structured around three interconnected axes that contribute to a comprehensive understanding of sustainability in Dhofar. The first axis clarifies the conceptual framework of sustainability as an integrated system that balances environmental, economic, and social considerations. The environmental aspect is fundamental to preserving natural resources, while the economic aspect focuses on enhancing investment efficiency and diversifying income sources. The social dimension guarantees equity and improves the well-being of individuals. This perspective establishes a solid knowledge base that positions sustainability as a comprehensive approach, not a limited, sectoral concept. The second axis addresses contemporary sustainability trends in Dhofar Governorate, highlighting the evolution of government and private sector policies and practices in areas such as environmental management, the green economy, and sustainable tourism. It also points to the contributions of civil society in promoting responsible consumption patterns. Furthermore, it underscores the rapid transformations associated with Oman Vision 2040, which has integrated sustainability standards into development strategies, reflecting a growing response to environmental, economic, and social challenges.
The third axis focuses on the structural requirements for ensuring the continuity of sustainability in Dhofar, including the establishment of a flexible legislative framework, the provision of effective institutional support, and the implementation of evidence-based planning practices. It also emphasizes the need to strengthen partnerships between the public and private sectors and local communities, along with investment in education and scientific research, the adoption of advanced technologies, and the enhancement of continuous monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to ensure the long-term effectiveness of sustainable programs. Through these dimensions, the research framework presents a comprehensive vision that connects the theoretical foundations of sustainability with its contemporary applications and the necessary requirements for its continuity in Dhofar, paving the way for the formulation of practical policies that advance long-term sustainable development goals

The employee may be referred to the administrative investigation pursuant to the text of Article (10) of the amended State and Public Sector Employees Discipline Law of 1991, so symptoms occur that prevent the investigation or its continuation if it has been initiated. The aforementioned, the investigation committee should recommend closing the investigation, because it has become legally impossible to implement the provisions of the Law on Disciplining State and Public Sector Employees, and accordingly, in this research, we have dealt with the symptoms that prevent administrative investigation in Iraqi legislation and compared it with some legislative trends

The study highlights that the rapid digital transformation necessitates legal safeguards for protecting digital rights. Although the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 does not explicitly mention "digital rights," several articles—such as 17, 38, and 40—implicitly support them. However, the current legal framework falls short in addressing privacy and data protection. Existing laws are limited in scope, and regulatory bodies like the Communications and Media Commission need to strengthen their role in safeguarding user rights. The study recommends enacting comprehensive data protection laws and amending proposed cybercrime laws to preserve digital freedom of expression. It emphasizes that digital surveillance must be legally regulated to ensure a proper balance between national security and individual rights

When a country's legislative will deliberately subjects the same taxpayer to more than one tax of the same type, on the same money, and for the same reason, during the same period, it burdens the taxpayer beyond their capacity, especially when the taxpayer is a foreign resident. This leads to injustice, undermining the principle of tax fairness, which dictates that each taxpayer should contribute to public expenditures according to their ability to pay. Furthermore, it has detrimental effects on the taxpayer, as it represents additional costs on top of the original burden, consuming a larger portion of their profits. This may drive them to use all available means, whether legal or illegal, to evade taxes. In addition, it poses economic risks to the state, as well as difficulties for tax administration due to the multiplicity of laws regulating tax provisions, creating the phenomenon of double taxation. Given all the negative consequences of double taxation, this phenomenon has been a focus of attention for countries, which have unilaterally sought to harmonize their tax legislation. It is consistent and free from double taxation, and it has embraced international agreements to address its risks, in addition to the efforts of scientific institutes and international organizations that have strived to create solutions and foundations that can be taken into account to address double taxation

This study highlights the significance of international legal rules, which play a role in protecting, safeguarding, and promoting the higher interests of societies and peoples. Its importance has increased in our contemporary world to achieve and establish social security and peace. Additionally, the study clarifies the essential and strategic role played by international justice, emphasizing the fundamental, primary, and pivotal role in establishing, strengthening, and developing international legal foundations. This is accomplished through judicial efforts and precedents represented in decisions and advisory opinions issued by international courts at all levels, such as the judgments of the International Court of Justice and the International Criminal Court, among others
The study identified deficiencies in enforcing and monitoring the implementation of international judgments, as well as double standards in dealing with international issues favoring major powers over smaller states. The researcher suggested the need to restructure the international judicial system in terms of degrees of jurisdiction, as it operates on a single level, including the International Criminal Court, contrary to the main legal systems followed globally. The study also called for activating and emphasizing the establishment of a judicial body affiliated with international forums, with its jurisdiction focused on imposing and monitoring the implementation of international judgments, providing the necessary resources and authorities. It emphasized the necessity of revisiting the Charter of the United Nations, issued in 1945, which has been in existence for more than 78 years, to align it with the requirements of global changes occurring in our contemporary world

There is no doubt that intellectual coercion has become a clearly discernible phenomenon at both the national and international levels, given its profound consequences, which manifest in the production of deviant thought whether in the form of religious doctrine, political or economic ideologies, or other types—so long as its purpose is to silence and suppress the will of individuals and society, ultimately in pursuit of specific goals and objectives through various means. Intellectual coercion exists in all societies, albeit to varying degrees, and is more prevalent in closed societies characterized by totalitarian cultures. It is embodied in various practices such as pressure, persecution, or violence directed against holders of dissenting intellectual views, whether as groups or individuals, often with the support of political or religious organizations.
Although most constitutions have sought albeit to varying extents to guarantee intellectual freedom and intellectual security, the real test lies in the effective implementation of such provisions, many of which have remained largely unenforced. Prior to 2003, Iraq constituted a theater of conflicts and military coups, where the primary concern of constitutional drafters was the consolidation of military and political dominance, with little regard for the rights and freedoms of the people. Consequently, the core problem was not the existence of constitutional texts, but rather their application. A clear illustration of this can be found in the repressive policies of the former Ba’ath regime, which systematically curtailed all intellectual rights whether political or religious despite their nominal inclusion in constitutional documents. This represents a fundamental shortcoming in all Iraqi constitutions issued during that period, as they failed to explicitly prohibit or limit intellectual coercion, relying instead on implicit and ineffective references that lacked substantive legal value. Such provisions were insufficient to provide the necessary legal protection for intellectual freedom, as they did not expressly enshrine the prohibition of intellectual coercion

It is well known that the constitutions and legislations of most countries guarantee the right of every individual to resort to the judiciary, including taxpayers. The law grants taxpayers the right to seek judicial recourse when a dispute arises between them and the tax administration following the issuance of a tax assessment decision on their income. This right is exercised after exhausting administrative appeal procedures before the financial authority that issued the decision and then the specialized committees that review objections rejected by the financial authority. Due to the administrative nature of these committees, which are formed by a decision of the Minister of Finance, who is also the head of the financial authority, these committees are considered both judge and party in the dispute. This dual role raises doubts about their fairness in resolving disputes. Furthermore, resolving tax disputes through administrative means does not achieve the desired justice, as the administration rarely retracts its decisions, making objections before it largely ineffective

This research examines the Electronic Monitoring (EM) system, specifically the "Electronic Bracelet," as a modern technological solution and an innovative alternative to short-term custodial sentences and pretrial detention. The study aims to highlight the significance of this system in keeping pace with technological advancements, reducing overcrowding within penal institutions, and preserving the social and familial ties of the convicted individuals.
The study explores the jurisprudential and legislative concepts of electronic monitoring, analyzing its legal nature as either a precautionary measure or an alternative penalty. It discusses the positive impacts of the system, such as tracking precision and cost-efficiency, while addressing the technical and legal challenges concerning privacy protection. Furthermore, the research delves into the future role of "Big Data" analytics in predicting the criminal risk levels of released individuals. The paper concludes by urging the Iraqi legislator to formally and technically adopt this system to enhance modern penal policy

The current study analyzes a real-world problem: Administrative Liability for Technical Errors in E-Gov Platforms. It examines how this kind of liability can be adapted to the Iraqi Administrative Judiciary’s legal framework. This review presents the above topic based on the premise that previous forms of administrative liability based on traditional concepts of "Service Fault” or Faute de Service, are no longer adequate to cover the complexities of the digitally connected world, thus creating a need for a new legal basis for “Technical Error”.
Using an analytical, foundational and comparative methodology this research paper is organized into three major parts. The first section looks at the definition of , and the legal nature of technical errors as they relate to Electronic Public Service delivery; while; the second section will focus on the elements of liability and the means by which to prove the elements of liability in ways that address the issue of “algorithmic opacity;” and the third section of the report will evaluate the trends of the Iraqi Administrative Court and the factors that could exclude liability.
The research found several important conclusions, including that technical mistakes (like computer programming problems and online theft) represent a new type of breaking the "public service continuity" rule. There are also lots of problems showing how these two types are related because there are not many experts in the courts who can testify about technical matters. The researchers recommend that the Iraqi government make technical mistakes (i.e., cyber-attacks) a government responsibility and create new times of certainly for losses to individuals through the establishment of a department that has people that specialize in cyber issues (referred to as cybersecurity violators) in the government

There is no doubt that the public administration, in order to accomplish the tasks entrusted to it, must entrust its employees with many documents and matters that contain very important information, whether these documents relate to the state or individuals, and here the employee will have the duty to preserve them and not disclose them, and then the obligation will become Preserving these secrets and not disclosing them is one of the most important job duties of a public employee.
It is well known that every public government agency or job allows the employee, by virtue of his work or job position, to have access to a lot of information and documents that contain many professional secrets, whether they are related to management secrets related to the activity of institutions or administrative bodies, or those related to individuals who deal With the administration and they have interests in those secrets that the employee must keep and not disclose, and then the breach of this duty will expose the employee to disciplinary responsibility

The speed of administrative procedures has become fundamentally and significantly important for achieving effective administrative justice. This is achieved by empowering individuals before administrative representatives, thereby increasing trust and fostering confidence in the administrative control system. This reflects the ability of administrative bodies to effectively address issues at all stages of the administrative process, from its inception through the process of compiling the necessary information to issuing a ruling. Specifically, this section provides a precise definition of the conceptual framework of the administrative department, examining its definition in legal terminology, jurisprudence, and legal scholarship. It also considers its characteristics and foundations as established in international bodies and declarations, as well as national legislation in France, Egypt, and Iraq. Furthermore, it explores procedural and non-procedural grounds for adjudication in administrative representation, particularly: procedures that determine administrative legitimacy, procedures for filing and preparing appeals, non-implementation of administrative rulings by the administration, conflicts of jurisdiction between administrative and ordinary courts, and direct conflicts between the administrative court and the civil service courts. Except for the specific type), and after the administrative scientific love (administrative courts) for the litigants, but with regard to the four non-procedural reasons: legal registration, not issuing an illegal decision for administrative proceedings without referring to the enforceable civil procedure law, and non-procedural reasons related to judges, their assistants, and their parties. Moreover, just look for the patents and reality to expedite administrative and representative: the various methods of treatment before reaching the administrative trial (reconsideration of the administrative grievance), and after reaching the administrative courts (simplifying and facilitating the administrative judge's procedures), including: (the litigant's access to the administrative trial and bringing it closer to them, and the timeframes for this to expedite administrative justice, and simplifying and facilitating administrative procedures in the administrative judge), as well as general legal and judicial reform.
Conflict not in the administrative judge's procedures

Drugs are considered one of the social and humanitarian problems, and their seriousness is increasing with time due to the development of consumption patterns and means of communication, Their effects have extended to various aspects and have become a direct cause of the spread of a significant number of different and serious crimes and psychological, social and health problems. They kill the components of society, weaken it from within, and threaten the lives of young people, The issue of drug abuse and addiction has become one of the biggest dilemmas that all countries of the world suffer from, and its danger has become similar to other countries, which has pushed them to Working to combat drugs through protocols, agreements and treaties.
The problem of drug abuse is no longer a problem of society in itself, but has become a problem of the international community with its various governments and systems, Drugs now represent the next danger sweeping peoples, whether backward or advanced, Despite the efforts made by countries of the world to confront the drug phenomenon and try to eliminate it, it still poses a clear concern for the lives of individuals.
The main problem of drugs does not stop at addiction and the social, health, economic, and psychological effects, but rather extends to the lack of information related to drugs, their types, characteristics, and the reasons that lead to their abuse. There are places that lack this information, and the reason is that drugs are prohibited goods, and therefore information related to drugs is not available, in addition to the changes that occurred among the targets, such that other segments and categories were included among the dealers, for example, juveniles and girls.
The importance of research on the same topic lies in trying to uncover the reasons leading to drug abuse and addiction, determining the extent of the prevalence of drug abuse, and revealing the desire to try narcotic substances if the opportunity is given to non-using young people.
The research problem is the widespread use of narcotic substances and revealing the extent of the desire to try them. From this problem, the following questions can be asked.
-What are the most important causes and factors that lead to drug abuse?.
?. -What are the types of drugs
-What are the most important solutions to reduce the drug phenomenon ?.
The research was divided into two sections, an introduction and a conclusion, The first section included the conceptual framework of drugs, The first section included the origins and definition of drugs, The second section included types of drugs, The second section covered drugs between challenges and solutions, The first section dealt with the causes of drug abuse, The second section dealt with solutions to reduce the phenomenon of drug abuse.

Since the end of the Cold War, the world has witnessed radical transformations in the structure of governance systems. The most prominent of these has been the remarkable expansion of democracy, particularly with the collapse of the communist bloc and the increasing shift towards pluralistic systems in Third World countries. This trajectory prompted the American thinker Francis Fukuyama to present his famous thesis, "The End of History," in 1989, asserting that liberal democracy represents the pinnacle and culmination of human political development. At that time, the third wave of democratization seemed an unstoppable current, bolstered by the prevailing optimism for a future dominated by the values of freedom and political representation. However, this idealized image soon collided with a different reality. Since 2006, the world has witnessed a clear decline in indicators of political freedom and civil liberties, even in Western countries that have long been considered exemplary models for establishing democratic systems. This decline has been accompanied by a resurgence of military interventions, the rise of populist rhetoric, and the resurgence of authoritarian regimes in an international environment no longer conducive to the dissemination of liberal values and the protection of democratic institutions. These transformations reflect a structural crisis in the global democratic system and the trajectory of democratic transition. International

This research examines the legal frameworks and international mechanisms aimed at protecting "cyber sovereignty" as a modern extension of national sovereignty in the virtual realm. The legal challenge lies in the inadequacy of traditional international law rules to encompass the transnational nature of cyber violations and the accompanying complexity of assigning legal responsibility to perpetrators due to the absence of physical presence at the crime scene. Through an analysis of international instruments and institutional efforts, the research concludes that current mechanisms—such as the Tallinn Manual and regional agreements—are insufficient due to their lack of universal international binding force. This necessitates adapting the concepts of "aggression" and "the right of self-defense" under Article 51 of the UN Charter to include serious cyberattacks. The research emphasizes the need for an international legislative framework that transcends inadequate domestic laws, while simultaneously activating the role of the Security Council in characterizing cyber violations as a direct threat to international peace and security, thus ensuring the stability of the "fifth domain" of international sovereignty.

Administrative justice constitutes one of the most vital pillars of administrative law, playing a decisive role in safeguarding women’s rights across various domains. It ensures the protection of their fundamental rights and freedoms—whether as employees or homemakers—by challenging unlawful administrative orders and decisions. Such decisions may stem from discriminatory policies that favor men over women or may be inherently unfair and unsuited to women’s capabilities.The administrative judiciary serves as an effective mechanism for protecting women’s rights and enhancing their societal status. It plays a pivotal role in promoting gender equality and acts as a guarantee for women’s rights through judicial review of the legality of administrative decisions. This oversight covers both material and moral rights, including the right to hold senior management positions, and ensures equality in political participation, education, healthcare, and beyond. Therefore, strengthening the capacities of the administrative judiciary and providing it with the necessary resources is essential to achieving the objectives related to protecting women’s rights and bolstering their role within Iraqi society

This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of the Ukrainian crisis on US-Russian relations: an analysis of the military and economic tools in the geopolitical conflict. Since the outbreak of the Ukrainian crisis, relations between the United States and Russia have witnessed unprecedented tensions, reaching their lowest levels since the end of the Cold War. However, following the first term of the US administration under President Donald Trump, US-Russian relations witnessed a state of tensions that raised questions about the possibility of a structural shift in the course of bilateral relations. However, actual practice revealed the US administration’s adherence to traditional deterrence mechanisms. The policy pursued was not limited to sustaining military support for Ukraine, but also included a more stringent containment strategy. This reinforces the research hypothesis that the strategic decision-making establishment in Washington prioritizes national security interests over the personal inclinations of the political leadership. Ultimately, the study concluded that the Ukrainian crisis transformed the nature of US-Russian relations from a competitive one to one of outright hostility and continuous confrontation, surpassing even the worst periods of tension following the end of the Cold War. Comprehensive reciprocal economic sanctions, diplomatic expulsions, and the freezing of strategic dialogue have completely eroded trust between the two sides, rendering formal diplomatic mechanisms ineffective in addressing the crisis or preventing its escalation. Furthermore, the crisis has revived the principle of security polarization in Europe, strengthening NATO's unity and its westward and eastward expansion (manifestations of escalation) in the face of Russia's insistence on establishing its sphere of influence

Digital media has emerged as one of the most influential instruments of soft power in the modern international system, It has transcended its traditional communicative role to become a strategic mechanism for reshaping political awareness and collective perception, Within this framework, the United States of America has adopted a comprehensive strategy that employs digital platforms as a central pillar in managing influence and shaping public opinion across the Middle East, Through the manipulation of digital narratives and online discourse, Washington seeks to reconstruct political consciousness in alignment with its geopolitical and ideological objectives.
The research argues that digital media is no longer merely a tool of communication but a battlefield of cognitive and perceptual warfare, where the management of perception has become a vital dimension of U.S. strategic behavior, Using an analytical-descriptive methodology, the study explores the political and communicative dimensions of the U.S. digital strategy and examines the mechanisms through which digital content is structured, framed, and disseminated to influence political cognition and social values in Arab societies.
The study further highlights the implications of American digital media campaigns on perceptual security and cultural sovereignty within the region, demonstrating how digital influence contributes to shaping new forms of cognitive dependency that align with American liberal narratives.
Ultimately, the research concludes that U.S. digital strategy represents an advanced form of soft power aimed at reengineering minds rather than conquering territories. Digital media thus becomes an integral tool of strategic perception management, subtly guiding political thought and social behavior in ways that secure long-term American interests. The study calls for the development of a comprehensive Arab digital strategy based on awareness, credibility, and perceptual resilience to counter external influence and preserve cognitive independence in an era of global informational competition

The study addresses the issue of plastic waste and its catastrophic impact on the environment and human health, as it causes comprehensive pollution of soil, air, and water. This poses a threat to all living beings and exacerbates the defining challenge of our era: climate change. Furthermore, the study highlights the direct health risks to food safety and its potential carcinogenicity, which could lead to the destruction of the ecosystem as a whole, marking it as an urgent global crisis. The findings emphasize the necessity of unifying international efforts to confront this issue by adopting clean and sustainable environmental laws and policies. These measures must ensure the reduction of environmental pollution and address its dire consequences for both current and future generations

Popular oversight over the powers of the Prime Minister constitutes one of the most significant forms of supervision in democratic systems, including that of Iraq. It operates as a complementary mechanism to parliamentary and judicial oversight. This study seeks to clarify the constitutional and legal foundations governing popular oversight as a form of political control over the powers of the Prime Minister in Iraq.
Popular oversight has played a notable supervisory role, as evidenced by the public protests in Iraq since 2011, culminating in the October demonstrations of 2019. The mechanisms of popular oversight-represented by public protests, political parties, pressure groups, and various media outlets are not without risk. Such forms of oversight may lead to the removal of the Prime Minister from office, compel his resignation, or pressure him to amend the government's general policies. This, in turn, may have significant adverse implications for governmental performance in general, and for the performance of the Prime Minister in particular. Keywords: Popular oversight - Protests - Prime Minister

Just as rights and freedoms are not a gift granted by those in power to individuals, as they were in the past during the days of authoritarian regimes, they are a right inherent in human nature and predate the state itself. Indeed, they are one of the reasons for the existence of states themselves. The role of those in power is to regulate them without compromising their essence and within specific controls, which are principles governing the restriction of rights and freedoms, the absolute nature of which is the norm and the restriction of which is the exception. Ruling authorities, whether legislative or executive, may not waive or restrict rights and freedoms except in accordance with the justifications for the restriction, or what we may call the principles governing the restriction of rights and freedoms. Therefore, when the legislator intervenes to regulate a right or freedom, his intervention must be to give it greater effectiveness. His legislative intervention must not lead to the infringement of the right or freedom or its complete squandering, or to make their exercise difficult for individuals. Furthermore, the restriction of rights and freedoms must not conflict with an explicit text in the constitution, the spirit of the constitution, the requirements of the democratic system, and the principle of proportionality

This research examines the people’s right to resist tyranny as a fundamental safeguard for the constitution and for the principle of popular sovereignty. It starts from the assumption that constitutional texts, no matter how well drafted, remain insufficient to prevent authoritarianism if they are not supported by an aware society and by a legal framework that recognizes the people’s right to confront public authorities when they deviate from their constitutional purposes and limits. Accordingly, the study seeks to establish the legal foundations of the right to resist tyranny by analyzing its philosophical and human-rights roots and by examining selected constitutional models and relevant international instruments.
Special attention is given to the concept of reclaiming sovereignty as developed by Dr. Ayman Al Wardani, whose work constitutes a key reference linking popular sovereignty to the people’s right to resist oppressive authorities within a framework of constitutional legitimacy rather than in a context of chaos or state collapse. The research also addresses contemporary manifestations of tyranny—such as the suspension of constitutions, politicization of the judiciary, repression of peaceful demonstrations, and restrictions on public freedoms—as practical contexts that raise pressing questions about the scope of the people’s right to resistance, the tools through which it may be exercised, and the safeguards needed to prevent its degeneration into unlawful violence or the destruction of the state itself.
The study adopts an analytical and comparative methodology, relying on constitutional texts, legal scholarship, and relevant judicial precedents, while drawing on real-world examples from several countries. Ultimately, it aims to present a balanced vision that shows the right to resist tyranny as an exceptional mechanism to protect the constitution and restore sovereignty to its original holder: the people.

This research presents an analysis of the trajectory of Egyptian foreign policy in the face of a regional environment characterized by complexity and continuous change since 2011. Egypt found itself facing the challenge of redefining its role following the collapse of the traditional Arab system and the rise of various regional actors, amidst the declining effectiveness of joint Arab action. The research demonstrates that Egyptian foreign policy has gone through two main phases: the first was characterized by fluctuation and instability as a result of internal transformations following the January Revolution. The second, which began in 2014, was characterized by a gradual return to a more pragmatic, aimed at restoring Egypt's role in the Arab and African arenas. Through an analysis of pivotal issues such as the Libyan crisis, the Palestinian issue, relations with the Gulf states, and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam crisis, the research demonstrates that Cairo has sought to strike a balance between preserving its national security and engaging in effective regional mediation and alliances. Despite the structural challenges it faces, such as weak resources, declining economic influence, and multiple regional power centers, the study concludes that Egyptian foreign policy has succeeded in maintaining a degree of stability and influence, while possessing future opportunities to enhance its position by expanding its regional partnerships and leveraging its soft power tools

This research examines the impact of tax evasion on sustainable development. Tax evasion is one of the most serious economic challenges facing Iraq, given its direct impact on the state budget and the negative effects it has on the public treasury. It undermines the role of taxation as a financing tool, hindering the achievement of goals related to various dimensions of sustainable development, whether economic, social, environmental, or political. Consequently, current and future generations are deprived of their right to development. In light of this, Iraq has recognized the importance of achieving sustainable development that guarantees the rights of present and future generations and has also acknowledged the necessity of tax revenues to support development efforts. Therefore, it has adopted an approach to combat tax evasion at both the national and international levels by activating a range of preventive measures to mitigate its negative effects. These efforts include strengthening sustainable tax governance, developing tax oversight mechanisms, and establishing deterrent measures to curb tax fraud.
The research reached a number of conclusions, including the importance of this topic, which has become a focus of international attention. The international community emphasizes the necessity for all countries to commit to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and implementing them effectively. Iraq, in particular, is considered one of the countries that has demonstrated its commitment to achieving these goals. It has actively participated in numerous conferences related to this field and has adopted a range of preventative and remedial measures to combat tax evasion and support sustainable development. Regarding preventative measures, Iraq has concluded tax agreements with other countries to exchange tax information and coordinate tax policies. It has also encouraged and reduced banking secrecy by adopting the principle of banking transparency, revising tax legislation, and mitigating tensions between the tax administration and taxpayers. As for remedial measures, Iraq has relied on tax audits, which are among the most effective means of curbing tax evasion, and has imposed penalties on those who evade their tax obligations to the public treasury

Public authority is the cornerstone of regulating social relations among individuals under its jurisdiction, employing legal texts as a tool to control this behavior. Criminal law stands out as the most decisive sovereign instrument, as it defines acts that constitute an attack on the security of society (criminalization), determines appropriate penalties (sanctions), and establishes the conditions for criminal responsibility. Since the application of legal texts is impossible without defining the jurisdiction for their implementation, the urgent need arose to formulate the concept of "criminal jurisdiction." This concept identifies the legally competent body responsible for enacting penal provisions and the judicial authority tasked with exercising them against perpetrators of such acts.
This research begins with the premise that the Iraqi legislature—in adherence to the principle of legality of crimes and punishments—has effectively regulated territorial criminal jurisdiction and has taken care to close loopholes that allow for impunity by establishing exceptions related to territorial, personal, and universal jurisdiction. However, a legislative gap is assumed to exist concerning international crimes stipulated in the Rome Statute, necessitating a review of national legislation

The nature of international conflicts, the lack of trust and stability in international relations, and the resulting absence of international peace and security have led states and international organizations to adopt new diplomatic tools and methods, distinct from the traditional style of diplomacy. These tools aim to resolve existing international conflicts and limit their escalation and transformation into uncontrollable conflicts. In this context, preventive diplomacy has proven its importance and effectiveness in resolving conflicts and disputes between states, despite the complexity of some of these conflicts due to the overlapping and intersecting interests and objectives of states. Preventive diplomacy, as a preventive tool, is an important tool for confronting situations and circumstances that constitute signs of instability and a source of tension in relations between states. This makes it an effective means of resolving international conflicts and limiting their repercussions on international peace and security

Technological development in the biological field has led to the emergence of hazardous products such as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their products, which have contributed to providing food for the world's growing population due to their rapid growth and abundant production. Despite their aforementioned benefits, scientific studies have indicated the existence of risks that, if realized, could cause harm to humans and the environment. Therefore, legislation has moved towards regulating their trade and establishing flexible rules based on modern principles to determine the liability of their producers for the harm caused to people and the environment. This research aims to clarify the methods proposed to enhance civil protection from the harms of genetically modified organisms and their products within the framework of Iraqi and comparative law, in order to propose the best legislative regulation within the Iraqi legal system.

The electronic signature is considered one of the most prominent manifestations of digital transformation in the legal field, as it represents a modern means of verifying identity and expressing consent in electronic transactions, including arbitration proceedings. It is defined as any electronic data that is inserted, attached, or logically associated with an electronic document and used to identify the signatory and indicate their approval of the document’s content. Many modern legislations have recognized electronic signatures and sought to grant them the same legal validity as traditional signatures, provided that certain conditions are met, particularly those related to reliability, data integrity, and verifiability. In the field of arbitration, the electronic signature acquires particular importance in authenticating arbitration awards, especially with the growing use of electronic arbitration and online dispute resolution mechanisms. It contributes to conferring formal validity on the arbitral award and serves as evidence that it has been issued by the competent arbitral tribunal

The roles of international interests and international relations are interconnected concepts in the field of political science and international relations. International interests refer to the set of goals and objectives that states seek to achieve or protect on the international stage. These interests may be political (national security, influence), economic (trade, energy, natural resources), or cultural/ideological (spreading language, values, identity). These interests determine a state's behavior in its dealings with other states and international organizations, and are often the driving force behind forming alliances or engaging in conflicts. International relations, on the other hand, is a field of study and diplomacy that examines interactions between states, international organizations, transnational corporations, and even movements and peoples. International relations is concerned with regulating cooperation, managing conflicts, and building an international order based on rules and laws (such as international law and the United Nations Charter). It encompasses multiple areas, including diplomacy, security and peace, economic development, human rights, and globalization

It is well established that a criminal ruling is surrounded by a set of procedures that precede its issuance. It represents the final outcome of the procedures and their consequences. Hence, criminal legislation has surrounded the construction of the criminal judgment with a set of formal and substantive principles and rules. Moreover, legislation has made it necessary to observe those formal and substantive rules as a requirement for the validity of the criminal judgment. Therefore, the importance of this research lies in the practical necessity of knowing the objective and applied rules of criminal judgment and the effect of this in affirming the protection of individuals’ rights and freedoms. Despite this importance, the research problem lies in the lack of a general theory that confirms the effect of violating formal and applied rules in the construction of the criminal judgment. To find a solution to this problem, the study sought to adopt the analytical scientific method in order to find out the position of jurisprudence and the judiciary on the effect resulting from violating the structure of the criminal judgment according to the substantive and applied rules. The study also attempted to explain the effects by analyzing the provisions and issues related to the subject according to Iraqi law, and by making use as much as possible of the position of both Egyptian and French legislation.

The constitutional judiciary, while exercising its jurisdiction to monitor the constitutionality of laws and interpret any ambiguity, deficiency or deficiency in them, issues rulings that address any defects in these texts and works through these rulings to address them in order to avoid a ruling of their unconstitutionality. These rulings have a constructive nature and include legal rules that it adds to the legal text that is defective or replaces existing rules in the legal text in order to address the defect and return this text to the framework of compatibility with the constitutional texts and keep it away from cancellation and it keeps it away from cancellation, and these establishing rulings issued by the constitutional judge range between adding rulings and substitutionary ones, as we will try in this research to clarify the nature of these rulings and their most important judicial applications in the judiciary of the Federal Supreme Court in Iraq and in the constitutional judiciary in both Egypt and America.

Invalidation creates severe effects that the legislator tries to avoid or reduce. By permitting the suspended contract and the voidable contract, the legislator tries to avoid invalidity before it occurs, so here it avoids the occurrence of invalidity and its consequences. On the other hand, the legislator tries to reduce the effects of invalidity by dropping the invalid part of the contract instead of invalidating the whole contract, as the remaining part of the contract remains intact and correct, arranged for its effects as an independent contract, and thus avoids the invalidity of the whole contract, and the contract is saved by its derogation. It aims to limit the invalidity to the defective part of the contract and not extend it to the correct part. Derogation is a means by which the same contract can be maintained without being in front of another contract, and at the same time the invalidity that was tainted by it is removed from it, and then the invalid contract is corrected by derogating it, as it invalidates what is not valid by looking at it, and remains an independent contract valid in view of what It was correct in it, as if it came from the beginning as an independent contract with it, in accordance with the rule of correcting contracts as much as possible.
Correcting the contract revolves around one idea, which is the transformation of the contract itself from describing invalidity to describing “validity,” and from a contract threatened with invalidity to a permanently valid contract. This idea follows as an effect of several legislative means, including the reduction of the invalid contract and the exclusion of the invalid part of the contract, and the change in one of its elements, or the authorization and limitation in the suspended contract and the voidable contract. This idea is the common denominator between all these means and their applications, and this does not detract from anything but searching for it and trying to link it into one concept, which is the correction of the contract, with the demise of nullity or the threat of it.

The rapid evolution of commercial transactions and the intensification of competition in contemporary markets have led to the emergence of diverse marketing mechanisms, most notably commercial incentives in their various forms, such as gifts, conditional discounts, promotional contests, loyalty points, and other tools designed to attract consumers and influence their contractual will. This development has given rise to a range of legal issues, particularly concerning the legality of such incentives and the extent of compliance with the rules of lawful competition in a manner that ensures the protection of consumer rights.
In this context, it is observed that Iraqi legislation has not established a comprehensive and integrated regulatory framework governing commercial incentives. Rather, certain forms of such incentives are addressed in a fragmented manner across multiple statutes, including the Consumer Protection Law and the Competition and Anti-Monopoly Law. Although competition and consumer protection laws constitute the most effective legal framework for curbing unlawful marketing practices—particularly fictitious discounts, misleading advertisements, and sham promotional contests—they nonetheless fail to provide a coherent and comprehensive regulation encompassing all types of commercial incentives. This necessitates the development and refinement of the relevant provisions of the Consumer Protection Law and the Competition and Anti-Monopoly Law in a manner that takes into account the modern economic nature of commercial incentives, while striking an appropriate balance between freedom of commercial activity, the requirements of consumer protection, and the safeguarding of lawful competition.

The research addresses the legal framework governing disputes arising from the investments of multinational corporations, while analyzing the nature, causes, and settlement mechanisms of these disputes at both the national and international levels. It also examines the role of international agreements, national legislations, and international arbitration bodies, particularly the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID), in providing legal protection for foreign investments and achieving a balance between the interests of host states and the rights of foreign investors.
The importance of the study lies in the increasing role of multinational corporations in the global economy and the legal and economic disputes associated with them, which require an effective legal framework capable of ensuring investment stability while preserving state sovereignty and public interests. The study adopted a comparative analytical approach through comparing the positions of several legislations and international agreements related to investment disputes.
The study concluded that international arbitration is the most common and effective means for settling investment disputes involving multinational corporations. However, there are legal challenges related to the enforcement of arbitral awards, concerns regarding state sovereignty, and differences between legal systems. The study recommended the development of national legislations, strengthening legal guarantees for investment, and unifying the rules governing dispute settlement in a manner that achieves justice and economic stability

The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005 largely aligns with international conventions that affirm the right to sustainable development and the vision of the United Nations in this regard. There is a link between the nature of sustainable development and constitutional rules, as it is often a long-term process. They do not address immediate or temporary matters but rather define issues that extend over decades. It is necessary to identify the legal texts that complement the Constitution—according to the principle of the hierarchy of legal rules—that include the right to sustainable development as a human right. Iraq is witnessing a decline in sustainable development indicators, and this decline has serious repercussions on the emergence of many phenomena such as unemployment, poverty, terrorism, economic stagnation, weak investment, and others.