iklil for Humanity Studies

The book "Al-Tibyan fi al-Bayan" by Imam Sharaf al-Din al-Tayyibi (d. 734 AH) is considered one of the most important works that brought together the scattered rhetorical thought after al-Sakkaki. This research represents an in-depth study of the term "al-Fadhlaqa" in al-Tayyibi's thought, a term that combines mathematical precision with rhetorical brilliance. The importance of the study lies in identifying the points of overlap between the sciences of rhetoric (semantics and figures of speech) through this phenomenon. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical method by examining the texts that al-Tayyibi included in "Al-Tibyan" and analyzing them linguistically and rhetorically. The research is organized into an introduction and two sections. The first section addressed the linguistic and etymological aspects of the term "fadhlaqa" (concise summary), and its usage among Quranic commentators and rhetoricians. The second section focused on the significance of al-Tayyibi's book "al-Tibyan fi al-Bayan" (The Clarification of Elucidation), presenting selected examples from it. The research relied on various sources, including foundational texts and more recent works. The study concludes that al-Tayyibi's effort in "al-Tibyan" was not merely a compilation, but rather a theoretical and applied endeavor that imbued the "fadhlaqa" with a methodological character, transforming it into an effective critical and analytical tool for understanding the miraculous nature of the Quranic style.

Our ancient scholars left us a rich linguistic legacy, full of various categories, and accurate descriptions of the changes that the words undergo due to their inflection or predication, or adding to them a morphological suffix. They often sought to explain what was happening in them, and attributed the matter to a cause that imposed this change.
They attached great importance to semantics in laying out their grammatical rules, by making the levels of the language subject to it to impose its laws without violation. The purpose of the Arabic language is clarification and disclosure. It rejects everything that leads to ambiguity and confusion.
Hence, the ancient scholars were able to set semantic causes in which the meaning is taken into account. Many of the phonological phenomena that occur in the structure of one word or two words are accompanied by those causes if they are combined in a continuous phonological context.
One of these phenomena is the phenomenon of the confluence of two consonants. It is a phenomenon that the Arabic speaker flees from because it has a great burden on the tongue, making it difficult to combine two consonants and pronounce them. But this forbidden matter may be justified in some places for fear of the listener's confusion.
And one of those causes is the cause of securing ambiguity nonoccurrence, the cause of fear of ambiguity, and the cause of difference. What is common among these causes is that they all avoid everything that entails ambiguity and corruption of meaning, and the speaker's deluding something other than what the listener wants.

This research examines the impact of digital technology on the development of contemporary literature, particularly in narrative language and modes of expression. It highlights that literature is no longer static but has become influenced by digital transformations that have introduced new vocabulary and stylistic features reflecting the spirit of the modern age. Digital literature is considered a defining characteristic of the twenty-first century, as it relies on electronic media and integrates text, sound, and image, creating an interactive experience between the reader and the text.
The study focuses on the novel Tin Hinan–Salisa as a model of digital literature. The novel incorporates digital terminology such as (video, post, friend request) and adopts a communicative structure inspired by social media platforms, giving it a contemporary character that reflects virtual reality.
The research also highlights the role of the digital world in enhancing cultural exchange among societies, as it transcends geographical boundaries and fosters cultural interaction. This is evident in the novel through the interaction between characters from different environments (Iraq and Algeria), reflecting openness and cultural blending.
Furthermore, the study explores the impact of the digital approach on the elements of the novel:
• Time: Becomes accelerated and immediate, influenced by the rhythm of digital life.
• Place: Expands to encompass a broad, global space.
• Characters: Are limited to two individuals communicating through digital media, reflecting the nature of virtual relationships.
• Form and presentation: Include digital elements such as images (posts), representing a development in the structure of the novel.
The research concludes that the digital approach affects not only the language but also the structure and content of the novel, while still preserving its human dimension. Emotional influence remains present despite the virtual context, making digital literature a rich field for modern critical studies.

This research investigates the political, social, and epistemological transformations shaping contemporary Arab reality and the literary practices that transcend traditional generic boundaries. It examines the poetics of prose as a deconstructive writing mechanism that contributes to the fragmentation of narrative identity in contemporary literary texts. The research adopts The Preface to Al-Amr bi al-Nuzul by the Iraqi poet Sadiq Al-Turaihi as a case study, due to its generic openness and multiplicity of voices and discursive modes. It argues that contemporary texts no longer seek to stabilize a fixed generic identity; rather, they work to dismantle it within a crisis-driven context governed by war and power. It focuses on stylistic mechanisms and strategies of genre hybridity that produce hybrid textual forms. Methodologically, it employs a deconstructive analytical approach grounded in contemporary poetics and reception theory.

This research explores the profound impact of digital technology on the landscape of contemporary literary criticism, starting from a central problematic: how can criticism assimilate the radical transformations brought about by the digital revolution in the nature of literary creativity and reception, without losing its methodological specificity and its aesthetic and humanistic values? To address this issue, the research adopts a three-axis plan: the first axis deals with the effect of modern technologies on the ease of access to and analysis of literary texts, focusing on the role of digital libraries and statistical tools in extracting hidden patterns and interrelationships. The second axis discusses innovative digital literary forms, such as hypertext and interactive narrative, and the challenges they pose to classical critical concepts, and the need to develop flexible and multidisciplinary approaches to keep pace with the nature of the new medium. The third axis focuses on how digital communication platforms reshape the relationship between the academic elite and the general public in interpreting texts and producing meaning.

This study aims to elucidate the phenomenon of “deep subject anaphora” in the Arabic language from a modern linguistic perspective. It endeavors to demonstrate how anaphora relates to “Binding Theory” within its generative-transformational framework, while drawing upon the Arabic grammatical heritage as a body of knowledge worthy of dialogue and reinterpretation
The study departs from a fundamental problematic rooted in the nature of the relationship between “deep structure” and “surface structure” in the Arabic sentence, and the implications this carries for determining the referential scope of pronouns that are anaphorically bound to the subject
The study concludes with a set of findings, most notably: that Arabic possesses distinct syntactic mechanisms governing the distribution of subject-bound anaphoric pronouns; that these mechanisms partially converge with the principles of Binding Theory; and that Arabic exhibit unique propertie covert/null pronoun (al-ḍamīr al-mustatir) and its role in regulating anaphoric reference

Grammatical thinking is a crucial axis in the science of grammar, as it is the starting point from which the grammarian develops the science of grammar, embodied in its rules, structures, and meanings. Therefore, I chose to focus my research, entitled "Grammatical Thinking in al-Dammamini (d. 827 AH) in his Commentary on al-Fayid 'ala Tashil al-Fawa'id," on this topic. Furthermore, al-Dammamini's distinctive grammatical thinking connects the foundations of grammatical reasoning with structures and rules in a unique way, highlighting the importance of clear grammatical thought and intellect in the science of grammar. The research is presented in an introduction and five main sections: (the governing factor, the root and the derived, the context, ellipsis, and ambiguity). After delving into these sections intellectually, I conclude with findings, including the presence of this grammatical thinking in my prior design of grammatical instructions; indeed, it forms the basis upon which these instructions and grammatical structures are built. The research concludes with a list of sources and references.

The phenomenon of rejection in the poetry of Fawzi Karim (1945–2019), the Iraqi poet, writer, and painter who lived in exile in London, is a central theme that is deeply analyzed through cultural criticism. His work represents a profound "philosophy of rejection" that rejects the prevailing political and cultural models in Arab society, including the ideological demands imposed on intellectuals, the glorification of the homeland, and conformity to poetic traditions. I can say that Fawzi Karim is one of the few poets who dedicated themselves to their poetic project with unwavering determination. In the midst of the tumultuous 1960s, his poetry was a refuge for his fearful, skeptical, and fragile self. Although he was a poet of the 1960s, he never considered himself one of them. When his name became associated with the poetic manifesto of a group of poets from that generation, it was a surprise to everyone, because Fawzi Karim did not belong to any political ideology, he did not make resounding statements, and he was far removed from the vortex of controversy. He was a poet in every sense of the word, and his value lay in the poetry itself, but he expressed his rejection of the political and social reality in a subtle way.

The structure of compound sentences, as understood within generative grammar, is a crucial area of linguistics that seeks to explain how complex sentences are formed in language, based on mental rules inherent in the speaker\'s mind. Generative grammar, as developed by Noam Chomsky, views the sentence not merely as a linear sequence of words, but as a hierarchical structure governed by deep syntactic relationships connecting its various components. From this perspective, compound sentences are studied as the result of the interweaving of multiple simple sentences within a single structure, through means such as conjunctions, semantics, relative pronouns, conditionals, and other functional elements that define the relationships between subordinate and main clauses. This approach focuses on analyzing the syntactic positions of linguistic elements and uncovering the rules that explain transposition, ellipsis, fronting, and inversion within compound sentences. It also distinguishes between the surface structure, which appears in speech, and the deep structure, which reflects the underlying relationships between the components. This analysis contributes to understanding how humans can produce an unlimited number of sentences from a limited number of rules. Therefore, studying compound sentences in light of generative grammar reveals the precision of the linguistic system and highlights the human mind\'s capacity for organization and creativity in constructing diverse linguistic structures. The study revealed that classical Arabic grammar provided a comprehensive and precise description of sentence types and their grammatical functions, such as sentences functioning as predicates, adjectives, adverbials, or objects. However, it often focused on the descriptive and grammatical aspects, neglecting the factors that explain the mechanical processes producing these structures. In contrast, the generative-transformational system offers an explanatory framework that helps in understanding how sentences are constructed through concepts such as substructure, surface structure, and syntactic transformations, The study also demonstrated the importance of the concept of inclusion in the analysis of compound sentences, as it explains how one sentence is incorporated within another to perform a specific grammatical function. The study concluded that the relationship between traditional Arabic grammar and generative grammar is not one of opposition, but rather one of integration; traditional Arabic grammar describes the phenomenon and determines its grammatical position, while generative grammar seeks to explain how it is formed and internally structured.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the noblest of creation, Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, may God bless him and his pure and righteous family. The idea behind this research is to study the intellectual and psychological dimensions of the sermons of Lady Fatima, peace be upon her. Due to the importance and profoundness of her speeches, and the precision of their content, I have chosen to address the most important ideas and visions woven into her sermons, and to elucidate their intellectual and psychological dimensions—religious, political, social, critical, and psychological—those dimensions that are connected to the lived reality and the conditions of the people at that time. We can consider these sermons as a historical document reflecting the events that occurred during Lady Fatima's time. Her sermons stemmed from a deep psychological impact on her, which manifested in the form of speeches to reveal her innermost thoughts and her stance on what was happening around her. The features of the psychological dimensions in her sermons are clearly evident and beyond doubt, as she relied on what is called the stream of consciousness, which allowed her to reveal her inner anxieties. And fear and sorrow for the Muslims due to the upheaval, strife, and conflicts that followed the death of her father, the Prophet
The research is divided into two sections: The first section, "The Sermon and the Qualities of the Speaker," defines the sermon, outlines the most important qualities of the speaker, and provides an overview of Fatima al-Zahra's sermons. The second section, "The Intellectual and Psychological Dimensions of Fatima al-Zahra's Sermons," is further divided into two parts: First, the intellectual dimensions, which examine the rational perspective, the critical methodology that characterized the sermons, and the political stance. Second, the psychological dimensions, which explore the speaker's emotional state during the sermon, the reason for delivering the sermon, and its subject matter. The research concludes with a summary of its most important findings.

This study analyzes the "paratexts" in the novel "The Fish's Back" by Iraqi writer Hamid Qasim, aiming to reveal the semiotic and aesthetic roles these elements play in shaping the semantic structure of the narrative. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach, based on Gérard Genette's concept of "paratext." The analysis is divided into two levels: external paratexts (title, cover, author's name, publisher) and internal paratexts (dedication, introduction). This study examines the paratextual elements in Hamid Qasim's novel "The Fish's Back" to highlight their significance and sequence within the narrative, as well as to identify the methods used and employed by the author to express his intentions and desires. This is achieved through the following structure, which includes the following: This study discusses the concept of the textual threshold in the field of linguistics and terminology, to determine the extent of this concept's expansion within linguistics and whether there are differing opinions regarding its historical origins. It examines front and back covers, title thresholds, textual attribution thresholds (including author's name/source entity/genre indicator), and internal thresholds (including the opening threshold and the loyalty threshold). The study concludes with a summary of the main findings, followed by a list of sources and references.

This study examined a number of grammatical issues cited by al-Jawjari in his commentary on Shudhur al-Dhahab and attributed to Ibn Malik, all united by a single underlying principle: the conflict between transmitted usage (al-sama') and analogical reasoning (al-qiyas), and the bearing of this conflict on the formulation of grammatical rulings. The study demonstrated that Ibn Malik was not merely a transmitter of opinions or an arbitrator between schools of thought, but rather the holder of a coherent linguistic vision in which he elevated transmitted and authenticated usage to the status of an independent authority that analogical reasoning alone cannot override. Among the study's findings is that Ibn Malik was acutely aware of the distinction between what is particular to poetry as a stylistic domain and what constitutes a genuine poetic license (al-darura), taking issue with the Basrans on this very point. He defined poetic license strictly as that which leaves the poet no alternative that is, what
compels him to deviate from the norm due to the constraints of meter or rhyme when no substitute is available. He therefore held that much of what the Basrans classified as poetic license neither bears scrutiny upon examination nor satisfies the definition they themselves laid down .

imam Al-Rifa‘i addressed the overall determinants of the narrative artistic imagination by employing this aesthetic and visual imaginative framework across the entirety of his poetic works. He presented these poems in accordance with imagined trajectories stemming from his perception and affirmation of beauty—specifically, in his attempt to link semantic description with aesthetic imagination through the integration of imaginative elements within the poems themselves and their intrinsic qualities.
Thus, Al-Rifa‘i—known as a poet, a Sufi, and a composer of both poetic and prose exhortations—defined the artistry of imaginative narratives through several dimensions: the framing of imagination, the exploration of established patterns within his imagined narratives (as observed by the researcher), the representation of narrative imagination through figurative and image-based constructs, and the delineation of space as cultural container for levels of artistic/narrative imagination, as well as a marker of the beginnings and endings of his poetic imaginaries.
The narrative imagination in Al-Rifa‘i’s work, as concluded by the study, constitutes a metaphorical mode that encompasses not only the boundaries of imagination but also those of expressive, figurative description, embodying the intended outcomes of the poet’s purpose within the themes of his poetic experience

This study examines the Jurisprudence of Ability (Fiqh al-Istita’ah) and its profound impact on the calling to Allah (Da'wah). The research is structured as follows:
The First Section: Defines the conceptual frameworks of both "Ability" and "Da'wah," categorizes the types of ability, and presents the legal evidence (Shari'ah evidence) for its legitimacy.
The Second Section: Explores the divine wisdom behind gradualism in Da'wah and the significance of considering the specific circumstances and contexts of the audience.
The Third Part: Addresses the strategic prioritization of tasks (focusing on the most vital before the important) and analyzes how this approach achieves a deeper impact and a more effective response from the recipients.
Final Analysis: Highlights the necessity of tailoring Da'wah to different age groups—including children, youth, and the elderly—and illustrates how observing these developmental capacities leads to the success of the call.
The study concludes with a summary of the most significant findings and a set of key recommendations presented in the research conclusion.

This study investigates the hadiths concerning the prohibition of selling the hide of the Udḥiyah (Eid sacrifice) through a combined hadith and juristic analysis. The research aims to determine the authenticity of the narrations related to this issue and to clarify their influence on the juristic rulings formulated by classical Islamic scholars.
The study adopts an inductive and analytical approach by collecting the relevant hadith reports from the primary sources of Sunnah, examining their chains of transmission, and analysing the evaluations of hadith critics regarding their narrators. It also discusses the legal implications of these narrations in light of the opinions of the major Islamic schools of law .
The paper begins with a brief overview of the concept of Udḥiyah and its legitimacy in the Qur’an and the Sunnah, along with a presentation of the juristic disagreement regarding its ruling. It then analyses the principal narrations related to selling the hide of the sacrifice, particularly the hadith: “Whoever sells the hide of his sacrifice has no sacrifice,” and the narration of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib concerning the prohibition of giving the butcher any part of the sacrifice as payment .
The study concludes that the narration of ʿAlī is authentic and represents a fundamental textual basis in this issue, whereas scholars differed regarding the authenticity of the narration prohibiting the sale of the hide. The majority of jurists maintain that selling the hide of the Udḥiyah is impermissible, although benefiting from it without sale is permissible. This view appears to be the most consistent with the textual evidence and the devotional nature of the sacrifice .

This study presents a semantic and interpretive analysis of the phenomenon of assimilation (idghām) between letters in the Holy Qur’an, through tracing its occurrences, clarifying its rhetorical aspects, and uncovering the relationship between the types of assimilation and the contextual meanings of the Qur’anic text. The study aims to highlight the aesthetic dimension of the phonetic employment of letters and the extent of its harmony with meaning, reflecting the precision of the Qur’anic composition and the magnificence of its structure.
The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach by examining selected Qur’anic examples and analyzing them in light of the views of exegetes, scholars of tajwīd, and linguists.
The study concludes that assimilation is not merely a phonetic or recitational phenomenon; rather, it plays a significant semantic role in guiding meaning and deepening its impact. This reveals an aspect of the rhetorical inimitability of the Holy Qur’an, which is based on the precision of its composition and the meticulous employment of letters and expressions in a manner that is fully consistent with the context and its indicators.

This study aims to establish a jurisprudential framework for "Digital Privacy" amidst the information revolution. The core problem lies in the legislative gap regarding the classification of moral rights related to digital data. The research employs an analytical-foundational methodology, applying major Islamic legal maxims—such as "Harm must be eliminated" and "The sanctity of blood, property, and honor"—to modern technological contexts.
Key Findings:
* Characterizing digital data as "immaterial property" (Amwal Ma'nawiyya), where any infringement invokes the rulings of misappropriation and liability.
* Classifying "Digital Espionage" as a discretionary crime (Ta'zir) that transcends simple breach of secrecy to a grave violation of private sanctity.
* Providing a Sharia-based grounding for the "Right to be Forgotten" (Digital Erasure) based on the objectives of Sharia (Maqasid) regarding concealment of faults (Al-Satr) and social rehabilitation. This concept serves as a legal remedy against the "digital immortality" of past mistakes.
Recommendations:
The study concludes by urging the Iraqi legislature to fill the existing legal vacuum by enacting a "Cybersecurity and Data Protection Law" rooted in Islamic principles. It further recommends mandating tech companies to provide "permanent deletion" features to safeguard human dignity from digital character assassination.

The paper will discuss the possibilities of adopting sustainable transportation in Iraq based on the integration of theoretical and applied analysis on the scenario of Baghdad as a case study. The study is a descriptive-analytical study of the concept and dimensions of sustainable transport and an implemented scenario model based on bus priority corridors, parking management, and pedestrian accessibility enhancement. A list of key performance indicators (KPIs) was used in order to assess the perceived impacts, which comprised travel time, operational speed, modal share of the public transports, fuel consumption, and traffic accidents. The findings show that there is a great possibility of enhancing urban transportation efficiency, the speed of operations will increase by 35 percent, the proportion of the public transport will be 26 percent higher, the delays in the peak-hour decreased, fuel consumption will be reduced by 15 percent, and the number of traffic accidents will be lower. It is concluded in the paper that Baghdad has the chance to embark on the transformation of the city to sustainable transportation via low-cost operational and regulatory solutions to create a realistic opportunity to attain a more efficient and sustainable network of city mobility.

All praise is due to Allah, Lord of the Worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the Master of Creation, Muhammad, and his pure and righteous family and his chosen companions.
The Quranic text is among the earliest divine texts and has been a significant impetus for most sciences in general, and Arabic science in particular, since its revelation to this day.
Therefore, the researcher wishes to continue his Quranic research, and this time I will examine Surahs Al-Fatihah and Al-Baqarah.
Furthermore, I have chosen the topic of fronting and postponing; Due to its importance and its connection to two branches of Arabic linguistics (rhetoric and grammar),
I chose the title of my research: "The Rhetoric of Fronting and Postponing in Surahs Al-Fatihah and Al-Baqarah."
I selected Al-Fatihah and Al-Baqarah because they are at the beginning of the Quranic text, and I am studying all the surahs of the Holy Quran.
I divided my research into an introduction and three sections. The introduction is titled "The Style of Fronting and Postponing – Definition, Importance, and Reasons." The first section is titled "Fronting and Postponing in Verbal Sentences," in which I presented many verses that fall under this category to demonstrate the rhetorical effect of fronting and postponing. I repeated this approach in the texts of the following two sections: the second section, "Fronting and Postponing in Nominal Sentences," and the third section, "Fronting and Postponing in Common Places – Nominal and Verbal." The researcher reached several conclusions, including:
1- Sentences employing the stylistic device of fronting and backshifting were linked to the text in which they appeared, through the harmony between the beginning and end of the Quranic text, as was evident in the analysis of most of the texts.
2- Fronting and backshifting structures appeared in verbal sentences in a variety of forms, including (prepositional phrases with the subject, prepositional phrases with the object, and the object with the verb and subject).
3- Fronting structures appeared in nominal sentences in two forms: (prepositional phrases (the predicate) with the delayed subject, and fronting and backshifting within the predicate clause).
4- Verses containing verbal sentences include numerous rhetorical devices, often combined with the rhetorical device of fronting and backshifting, to convey the intended meaning. These devices include imperative and rhetorical questions (both denial and exclamation), as well as two types of separation (near-perfect connection and perfect separation) and conjunction (agreement in declarative sentences).
In addition to the above, there is also explicit simile and shift in perspective (from the third person to the second person).
5- Similarly, nominal sentences contain numerous rhetorical devices, the most prominent being conjunction in declarative sentences and imperative statements. These, along with fronting and backshifting, contribute to strengthening the meaning of the text and presenting it in its most eloquent form.
6- As for the third section (common between nominal and verbal constructions), it included many examples, including (the prepositional phrase preceding the subject – verbal construction – and a predicate preceding a subject following it (in two instances) – nominal construction –) and another (the prepositional phrase preceding an accusative – verbal construction – and the predicate of "inna" preceding the subject of "inna" following it – nominal construction –). The texts of the structures in this section included many rhetorical devices, including (metaphorical language), imperative and prohibitive constructions, conjunction (agreement of predicates), and separation (near-perfect connection). These devices were combined with the various instances of fronting and backshifting between nominal and verbal constructions in order to present the text to the r in a way that deepens its impact on him and affects him with what it contains.
7- The purposes for which the (method of presentation and delay) came out in the three research topics varied between (care, attention, focus and specialization), and most of them came together in order to support the intention in presentation and delay, which is to show what is most important before what comes after it, and to show what is

In light of growing societal fragmentation and the urgent need for knowledge-based institutions to promote peace through diversity, this study—"Knowledge Platforms and Peacebuilding: The Role of Universities in Societal Stability"—examines how Iraqi public universities contribute to civil peace. The central question explores whether universities effectively bridge knowledge production and peacebuilding, or if a gap still exists between academic discourse and institutional demands. The study evaluates faculty perceptions of peace, the impact of governance on conflict management, and the role of curricula and campus activities in fostering sustainable peace awareness. Using a structured electronic survey analyzed through Python’s statistical tools, the research identifies positive attitudes toward peace as a comprehensive value system, alongside uneven governance outcomes. These findings highlight the university’s potential as a normative institution in designing frameworks of coexistence through education and institutional behavior.

The aesthetics of the Arabic poetic text varied, as it contributed to supplementing the poetic experience with different methods that reinforced the artistic and aesthetic values, and formed images that combined the thought and feelings of the creator, the effectiveness of the recipient, and the extraction of the inner potential of the creator by choosing an artistic style that constitutes the poetic discourse and reveals the psychological convulsions of the creator. Therefore, repetition is one of the artistic phenomena that contribute to enriching the poetic experience and confirming the poet’s attachment to a specific idea, especially in depicting feelings of sadness that irritate them, and give rise to remembrance that gives continuity of mourning and mourning for the deceased. As well as the similarity in the use of the repetition method between the cases of their grief

Communication is one of the interactive phenomena in human existence, contributing to the exchange of information between people, in addition to the impact of the Quranic text in achieving communication; because it is distinguished by its communicative nature from its revelation to this dayIt includes the availability of communication elements that manifest in creating interaction between its components. The sender sends a message to a receiver, and the response is achieved through understanding the message and its components. Several critics have focused on the value of communication and contributed to its theorizationAmong them was Roman Jakobson, the critic who developed and renewed the theory by expanding on the linguistic functions of message content, as well as clarifying the components of its communicative elements. Therefore, this theory was the analytical method for the study sample I chose to analyze the story of Luqman the Wise, as found in Surah Luqman, verses 12 to 19, since these verses form the story and contain elements of communication and its functions, in addition to the absence of a study concerned with this theory in story analysis Most studies have focused on the educational and guidance aspects of it, so I decided to delve into this field to achieve the research goals of explaining the interactive values and linguistic functions that have achieved communication.

This research explores the concept of the Grammatical Agent (al-‘Amil) as a fundamental pillar of Arabic grammatical theory. It examines three pivotal issues: genesis, the nature of operation, and influence. The study seeks to re-read this concept in light of the grammatical heritage and its inherent critical perspectives, while invoking the philosophical and linguistic dimensions that shaped its evolution.
The research begins by tracing the origins of the "agent" idea among early grammarians, highlighting how it crystallized as an explanatory tool to regulate desinential transitions (I’rab) within the linguistic structure. It then addresses the nature of operation (Haqiqat al-‘Amal), investigating whether it is a formal phonetic effect triggered by a specific linguistic element, or merely a conceptual relationship inferred from context and syntax. In this regard, the study reviews the major intellectual trends, ranging from those who affirm the reality of the agent to those who deny it or re-interpret its functional role.
Furthermore, the paper analyzes influence (al-Ta’thir) as the manifest result of the agent’s operation on the inflectional structure. It examines the nature and boundaries of this influence, its relationship with both literal and abstract agents, and its profound link to the theory of causality (al-Sababiyya) in grammatical thought.
The research concludes that the grammatical agent is not merely a formal interpretative device, but rather a theoretical framework reflecting the grammarians' vision of the relationship between form and meaning. A precise understanding of this concept deepens the analysis of linguistic structures and unveils the mechanisms of meaning production in the Arabic language.

Morphological variation in the Arabic language is the deliberate shift and contrast in the structural usage of the Arabic language, representing various meanings that the speaker employs to express their purpose, utilizing the language's intricacies and captivating styles. The need and importance have led to highlighting the topic of morphological variation in linguistic usage, as it is one of the techniques and styles employed by the Holy Quran in formulating its verses. This is to demonstrate the benefit of morphological variation and explain its causes and linguistic effects. Morphological variation refers to the changes that occur in the form and its root when it is conjugated or altered to conform to the rules of the language and its syntactic context; such as verb conjugation or the multiplicity of noun forms, etc., in a way that serves the meaning and reveals it in the clearest and most refined forms and connotations, favoring the expansion in the use of words and the harmony in their structures to serve the speaker's purpose and express their intentions in speech. These are among the most prominent characteristics and qualities that elevate our living Arabic language. Research has shown that morphological variation in Arabic is a linguistic phenomenon and a structural-semantic tool that reveals the depth of the relationship between morphological structure, meaning, and context. It is considered one of the most important means of semantic enrichment and high expressive precision in the Arabic language, especially in the Qur'anic text. Morphological variation is not a formal phenomenon, but rather a structural element that contributes to building the overall meaning of the text. It may perform multiple semantic functions, revealing the precision of the morphological system and its use in the Arabic language. It represents a sophisticated linguistic mechanism for achieving the aims of linguistic discourse and conveying functional meaning with utmost accuracy.

The interplay of opposing dualities in Sufi terminology is distinguished by revealing the approach followed by the Sufis, and the shared emotions laden with the warmth of remembrance and love that dwells in their hearts and brings them to the degree of infatuation and divine love, abandoning the pleasures of the world, finding solace in the beloved’s satisfaction, and his constant presence in the heart and not forgetting him; Because he is present in the heart, he fills it, he does not forget him, so he remembers him. This is what Al-Junayd Al-Baghdadi and Samnun Al-Muhib embodied in the sayings and poems that brought them to the point of crying, humility, loneliness, and joy and happiness when the beloved is present in the heart and close to him, like the state of a person who feels as if he is breathing with the love of the beloved.

Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and blessings and peace be upon Muhammad and his pure progeny.
This study examines the phenomenon of lexical alternation in the Qur’an as a semantic and contextual feature, whereby different words appear in similar contexts, revealing the precision and intentionality of word choice in the Qur’anic text.
The research is driven by the following central question: Can the variation of words in closely related contexts be explained solely through lexical semantics, or do context and situational factors play a decisive role in directing this variation?
To address this, the study adopts a descriptive-analytical approach based on inductive analysis and comparative examination of Qur’anic verses, while drawing on linguistic and exegetical sources to uncover subtle distinctions between alternated expressions.
The findings demonstrate that lexical alternation in the Qur’an is not merely a stylistic variation, but rather a precise semantic system governed by context and discourse. Each word carries a distinct functional meaning that cannot be substituted by another within its specific position.
The study concludes that this phenomenon represents a significant aspect of the Qur’an’s rhetorical inimitability, reflecting the coherence of its linguistic structure and the richness of its multiple layers of meaning.

This research examines the grammatical observations found in the book "Tawdih al-Maqasid wa al-Masalik" (Clarification of Intentions and Paths), aiming to reveal the most prominent grammatical issues highlighted by the author and explain their scientific implications. The research is organized into an introduction, a preface, two main sections, and a conclusion. The introduction included a definition of the concept of grammatical alerts and a biography of Imam al-Muradi, the book's author. The first section was dedicated to studying alerts related to the parts of speech, while the second section addressed grammatical alerts related to letters through their analysis and examination. The research concluded with a summary of the study's most important findings, followed by a list of the sources and references used.

This research aims to study the phenomenon of "language economy" and its relationship to the use of "pronouns" in Arabic. Through an analytical grammatical and rhetorical study, it is explored that linguistic economy is a fundamental principle of communicative competence, where the speaker strives to convey meaning with minimal verbal effort and maximum significance. Pronouns are among the most important grammatical tools that embody this principle, as they replace explicit nouns and reduce sentences to single words. The research begins by defining linguistic economy and pronouns, then moves on to analyzing pronouns and their role in linguistic economy, concluding with the rhetorical implications resulting from this economy. The study employs a descriptive-analytical approach. The research concludes that pronouns are not merely referential tools; rather, they are economical tools par excellence, achieving a balance between brevity and clarity.

It is well known in Iraqi universities that students of all specializations study the Arabic language during the initial stages of their university education. Specialists are well aware that many students suffer from weakness in grammatical rules and foundations, which makes the subject of grammar difficult to understand and apply.
The research problem can be summarized in the following question:
What is the impact of weak grammatical foundations among first-year university students on the difficulty of learning grammar?
The importance of the research lies in:
1. Shedding light on one of the most important causes of weak linguistic performance among students.
2. Helping language instructors identify areas of weakness in teaching grammar.
3. Enriching educational and linguistic studies in the field of Arabic language teaching.
The research aims to:
1. Identify the manifestations of weak grammatical foundations among university students.
2. Determine the relationship between weak grammatical rules and the difficulty of understanding grammar.
3. Identify the opinions of specialized instructors regarding the causes of this weakness.
4.Demonstrate students’ weakness in grammatical foundations through questionnaires conducted on a sample of university students.
The research adopts the descriptive-analytical approach through:
- A field questionnaire of students’ and instructors’ opinions.
- Analysis of grammatical errors in students’ writings.
- Comparison of results to determine the relationship between weakness and the difficulty of the subject.

The scientific value of this research lies in its attempt to examine the grammatical intellectual output of the most important practitioners and workers in the field of Arabic grammar, namely the grammarians who established the issues of Arabic grammar in their linguistic studies as systems and rules, a well-trodden path in their expression and explanation, until they reached a deep understanding of the reality of those studies, and a clear awareness of their dimensions, which reveals to the recipient the general intellectual structures of Arabic grammar. t is well known that researching and exploring something requires understanding its dimensions and essence. Arabic linguistic research has not been immune to such concerns. Arab scholars, in their linguistic studies, have addressed the analysis of language, as well as its deconstruction and representation into multiple linguistic units, which they have termed \"levels of linguistic analysis.\" These levels have been studied in depth. However, my research here is limited to the grammatical aspect, excluding the other levels. It is titled \"Ibn Jinni\'s (d. 392 AH) Critique of Grammarians\' Views in the Book \'Al-Khasa\'is\'\" and represents a modest contribution—a serious reading, description, and analysis of the Arabic grammatical heritage, which remains replete with many valuable treasures, revealing their profound essence and true nature. We chose Al-Khasa’is because it is the best model and living witness to those treasures. In order to cover the subject, I investigated some grammatical issues from this book (Al-Khasa’is) to be the subject of our research, because this work contains many grammatical structures that were praised by later scholars who came after Ibn.

The Arabic Literary Renaissance (Al-Nahda) stands as a pivotal milestone in the history of Arabic literature. This era witnessed a profound cultural cross-pollination between Arabic literary traditions and those of other nations. Consequently, prominent intellectuals and writers were compelled to critically examine the contemporary state of the Arabic language and its lexicography. They focused on refining linguistic frameworks and purifying the language to resonate with the spirit of modernity.
Foremost among these pioneering figures was the eminent writer and scholar Ahmad Amin. Through a series of influential essays, Amin initiated an enlightening intellectual movement that guided subsequent generations of literary figures. His linguistic and lexicographical propositions ultimately served as the foundational cornerstone for numerous subsequent projects in the field.
This research explores Amin’s approach to language and lexicography, which is structured around three primary axes. The first axis examines the fundamental rules and origins of the language. The second axis explores the concept of a "new language", the language of the future. In this context, Amin engaged with and systematically countered criticisms that accused the Arabic language of rigidity and an inability to keep pace with contemporary advancements. He advocated for the facilitation and simplification of language without compromising its foundational rules and grammatical roots. Finally, the third axis highlights his call for the urgent reform of the Arabic lexicon; recognizing the dictionary as the primary vessel preserving the language, Amin argued that it had become encumbered with numerous methodological and content-related fallacies that required critical revision.

This research aims to demonstrate the importance of the relationship between the signifier, and whether it is absolute or restricted, causal relationship, in the light of the vocabulary found in classical Arabic that documents and clearly highlights this relationship. It employs a descriptive – analytical approach that seeks to identify and study linguistic phenomena. The research reveals that the correlation between most established words and their meaning is arbitrary, as there is no link between the sound the letters their connotation. However, this is not the most general and comprehensive view, as the researches has demonstrated that some Arabic words is subject to the relative concept, due to the clear intentional proximity between the signifier and its signified exhibiting clear intentional.

One of the issues that every reciter of the Holy Qur’an should be familiar with is the selection of an appropriate point at which to end the recitation. Just as there are rules governing where to begin recitation, there are also rules governing where to conclude it.
The problem addressed by this study is that books on Tajwīd and Qur’anic recitation sciences almost entirely lack principles and guidelines that help a reciter determine the proper verse on which to end a recitation. Knowledge of these guidelines protects the reciter from falling into an improper practice, namely ending the recitation while the contextual meaning has not yet been completed.
The aim of this research is to establish the principles and regulations that should guide a reciter when concluding a Qur’anic recitation.
The study concludes that qaṭʿ (termination of Qur’anic recitation) falls into two categories: proper termination and improper termination. Proper termination occurs when the recitation ends at the end of a verse that is not semantically connected to what follows. Improper termination occurs when the recitation ends before the intended meaning is complete. The study provides examples of both categories and explains the main causes of improper termination.
The research consists of three sections. The first discusses the rules and types of termination. The second is devoted to the forms of proper termination, while the third examines the causes of improper termination.
The methodology adopted in this study is descriptive, analytical, and critical. The researcher identified cases of proper and improper termination and analyzed the reasons that lead some reciters to conclude their recitations at verses that occur within a continuous context and therefore cannot be separated from what follows, since they constitute an integral part of that context.

The topic of mercy as a Qur’anic objective and its impact on the jurisprudence of dealing with those who hold differing views is of great significance in contemporary Islamic studies. It highlights the humanitarian and ethical dimensions of Islamic legislation and demonstrates that mercy is not merely a moral value; rather, it is a fundamental objective of the Holy Qur’an. Numerous Qur’anic texts establish this principle, and it is further affirmed by the life and practice of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him and his family) in his interactions with all people, particularly those who differed from him.
The importance of this topic lies in its role in redirecting Islamic jurisprudence toward the realization of its higher objectives by linking legal rulings to their underlying spirit, which is based on facilitation and the removal of hardship. It also contributes to correcting many practices that may be influenced by excessive rigidity or misunderstanding. Furthermore, emphasizing mercy within the framework of the higher objectives of Islamic law enhances the effectiveness of jurisprudence in addressing issues of coexistence, tolerance, and the development of sound human relationships.
From a practical perspective, studying the impact of mercy on the jurisprudence of dealing with those who hold differing views has become an urgent necessity in our contemporary reality, where various forms of disagreement are increasingly prevalent. Such a study contributes to the consolidation of a balanced and moderate approach, promotes dialogue through wisdom and good exhortation, and demonstrates the tolerance and justice of Islam in dealing with others. In doing so, it serves the higher objectives of Islamic law in preserving religion, life, intellect, and society.

This study addresses one of the most delicate issues in the science of Hadith: the concept of relying upon narrators who have been criticized (al-ruwāt al-mutakallam fīhim), both theoretically and practically, through an analytical examination of the methodology of Imam Muslim in his Ṣaḥīḥ. The significance of this topic lies in its direct relevance to the foundational principles of hadith authentication and the methodological balance between al-jarḥ wa al-taʿdīl (criticism and accreditation) and the critical process of selective transmission.
The research aims to define the concept of “ḥujjah” (authoritative reliance), clarify the status of narrators who have been subject to criticism, analyze the terminologies and hierarchical levels of jarḥ and taʿdīl, and examine Imam Muslim’s criteria in selecting narrators for his Ṣaḥīḥ. Furthermore, it presents applied case studies of selected narrators who were criticized yet included by Muslim, analyzing whether their inclusion was in principal chains or merely in supporting narrations, and whether Muslim deemed them reliable or selectively transmitted from them.
The study adopts a critical analytical methodology based on comparative evaluation of classical scholarly statements and inductive examination of selected narrators. The findings indicate that relying upon criticized narrators does not contradict the principles of hadith criticism; rather, it reflects a nuanced application of those principles grounded in methodological precision and scholarly judgment. Imam Muslim’s approach demonstrates rigorous selectivity and adherence to strict conditions of continuity and freedom from significant defects.

The study aimed at one of the dangerous psychological cases, which is (bullying), as it is a very important issue, as it is related to the individuals of the developing society, as I found many modern studies and research that have elaborated on bullying, explaining its causes, types and treatment, and before these modern studies on bullying by hundreds of years, the Holy Qur’an and the Noble Prophetic Sunnah, We have explained this disease and its corruption that has been passed down through the generations of infidels and ungrateful people, except for those whom my Lord has had mercy upon, throughout the ages. So God Almighty sent down the heavenly books and laws to heal this deep wound and preserve successive societies in body and mind, and the importance of adhering to the depth of Islamic law as an effective medicine that confronts this disease, even if it has not been circulated under the same name (bullying), as it has appeared in them with other words and meanings such as: We have explained this disease and its corruption, which has been passed down through generations of infidels and ungrateful people, except for those whom my Lord has had mercy upon, over the course of time. God Almighty sent down the heavenly books and laws to heal this deep wound and preserve successive societies in body and mind. The importance of adhering to the depth of Islamic law is an effective medicine that combats this disease, even if it has not been circulated under the same name (bullying), as it appears in both with other words and meanings such as: harm and aggression, mockery and ridicule, name-calling, obscenity in response, cursing, swearing and cursing, vulgarity of the tongue, belittling others, intimidation, threats, oppression, fanaticism and injustice, transgression, defamation, slander and adultery. Therefore, I arranged my research in this manner of types of bullying in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet, and I followed up the types of bullying and treatment after that in a general manner with evidence for both, with a conclusion in which I explained the most important results I reached, with a list in which I mentioned the most important scientific sources. The most prominent

The importance of jurisprudence in religion is undeniable, as it distinguishes between what is permissible and forbidden, and through it, one can discern right and wrong, benefit and harm. There is no good that the Sharia has not guided us to, and no evil that it has not warned us against. As is well known, preserving honor is one of the objectives of Islamic law, which commands its preservation, protection, and the prevention of its violation and transgression, and considers violating it one of the greatest sins after disbelief and killing a soul unjustly. Adultery comes, as the Holy Quran has arranged it in its saying: “And those who do not invoke with Allah another deity or kill the soul which Allah has forbidden [to be killed], except by right, and do not commit adultery. And whoever does that will meet a penalty.” And the protection of honor positively is through legitimate marriage, as God Almighty says: “And if you fear that you will not deal justly with the orphan girls, then marry those that please you of [other] women, two or three or four…”. Therefore, marriage, which achieves protection of honor, is intended to get rid of Satan and ward off his evils, and to protect and preserve offspring. Thus, great care has been given to the family, which is where the building begins. Every attempt to violate this covenant, transgress against it, and breach its rules and clauses is a crime, as it results in the fall and destruction of the family and ignites the fuse of discord among members of society.
There is no doubt that the issue of "virginity repair" relates to the most precious thing a girl possesses, which is her virginity and hymen, and is surrounded by extreme sensitivity among the general Muslim public, which has often led to the destruction of married life, and even the end of the girl’s life altogether in some cases. This is considered the greatest testimony to a woman’s chastity, purity, and honor, and they see its loss as conclusive evidence of committing adultery, regardless of the reason that led to its loss, without full knowledge of the reasons that may lead to its loss and the girl has no control over its occurrence, as it is beyond her will. This makes explaining the legal ruling on this process of great importance, which is what the research addressed in some detail.

This research examines the jurisprudential rulings governing the financial transactions of Muslim minors through a foundational and analytical study of jurists' views on the validity and Sharia implications of their actions. The research problem focuses on how traditional jurisprudential frameworks cope with modern and electronic financial dealings of minors, considering the distinct stages of discernment, puberty, and maturity. The study aims to clarify the limits of a minor's legal capacity in Islamic jurisprudence, outline the Sharia rules governing their conduct, and highlight the role of contemporary jurisprudential reasoning (Ijtihad) in addressing digital challenges. Employing an inductive and analytical methodology, the research tracks and analyzes Sharia texts and legal opinions. The study concludes that minors' transactions are governed by the principles of public interest and harm prevention in accordance with the Objectives of Islamic Law (Maqasid al-Shari'ah). It emphasizes that the level of legal capacity remains a decisive factor, while highlighting the vital role of modern Ijtihad in balancing child rights protection with the stability of contemporary automated and digital transactions.

The study of educational significance in the sayings of Prophets and righteous individuals is a vital field of research that seeks to uncover the educational dimension as an authentic source for building human personality and guiding behavior. The utterances of Prophets and saints represent the pinnacle of profound spiritual and moral experiences manifested in Quranic texts. Through an induction of the Quranic verses where these sayings are explicitly mentioned and interpreted, it becomes evident that they have contributed to establishing a comprehensive value system—most notably patience, chastity, humility, and trust in Allah. From this perspective, this study aims to interpret and clarify these sayings to reveal their educational implications and the extent of their impact on the lives of both individuals and the community.

This research (The Role of Electronic Fatwas in Refuting Doubts Raised About the Holy Quran) aims to highlight the importance of electronic fatwas in refuting doubts raised about the Holy Quran, since it is the very means by which these doubts are spread, and that responding to these doubts through electronic fatwas is in accordance with the Qur'an's response to the doubts of those who oppose it, and that this work is the duty of the men of the nation, as it is at the core of the science of the Qur'an, and in this there is also protection for the Islamic community from these doubts, and fortification for it, especially the youth and others. The research also aims to highlight the advantages of electronic fatwas in refuting doubts raised about the Holy Quran. The most important of these advantages are: speed, ease, affordability, attractiveness, and meeting the needs of those who are not engaged in Islamic studies and others who do not have the time to research this matter themselves, among other things. It also aims to highlight the qualifications of those who issue electronic fatwas in refuting doubts raised about the Holy Quran, the most important of which are: knowledge of the Holy Quran and the Sunnah, knowledge of the Holy Quran's arguments, doubts raised about the Quran and the answers to them, the most important writings on this subject, knowledge of Israiliyyat, and others. In this research, I followed a scientific approach that combines descriptive, analytical, and critical methods. The results of the research include: explaining the importance of electronic fatwas in refuting doubts raised about the Holy Quran and explaining the advantages of The electronic fatwa on this matter, highlighting the qualifications of those who respond to this electronic fatwa, and explaining the best approach to responding to linguistic doubts raised about the Holy Quran; by presenting a set of linguistic doubts raised about the Holy Quran and the responses to them by the Electronic Fatwa Center, for reference and to follow suit.

This research examines the narrations of Imam Hasan al-Askari (peace be upon him) in his book on trade, combining theoretical grounding with their practical application by prominent jurists. The Imam's writings were not merely transmitted, but rather used as the basis for reasoning and practical application. The research problem lies in tracing the methods used by jurists when dealing with the correspondence of Imam al-Askari (peace be upon him), as the correspondence ranged from clear to ambiguous. Furthermore, there were differing opinions among jurists regarding a single narration, and the extent to which the narration was sufficient to resolve these differences. In addition, there were apparent contradictions with other narrations transmitted from the Imams (peace be upon them). The objectives of this research are to trace the approaches of jurists in explaining conflicting arguments within a single hadith, how they relied upon it to present opposing views, and how they reconciled these conflicts; to determine the suitability of a general text for legal reasoning, and how to interpret this generality; to clarify how jurists dealt with apparent contradictions between hadiths attributed to the Imams (peace be upon them) and those attributed to Imam Hasan al-Askari (peace be upon him); and to arrive at the legal rulings and principles derived from these correspondences.

This research examines the spatial distribution of detergent factories in Baquba city. Data collected through a field study of these factories reveals that, based on geographical location, number of employees, and fuel consumption, the primary industries in the study area are consumer-oriented, focused on meeting the needs of the local market in the cities and villages of the governorate's districts. The study also identifies the most significant factor influencing the spatial patterns of industrial settlement, leading to a concentration of industrial activities in specific areas. This is attributed to the availability of industrial incentives in the region, which act as a draw, reducing production costs for new projects. The study recommends supporting local products by facilitating access to raw materials and establishing training programs for workers to enhance the efficiency of local production and enable it to compete with imported products

The study analyzes thermal changes between (1974–1984) and (2014–2024) in the alluvial plain of Basra Governorate and their impact on summer vegetable crop growth and productivity. Using descriptive and statistical methods, it compared minimum, maximum, and mean temperatures and calculated Growing Degree Days (GDD) based on thermal thresholds. Findings show a clear warming trend in the recent period, with an annual mean increase of 2.39°C. Minimum temperatures increased more than maximum ones, indicating intensified nighttime warming. Summer recorded the highest rise (+4.73°C), leading to stronger thermal extremes, increased evapotranspiration, and greater water deficit.
Physiological evaluation indicates that earlier conditions were more favorable for vegetative growth, whereas recent conditions became less suitable, particularly during flowering and maturation due to exceeding upper thermal limits. This negatively affected pollination, fruit set, quality, and shortened the effective growth period.

The study examined wheat production in Iraq for the agricultural season (2023-2024) as a vital crop with significant nutritional importance. included the spatial variation of cultivated, damaged, and harvested areas and the quantity of wheat production. and relied on the administrative map of Iraq\'s governorates to reveal spatial variations and applied techniques of geographic information systems to illustrate this variation between governorates, and also examined the factors affecting wheat productivity. The data analysis revealed that the agricultural season of 2024 achieved a spatial increase of (1,446,872) dunums, which reflected on the increase in productivity, reaching (5,234,171) tons, compared to (4,247,726) tons in 2023, representing an increase of (986,445) tons in 2024.

This research aims to depict the current state of kindergartens in the Al-Habaniyah district, assess their efficiency compared to local planning standards, and propose improvements to contribute to equitable social development. The research employed descriptive and analytical methodologies, utilizing library resources and computer programs. It revealed a significant shortage of kindergartens in Al-Habaniyah, with a deficit of 19 additional kindergartens and 51 teachers. Negative indicators were also noted across all other planning criteria. The research recommends prioritizing kindergartens due to their crucial role in a child's physical and intellectual development.

This research addresses the study topic of the influence of climatic characteristics on the concentration level of intermediate school students in Babylon Governorate, clarifying the type and nature of the relationship between climatic variables and the educational factor. The study relied on precise climatic data representing the climatic characteristics of Babylon Governorate, which included average temperature, rainfall, and the dust phenomenon in its three forms: dust storms, rising dust, and suspended dust. These data were prepared and provided by the General Authority for Meteorology and Seismology in Iraq (G.A. for M. & S.M.) for the period (1994–2024). In addition, data related to students from the Safin and Martyr Abu Mahdi Al-Muhandis mixed schools were collected through field visits for the period (2023–2024).
The research reached several findings that clarify and explain the extent to which climatic characteristics in Babylon affect the concentration level of intermediate school students during the study period. The statistical analysis using the T-Test showed a significant effect of temperature, rainfall, and dust on students’ concentration levels at the (0.05) significance level, with statistically significant differences in students’ responses according to the variables of location and gender, where rural students and males were more affected by climatic conditions than urban students and females.

This study aims to examine the impact of geographical location on the academic achievement of students at the Open Educational College / Al-Karkh Study Center. The research analyzed the relationship between travel distance, travel time, and students’ academic performance. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and a questionnaire was distributed to a sample of 122 second-stage Science Department students during the academic year 2023–2024. Distances and travel times were calculated using GIS, while data were statistically analyzed using SPSS and Pearson’s correlation coefficient.
The results revealed that students were distributed across several areas within Baghdad Governorate, including Al-Jami’a, Al-Mansour, Al-Yarmouk, Al-Kadhimiya, Abu Ghraib, and Al-Tarmiyah. Statistical analysis showed a negative correlation between travel distance and academic achievement, reaching (-0.78), indicating that longer distances and travel times negatively affect students’ academic performance. The study concluded that geographical location and spatial distribution have a significant impact on students’ academic achievement.

This study was designed to analyses the effect of climatic variability on geomorphological processes combining the theoretical approach with the application of theory to a case study of Diyala Valley, Iraq. Climatic time series data and geomorphological indicators were analyzed by statistical methods and by graphical visualization. The results showed a positive relationship between rising temperature and erosion rates as well as a negative relationship between rainfall and soil stability and an influence of wind on sediment transport. The results suggest that climatic variability is a major control factor in geomorphological dynamics in semi-arid environments.

Climate is considered one of the fundamental elements in the diverse geographic environments in which humans live, directly affecting their housing, clothing, and food, as well as their sense of comfort or lack thereof. Humans always seek geographic areas that provide comfort, taking into account climatic conditions and their suitability for vital activities. Therefore, applied climate studies have begun to analyze the components of climate geography to select the most appropriate for achieving human comfort, based on the suitability of climatic elements such as temperature, wind, humidity, and solar radiation.Studying the relationship between climatic elements and human comfort is challenging, as comfort is linked to physiological factors. Standards have been established to measure this comfort, and they vary depending on environmental conditions, making accurate determination of their levels difficult. Therefore, this study set out to determine nighttime, daytime, and general climatic comfort levels at the monthly level at the studied stations. Several criteria are identified to assess physiological comfort, based on comprehensive classifications such as "Terging" to determine ideal comfort levels in workplaces.

This research examines recent studies on the climate change crisis, which has affected many countries worldwide, including Iraq. The effects of this crisis have been felt in Iraq, and the aim is to develop effective strategies for adapting to the risks of climate change.
Iraq is among the countries that have experienced climate change, which has impacted the environment. Rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall have led to water scarcity, increased salinity, and more frequent dust storms. This has placed Iraq among the countries most affected by climate change. Adapting to these risks requires transforming human and natural systems. This necessitates studies and the development of strategic plans to mitigate the impact of these changes and reduce environmental damage.


This research examines recent studies on the climate change crisis, which has affected many countries worldwide, including Iraq. The effects of this crisis have been felt in Iraq, and the aim is to develop effective strategies for adapting to the risks of climate change.
Iraq is among the countries that have experienced climate change, which has impacted the environment. Rising temperatures and decreasing rainfall have led to water scarcity, increased salinity, and more frequent dust storms. This has placed Iraq among the countries most affected by climate change. Adapting to these risks requires transforming human and natural systems. This necessitates studies and the development of strategic plans to mitigate the impact of these changes and reduce environmental damage.

The study focused on studying the effect of climate elements (solar radiation, temperature, rainfall, evaporation, wind) on water pollution. The research revealed that climate elements have an impact on water pollution in the study area, and there is variation between each element. The study revealed that temperature, evaporation, and rainfall contributed to an increase in the rate of water pollution in the study area. The rise in temperatures and the lack of rainfall, due to the continental climate of the region, led to an increase in the rate of evaporation and, consequently, an increase in the percentage of salts in the water, which affects the quality of the water. Samples were also taken from the Tigris River in Wasit Governorate to determine the quality of the water and the extent of its change in the study area, in light of Iraqi environmental standards and determinants and the World Health Organization (WHO). Laboratory testing results revealed that the physical and chemical properties of water are affected by climate elements. Especially the temperature.

The results showed that water bottling plants are concentrated in urban centers, particularly in Baquba district, due to the availability of infrastructure, markets, and ease of transportation, in contrast to their limited presence in rural areas. The study also revealed disparities in production capacity and geographical coverage. There are six plants in Diyala Governorate, with a total production capacity of 155,000 liters per day. These plants are distributed as follows: three in Baquba (100,000 liters per day), one in Al-Khalis (20,000 liters per day), one in Al-Mansouriya (20,000 liters per day), and one in Khan Bani Saad district (15,000 liters per day).
The study recommends achieving a more balanced geographical distribution, strengthening health oversight, and adopting spatial planning to improve drinking water services.

Water is considered one of the most distinctive components of the Earth and one of the most important elements for the sustainability of life for living organisms, and the basic pillar on which economic, social and urban growth depends, and the decisive factor in achieving food security. Water security is one of the most important challenges facing the world in the twenty-first century, in light of population growth and the accompanying increasing pressure on natural resources. This increase leads to an increased demand for water for various purposes such as agriculture, industry, and drinkingThis research presents water security and its dimensions, global and regional population trends, the most prominent future challenges related to water security, and ways to adapt and possible solutions. The study shows that water is the driving force for increasing production and achieving security and well-being for humanity Population growth leads to increased demand for water, which in turn puts more pressure on limited water resources, especially in water-scarce countries. Research also shows that achieving water security Comprehensive and integrated strategies are required, including modern technologies, community awareness, political development, legislative action, and international cooperation. Through these solutions, water sustainability and protection for future generations can be ensured