Journal of Alsalam University

Abstract
This research aims to explore the integrative relationship between Arabic grammar and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, focusing specifically on the analysis and automated processing of grammatical agreement. The study seeks to monitor the efficiency of modern language models in simulating rigorous grammatical rules and interpreting linguistic deviations that may emerge in automated outputs. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to ground the grammatical rules of agreement, alongside a technical-experimental approach to evaluate the performance of algorithms and automated dependency parsing trees. Research procedures included the construction of tagged linguistic corpora and the analysis of Large Language Models (LLMs) by testing them with complex sentences involving non-human plurals, causal adjectives (An-Na't As-Sababi), and latent pronouns.
The research reached a set of fundamental results, most notably that AI demonstrated significant superiority in processing standard agreement patterns, while it continues to face challenges in "semantic agreement" and "cases of grammatical permissibility" that require deeper contextual awareness. Furthermore, the results proved that "Self-Attention" models are the most accurate in maintaining grammatical links across long texts. Consequently, the researcher recommended the necessity of building digital semantic lexicons that support algorithms in understanding noun attributes, and developing hybrid systems that integrate formal rules with statistical learning to enhance the accuracy of linguistic auditing. The researcher also suggested expanding the study of "word-order agreement" in heritage and poetic texts, and employing Reinforcement Learning to develop a "linguistic faculty" in machines, enabling them to select the most appropriate inflectional aspects for Arabic rhetoric, thereby opening new horizons for empowering the Arabic language in the global digital space.

Abstract
This research addresses the concept of the intellect according to Nagy Hussein Joudah through a philosophical and mystical approach, aiming to uncover the epistemological and intellectual foundations upon which his conception of the intellect is based within the context of contemporary Islamic thought. The study begins with a central issue that critiques the reductionism that the intellect has faced, whether by confining it to formal logical functions or by separating it from the spiritual and existential dimensions. It demonstrates that Nagy Hussein Joudah presents a comprehensive conception of the intellect that integrates philosophical analysis, intuition, and mystical experience.
The research employs a critical discussion, to trace the concept of the intellect linguistically, Quranically, and terminologically, and then analyzes its relationship with philosophy, mysticism, knowledge, and intuition in Joudah's works. The study concludes that the intellect for Nagy Hussein Joudah is not merely an abstract cognitive tool but a comprehensive epistemological and existential stance, where thought interacts with feeling, and the intellect plays a fundamental role in regulating and interpreting mystical experience.
The research concludes that Nagy Hussein Joudah's contribution represents a serious innovative attempt to reconstruct the concept of the intellect in Islamic thought, despite the conceptual and methodological issues his conception raises, making it an open intellectual project for discussion and development.

Abstract
The Muslim Ummah is living amidst numerous internal and external challenges, problems, and ills that are eroding its very core. Among the most dangerous of these ills is division and discord, despite the continued calls from scholars, preachers, and thinkers for unity and the rejection of all forms of conflict. Disagreement may be a natural and inherent consequence of differing viewpoints, human nature, and inclinations. However, it is crucial to emphasize the harm and repercussions of widespread discord among individuals and groups. Foremost among these repercussions is the fragmentation of unity and the fracturing of solidarity, which ultimately leads to destruction.
There is no effective remedy except adherence to the Holy Quran and the purified Sunnah, avoiding the exclusion of others, respecting their perspectives, activating diverse opinions, and narrowing the gap of reprehensible fanaticism and discord.

Abstract
This Study Provides A Comprehensive Analysis Of The History Of Wall Street From Its Inception In The 18th Century To The Present, Examining Its Economic, Political, And Social Dimensions. Wall Street Began As A Group Of Traders And Investors In New York And Gradually Developed Into A National Financial Center That Financed Early American Industries And Infrastructure, Reflecting The Rise Of Capitalism.
Wall Street Experienced The 1929 Crash, Which Triggered A Massive Economic And Social Collapse, Prompting The U.S. Government To Implement Financial And Regulatory Reforms That Restored Market Confidence, Most Notably The Glass–Steagall Act And The Establishment Of The Securities And Exchange Commission (SEC). After World War II, Wall Street Became Closely Tied To The Global Financial System Through The Dominance Of The Dollar And The Bretton Woods System, Playing A Pivotal Role In Financing The U.S. Economy, Wars, And The Reconstruction Of Europe.
During The 1970s And 1980s, The U.S. Financial Markets Underwent A Boom Accompanied By Increasing Risks From Financial Derivatives And Mortgage Securities, Alongside A Cultural Shift Emphasizing Profit And Financial Success. After The End Of The Cold War, Wall Street Emerged As A Hub Of Global Finance, With Expanding International Investments And The Rise Of Technology Markets, Culminating In The Dot-Com Bubble And The 2008 Global Financial Crisis, During Which Major Financial Institutions Collapsed And The U.S. Government Intervened To Stabilize The Financial System.
Following The Crisis, Wall Street Entered A Recovery Phase That Included Regulatory Reforms Such As The Dodd–Frank Act, The Rise Of Financial Technology, Digital Currencies, And Electronic Trading, Alongside Growing Attention To Social Accountability And Environmental, Social, And Governance (ESG) Practices.
The History Of Wall Street Serves As A Mirror Of The Evolution Of American And Global Capitalism, Combining Innovation, Risk, Power, And Collapse, And Reflecting The Complex Relationship Between The Economy, Politics, And Society. Historical Evidence Indicates That Its Continued Success Depends On Achieving A Balance Between Financial Freedom And Government Regulation, Responsible Innovation, And Social Accountability.

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Abstract
This research presents a critical edition and study of the manuscript titled "Iḥkām al-Qawl fī Ḥall Masā’il al-ʻAwl" by Abd al-Mu’ṭī ibn Sālim al-Samlāwī, an eleventh-century scholar who passed away in the twelfth century AH. The study elucidates a fundamental concept in the Islamic law of inheritance, namely "Al-ʻAwl" (Proportional Reduction). Juridically, Al-ʻAwl refers to the increase in the total number of prescribed shares (Sihām) beyond the base denominator (Aṣl al-Mas’alah) when the estate is oversubscribed by legal heirs.The research is structured into three primary sections:
A biographical study of the author.A codicological description of the manuscript.
The verified and edited text.The author composed this treatise to facilitate the understanding of inheritance laws and the distribution of shares for the general Muslim public. He categorized the discourse into three specific base numbers susceptible to Al-ʻAwl: six (6), twelve (12), and twenty-four (24), detailing the methodology of reduction applied to each.

Summary
Places in literary texts, particularly novels, are among the most important narrative spaces that Iraqi women writers focus on in the diverse literary scene, encompassing poetry, novels, short stories, and other literary forms. This is because places express their emotional, psychological, social, and intellectual connection to the events they evoke. Women, in particular, are more attached to spatial environments than men, fearing loss, departure, and absence. The Iraqi writer Sabiha Shabar, with her creative pen, defines the boundaries of her text, moving between familiar, hostile, and imagined places. She observes the extent of the relationship between place and the formations of narrative space, including description, dialogue, narration, time, characters, and events. This reflects the writer's multiple perspectives on the diversity of places, ranging from homeland and home to imagined locations, and imbued with feelings of pain at times and joy at others. Her works include "Souls Thirsty for Love," "Visa for Happiness," "The Wedding, "Your Absence is My Pain," and "Worries That Multiply and Alternatives. "The novel, "I Gave You My Heart," is replete with numerous societal issues, reflecting the author's awareness of the need for change within these spaces where male dominance is embodied. The author critiques this dominance through her writing, moving through her narrative with her emotions and will, influencing the reader's discourse and fostering a shared understanding of the issues within these settings and their impact on the world of women.

Research Summary
The theory of nullification (ihbāṭ) in Islamic theological discourse examines the impact of sins — particularly major sins — on previously performed righteous deeds and questions whether they invalidate their reward. It intersects with another major doctrinal issue, namely, the ruling concerning the perpetrator of major sins, which makes it a focal point of debate among Islamic schools regarding the relationship between faith and deeds. Divergent views on this theory have led to fundamentally different positions, ranging from those who affirm the nullification of deeds to those who reject the principle altogether. Consequently, the study of this theory highlights the significance of adopting a moderate methodological approach that reconciles the texts of warning and promise, balances divine justice with the acknowledgment of the vastness of God’s mercy and will.

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Research summary
The language is subject to the development of the society since it is considered as a creature gets altered by the time as the society changes by the time; it is subject to the same conditions which the society is subject to. It takes its entity from the society and from its traditions , its habits,. Thus the language gets promoted by the promotion of the society and gets deteriorated by the society 's deterioration. Hence , it could not fix the language in the circle of eternity since it changes and develops . The linguistic changes by the society 's alteration . The modernists of language scientists paid huge concerns upon this matter and they found that the main core of the problem gets complex in this life ; they also noted the utterances get changed and acquired new meanings since the life necessitates to change vocabularies indications.
They gives reasons that affect the words to get better of the old words and change its meanings and they bring new words running pace –to-pace with the civilized development witnessed by the different fields . The prophet's instructions include utterances its indications get confined before being used publically, Thus, methodology of research divides sections: Assigining indication and its generalization, Change indication 's field, Indication's deterioration, Pacifying in expression.

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Abstract
This research examines the overlap between nominal and verbal meanings in the verbal noun (masdar) and the active participle (ism al-fāʿil), and how this overlap produces a semantic effect that allows for a precise rhetorical use of the verbal noun or the active participle in comparison with their corresponding verbs or with other verbs. It also investigates the resulting complex grammatical effect, whereby a single form bears two grammatical analyses: one associated with nominal usage and the other with verbal usage.
The study consists of two main sections. The first section, entitled "The Semantic and Grammatical Effects in the Verbal Noun’s Bearing of Verbal Meaning," includes two subsections. The first subsection, “The Semantic Effect in the Verbal Noun’s Bearing of Verbal Meaning,”, In this section, the researcher explains the overlap between the verbal noun and the verb in expressing the event, and the precision enabled by this overlap in using the verbal noun in its nominal sense in comparison with its verbal sense or with the corresponding verb. It also discusses its rhetorical significance when used in the accusative or nominative case, particularly in Qurʾanic usage. The second subsection, “The Grammatical Effect in the Verbal Noun’s Bearing of Verbal Meaning,” explains the grammatical impact of the verbal noun and the resulting complex grammatical structure, in which it carries two grammatical functions: one nominal and the other verbal.
The second section is entitled “The Semantic and Grammatical Effects in the Active Participle’s Bearing of Verbal Meaning,” and likewise consists of two subsections. The first, “The Semantic Effect in the Active Participle’s Bearing of Verbal Meaning,” demonstrates the strength of the active participle in expressing verbal meaning, which led grammarians to differ regarding whether it should be considered nominal or verbal. Through examples, the researcher also confirms the precision of using the active participle between nominality and verbality, especially in the Qurʾan. The second subsection, “The Grammatical Effect in the Active Participle’s Bearing of Verbal Meaning,” explains the grammatical impact on the function of the active participle and its capacity to bear two complex grammatical analyses with its various forms.
The study concludes with several key findings, including:
1. The verbal noun and the active participle occupy an intermediate position between nominality and verbality.
2. The overlap between nominal and verbal meanings in both leads to a complex grammatical effect that does not strictly follow traditional grammatical logic in syntactic positions.
3. This overlap has also contributed to the emergence of rhetorical studies, particularly in Qurʾanic expression, which examine the precision of their usage.

Abstract
The Jewish community in Iraq constituted one of the oldest population groups to have settled in the land since pre-Islamic times, and it continued to play a vital civilizational and cultural role until the mid-twentieth century. This community distinguished itself particularly in the medical field, where its members contributed to the introduction of modern medical concepts and the advancement of healthcare services in Iraq during both the Ottoman and Monarchical eras.
Their role was manifested through the participation of Jewish physicians and pharmacists in official health institutions, such as government hospitals, as well as in private practices. They also played a notable part in medical education, especially at the Royal Iraqi Medical College, founded in 1927, which enrolled students and doctors from diverse communities, including Jews. Many of these physicians had received modern training in Europe, a factor that positively influenced the quality of medical services provided in Iraq.
The medical activity of the Jewish community was marked by humanitarian and professional values, extending beyond service to a particular group to encompass all segments of Iraqi society. Although this role diminished following the emigration of Jews from Iraq in the mid-twentieth century, their contributions remain an integral chapter in the history of Iraqi medicine.

ABSTRACT
This research aimed to identify: Administrative governance among department heads. Job Involvement among department heads. The correlation between administrative governance and job Involvement among department heads.
The current research focuses on studying administrative governance and its relationship to job Involvement among department heads at the Universities of Baghdad and Mustansiriyah during the academic year 2025-2026. To achieve this, the researcher developed a 20-item scale for the administrative governance variable and a 20-item scale for the job Involvement variable. The validity of both scales was verified by presenting them to a group of experts, and their reliability was confirmed using the test-retest method. The scales were then administered to the main research sample of 200 department heads. The data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. The results of the current research indicate a positive correlation between administrative governance and job Involvement among department heads. The researcher has formulated a set of recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
This research examines the personality of Imam Shams al-Din al-Dhahabi (d. 748 AH), one of the most prominent Islamic scholars in the science of hadith and narrator criticism (jarḥ wa ta'dīl), known for his rigorous scientific critical methodology. The study aims to correct the prevailing reductive impression that confines this imam's scholarly identity to the critique of chains of transmission and narrators alone, and seeks instead to highlight the spiritual, behavioral, and pedagogical dimensions that constitute an essential pillar of his scholarly character. It further endeavors to gather his dispersed statements on these matters and organize them within clearly defined thematic frameworks.
The research adopts an inductive-analytical methodology, tracing al-Dhahabi's texts across his major works — including Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ, Tārīkh al-Islām, Tadhkirat al-Huffāẓ, Mīzān al-Iʿtidāl, Zaghal al-ʿIlm, Al-Ṭibb al-Nabawī, and others — and analyzing and classifying these texts in light of the research's central question: to what extent did al-Dhahabi achieve a balance between his critical scholarly methodology and his subtle spiritual and behavioral approach?
The study is structured into an introduction, a preface, four chapters, and a conclusion. The preface sheds light on al-Dhahabi's biography and his conception of knowledge. Chapter One addresses his critical scale and scientific fairness in handling scholarly disagreements and narrator evaluation, demonstrating that al-Dhahabi required both complete knowledge and complete piety as prerequisites for engaging in narrator criticism, and that he was independent in his judgments, free from blind imitation, and equitable even toward those who opposed him. Chapter Two examines his devotional conduct and adherence to Islamic law, revealing his balanced stance on reliance upon God (tawakkul) alongside the taking of practical means, his call for a conscious and grounded asceticism rooted in the Prophetic Sunnah rather than heretical monasticism, and his warnings against worship that is detached from knowledge. Chapter Three clarifies his stance on religious innovation (bidʿah), deviant sects, philosophy, and Sufism, in which he criticized extremist Sufis and called for a return to the pure Quran and Sunnah. Chapter Four deals with al-Dhahabi's classification of knowledge into beneficial and non-beneficial sciences, his position on jurisprudence and sectarian fanaticism, and his precise distinction between the jurisprudence of the Hereafter and the jurisprudence of worldly ends.The research arrives at several key conclusions: al-Dhahabi represents a unique model in combining the science of narrator criticism with spiritual purification; he repeatedly affirmed that engaging in the criticism of narrators is only permissible for those who unite verified knowledge with genuine piety, and that scholarly disputes among peers ought to be concealed rather than publicized; he carefully distinguished between legitimate Sufism grounded in prophetic tradition and blameworthy extremism detached from scriptural texts; and he consistently advocated for a balanced Prophetic conduct that unites piety, righteous action, kinship ties, and humility toward fellow Muslims, far removed from monasticism and excessive self-denial. Furthermore, he was never a passive follower in matters of criticism — he disagreed with senior hadith scholars when the evidence demanded it, and authored dedicated works in defense of trustworthy narrators who had been unjustly criticized.

Abstract
An Orientalist is a Western scholar specializing in the study of the cultures, languages, literatures, history, and civilizations of the East. Among them is Montgomery Watt, who studied various Eastern sciences, particularly the Prophetic Biography (Sirah), as detailed in his book Muhammad at Medina. In this work, Watt analyzed and narrated the events of the Prophet’s life using a specific methodology and various techniques. His approach was characterized by skepticism, the projection of Western intellectual backgrounds, a materialistic-rationalist framework, and the contestation of traditional narratives and texts.
While Watt claimed to follow a rigorous scientific method and maintain neutrality to uncover the truth, a critical examination of his writings reveals a departure from these standards. Rather than objective neutrality, his work reflects a persistent effort to deny Islam’s status as a divine religion and to reject the prophethood and revelation of Muhammad (PBUH). This research aims to examine and critique Watt’s methodology, highlighting his errors and exposing the reality behind his claims of scientific objectivity.

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Abstract
The aim of the research is to identify the effect of the Eisencraft Model and the Cox & Masyilas Model in teaching history on achievement and the development of social skills among preparatory stage female students. The research sample consisted of fifth-grade literary female students in preparatory schools affiliated with the Second Al-Karkh Directorate of Education in Baghdad Governorate for the academic year (2025–2026). The total number of students was (90), who were randomly distributed into three groups.
The first was an experimental group consisting of (30) students who studied according to the Eisencraft model at Mariam Al-Adhraa Preparatory School. The second was another experimental group consisting of (30) students who studied according to the Cox and Masyilas model at Al-Nahda Secondary School for Girls. The third was a control group consisting of (30) students who studied according to the traditional method at Al-Amal Secondary School for Girls.
The research groups were equated according to several variables, including: students’ chronological age, intelligence test scores, the pre-test of social skills, achievement in the history subject, and overall academic achievement.
The researcher prepared two instruments (developed by the researcher). The first was an achievement test consisting of (50) items in accordance with the content of the subject and the behavioral objectives (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation). The items were of the multiple-choice type. The second instrument was a social skills scale consisting of (30) A paragraph distributed across five areas: (communication skills, social interaction skills, emotional intelligence skills, and problem -solving and conflict resolution skills).
After implementing the experiment, the collected data were analyzed statistically using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS version 21.
The results showed that the students of the first experimental group ranked first and outperformed the other research groups. The second experimental group ranked second and outperformed the control group in both achievement and the social skills test.
In light of the results, the researcher presented a number of conclusions, followed by several recommendations and suggestions.

Abstract
There is no doubt that human rights, like any normative tradition, are a product of their time. They necessarily reflect processes of communication and historical change which—through the accumulation of experience—have given them their content and form, in accordance with the cultural and social climate of different historical periods. These rights, or this human orientation, are realized through forms, methods, and channels of expression that vary according to differences in cultural and social components among societies. This allows for a certain degree of specificity or cultural relativism within each society.
Thus, cultural relativism is more closely related to the modes of implementation, forms of expression, and patterns of acceptance than to the fundamental premises or core content of human rights and their underlying philosophical concepts. In other words, it may be said—with some imprecision—that while human rights are universal in terms of their core principles and essential content, they are particular in terms of the ways in which they are realized and the forms this realization takes within a given society. This point is especially important with regard to the issue of establishing a societal (Arab) culture of human rights.

Abstrct
Poverty is a significant issue in Iraq especially after 2003 as it is a complex and multidimensional problem Despite the various policies implemented to develop numerous programs and plans aimed at achieving development and then attempting to eradicte poverty these efforts have fallen short of the required level this is due to the inadequacy of the programs and strategies implemented without studying the causes and types of poverty furthermore the changes that have occurred globally and the lack of resources to maintain the economy have exacerbated this problem.
Poverty is no longer limited to the material aspect and is no longer considered the sole measure of poverty oxford Human Development has defined poverty in five main dimensions to align with the priorities of the 2003 development plans: standard of living food health work education and basic services it has been shown that the state of poverty and its causes in Iraq vary from one governorate to another and that material poverty (income poverty) at approximately 17% constitutes only one of the causes of poverty in Iraq it is possible to reduce poverty rates as measured by poverty indicators by focusing on non material poverty through the implementation of social and economic programs reconsidering government spending priorities and focusing on basic public services through investment and improving their quality.

Abstract
The study aimed to identify the educational values in the Arabic rhetoric book for the sixth-grade Islamic curriculum through an analytical study. The study's community consisted of the Arabic rhetoric book for the sixth-grade Islamic curriculum. The researcher used the descriptive approach and took the sentence as the unit of analysis. The five areas of educational values were used as categories for analysis. The frequencies and percentages of the values in the prescribed book were recorded, and the analysis process and its reliability were verified.
The study reached the following results: The total number of repetitions of educational values included in the Arabic rhetoric book was 239 repetitions, distributed across the five areas. The area of religious educational values came first with 115 repetitions, representing 50.21%. The second rank was occupied by the area of personal and recreational educational values, with 67 repetitions, representing 29.27%. The third rank was for scientific educational values, with 39 repetitions, representing 17.03%. Then, the area of national educational values came in the fourth rank with 8 repetitions, representing 3.49%. Finally, the area of preventive health educational values ranked fifth with 0 repetitions.
The study recommended the following suggestions: reconsidering and giving more attention by the curriculum designers of Arabic rhetoric to educational values in a balanced manner, giving greater weight to the values with fewer repetitions, and including preventive health educational values in the Arabic rhetoric book.

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Abstract
Stories in the Quran are not just historical narratives, but rather a means of clarifying divine laws and principles of legislation. Quranic stories are considered a rich source for extracting lessons and morals, the most important of which is the study of benefits and harms, as they show us how God Almighty takes benefits and harms into account in His laws and stories. The study of benefits and harms in Quranic stories is one of the most important studies that help Muslims understand their religion and apply its rulings correctly. Quranic stories also occupy a large portion of the Holy Quran, as they include many stories of past nations in ancient times, and trace the traces of peoples with their prophets and narrate a vivid picture of their conditions. Moreover, Quranic stories are not a fabric of imagination, but rather are based on the reality that people lived. They are historical events that correspond to reality, far from exaggeration and fantasy.
Through this study, we have discussed examples of Qur’anic stories such as: the story of Talut, the story of the she-camel of Salih (peace be upon him), and the story of the People of the Trench. These are examples of the many Qur’anic stories in the Book of God Almighty, from which Muslims can benefit, avoid the mistakes they made, and follow the example of the righteous in achieving Interests and the Corruptions.
This research relied on the analytical approach by decomposing the verses and surahs into their basic elements, then analyzing these elements to understand their meanings and various dimensions. The most important results of the study were: clarifying God's laws in man's psychological and mental readiness for both faith and disbelief, good and evil, and the wisdom in His creation of the world. The study also made important recommendations, including: students of knowledge should pay more attention to the topic of Quranic stories, due to the great goodness and significant benefit they contain in raising a promising and capable generation of preachers and missionaries, who can contribute significantly to the field of da'wah.

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Abstract
This research examines the geo-economic analysis of the India–Middle East–Europe Corridor (IMEC) as one of the most prominent projects reflecting structural transformations in the international political economy.
The study is guided by the central question: how does this corridor reflect structural shifts in the international political economy?, based on the assumption that the project represents an effort to reshape patterns of Western economic influence in response to the rising geo-economic power of China associated with the Belt and Road Initiative. The research aims to analyze the corridor from the perspective of international political economy, considering it as a model of the interaction between economic interests and strategic objectives.
The study employs a descriptive–analytical approach, examining the corridor and analyzing its components and impacts within the geo-economic framework. The findings indicate that the corridor goes beyond being a mere logistical infrastructure project; it functions as a tool for restructuring global value chains and redefining the role of Gulf countries as logistical and investment hubs connecting Asia and Europe. The results demonstrate that the corridor reflects a new phase of globalization based on geo-economic competition, with its future contingent upon international economic balances and regional stability.

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Research summary
The drug problem is one of the most serious issues facing contemporary societies. It is not limited to one country over another, and its harm is not limited to the health, social, economic, educational and psychological aspects only, but it extends to include the most important and dangerous aspect, which is intellectual security. This research aims to show the direct effect of drug use on the mind and thinking, and how this leads to undermining the sound intellectual structure, and moving away from the objectives of Islamic Sharia in preserving the mind, religion and the soul.

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Abstract
This research deals with the study of an important manuscript by the scholar Al-Sharif Al-Jurjani (died in 816 AH), on one of the most precise theological issues related to the attributes and actions of God, which is the issue of interpreting God’s actions through purpose and goal, as these issues represented a fundamental point of disagreement between the interpretations of the Islamic theological sects; as the Ash’arites deny interpreting God’s actions to preserve the attribute of will from goals, while the Mu’tazilites affirm it through focusing on divine wisdom and justice.
The study aimed to conduct a rigorous scholarly examination of the manuscript text, including an analysis of the author, the message, and its doctrinal content. It was divided into two main sections: the first, a theoretical study, included an introduction to the manuscript's author and a presentation of the manuscript itself, describing the four copies used in the research and providing images of them. The second section presented a critical edition of the message, comparing it with the available manuscript copies, correcting its errors, extracting its meanings, and providing commentary on any points requiring clarification regarding its issues and terminology.
The research concluded that this treatise represents a high-level model of later theological discourse, as Al-Sharif Al-Jurjani (may God have mercy on him) was able to formulate the issue in a style that combines logical precision with profound theological inquiry. Furthermore, the research and investigation into this issue presented a compromise solution among all accepted opinions, thus preserving God's sublimity and affirming His wisdom. Herein lies the manuscript's significance: it reshapes researchers' understanding of the issue and provides a comprehensive summary of this lengthy doctrinal debate.

Abstract
Through a foundational analysis of the Prophetic methodology in explaining the meanings of the Holy Qur'an and how these principles were passed down to interpretive ijtihad over time, this study seeks to investigate the relationship between Prophetic ijtihad (independent reasoning) and interpretive ijtihad (independent reasoning). The study uses a descriptive-analytical methodology, starting with an explanation of the concept, authority, standards, and traits of prophetic ijtihad. The concept, scope, criteria, and methods of interpretive ijtihad are then clarified. The relationship between the two types of ijtihad, how prophetic ijtihad appears in interpretation, and how it influences interpretative ijtihad are all covered in the last section.
The results of the study show that the main point of reference for interpretation is prophetic ijtihad. It takes into account the goals of Islamic law, the context of the verses, and the situations of those addressed while combining the practical application of the Quranic text with deduction in issues not specifically addressed. It is now evident that the methodological underpinnings for the Companions and their Successors were established by the Prophet's ijtihad (independent reasoning), which included interpreting the Quran with the Quran, interpreting based on transmitted reports, taking into account the circumstances and reasons surrounding the verses, and taking into account the goals and interests of Islamic law.
According to the research, the methodology and principles of modern interpretive ijtihad are derived from this prophetic experience, whether it is in terms of improving comprehension tools, handling vague and general texts, or addressing new issues in a way that takes Islamic law's goals into account. Additionally, it has been demonstrated that connecting interpretive ijtihad to the Prophetic model improves scientific and legal precision, restricts excessive or deviant interpretations, and enables the derivation of legal decisions that are consistent with modern reality.
Given this, the study suggested that it is essential to invoke the Prophetic ijtihad in contemporary interpretative studies, promote it in educational curricula, use it to solve new concerns, and support analytical scientific research in the sciences of interpretation. The study comes to the conclusion that the Prophetic ijtihad is not only a historical legacy but also a living methodology and a permanent reference for the interpretive heritage, guaranteeing an accurate and balanced understanding of the Holy Qur'an and guiding interpretive ijtihad to discipline and credibility in a way that benefits the country everywhere and at all times.

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Research Abstract
This research examines the jurisprudential rulings (Ahkam) related to condolence (Ta'ziyah) as a profound educational and social tool in Islam. It aims to transition the bereaved from isolation and anguish to the breadth of patience and contentment with divine decree (Al-Qada' wal-Qadar). The study emphasizes the necessity of adhering to simplicity and avoiding affectation or innovated practices that contradict the spirit of Sharia.
The research concludes that condolence is not merely a social obligation but an act of worship governed by Islamic etiquette. The fundamental principle of condolence is to alleviate burden; therefore, anything that increases the material or emotional strain on the deceased's family is discouraged (Makruh). Furthermore, the study affirms the permissibility of using modern means (such as telephones and messaging) for offering condolences to achieve the Sharia objective of consolation and support.

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Abstract
This research addresses the problem of constructing a cognitive map for contemporary Muslims in light of the challenges posed by Western thought and the resulting shifts in values and epistemological perspectives. It clarifies the concept of a cognitive map and its foundations within the Islamic framework, while analyzing the boundaries of interaction with Western thought, ranging from conscious utilization to passive influence. Furthermore, it explores the prospects for Islamic renewal as a path to reshaping consciousness according to a methodology that combines authenticity and modernity, ultimately aiming to present a vision that contributes to strengthening identity and intellectual resilience.

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Research Abstract
This research addresses the core causes behind the linguistic deficiency observed in preschool children, primarily resulting from the dominance of colloquial dialects and foreign language interference. This phenomenon creates a significant gap in cognitive communication and the construction of national identity during the most critical stage of a child's development.
The study establishes the correlation between early linguistic proficiency and the formation of a child’s societal identity, highlighting the role of language as a vital tool for mental, social, and emotional growth. Furthermore, it monitors the societal obstacles that hinder proper language acquisition within the kindergarten environment.
The findings illustrate how the Arabic language functions as a "vessel for thought"; children with a rich vocabulary demonstrate a superior ability to categorize objects and comprehend logical relationships. Additionally, language serves as a bridge for interaction, enabling children to express their needs and empathize with others, which in turn reduces aggressive or introverted behaviors. Moreover, instilling a love for the language from an early age anchors the child to their heritage and their societal and religious values.
The study concludes that the preschool stage is the "Golden Period" for language acquisition. It emphasizes that the "Linguistic Role Model" (both teachers and parents) is the most influential factor in stimulating sound linguistic imitation. Consequently, the research underscores the necessity of integrating the Arabic language into physical and artistic activities—rather than confining it to rigid instructional formats—and activating the role of children's media to reinforce the learning process initiated in the kindergarten.

Summary
The judge's discretionary power is a practical and legislative necessity in discretionary punishments (ta'zir), especially after the expansion of the Islamic state and the emergence of new legal issues and rulings for which there is no explicit text in the Holy Quran or the purified Sunnah of the Prophet. This power is essential for achieving the interests of the people and the state by regulating society, confronting criminals and deviants, and realizing the public good. Islamic law has adopted the principle that there is no crime or punishment except by explicit text, and that the default state of things is permissibility. Prohibition is only mandated according to what the public interest of individuals and the state requires. Discretionary punishments are a prime example of this, ranging between a maximum and minimum limit, starting with reprimand, admonition, public shaming, flogging, and beating, and ending with imprisonment or execution. The judge is given broad discretion to choose and determine the appropriate punishment for each crime, its perpetrator, and the surrounding circumstances, either increasing or decreasing the severity of the punishment as he deems best for the interests of both society and the state.

Abstract
Pre-contractual collusion in the conclusion of financial contracts constitutes one of the fundamental practices upon which many contemporary banking transactions rely. In this context, collusion denotes a prior agreement or understanding between the parties involved in financial dealings, such as reaching consensus on the terms and conditions before the formal execution of the contract. The need to address this topic arises from the necessity to regulate, rectify, and standardize numerous financial transactions between contracting parties, as well as to prevent disputes that may arise in the future.

Abstract
This study examines the impact of digital transformation on zakat collection and distribution and its role in achieving economic development in Iraq, within the context of global digitalization trends. It aims to analyze the concepts of digital zakat and evaluate its economic implications, drawing on the Indonesian experience as a reference model. The findings indicate that digital transformation enhances the efficiency of zakat collection and distribution by improving transparency, reducing costs, and accelerating the delivery of funds to beneficiaries. The study also reveals a gap between the available zakat potential in Iraq and its actual utilization due to reliance on traditional methods. It concludes that implementing digital zakat is a strategic necessity that requires the development of infrastructure, legislation, and public trust to achieve sustainable economic development.

Abstract
This study examines the impact of oil on Iraqi foreign policy during the period 1991–2021. It analyzes how the oil resource shaped Iraq’s bargaining capacity, status-building, and management of regional and international relations across three major historical moments: the sanctions era and the Oil-for-Food Programme, the post-2003 phase of state reconstruction, and Iraq’s engagement with OPEC+ until 2021. The article adopts a historical-political approach supported by process tracing and comparative case studies, and operationalizes “impact” through indicators related to bargaining leverage, institutional coherence, export-route diversification, and credibility within international platforms. The study concludes that oil’s impact on Iraqi foreign policy was neither fixed nor uniform; rather, it depended on the degree of effective sovereignty over revenues and exports, as well as the level of coordination among the institutions responsible for energy and foreign policy. While international constraints and domestic fragmentation limited the conversion of oil into sustained influence in some periods, improved coordination and compliance-based bargaining enabled Iraq, in other periods, to employ oil as a convertible form of political capital.

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI) is considered one of the most prominent outcomes of the contemporary technological revolution, as it has become an effective tool across various aspects of human life, particularly in fields related to sustainable development and societal progress. The study of AI continues to evolve rapidly in light of technological advancements, making it essential to examine its applications within the framework of the Qur’an to highlight the relationship between Qur’anic values and modern technological practices.
This research focuses on elucidating the Qur’anic guidance concerning the principles of human stewardship (Khilafah) and the constructive use of the Earth, while warning against corruption and wastefulness. It also emphasizes the regulation and responsible utilization of natural resources in order to achieve balanced development, environmental preservation, and social justice. The study adopts a thematic and objective exegetical approach, aiming to demonstrate how Qur’anic teachings can guide the ethical and sustainable application of AI in serving humanity.

Abstract
This research focuses on the study of paratextual elements in the pross poems of Mohammed Al Maghut, with particular attention to the collection title, author’s name, cover, dedication, publication data, and author’s photo. The study demonstrates how these paratexts function as textual and aesthetic gateways that contribute to shaping the identity of the literary work and guide the process of reception and interpretation. The research discusses types of paratexts (internal and external) and their functions, such as attracting the reader, guiding reading, and documenting the text both literarily and culturally. It also highlights the importance of visual design on the cover, the relationship between colours and psychological or cultural meanings, and the role of the author’s name and image in shaping the reader’s mental image of the text. The study analyses how these paratexts deepen the semantic structure of the text and provide keys for understanding the poetic experience, emphasizing their diverse functions, their link to cultural and social transformations, and their role in enhancing the aesthetic and humanistic awareness of the modern literary text.

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