Journal of Studies and Researches of Sport Education

This study aimed to analyze the role of strategic planning in the development of physical education programs within educational institutions. The research adopted the descriptive–analytical approach, and the study sample consisted of 100 professionals working in the field of physical education. Data was collected through a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews, and were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. The findings revealed a statistically significant positive effect of strategic planning on all aspects of physical education programs. Strategic planning contributed to improving program content by 75%, enhancing resource efficiency by 78.6%, and increasing beneficiary satisfaction by 80.6%, thereby confirming its role as an effective tool for achieving comprehensive development. Accordingly, the researchers recommend adopting strategic planning as a fundamental methodology in the management and development of physical education programs.

This study aimed to measure the level of practical interaction among some academic leaders at the University of Basrah and to measure their level of organizational appearance. A difference was found between the level of formal work and organizational commitment. A survey of 50 academics at the University of Basrah was conducted, and the results showed an inverse relationship between the level of formal work and the job commitment of the research sample. The study was conducted after identifying the need for assistants in all administrative and technological fields at the college. As a result of excessive workload and consequently increased organizational structure for them

This study aims to design and develop an innovative digital platform that serves as an effective bridge between young athletic talents and professional clubs, addressing the significant gap in talent discovery processes in the Middle East and North Africa region. The platform leverages the integration of artificial intelligence and data analytics to create comprehensive player profiles including videos and objective performance data, thereby enhancing transparency and reducing reliance on traditional methods characterized by bias and high costs. A research methodology was adopted that includes requirement analysis through stakeholder interviews, competitor platform analysis, and the design of a testable prototype. The platform contributes to the democratization of talent discovery, empowers players from marginalized areas, and enhances club efficiency in the selection process, aligning with sustainable development goals.

This qualitative study examined the contextual conditions influencing the appointment of senior managers in the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports, as a key aspect of public-sector human resource management. Using a grounded theory approach, data were collected through interviews with 24 experts, specialists, and managers selected via purposive and convenience sampling. Interview data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding until theoretical saturation was reached. The findings identified three main contextual categories comprising eight sub-categories and 22 open codes. These categories included crisis management (managing uncertainty, learning from crises, promoting organizational hope, and risk management), governance policies (legal frameworks and inter-organizational coordination), and stable foundations (financial support and international networking). The study concludes that integrated attention to these three categories provides a foundation for merit-based managerial appointments and contributes to improved efficiency, accountability, and sustainable development within the Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports.

The study aimed to identify the effect of the Needham Model on teaching the defensive skills of serving reception and court defense in volleyball to students. The researchers adopted the experimental method. The research sample consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Basra. After implementing the model, the main findings indicated that the Needham Model is important and fundamental in teaching the defensive skills of serve reception and court defense in volleyball. The researchers recommended adopting the Needham Model due to its significant and essential role in effectively teaching these defensive volleyball skills to students.

This study aimed to identify the effect of proposed applied training exercises on developing selected physical abilities and improving pole vault performance among athletes under 17 years of age. The researchers employed the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study, using a one-group experimental design. The research sample consisted of under-17 pole vault athletes from Karbala Governorate, totaling four players. The findings indicated that the improvement in pole vault performance (achievement) reflects the integration of physical components with the technical and skill aspects acquired through the training program. Accordingly, the researchers recommended emphasizing the development of explosive strength and speed as two of the most essential components influencing pole vault performance.

This study aimed to design strength-based training exercises to develop the specific physical abilities of the research sample. The researcher employed an experimental method using a one-group design with pre- and post-tests. The research sample consisted of 8 athletes specializing in the 200-meter sprint from clubs in Baghdad Governorate. The findings indicated statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test results of the sample in the assessed tests, reflecting an improvement in the athletes’ performance. Furthermore, the researcher recommended that this training approach could be applied to other track and field sports.

The study aimed to identify the effect of Tabata training and Spirulina supplementation on cardiorespiratory fitness and oxidative stress among orienteering athletes aged (25–30) years. The researchers used the experimental method with two experimental groups using pre- and post-tests, as it suited the nature of the research. The research sample consisted of (17) orienteering athletes from clubs in Karbala Governorate within the age group (25–30) years. The results showed that Tabata training combined with Spirulina supplementation had a significant effect on improving cardiorespiratory fitness and increasing antioxidant capacity among the participants. The researchers recommended adopting Tabata training programs for orienteering athletes aged (25–30) years due to their role in improving physical and physiological efficiency.

This study examines the relationship between explosive arm strength, selected physiological indicators, and performance achievement in the javelin throw for youth athletes. The researchers adopted a descriptive survey method, selecting a sample from youth javelin throwers in Wasit clubs. The variables studied included explosive arm strength, vital capacity, anaerobic power, heart rate before and after exertion, and the digital achievement in javelin throwing.
The results revealed significant positive correlations between all studied variables and performance achievement. Explosive strength was found to play a crucial role in enhancing performance due to its relation to rapid force production required in throwing. Physiological indicators, especially anaerobic power, showed a strong influence as the event depend on high attentive. Vital capacity contributed to recovery between attempts, while heart rate reflected cardiovascular adaptation and fitness level.
The researchers concluded that regular and structured training improves these variables and enhances athletic performance. They recommended focusing on integrated training programs aimed at developing explosive strength and physiological indicators in youth javelin throwers.

This study aimed to identify the effect of combining therapeutic exercises with preventive exercises on improving muscular strength and flexibility of the hamstring muscles in athletes after injury. The researcher adopted an experimental approach using a one-group design with pre- and post-tests. The research sample consisted of three football players from Al-Khalis Sports Club who had mild hamstring injuries. A rehabilitation program was implemented that included twelve integrated therapeutic and preventive exercises targeting the hamstring muscles. The program lasted six weeks with three rehabilitation sessions per week.
A set of physical tests was used to measure the research variables, including tests of hamstring muscular strength (eccentric, isometric, and dynamic strength) as well as flexibility and joint range of motion tests related to the hamstring muscles. The results showed statistically significant differences between the pre-tests and post-tests in favor of the post-tests across all study variables, indicating the effectiveness of the integrated rehabilitation program in improving muscular strength and increasing hamstring flexibility among the injured players.
The researcher concluded that integrating therapeutic and preventive exercises is an effective approach for rehabilitating injured muscles and enhancing their functional efficiency, while also helping to reduce the risk of injury recurrence. The study recommends adopting such integrated rehabilitation programs in sports clubs and physical therapy centers, while ensuring gradual progression in training load according to the athlete’s condition.

This study aimed to identify differences in some mental abilities among referees of some team sports. The researcher used the descriptive approach with a comparative survey method. The research sample consisted of (60) referees from some team sports (basketball, football, and volleyball), distributed at (20) referees for each sport. When selecting the referees, the researcher attempted to match them with several variables (refereeing certification, years of experience, age, and qualifications) due to the potential influence of these variables on the studied variables. The researcher used questionnaires and tests as data collection methods. The main research instrument was the modified (Bordon-Enfimov) Attention Test by Abdul Jawad Taha. The researcher examined some aspects of attention, namely (intensity, focus, and stability). The researcher used the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and one-way ANOVA as primary statistical tools in the study. The results showed no statistically significant differences between referees of basketball, football, and volleyball.

This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the MediaPipe technique in extracting biomechanical indicators using a smartphone camera. The researcher adopted the descriptive comparative approach due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The sample consisted of 20 participants, including (10 students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences and 10 advanced players from Samarra Sports Club). The findings revealed the superiority of the advanced Samarra club players in indicators of explosive power—namely jump height and flight time—reflecting the impact of advanced training on the knee and hip musculature. The researcher therefore recommends the gradual adoption of the MediaPipe technique in performance assessment within sports clubs and universities, supported by simple procedural guidelines

This study aimed to verify the validity and reliability of the My Jump 2 application in measuring vertical jump performance in comparison with the commonly used Sargent test, within a resource-limited Iraqi academic environment. The researcher employed the descriptive analytical method using a comparative approach due to its suitability for the nature and objectives of the study. The research sample consisted of (100) students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The findings indicated that the My Jump 2 application provides measurements that are highly comparable to those of the traditional Sargent test, with no statistically significant differences observed between the two methods. This confirms that the application demonstrates a high degree of validity in measuring vertical jump performance. Accordingly, the researcher recommends the use of the My Jump 2 application as a standardized tool for assessing explosive power in Iraqi colleges of physical education and sport sciences

This study aimed to identify the most important offensive kicks used by Taekwondo players in the matches of the Grand World Championship held in Muju (2025). The study sample included the semifinal and final matches of different weight categories, totaling (12) matches and (24) players. The matches were analyzed using the Kinovea program (2024.1.1), and frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were extracted. The study revealed that the most important findings indicated that the most frequently used offensive kicks by elite players were, in order, the roundhouse kick and the cut kick. Additionally, players in the light and heavy weight categories use direct offensive kicks due to their suitability with the specific movement sequences of these weight categories. In the final rounds, elite players tend to reduce the use of direct offensive kicks as they do not match the pace of the competition. Accordingly, the researchers recommended focusing during training on offensive kicks and developing them in accordance with competitive situations, as well as studying the effectiveness of offensive kicks and their role in achieving victory.

The research objective was to evaluate the impact of direct vibration massage (50 Hz) on reducing the intensity of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS) in the lower limbs of futsal players. The researcher employed an experimental approach on a purposive sample of (14) youth players, divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group received a (10-minute) vibration massage session immediately following high-intensity exercise, while the control group underwent passive recovery. Pain intensity was assessed after (24) hours using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS).
Results revealed no statistically significant differences between the two groups (P = 0.175), exceeding the (0.05) significance level. The findings suggest that muscular thickness and tissue density in the lower limbs of athletes act as "mechanical dampers" that dissipate vibratory energy, preventing it from reaching deep damaged fibers. Furthermore, the high efficiency of self-recovery mechanisms (EPOC) in trained athletes likely minimized the comparative effectiveness of the intervention.
The study recommends utilizing vibration devices with higher frequencies and amplitudes when treating thick muscle masses to ensure tissue penetration. It also suggests integrating vibration therapy with other biochemical recovery modalities to enhance post-exercise recovery after strenuous performance

This research aims to study the relationship between sports anxiety and accuracy of aiming when jumping high in handball, considering that anxiety is one of the most important psychological factors affecting the skill performance of athletes, especially in precise and complex tasks. The study relied on the descriptive associative approach, where data were collected from a sample of fourth-stage students at the Faculty of physical education and sports sciences at the University of Baghdad for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (16) students, and anxiety levels were measured using standardized scales, in addition to evaluating the accuracy of aiming when jumping high according to specific technical standards. The results showed that the average anxiety level of the players was (45.31 ± 5.86), while the average accuracy of aiming was (12.19 ± 2.93). The results also revealed a statistically significant negative correlation between sports anxiety and aiming accuracy (r = -0.58), a value that exceeds the tabular value (0.497), indicating that increased anxiety is associated with a decrease in performance accuracy. This result was explained by the fact that anxiety consumes attentional resources and distracts concentration, also increases muscle tension and affects visual–motor coordination, which impairs the ability to accurately execute the aiming skill when jumping. She recommended that psychological training programs such as relaxation exercises, mindfulness, and simulating stress situations should be integrated into the players' physical and skill preparation plans

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the AI-based APECS program in the early detection of postural dev=00iations among preparatory school students at Al-Thanaa Private Secondary School in Samarra District. The research population consisted of (100) preparatory-level male students, from which a purposive sample of (50) fourth-grade students was selected to apply the program and compare its results with those obtained through traditional manual postural examination.
The findings revealed that the APECS program provides accurate quantitative indicators for detecting postural deviations, and its outcomes showed a high level of agreement with the traditional manual assessment, which reinforces its reliability as a non-radiographic digital tool. The results also indicated that the most common postural deviations among students were rounded shoulders and forward head posture, which are associated with daily habits such as prolonged sitting in front of electronic devices and insufficient physical activity.
The study concluded that the APECS program represents a practical, low-cost, and user-friendly tool for educational environments. Accordingly, the researcher recommends adopting it in Iraqi schools and integrating it with manual examination methods to ensure greater diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, training educational and sports professionals on its use is highly encouraged, along with conducting future studies on larger and more diverse samples to enhance the generalizability of the results

The importance of this study lies in its aim to compare handball players according to the ACTN3 gene polymorphisms (RR, RX, XX) in selected indicators of aerobic and anaerobic energy, in order to explore the relationship between genetic structure and physiological efficiency, and to determine whether these gene patterns contribute to explaining differences in physical performance among players, The study aimed to identify the ACTN3 gene polymorphisms (RR, RX, XX) in a sample of handball players, measure selected aerobic and anaerobic energy indicators, and compare these indicators among the three genotypes. The researchers adopted the experimental approach, as it was suitable for the nature of the research problem, specifically using the quasi-experimental design with three groups based on the genetic classification of players, The research population consisted of (30) young male handball players from the National Center for Sports Talent Development in Diyala Governorate. The research sample was selected randomly and included (22) players. The field procedures included conducting laboratory and field tests: the 40-, 50-, and 60-yard sprint tests to assess short-term anaerobic power, the step test to assess lactic (anaerobic) capacity, and the Harvard step test to assess aerobic capacity, The practical application was carried out over two consecutive days, Wednesday and Thursday (October 8–9, 2025), in the indoor sports hall at the Diyala Sports Club in Baqubah, The results revealed, after analysis and discussion, significant differences among the three genotypes (RR, RX, XX) in both aerobic and anaerobic performance indicators of the handball players, confirming the influence of ACTN3 gene polymorphism on variations in physical and physiological performance, The researcher recommends using ACTN3 genotyping as one of the indicators for sports talent selection, particularly in team sports such as handball, to determine the most suitable training direction (endurance – speed – power). Furthermore, it is recommended to design specialized training programs that take into account genetic individual differences, aiming to develop aerobic or anaerobic capacities according to the player’s genetic profile for optimal performance efficiency. The study also recommends utilizing genetic analysis results in early talent identification to guide young athletes toward sports or playing roles that match their genetic and physiological characteristics.

One of the most crucial components of a company's long-term strategy is the transformation of digital marketing. To support their preferred sports teams, sports fans take part in a variety of actions. Companies that formally support these sports teams are eager to draw in and establish connections with these fan clubs. The study's goal is to assess how digital marketing strategies affect sports organizations' fan engagement. This study also looks at how fan knowledge influences the association between fan engagement and digital marketing tactics. An online poll aimed at Indian cricket enthusiasts was used to collect data for this investigation. The survey was disseminated across several platforms, including weekly emails, official team web pages, and social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter. The study performed regression and mediation analysis to test the hypothesis. The result of the study indicates that Social Media Marketing, Email Marketing, Content Marketing, and Search Engine Advertising significantly play a direct role in fan engagement in sports organizations. However, the fan's knowledge sharing moderates’ effects associated with Search Engine Advertising, Content Marketing, Email Marketing, and but not with Social Media Marketing. In general, business marketers benefit from this study. Regarding the four facets of digital marketing strategies, digital channel managers are specifically aware of their main areas of strength. To increase fan satisfaction and the resulting purchase intents, they structure their plans for decision-making accordingly. It offers guidance for the future implementation of particular marketing tactics.

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of digital feedback in learning freestyle swimming for beginners aged 9–12 years. The researchers employed the experimental method with a pretest-posttest design of two equivalent groups, as it suited the nature and objectives of the study. The research sample was randomly selected from beginner learners aged 9–12 years participating in swimming courses at Dolphin Academy in the center of Babylon Governorate, consisting of 26 beginners. The researchers concluded that digital feedback played a significant and effective role in learning freestyle swimming for beginners aged 9–12 years. They recommended emphasizing the application of digital feedback in teaching units for freestyle swimming for beginners in this age group.

The study aimed to investigate the effect of the cooperative learning method on decision-making and shooting accuracy from high jumps in handball for female students. The researcher adopted the experimental method using control and experimental group design. The research sample was randomly selected from second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Babylon, totaling 28 female students. The findings indicated that the cooperative learning method played a significant role in improving decision-making and shooting accuracy from high jumps for the experimental group. The researcher recommended incorporating the cooperative learning method into handball instructional units for second-year female students.

This study aimed to design instructional units based on the EDGE instructional model to facilitate learning of dribbling and shooting skills in basketball among students. The researchers employed the experimental method due to its suitability to the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of first-year morning study students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Diyala, during the academic year (2024–2025). The study sample included 40 students. The findings indicated that the use of the instructional approach based on the EDGE model achieved significant improvement in students’ dribbling and shooting skills in basketball. Accordingly, the researchers recommend adopting the EDGE model in teaching skills across other sports activities.

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of learning through play method on motor balance and the accuracy of the lay-up shot in basketball among students. The researcher adopted the experimental method using the two-group design (experimental and control groups). The study sample consisted of 30 students from Abi Hamza Al-Thumali Intermediate School for Boys in the center of Babil Governorate. The researcher concluded that the learning through play method has a significant and positive role in improving motor balance and the accuracy of the lay-up shot in basketball among students, and recommended the necessity of incorporating the learning through play method into the educational units of basketball, due to its effective influence in developing specific abilities, especially motor balance and shooting accuracy in basketball.

The present study aimed to examine the role of stretching and neuromuscular stimulation exercises in improving hamstring function among football players. The researcher adopted the experimental method using a one-group design, as it was appropriate to the nature of the research problem. The research sample consisted of (23) players from Al-Muqdadiya Football Club during the 2023 sports season. The main conclusions indicated that regular practice of stretching exercises contributed to increasing knee range of motion and reducing the risk of injuries. The researcher recommended incorporating stretching and neuromuscular stimulation exercises into periodic training programs for football players.

This study aimed to construct and apply a scale for managing the organizational challenges of the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 from the perspective of spectators, as well as to identify the dimensions of organizational challenge management. The researchers employed the descriptive approach using the survey method, as it was deemed the most appropriate for the research objectives and the nature of the problem.The study population consisted of fans and spectators present in the State of Qatar, and a random sample of (841) spectators was selected. The findings indicated that the State of Qatar was able to provide a comprehensive security framework that received a high level of satisfaction among spectators. The researchers also recommend that both developing and developed countries benefit from the Qatari experience in organizing major tournaments, considering it a model to be followed.

This research aims to identify the effectiveness of an educational program based on the information processing strategy in interactive thinking and the skills of instep and outside-foot shooting on students’ performance in football. The research problem was represented in the weakness of student’s performance in these two shooting skills and their inability to apply them correctly, which required adopting an educational program that relies on the information processing strategy to enhance performance and improve interactive response during skill situations. The experimental method with two equivalent groups was used due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research population consisted of fifth-grade science students, and the sample was selected randomly from two classes, each including 21 students after excluding non-committed and active football players. The experimental group applied the educational program, while the control group continued with the traditional method under unified testing conditions. After completing the program and conducting pre and posttests, the data were statistically analyzed to determine the changes in the performance of instep and outside-foot shooting skills .The educational program based on the information processing strategy showed clear effectiveness in improving students’ performance in instep and outside-foot shooting skills compared to the traditional .The researcher recommends adopting educational programs based on the information processing strategy in football teaching units due to their role in developing students’ performance effectiveness and interactive skill response.

This research aimed to identify the impact of the Frayer model on teaching certain types of basketball shots to students. The researcher used an experimental approach, and the sample consisted of first-year students. After applying the model, the most important conclusions were reached: the Frayer model is important and fundamental in teaching certain types of basketball shots to students. The recommendation was to adopt the Frayer model due to its importance and fundamental role in teaching certain types of basketball shots to students

The study aimed to examine the effect of feedback using virtual reality on learning the technical phases of the snatch lift among students. The researcher employed the experimental method, as it suited the nature of the research problem, using a two-group experimental design (experimental and control groups). The research sample consisted of first-year students from the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, randomly selected, with 35 students in each group. The researcher concluded that using feedback through virtual reality was more effective in improving the learning of the technical phases of the snatch lift compared to traditional methods. The researcher recommended generalizing the use of virtual reality in teaching sports skills, especially complex skills like the snatch lift, due to its positive impact on performance and learning.

The importance of this research lies in relying on comparing the athlete's performance by assessing both his successful and unsuccessful attempts. The researcher reviewed mechanical studies that analyzed the effectiveness of javelin throwing, which focused solely on the analysis of the best attempts and overlooked a crucial point: the unsuccessful attempts. The researcher employed the descriptive method using survey studies, which were appropriate for the nature of the problem. The research sample consisted of athletes who achieved distances of 60 meters or more, with a total of five throwers from the clubs (Army, Al-Mustaqbal, Police, Baladruz, Souq Al-Shuyukh). The researcher considered the legal competition between the athletes as a regulated situation that serves the research objectives and supports its hypotheses. The researcher selected 15 kinematic variables for analysis and study, using two cameras with a speed of 240 frames per second to cover the five steps before the throw at a distance of 6 meters and a height of 120 cm. The researcher reached several conclusions, the most important of which is that comparing successful and unsuccessful attempts plays a significant role in identifying weaknesses in motor performance and recognizing small details that can enhance performance. The kinematic variables showed significant differences, which serve as indicators and evidence of the nature of the errors. The researcher recommended conducting studies and research that focus on comparing successful and unsuccessful performance from the perspective of other fields such as coaching and physiology.

The importance of this research stems from its focus on a crucial psychological aspect that is often overlooked in football training programs, despite its direct impact on skill performance, particularly shooting. The research clarifies the role of self-confidence exercises in enhancing psychological resilience and developing positive psychological energy in young players, thus helping them cope with pressure and competitive situations more effectively. The research problem lies in the gap between the required level of psychological preparation and the actual performance level of young players when executing shooting skills. This necessitates a scientific investigation into the effectiveness of self-confidence exercises as a psychological method capable of enhancing psychological resilience and regulating psychological energy, thereby contributing to improved skill performance and reducing fluctuations in results during training and competition. The research objective is to identify the impact of self-confidence exercises on enhancing resilience and psychological energy when shooting from different distances in youth football. The experimental method was used, and the research sample consisted of young football players. After implementing self-confidence exercises, the most important conclusions were reached: Self-confidence exercises are crucial and fundamental in increasing resilience and mental energy when scoring from various distances in youth football. The most important recommendation was to adopt self-confidence exercises, given their importance and fundamental role in increasing resilience and mental energy when scoring from various distances in youth football.

This study aims to develop a psychological counseling program to reduce anxiety and enhance self-actualization among female students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Mosul, assess their baseline levels of anxiety and self-actualization, and evaluate the program's effectiveness. The researchers adopted an experimental design. The study population comprised 128 second-year female students for the academic year 2024-2025. After excluding 40 students who participated in the pilot study and 18 who did not complete the questionnaire, the research sample consisted of 70 students. From this, a purposive experimental sample of 24 students was selected and randomly assigned into two statistically equivalent groups: an experimental group (n=12) and a control group (n=12), based on their scores on the anxiety and self-actualization scales. Data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods and software. Results demonstrated the program's effectiveness: the experimental group showed statistically significant differences between pre- and post-test scores favoring the post-test in reducing anxiety, and non-significant differences favoring the post-test in self-actualization. Furthermore, significant post-test differences between the two groups favored the experimental group in both variables. Based on these findings, the researchers recommended generalizing the program to all academic stages within the department and utilizing it in future studies involving other student populations across Iraqi universities to enhance psychological well-being

This study aimed to identify the effect of motor response exercises based on cognitive abilities on developing skill performance accuracy and certain motor abilities among youth freestyle wrestlers (aged 16–18 years). The researchers employed experimental design with two groups (experimental and control) using pre- and post-testing. The research sample consisted of 20 players who were intentionally selected from Al-Adhamiya Sports Club in Baghdad. The results demonstrated a significant improvement in all variables for the experimental group, whereas the improvement observed in the control group was limited and not statistically significant. Accordingly, the researchers recommend incorporating this type of exercise into periodic training programs

This study aimed to explore the attitudes of Iraqi men and women toward using social media platforms to follow physical exercise content. A survey research design with a convenience sampling method was employed. A questionnaire was administered to examine participant attitudes. Statistical analysis revealed that a majority of participants held a positive attitude toward physical exercise content. However, negative attitudes were influenced by the language used by influencers, as it was not the local language. The influencers' demonstrated experience and knowledge also had a significant effect on followers. It is recommended that relevant authorities establish localized platforms for physical exercise content, set standards for influencers, and design training programs for social media platforms

The study aimed to prepare mind maps based on the principles of sensory modeling to learn basic basketball skills among the research sample. The researchers adopted the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The sample consisted of 28 first-year students from the Department of Physical Education at Al-Qalam University College for the academic year (2023–2024), representing 85.71% of the population. The sample was divided into two groups, a control group and an experimental group, with 12 students in each group. The researchers concluded that the use of mind maps based on sensory modeling was effective in developing the learning of basic basketball skills among the sample members. The researchers recommended adopting mind maps in teaching basketball skills and organizing specialized training courses to develop the teaching skills of instructors in this field.

The study aimed to identify the role of intelligent sports analysis in managing fans’ emotions and to measure the impact of AI-enhanced television analyses on reducing aggressive behavior and stadium riots in Iraqi stadiums. The researchers adopted the descriptive method using the survey approach and correlational relationships. The research sample was selected from the largest fan associations in Baghdad, representing supporters of Al-Zawraa, Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, Al-Shorta, and Al-Talaba clubs. A total of (355) fans were randomly selected in varying numbers from each association according to the nature of the matches. The findings indicated that data-driven analyses based on digital statistics, heat maps, and systematic player tracking contribute positively to regulating emotional reactions among fans. The researchers recommended that satellite channels trusted by fans should adhere to objective and emotionally balanced media discourse when presenting sports analyses.

This research sought to determine the impact of single-foot jumping exercises in various directions over obstacles of differing heights and distances on dynamic motor balance and transitional speed in junior basketball players. The researcher employed an experimental methodology with a 10-week regimen of single-foot leaps over high barriers at varied distances to enhance motor balance and neuromuscular coordination, the primary determinant of speed. The factors were assessed before and following the training utilizing standardized assessments. The findings demonstrated substantial enhancements in motor balance and transitional speed in the experimental group relative to the pre-training phase, suggesting that multidirectional plyometric training with obstacles is an efficacious method for improving the motor performance of junior basketball players. These findings corroborate previous scientific research validating the efficacy of jumping workouts in enhancing balance and speed among young athletes

The research aims to identify the effect of the (AMRAP) method on the (ALD) enzyme and the endurance of straight and side punch performance in young boxers. The research population was defined as young boxers from the Middle Euphrates clubs for the 2022-2023 season, namely (Al-Rafidain, Al-Tadhamun, Al-Mahawil, Al-Ghadiriyah, Al-Kufa) clubs in the weight (67) kg, and the sample was chosen by random method, and its number was (10) players. As for the most important conclusions, the exercises with the (AMRAP) method contributed to the development of endurance of performance of straight and side punch performance for the members of the experimental group. As for the most important recommendations, attention should be paid to using exercises according to the training principles of the (AMRAP) method to raise the anaerobic efficiency of boxers in training and competitions

This study aimed to identify the effect of recovery exercises on improving physical work capacity (PWC170) and reducing lactic acid levels among youth basketball players. The researcher employed an experimental method using two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research sample consisted of 28 players randomly selected from youth league basketball clubs, which included 10 clubs with a total of 120 players. The findings demonstrated that the training program based on recovery exercises proved effective in improving physical work capacity (PWC170) among youth basketball players compared with the traditional training program. Furthermore, the researcher recommended incorporating recovery exercises as a regular component of daily training sessions for youth basketball players due to their effectiveness in enhancing cardiorespiratory efficiency and reducing muscular fatigue

The study aimed to measure the level of job satisfaction among coaches of individual and team sports working in youth and sports forums in Dhi Qar Governorate. The researchers adopted the descriptive analytical method due to its suitability to the nature of the study. The research sample consisted of coaches of individual and team sports employed in youth and sports forums in Dhi Qar. The findings indicated that the overall level of job satisfaction among coaches was moderate, with certain aspects requiring improvement, particularly salaries and opportunities for professional development. The researchers recommended enhancing the salary and incentive system for coaches of individual and team sports to improve their overall level of job satisfaction

The research aims to develop educational units based on the inquiry-based learning strategy and to identify the significance of differences between the two groups (experimental and control) in the performance of some fencing attack skills among students. The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups using pre- and post-tests, as it is suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population was determined purposively from third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Maysan University for the academic year (2024-2025), totaling (40) students (applied department). The sample consisted of (40) students, and it was divided into two groups of (20) students each. One group was experimental, on which the educational curriculum based on the inquiry-based learning strategy was applied, and the other was control, on which the regular educational units were applied. The sample constituted 100% of the research population. The most important conclusion of the study was that the educational curriculum based on the inquiry-based learning strategy was superior in developing fencing attack skills compared to the traditional method. The most important recommendation was to adopt the inquiry-based strategy or similar strategies in designing educational curricula for learning sports skills. Especially in individual sports such as fencing.

The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of multimedia methods on the performance level of certain handball skills among students. The researcher employed the experimental method using a five-group experimental design, including four experimental groups and one control group, following a post-test measurement for all groups. The research population consisted of second-year students at the College of Physical Education, University of Babylon, and a random sample of 150 students was selected. The findings indicated that the multimedia method had the greatest impact on learning the handball skills under study. The researcher recommended adopting the multimedia approach with students of the same age group in handball programs in other regions.

Field observations and previous studies have shown that traditional rehabilitation programs for chronic ankle injuries, despite their relative effectiveness, still cause suffering for a number of athletes from chronic pain, impaired functional performance, and reduced range of motion, especially in foot flexion. This deficiency leads to incorrect compensation that may increase the risk of recurrent injury or injury to other joints, such as the knee. Therefore, the research problem lies in exploring the effectiveness of a comprehensive rehabilitation approach that combines multiple therapeutic methods to address this chronic problem more deeply. The research aims to design an innovative rehabilitation program and its effect on the vital and functional indicators of chronic ankle instability in young basketball players, and to identify the most important physical and functional variables. The researchers used a two-group experimental method, as it is suitable for the nature of the research. The researchers defined the research population and sample by purposive means, which consisted of young players with posterior ankle flexion in the Dhi Qar Governorate, numbering 10 players. The researchers concluded that the rehabilitation program was effective in reducing pain levels and improving the range of motion of the dorsiflexion process. The rehabilitation program can be adopted as an advanced model that goes beyond traditional rehabilitation to the comprehensive development of athletic performance. The researchers recommend its integration into therapeutic programs. In one protocol, manual interventions are combined with neuroticization training to improve range of motion and transition from traditional rehabilitation programs to functional standards-based rehabilitation programs

The study aimed to investigate the effect of a progressive rehabilitation program based on core stability training on improving pain and functional ability among weightlifters suffering from lower back muscle strain. The researchers adopted the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the research. The research population consisted of weightlifters from sports federations or clubs in the governorates of Maysan and Basra who suffered from non-discogenic lower back muscle strain. A purposive sample of 20 athletes was selected. The researchers concluded that the progressive rehabilitation program based on core stability training was effective in reducing the intensity of pain, measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS), among weightlifters with lower back muscle strain. The researchers recommended adopting rehabilitation programs based on core stability exercises as an essential part of physical therapy plans for athletes suffering from lower back muscle strain, particularly in strength sports such as weightlifting

The research problem lies in attempting to use indirect mental training (for 3–5 minutes before performance) to develop bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, motor abilities, learning basic volleyball skills, and their retention. The aim was to identify differences in post-test and retention between the experimental and control groups. The experimental method with equivalent groups design was used. The research population comprised youth players from Erbil Sports Club (18 players) for the 2024–2025 season, with a sample of 14 players (77.77%) randomly divided into two equal groups (7 each): experimental (indirect mental training) and control. Results showed significant differences between pre- and post-tests favoring the post-test and retention in all variables. The researchers concluded that indirect mental training is effective in developing bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, improving motor attributes, learning basic skills, and enhancing retention. They recommend adopting this method within training and educational units in volleyball.

The study aimed to identify the statistical differences between the results of the pre- and post-measurements and tests of certain physiological efficiency indicators, motor abilities, and the block and spike skills for both the control and experimental groups. The researcher employed the experimental method using equivalent control and experimental group design, as it was appropriate to the nature of the research problem. The research population and sample consisted of (16) volleyball players from Al-Nasr Club. The researcher concluded that the (physical skill) exercises demonstrated clear superiority over the conventional training program, as evidenced by the results achieved by the experimental group compared with the control group. Accordingly, the researcher recommended adopting (physical skill) exercises within training curricula for volleyball players and other sports.

The importance of this research lies in its attempt to reveal the effect of high-intensity interval training on developing certain types of arm strength and improving punch performance in junior boxers. This is because this age group requires precise training methods that suit their physical and skill development. The research also contributes to providing modern scientific knowledge about the effectiveness of an advanced training method in one of the important combat sports. It helps coaches choose scientifically based training methods that ensure the development of junior boxers' abilities. The research problem is that traditional training programs adopted in a number of centers still focus on stereotypical methods that may not meet the demands of modern performance. It is also observed that many junior boxers suffer from a relative weakness in explosive power and muscular endurance in their arms, which negatively affects the quality of their skill performance during competition. With recent advancements in training methods, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as a potentially effective approach for improving various muscular strengths and punching technique. However, its actual impact on developing different types of muscular strength and punching ability remains unclear. This research aimed to identify the effect of HIIT on specific types of arm strength and side punching technique in young boxers. An experimental approach was employed, and the research sample consisted of boxers from the Al-Janoub Sports Club. Following the implementation of the training, the key findings were reached: HIIT successfully achieved the training objectives for developing different types of arm strength and side punching technique in young boxers. Therefore, the most important recommendation is to adopt HIIT, as it effectively achieved the training objectives for developing different types of arm strength and side punching technique in young boxers.