Psychological Science

Abstract:
This study tagged (multidimensional child poverty and achieving health security in rural areas) seeks to identify the security, economic, social and environmental threats to health security in rural areas. The social survey method was used. Data was collected through an interview and a questionnaire through standardized questions directed, and the study sample was determined A number of individuals reached (200) respondents. The results indicate that the high rates of poverty have a negative impact on the health and development of children. It reached (192) respondents, with a rate of (96%). Their answer was (yes). 182) respondents (91%) answered (yes). Therefore, we recommend the preparation of plans and programs to achieve comprehensive health coverage to meet the needs of individuals and communities

Abstract:
The current research aims to identify: - The thinking patterns of university students. And the significance of the statistical differences in thinking patterns according to the variable of gender (male-female) and specialization (scientific, human). The current research sample consisted of (400) male and female students at the University of Diyala. The morning study for the academic year (2022-2023) and to achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher built a scale (thinking patterns) based on the theory of (1985, Anderson). And the re-test, which amounted to (0.80) and using Cronbach's alpha method (0.89), as the final scale became composed of (30) items distributed over five domains. And when analyzing the data statistically using the SPSS statistical bag, the results resulted in the following: - The current research sample members do not have thinking patterns, and there are no statistically significant differences between the variables of gender and specialization. In the light of these results, the research came out with a set of recommendations and proposals.

Abstract:
The current study aimed to identify the psychological and behavioral effects of the use of modern devices and from the point of view of mothers. It was applied to 100 working mothers, and for this purpose a questionnaire consisting of 29 paragraphs was prepared, and five alternatives were placed in front of each paragraph of the questionnaire, namely (always applies to it, often applies to it, sometimes applies to it, rarely applies to it, does not apply to it (never) These scores were given to the alternatives, which are (5-4-3-2-1), respectively, and that the items of the tool consist of (29) items, so the scores for the tool range from the highest score of (145) to the lowest score for the items of the questionnaire. She (29). The study concluded that the impact of social media on children was negative from the point of view of working mothers, as all the items of the questionnaire had a negative impact on the child because their weighted mean is higher than the criterion is (3)

Abstract:
The current research aims to know the bias of optimism and the cognitive style (holistic analytical) among university students, and also to know the significance of the relationship difference according to gender (male-female) and specialization (scientific - human), as well as the correlation between the two variables, and in order to verify this, he did The researchers built a scale of optimism bias according to Weinstein 1980 theory, as the scale consisted of (35) items in its final form, and they adopted the scale of the cognitive method (holistic analytical) prepared by (Shutter 2013), as the paragraphs reached (24) items in its final form, and the researchers confirmed Of the psychometric characteristics of the two scales, they were applied to (400) male and female students who were selected in a stratified random way from 6 colleges at the University of Baghdad (College of Engineering, College of Science, College of Political Science, Physical Education and Sports Science, College of Education Ibn Rushd, College of Mass Communication) for the academic year 2022 - 2023, and the results of the research showed the following:
1- University students have an optimism bias.
2- The university students have an analytical cognitive style.
3- There is no difference in the statistically significant relationship between the optimism bias and the cognitive style (analytical - holistic) according to the gender variable (males-females).
4- There is no difference in the statistically significant relationship between the optimism bias and the cognitive style (analytical - holistic) according to the specialization variable (scientific - human).
5- There is no statistically significant correlation between the optimism bias and the cognitive style (analytical - comprehensive) among university students.

Abstract:
The professional identity is a product of the processes of upbringing and education, as it represents a dimension of a person’s psychological and social identity, as well as a pattern of interactions of this person in the social-psychological fields in which he is present and active within and is responsible for a certain aspect of important aspects in society.
Since the current research attempts to investigate the relationship of professional identity with personal traits among intermediate school teachers, the researcher set the following objectives:
1. The professional identity of intermediate school teachers.
2. Knowing the differences in the professional identity of intermediate school teachers according to a variable
a. Gender (male - female).
3. Personality traits of intermediate school teachers.
4. Knowing the differences in the personality traits of intermediate school teachers according to a variable
b- Gender (male - female).
5- The relationship of professional identity with personality traits among intermediate school teachers.
To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher built two research tools (professional identity, personal traits), and the researcher found the psychometric properties of the two scales by distinguishing the validity and reliability after extracting the indicators of the validity and reliability of the two scales. After processing the statistical data using one-sample t-test, two independent samples, one-way analysis of variance, and Pearson's correlation coefficient, the research reached the following results:The research sample has a normal level of professional identity.
1. There is no effect of gender, on the high level of professional identity among intermediate school teachers.
2. The research sample does not have a high level of neuroticism and extroversion, but it does have a high level of kindness, conscientiousness and openness to experience.
3. There is no effect of gender the rise in the level of personality traits among intermediate school teachers, while there is an effect of specialization in increasing my traits (goodness and conscientiousness) and in favor of scientific specialization.
4. There is a relationship between professional identity and personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, kindness, conscientiousness), while there was no relationship between professional identity and openness to experience.

Abstract
The research aims to identify:
1. Recognizing the degree of creative decision of the specialized supervisors.
2. Getting to know the level of self-evaluations of the specialized supervisors.
3. Identifying the relationship between the degree of creative decision and the level of self-evaluations of the specialized supervisors.
4. Recognizing the difference in relationship in the level of creative decision and self-evaluations of supervisors specialization according to the gender of the supervisor (male, female) and the length of service (less than 5-more than 5 years).
The research sample consisted of (100) male and female supervisors, who were selected randomly with proportional distribution, with (53) males and (47) females.
The following results were obtained:
1. There is a noticeable decrease in the degree of creative decision among the specialized supervisors.
2. The supervisors have a good level of self-evaluation.
3. Supervisors have jurisdiction over the existence of a real correlation between the two variables.
The absence of a statistically significant difference in the relationship between the creative decision and self-evaluations, which is due to the difference in the gender of supervisors, and the absence of a statistically significant difference in the relationship between the creative decision and self-evaluations

Abstract:
‏A person is distinguished by being a social being, and this characteristic appears in the difficulty of living without human gatherings. A person, by his social nature, cannot dispense with other people. He needs to be familiar with them and belong to them. Sufficient saturation generates an awareness of the lack of attribution from a social milieu that includes distinct and complex factors or variables in a way that undermines harmony in social relations. In this context, psychologists and sociologists are interested in analyzing social behavior that generates harmony and contributes greatly to building.
‏social communities. The importance becomes clearer when we know that the other variable that this study tried to find out is related to social divergence, which is self-transcendence, which is represented by going to what is outside the person, opening up to the world, and achieving the essential meanings that are compatible with society. Therefore, the current research aims to :
1. ‏Measuring social distancing among students of Sulaymaniyah University.
2. Measuring self-transcendence among the students of the University of Sulaymaniyah.
3. Identifying the relationship between social distancing and self-transcendence among the students of the University of Sulaymaniyah. To maintain current research goals , the researcher relied on building the measure of social distancing for university students, which consisted in its final form after completing the conditions of honesty, stability and the ability to distinguish from (24) items, as well as adopting the scale of self-transcendence prepared by (Hafez,2006) which consisted in Its final form after completing the conditions of truthfulness, constancy, and the ability to distinguish from (50) items. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher applied the two scales on a sample of university students, numbering (312) male and female students, distributed according to gender and academic specialization at the University of Sulaymaniyah, then the data was analyzed using the statistical bag for social sciences SPSS, and the results were as follows:
1. The desire for social distancing among Sulaymaniyah University students were low.
2. The self-transcendence of the students of the University of Sulaymaniyah was high.
3. There is a negative (inverse) relationship with statistical significance between all social distancing and self-transcendence among the students .
‏In light of the discussion of the results of the current research, the researcher presented a set of recommendations to the concerned authorities.

Abstract
The current research aims to know:
1- Interpersonal curiosity among middle school students.
2- statistically significant differences in curiosity among middle school students according to the gender variable (males-females).
The current research identified middle school students in the directorates of Rusafa Education (first, second, and third), and their number was (400) for the academic year (2022/2023). In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the interpersonal curiosity scale was adopted and translated, which consisted of (43) items, and the psychometric characteristics were extracted from the validity and reliability of the scales. As for the stability, the Cronbach's alpha method was extracted, and it reached (0.84) and by the re-test method (0.78):
Middle school students have a high level of interpersonal curiosity.
There are no differences between males and females in interpersonal curiosity.
In light of this, the researcher presented a number of recommendations and proposals

Abstract :
Perceived Parental Autonomy Support means that sons understand the role of parents in supporting their independence because of its importance in the psychological health of sons
The current research aims to identify the following :
1. Measuring Perceived Parental Autonomy Support among the distinguished students and their non-distinguished peers
2. Identifying the differences according to (gender, type of school)
To achieve the objectives of the research. The researcher made a measure of Perceived Parental Autonomy Support based on the theory of self-determination. Which are consisted of 41 items in its final form. It was verified of its validity and stability
The scale was applied in its final form on the research sample of 400 male and female students of both types. Which was chosen by the stratified random method. And after applying the research tool, using the statistical methods of them, including the t-test for one sample. The t-test for two independent samples and the Pearson correlation coefficient
It was concluded to the following results :
1. Students have Perceived Parental Autonomy Support
2. There are no differences according to (gender) in Perceived Parental Autonomy Support
3. There are differences according to (school type) in Perceived Parental Autonomy Support and in favor of the distinguished students
In the light of the results. The researcher made a number of recommendations and suggestions

Abstract:
This study aimed to discover the motivated behaviour and relationship to the cognitive agility among students in university. The researchers built a scale of motivated behaviour based on the theory of (Etkinson, 1960) and its definition of motivated behaviour to achieve the objectives of the research. The researchers verified the psychometric properties of the scale, as the validity which was extracted in two ways: the apparent validity, and the construct validity. The reliability was extracted by the re-test method, so the reliability coefficient reached (0.87) and the scale in its final form consisted of (22) items valid for measuring motivated behaviour. As for the concept of cognitive agility, the researcher has adopted the scale of (Alganaby,2023) however, (20) items.Then the two scales were applied to the basic research sample of (400) male and female students, from the tkrit universtity of the years 2022-2023, who were chosen by random method. And after processing the data statistically using (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for one sample, t-test for two samples, and Pearson's correlation coefficient). This study concluded that the sample has a motivated behaviour, and cognitive agility it increased among students .
there is a proportional relationship between the motivated behavior and cognitive agility.

Abstract
The aim of the current research is to identify the role of electronic platforms in enriching the electronic culture of university professors, by answering the following questions; What is the degree to which university professors use electronic platforms? What is the level of electronic culture among university professors? The significance of the differences in electronic culture among university professors according to the following variables:( gender, specialization, scientific title, years of service), What is the relationship between the degree of using electronic platforms and the level of electronic culture among university professors .The current research is a quantitative descriptive research that is concerned with studying a phenomenon that exists in reality, measuring it analyzing its data to extract and generalize the results . It consisted of two axes, the first measures the degree of use of the electronic platform , and the second axis measures the level of electronic culture among university professors. The paragraphs were organized in the form of a questionnaire. The results of the research showed the following. The degree of university professors use of electronic platforms came to a high degree , the level of electronic culture was high , and there are no statistically significant differences in the level of electronic culture according to gender, specialization and years of service, but there are statistically significant differences according to the scientific title and in favor of (assistant professor) , there are low direct correlation between the degree of use of the electronic platform and the level of electronic culture , which means that electronic platforms have a positive, if weak, role in enriching the electronic culture of university professors, and the research came out with a set of recommendations and suggestions

Abstract:
The aim of the current research is to identify:
1. The sense of community among the students of the University of Baghdad.
2. Differences in the sense of community among Baghdad University students according to the gender variable (male-female), and according to the specialization variable (scientific-human)
3. The leadership personality pattern among the students of the University of Baghdad.
4. Differences in the leadership personality pattern among Baghdad University students according to the gender variable (male-female), and according to the specialization variable (scientific-human).
6. The relationship between the sense of community and the leadership personality style.
The first tool (a measure of the sense of community) was built based on the perspective of McMillan & Chavis 1986 on the sense of community, as they were the best explanation for this, as well as the clarity, comprehensiveness, and integration of the theoretical framework that was put forward.
The scale consists of (24) and the answer alternatives are (yes) and (no), with a correction key (1) for the correct answer and (zero) for the wrong answer, thus reaching the highest score on the scale (24) and the lowest score (zero).
The second tool (Leadership Personality Style Scale) was built based on the perspective of Pages and Green, which was developed to measure the leadership personality style. It does not apply to me at all) and
corresponds to it in the scale of degrees (5, 4, 3, 2, 1). After applying the two research tools to the students of the University of Baghdad, and after conducting statistical operations, the results showed:
1. The presence of a sense of community among the students of the University of Baghdad.
2. There are differences in the sense of community among Baghdad University students according to the gender variable (male-female) in favor of males, and there are no differences according to the specialization variable (science-human).
3. The leadership personality pattern among the students of the University of Baghdad.
4. Differences in the leadership personality pattern of Baghdad University students according to the gender variable (male-female) in favor of males, and the absence of differences according to the specialization variable (scientific-human).
5. There is a correlation between the sense of community and the leadership personality style.
According to these results, the research came out with a number of recommendations and proposals.

Abstract:
The research aims to identify the effect of the quick round strategies & the sentences expressing results on the communication skills among the first intermediate grade students, by verifying the validity of the following zero hypothese:
)There is no statistically significant difference at the level of significance (0.05) between the average scores of the students of the first experimental group who study according to the quick round strategy & the average scores of the students of the second experimental group who study according to the strategy of sentences expressing the results & the average scores of the students of the control group who study according to the method Ordinary communication skills (.
The research sample consisted of (96) students from (Utbah Bin Ghazwan) Secondary School for Girls, which were chosen intentionally & were distributed equally into (3) groups, with (32) students for each group.
The researcher equalized the research groups in the following variables: (chronological age , intelligence, communication skills).
One tool was built: Scale of communication skills, consisting of (46) items, using a self-report method. Their psychometric characteristics were verified.
The following statistical methods were used: (one-way analysis of variance, Levines test, Tukey's, t-test two independent equal samples, difficulty coefficient equation, discrimination equation, false alternatives effectiveness equation, Pearson correlation coefficient, Quedrichadson 20 equation, alpha Cronbach's equation, Eta effect size equation ).
The following results were reached:
1. There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the students of the first experimental group who study according to the quick round strategy and the average scores of the students of the control group who study according to the usual method communication skills in favor of the first experimental group.
2. There is a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the students of the second experimental group who study according to the strategy of sentences expressing the results and the average scores of the students of the control group who study according to the usual method in the communication skills in favor of the second experimental group.
3. There is large Size impact of teaching according to the strategies of the quick tour & the sentences expressing results in the communication skills among the female students of the first intermediate grade.

Abstract:
Cognitive Beliefs and its relationship with Existential Possession Among Preparatory Stage Students
The research aimed to identify the types of cognitive beliefs. It also aimed to determine the level of existential possession and differentiation based on gender and academic specialization. The study sought to investigate the relationship between the types of cognitive beliefs and the level of existential possession, as well as the differences in this relationship based on gender and academic specialization among preparatory stage students. The researcher employed two instruments: the first one to measure cognitive beliefs and identify their types, and the second one to assess the level of existential possession. A sample of 400 male and female students was randomly
selected from the research population. After ensuring the validity of the instruments and using statistical methods, the results indicated that surface-level cognitive beliefs were dominant and unaffected by gender or academic specialization. Moreover, the research sample of students exhibited a high level of existential possession, which was found to be unaffected by gender but influenced by academic specialization. The findings also revealed a relationship between the level of existential possession and the types of cognitive beliefs. Importantly, this relationship was unaffected by gender, or academic specialization

Abstract
The current research aims to construct a scale of self-transcendence and to design an educational program to develop self-transcendence in addition to identify the impact of the educational program in developing self-transcendence among preparatory school students. The research sample comprises (60) students from the fifth grade preparatory students/ literary branch . The researcher divided the sample equally into two groups (experimental group) and (control group), the two groups are equivalent in such variables; (intelligence, chronological age, pre-test score of the self-transcendence scale) . In order to achieve the objectives of the research , a scale for measuring self - transcendence has been prepared , and the psychometric characteristics of the scale such as validity , reliability and discrimination power have been verified . The data is treated statistically through the use of a number of statistical means such as Pearson's Correlation Coefficient Formula, and t-test for one sample and two independent samples . The pre-test was administered among the two groups , then the program has been applied to the experimental group , then the t-test was take place . The results show a significant statistical difference for the benefit of the experimental group. In the light of these findings, the researcher set number of conclusions , recommendations and suggestions .

Abstract;
The research aims to achieve the following:
1- Identify the reality of guidance and educational guidance in primary school. By standing on the:
- The role of the educational mentor, the services, professional responsibilities and obligations that he performs.
- Problems facing the work of the educational mentor.
2- Develop a proposed conception of the work of the educational advisor
The most important results of the research include:
1- the tasks of the educational consultant and his guidance and counseling duties are multiple, the most important of which are: preparing the annual general plan for guidance and counseling programs, informing the school community about the goals of guidance and counseling, its plans, programs, services and others.
2- the educational consultant has implemented many counseling and guidance programs and his developmental, preventive and therapeutic services in primary school .
3- the educational counselor faces many problems in his work at the primary school .

Abstract:
The current research aimed to identify self-image and withdrawal behavior of university students with epilepsy, and The relationship between these two variables is defined as well as the differences in the relationship between them according to the gender variable (male - female). To achieve these aims, the self-image scale of (Hamad, 2004) was adopted, and the withdrawal behavior scale was built. The scale was applied to a research sample of (21) university students with epilepsy, who were randomly selected from psychiatric clinics and health centers in the province of Baghdad, The results revealed that the research sample possessed an image of themselves and that they suffer from withdrawal behavior, and the relationship between the two variables was significant, and there were no differences in the relationship between self-image and withdrawal behavior among university students with epilepsy according to the gender variable (male - female), and for this purpose A set of recommendations and proposals has been developed.

Abstract:
The current research is limited to students of the preparatory stage of both sexes (males - females) and two specializations (scientific - literary) for the academic year ( 2022-2021). The research sample included (120) male and female students equally distributed in the literary and scientific specialization, and both sexes.
1- The level of self-immunity in the middle school stage.
2- Statistically significant differences in the level of self-immunity among middle school students according to the two sexes.
3- Statistically significant differences in the level of self-immunity among middle school students according to the two majors variables. In light of the results, the researcher reached a set of recommendations, including:
1- Confirming the role of self-immunity as an important and necessary source in all educational and educational institutions

Abstract:
The objective of the current research is to identify the systemic intelligence and its relationship to the motivation of mastery among university students. The sample consisted of (400) male and female students from the University of Anbar, who were chosen randomly. The researcher built a scale of systemic intelligence according to the Rauthmann, 2010 model, consisting of (38) items in its final form.
As for the mastery motivation scale, the researcher prepared a scale according to the theory of Morgan et al. (Morgan et.al, 1990). The scale consisted of (53) items in its final form.
The researcher verified the psychometric characteristics of the validity and reliability of the two scales, which were applied to the research sample.
In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher conducted the statistical analysis of the data using appropriate statistical methods, which were calculated by the automated computer program (SPSS), and the research reached the following results:
1 . University students have low systemic intelligence.
2. University students enjoy a high level of mastery motivation.
3. There is a statistically significant inverse relationship between systemic intelligence and mastery motivation among university students.

Abstract:
The study aimed to identify the reasons behind bullying, its effects on victims, and the methods employed by kindergarten teachers to discipline children, from their perspective, the sample was randomly selected from kindergarten teachers in a center in Duhok Governorate / Western Kurdistan for the academic year (2022-2023). The descriptive-analytical method was utilized, and the researchers applied the bullying scale developed by Al-Tuwayhir (2020), comprising 31 items. Each item had five alternatives for responses: (strongly agree, agree, somewhat agree, disagree, strongly disagree). The questionnaire was used by kindergarten teachers based on their daily observations of children's behavior in the kindergarten. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through face validity, where it was presented to a group of specialists in educational and psychological sciences. The questionnaire's reliability was assessed using the test-retest method, yielding a stability coefficient of (0.85), indicating good reliability. The data were statistically processed using frequencies, means, percentages, and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results revealed the following:
1- Axis of Bullying Causes: The fifth item ranked first in terms of mean (4.2765) and percentage weight (85.53%).It focused on jealousy and the pursuit of attention to attract increased bullying behavior in children.
2- Axis of Effects on Victims: The first rank was occupied by item (5) with a mean of (4.2706) and a percentage weight of (85.41%).It pertained to the child's inability to defend themselves.
3- Axis of Methods and Techniques Adopted by Kindergarten Teachers to Discipline Bullying-Affected Children: The item that held the first rank with a mean of (4.4706) and a percentage weight of (89.41%) was item (7), which suggested organizing competitions among kindergarten children to foster healthy competition based on moral values.
In light of the obtained results, recommendations and suggestions were formulated.

Abstract:
The aim of the current research is to identify emotional sensitivity, mentalization, and self-compassion among students with visual impairments, and to reveal the correlations between emotional sensitivity and mentalization, and emotional sensitivity and self-compassion, and the differences in these correlations according to the age group variable, and identify the contribute of Emotional sensitivity in mentalization and self-compassion among the research sample, the researcher built a measure of emotional sensitivity for people with special needs, a measure of mentalization, and a measure of self-compassion for people with special need , The psychometric properties of the scales were extracted by (SPSS) (using Chi square, Pearson's correlation coefficient, the t-test for two independent samples, and the Cronbach -alpha coefficient) and then applied to a sample consisting of (56) male and female students with visual impairments, whose ages ranged from (14- 20) years and after analyzing the results statistically using the t-test for one sample, Pearson's correlation coefficient, Fisher's test for the significance of correlation coefficients, and linear regression analysis, the results showed a decrease in emotional sensitivity in the research sample with an appropriate level of mentalization and self-compassion for them, as it appeared that there is a positive significant correlation between emotional sensitivity and mentalization, and a significant negative correlation between emotional sensitivity and self-compassion, and there was a positive contribution of the emotional sensitivity variable in the mentalization and self-compassion variables, so that emotional sensitivity can be a good predictor of the two dependent variable,.