AL-Qadisiya Journal

The Constitution of the Republic of Iraq of 2005 assigned the jurisdiction to monitor the constitutionality of laws to the Federal Supreme Court as the highest federal judicial body, in addition to other jurisdictions assigned to the court, thus emulating advanced countries in this field, striving to achieve the description of a state of law and constitutional institutions. The Constitution did not specifically specify the body or entity that has the right to submit a request to the Federal Court, but we find, through the judicial applications of the Federal Supreme Court, that many interpretive opinions were issued by the court based on a number of requests received from various parties, including the request submitted by the parliamentary department in the Council of Representatives regarding the interpretation of a number of constitutional texts. The research problem is represented by the nature of the judicial constitutional interpretive jurisdiction that was granted to the Federal Supreme Court in the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 in Article 93/Second. In our research, we followed the method of analysis and criticism of the constitutional and legal text of the relevant texts, with an analysis of the decisions of the Federal Supreme Court in the matter.

It can be said that the most dangerous thing that young people can face in societies in our present era is the phenomenon of religious and intellectual extremism, especially among university students. The university student faces a new society that contains a mixture of many environments, and he may be greatly affected by it and by new ideas and attracted to them. Therefore, it was necessary for the university and the university professor to direct the behavior of students in the right direction, and to identify students who are believed to have tendencies towards extremism and direct these tendencies in the right direction for fear that the student may be exposed to falling prey to terrorist and extremist organizations and directing him in a way that serves their interests. These extremist ideas and behaviors that students may be exposed to in their academic career have been noticed by UNESCO and it seeks to prevent extremism through mechanisms that ensure dialogue and cooperation between individu.

An international river is considered, according to the international agreement regulating the exploitation and use of the shared watercourse, as (a watercourse whose parts are located in different countries).
Several countries may share a single watercourse, the most prominent example of which is the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, which are among the most important rivers in the Middle East. The countries in whose territory these two rivers flow depend on them to achieve human development. Thus, public international law plays an important role in determining and regulating the ownership of natural resources of the riparian countries within the framework of respecting the sovereignty of each of them in light of the decision of the United Nations General Assembly, which includes the 1997 agreement regulating the non-navigational uses of international watercourses, in addition to being guided by customary rules and bilateral and tripartite international agreements between the countries concerned. Accordingly, the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are considered international rivers according to the international concept (international watercourse).
The riparian states have equal rights over these two international waterways, and no state may monopolize the exploitation of the shared waterway in a way that causes harm or infringement on the rights of other riparian states. Rather, the concerned states should cooperate and share in exploiting the water for collective benefit. It is noted that the upstream states have begun using the waters of international rivers without regard to the rights and interests of the downstream state, as there is a Turkish monopoly in exploiting the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, thereby ignoring the rights of the downstream and transit states (Iraq and Syria), thus violating international legal rules and principles.
The large number of projects implemented by Turkey has led to a decrease in the amount of water entering Iraq, deterioration in its quality, and its unsuitability for some uses. This requires attention to this problem and the adoption of special measures that may lead to raising international responsibility against Turkey.

According to the general rule of the validity, legitimacy and conformity of administrative decisions with the law, and whoever claims otherwise must prove it according to the well-known grammatical rule (the burden of proof is on the one who claims and the oath is on the one who denies). Therefore, the administration always seeks, when issuing administrative decisions, to achieve the public interest. If it seeks a personal interest for itself or deviates from the goal that the legislator has set for it in itself, i.e. it violates the principle of allocating the goal, then its decision in this case will be flawed and tainted with the defect of deviation in the use of authority or abuse or arbitrariness in the use of authority, which makes it flawed and deserving of cancellation.

According to international reports, wildlife and natural habitats are exposed to harm and destruction by human activities, including industrial activities, urban expansion, or overhunting, in addition to another imminent threat to the environment, which is global warming. These risks generally threaten the existence of wildlife and threaten rare and endangered animals. Environmental balance requires the preservation of all wildlife, and the extinction of any of them will result in an imbalance in that balance. Therefore, there must be international efforts and organized legal protection to preserve wildlife from all types of challenges. The study adopted the analytical and descriptive approaches to complete the aspects of the study. The study also concluded with a number of proposals that contribute to enhancing the preservation of the environment and wildlife.

Many countries in the modern era seek to use public spending as a tool to achieve many of their economic and social goals. Among these goals that countries seek to achieve is economic development, the most important manifestations of which are strengthening and expanding national production capacity and the fair distribution of income and wealth among members of society in order to achieve stability and economic and social balance in society. The study of the economic effects of public spending allows knowledge of the results resulting from estimating the size of public spending on the main economic variables and then all economic activity. Knowledge of these effects by financial policy makers enables them to choose the appropriate area to which public spending can be directed to achieve a specific goal or address a problem, which means that when the state wants to achieve these effects, it must use the public spending that it causes.

The research discusses a recent topic related to criminal proof، which is "brain fingerprinting," which has begun to take up a wide space in criminal proof, especially in major and serious crimes such as the crime of terrorism. As well as in special discussions about the concepts of brain fingerprinting, its tests, and its place in the criminal field, in relation to the rights of the accused and his human dignity, through two sections, the first section discussed the topic of the conceptual framework for brain. The problem of the research was to demonstrate the extent to which brain fingerprinting can contribute to revealing the truth through the information stored in the accused’s brain? Explaining the extent of its legitimacy and its impact on the rights and dignity of the accused, and can it be considered a work of technical expertise to be used in revealing the truth? In the light of the research problem, a number of findings and recommendations were made.

Following the commission of a crime, the State’s right to impose punishment arises, and the mechanism through which this right is exercised is the public criminal action. This indicates a necessary correlation between the public criminal action and the State’s right to punish, as no penalty may be imposed without the initiation of a public criminal action leading to a judicial verdict.
In this context, criminal reconciliation emerges as a procedural system that is triggered exclusively upon the commission of a crime. Its primary purpose is to terminate the criminal proceedings that result from the crime, and it is effected only through an agreement between the parties involved, within the limits set by law—whether with or without compensation.
Criminal reconciliation holds significant value in sparing the offender from the stigma of criminal conviction, as well as from the costs associated with legal proceedings and the necessity of appointing legal counsel to represent them in court, which may be a lengthy process.
Moreover, the importance of criminal reconciliation lies in alleviating the burden on criminal courts by bringing about the termination of criminal proceedings through simplified procedures that allow for expedited resolution, as opposed to resorting to the traditional, and often complex, criminal procedures.
The adoption of criminal reconciliation is a response to the urgent need to address the punitive inflation crisis faced by many states, a phenomenon resulting from the dramatic increase in the number of cases before the courts—an increase that threatens to paralyze the administration of justice. Therefore, criminal reconciliation is considered one of the key alternatives to public criminal prosecution

Criminal theories in general and the theory of error that is the subject of our comparative study in particular extend to criminal speculative ideas in history Theories of their diversity are not a purely coincidence, but a product of deep intellectual intrinsic circles of jurisprudence through a set of ideas that have come together to derive theories, including the theory of wrongdoing in the course of research, Perhaps what distinguishes those theories from the theory of error, especially since they did not remain at the bottom of that criminal thought, It has evolved over time until it reaches us with the situation that it now has its contents of ideas developed in our contemporary criminal reality. And beyond any doubt that any theory of error constitutes in criminal law one of the theories that have contributed strongly to the establishment of a criminal reality by establishing criminal intent in the world of crime, It is the orbit of our research that adjusts the rhythm of one of the psychological descriptions through which the truth is violated, The complete certainty of the perpetrator’s accusation of a reality is not true. The perpetrator’s intention is that mistake that he fancied before him.

This study explores the role of administrative law in regulating road safety, highlighting legislative and administrative shortcomings in Iraq and their economic and public health implications. Through a comparative analysis with other legal systems, the research reveals that weak coordination among relevant authorities, the absence of binding technical standards, and poor enforcement contribute significantly to traffic accidents. The study recommends strengthening the role of administrative institutions, updating legislation in line with international standards, and enhancing legal and regulatory oversight to reduce accidents and mitigate their societal impact.

One of the positive aspects of technology is that it digitizes everything that is paper, making it available to everyone. However, one of its negative aspects is that it poses a threat to information security and private life as a whole. Therefore, digital espionage or digital spying represents one of the dangerous manifestations of the attack on the right of individuals, companies, and even countries to information privacy. Hence the importance of this research paper, which sheds light on an old and new topic, to clarify the extent of the impact of electronic espionage on the right to digital privacy. Especially in light of the new horizons that the communications and information revolution has provided, meaning that the spy is no longer forced to wear disguises or travel to carry out his mission, as was the case in old espionage methods, but he only needs a computer, specific programs, and an Internet network. Technological and technical development in various fields, the growth of international trade, the growth of the international economy, the expansion of free trade zones, the opening of global markets to trade, as well as the emergence of globalization, which made the world like a big village in which all components of international law interact, which contributed to the removal of borders between countries. This phenomenon led to the globalization of the economy and the globalization of culture, and also resulted in the globalization of crime, so that it moved from the internal scope of the state to the international scope.

The constitution represents the basic legal framework upon which the state's system of government is based. It simultaneously reflects the reality of society and its ongoing developments. Hence, the necessity of constitutional amendment emerges as a mechanism for developing political legitimacy, whether to address gaps in the current constitutional text or to keep pace with political and governance changes occurring in the state. Therefore, the research aims to shed light on the repercussions of the constitutional amendments on the future of the political system and governance in Iraq by analyzing the impact of these amendments on the stability of the political system. In order to achieve this goal, the descriptive analytical approach was relied upon. We have concluded that constitutional amendments are often made for personal reasons that change the political system and form of government, or to favor a person or sectarian group at the expense of constitutional institutions. They may also be made for other reasons, such as in response to external pressures, or sometimes as part of the equation of political consensus. Rarely is an amendment made to meet the actual and necessary needs of the citizen and the people. Therefore, the study recommends pursuing constitutional amendments—in their entirety—to support and enrich the principle of citizenship and consider it the foundation of the state and its political system, as the principle of citizenship is a pillar of democracy.

Originally, laws are imposed by force on members of society after they are strictly adhered to by public authorities and their legal progression is respected through the restrictions imposed by the legal system in the state and the factors that help in respecting the progression, as public authorities, with their official institutions, are committed to those restrictions in all their legal dealings. Whether in enacting laws, subsidiary legislation, administrative decisions, and all its regular dealings with individuals, As the public authorities adhere to the law and respect the progression of legal rules, the state will be described as a legal state, and then that commitment and respect will be reflected in achieving the principles of legality and legality together, with the emergence of positive effects that are not limited to compliance with financial laws, but rather extend to political, social, economic and other aspects. On the contrary, if public authorities do not adhere strictly to the law or are slow to adhere to it and do not respect the legal hierarchy, this will result in negative effects at all levels, the most important of which is non-compliance with financial laws. The psychological aspect plays an important role in directing the individual’s will to complete the process of compliance with the state’s laws, after the individual is certain that the commitment of the state’s public authorities to the law and the progression of its rules has been done in accordance with the constitutional approach.

Oversight of administrative work is one of the most important means of determining the legal rules for regulating administrative work, to maintain the principle of legitimacy to which individuals are subject, just as the administration is subject. However, the administration is characterized by broad powers granted by law, such as discretionary power and exceptional circumstances. These two theories are among the most important theories that mitigate the severity of the principle of legitimacy. From the foregoing, we find that the administration operates in a balance between its broad powers under the law and its adherence to the principle of legitimacy, which aims to guarantee the rights and freedoms of individuals who interact with the administration through its work in managing public facilities that provide public services to beneficiaries from the general public. Here, the important role of oversight bodies over administrative work emerges, achieving the principle of harmony between the exceptional powers granted to the administration by law and the administration's submission to legitimacy through respect for the systems and laws that regulate the work of all. Oversight of administrative workers is exercised through external oversight represented by state oversight bodies outside the administrative system, or through federal oversight bodies that possess these oversight powers by virtue of constitutions or laws, or from During the administration's self-control of its work.

The right to litigation is a principle of constitutional value recognized by the French Constitutional Council and the French Council of State, and a fundamental right, highly guaranteed. Good judicial administration requires that litigation be conducted in a manner that ensures the genuine protection of the rights of beneficiaries of public services.
According to the provisions of Article (16) of the French Declaration of Human Rights of 1789, the right of the persons concerned to actually exercise the lawsuit before the judiciary, as guaranteed by Article (13) of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, must not be violated, as it stipulates that every person has the right (privilege) to exercise an effective lawsuit before the national judiciary.
For its part, the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 stipulated in Article (19/Third) that: “Litigation is a right that is protected and guaranteed for all, ” considering in the subsequent paragraph that: “The right to defense is sacred and guaranteed in all stages of investigation and trial, ” deciding in paragraph (Sixth) that: “Every individual has the right to be treated fairly in judicial and administrative procedures, ” and presenting in Article (100): “The provisions in the laws protect any administrative action or decision from appeal.”
In implementation of the above constitutional ideas in civil matters, Article (2) of the Civil Procedure Law states: “A lawsuit is a person’s request for his right from another before the judiciary.” In order to activate the lawsuit, Articles (3-8) of the law stipulated its conditions. Administratively, Iraqi Council of State Law No. 11 of 2017 agrees on this. Article (7/Eleventh) stipulates that: “The provisions of the Civil Procedure Law No. 83 of 1969, the Evidence Law No. 107 of 1979, the Criminal Procedure Law No. 23 of 1971, and the Judicial Fees Law No. 114 of 1981 shall apply regarding the procedures followed by the Supreme Administrative Court, the Administrative Judiciary Court, and the Civil Service Judiciary Court, in the absence of a special provision in this law.”
Our research discussed the details of its subject and its main basis, this text from the Iraqi Council of State Law.

Given the importance of money in our modern era due to its role in managing the requirements of living at the level of society in general, money has gone through rapid stages of development as a result of the modern technological revolution and its interactions in all other aspects of life. The problem of the subject is evident in stating the idea of smart sanctions, and whether smart international sanctions are affected by cryptocurrencies as they target financial activities, and are there realistic applications for dealing with cryptocurrencies in order to evade smart sanctions. In our study of the subject of this research, we will rely on the descriptive analytical approach by studying the subject of cryptocurrencies and smart international sanctions and describing them accurately, and analyzing the practical reality to show the role of cryptocurrencies in influencing smart international sanctions. We will divide this subject into two sections. In the first section, we will discuss the concept of cryptocurrencies, while in the second section, we will show the content of smart sanctions and the impact of cryptocurrencies on them.

Release shock is one of the psychological and social phenomena that many released persons experience after serving their sentence in prisons. This shock results from the sudden change in the social and psychological environment of the released person, as he faces multiple challenges related to integration into society, adaptation to a new life, and psychological pressure associated with the loss of freedom. Symptoms of release shock include anxiety, depression, social anxiety, and feelings of loneliness, in addition to the social stigma that the released person is exposed to due to his criminal record, which exacerbates his suffering. Punitive institutions play an important role in reducing the shock of release by providing psychological, social, and vocational rehabilitation programs for inmates during the prison period, which enables them to adapt to the new environment after release. Symptoms of release shock include anxiety, depression, social anxiety, and feelings of loneliness, in addition to the social stigma that the released person is exposed to due to his criminal record, which exacerbates his suffering. Punitive institutions play an important role in reducing the shock of release by providing psychological, social, and vocational rehabilitation programs for inmates during the prison period, which enables them to adapt to the new environment after release. Social stigma may also remain and affect the chances of those released for social integration. The study found the role of penal institutions in reducing or avoiding this trauma, and facilitating the process of reintegration into society, which enhances their chances of success in life after prison and contributes to preventing a return to crime.

International decisions remain at the heart of a persistent legal debate on the global stage, due to their association with numerous complexities regarding their legal nature, the degree of their binding force, and their relationship with international organizations that vary in roles and mandates. This debate raises fundamental questions about:
- Whether these decisions are considered an original source of international law or merely auxiliary tools in shaping its rules.
- Their capacity to impose legal obligations on states, particularly given the diversity of issuing bodies (e.g., the UN General Assembly versus the Security Council).
In this context, the research highlights international decisions as a vital topic worthy of comprehensive analysis, especially amid the growing influence of international organizations and their emergence as key actors in the contemporary international system. The study concludes that while these decisions play a prominent role in shaping legal practices, they have not yet ascended to the status of official sources of international law (such as treaties and customary law). Instead, they remain a supportive tool in crystallizing legal norms.
Regarding enforceability, decisions are either:
- Legally binding (e.g., Security Council resolutions under Chapter VII).
- Advisory, guiding international opinion (e.g., most General Assembly resolutions).
In light of practical challenges in implementing these decisions—due to non-compliance by some states or the absence of effective enforcement mechanisms—the study emphasizes the necessity of developing international tools to compel states to respect their obligations. Examples include activating sanction mechanisms or unifying legal standards to enhance international credibility.

This research aims to identify aspects of oversight over the governor's performance in the absence of the oversight role of provincial councils, the body with the original mandate to exercise political and administrative oversight over the performance of the local executive authority. To achieve this goal, the researcher employed an inductive approach, which proceeds from the individual to the whole in order to arrive at a thorough analysis. This research sheds light on the extent to which the federal authorities at the center, along with independent bodies, exercise their oversight role over the governor, and whether the suspension of provincial councils has any impact on this role.
At the conclusion of the research, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which is that the suspension of provincial councils does not prevent the activation of political oversight, which is undertaken by the Iraqi Parliament under the law, which grants the legislature the right to dismiss the governor based on a proposal from the Prime Minister.

As soon as war ends, it is accompanied by large numbers of missing persons, in addition to the feeling of anxiety and fear that accompanies their families and friends due to the uncertainty of the fate of their missing relatives. This leads to legal, administrative, social and economic difficulties related to knowing the fate of these missing persons and the way their families live after them. Furthermore, governments, military authorities and armed groups are obligated to provide information about missing persons and join efforts to reunite families. International humanitarian law also obliges parties to the conflict to take the necessary procedures to ensure that persons do not disappear in armed conflicts. Moreover, parties to the conflict must follow all possible steps to ensure that fate of those persons is known and inform their families about it as well as to protect their rights.

Parliament's mandate has shifted from a mere advisory body to a legislative and oversight authority that may emerge from its own sphere of influence or play a partner in shaping the state's public policy. Parliamentary investigation or fact-finding is one of the most powerful tools parliament possesses to carry out its oversight mission over the actions of the executive branch. Parliamentary oversight mechanisms lie in a set of procedures that, within the context of applicable constitutional legislation, enable members of parliament to exercise their oversight role over the government's performance. This type of oversight is essential in ensuring the legitimacy and integrity of the executive branch, with regard to preserving the public and higher interests of the state and society. Accordingly, the legislative branch possesses multiple mechanisms to exercise its oversight function over government actions. Despite the diversity of these mechanisms, such as questioning, interrogation, and investigation, we will address the interrogation mechanism, which is considered one of the most important mechanisms of parliamentary oversight. Members of parliament use it to obtain information on a particular topic. It involves criticism and accusation of the government, or one of its ministers, for certain actions. It implies accountability and accusation of error and negligence.

Our study in this research included several important concepts, such as criminal policy in all stages, its treatment of the criminal phenomenon in all its forms, and the concept of social justice and its relationship in achieving it in all its details. We reviewed the characteristics and objectives of the criminal policy to show it as we see it today as a contemporary criminal policy for all concepts, such as social justice, and to keep pace with the criminal phenomenon that does not differentiate the behavior and actions of our society. The research also dealt with a penalty for the criminal phenomenon and its factors. Our research focused on how criminal policy considers and sees the criminal phenomenon as a social and legal phenomenon that concerns people's lives. How can this phenomenon be reduced by achieving social justice for these traditions among members of the inhabitants of the same spot? Trying to reduce the criminal phenomenon and its prevalence among the community is achieved through physical justice By criminalizing, punishing, and preventing them again and the importance of criminal policy in the development of laws by penalizing any act or conduct in contravention of such traditions and social values and drawing up some plans to prevent the commission of any perverted act that threatens the safety and security of society or attempts to destroy the family entity that is the fundamental nucleus of the building of any healthy society. The research has shown how close and relevant these three concepts of criminal policy, social justice, and criminal phenomenon are and how they relate to each other in a complementary manner. The development of the theories of criminal policy is to keep abreast of any development in society, its customs and traditions, or to modernize the criminal phenomenon. In this complementary relationship, social justice can be achieved and go together to facilitate and reduce the burden of legislation.

The concept of artificial intelligence is very important to have an effective role in early detection of crimes. It was previously said that the criminal is one step ahead in trying to escape from revealing his crime, especially in the technical development. Therefore, the means of committing crimes have developed. Therefore, artificial intelligence currently has an important role in detecting crimes through the use of many technical programs. All of this aims to quickly reach the perpetrator, as the means of committing modern criminals have developed using electronic technologies. All of this aims to destabilize the legal and judicial stability in the country. These means have developed and many crimes have been committed through technical fraud, such as stealing electronic bank accounts, transferring money, artificially falsifying images, and other means of modern development in electronic technologies. Therefore, it was necessary not to distance the investigation steps from the means of committing crimes. It is a direct relationship. If the investigators prevail in their means of early detection of crimes, these will be deterrents to electronic and regular crimes alike. One of the most important things facing the use of artificial intelligence is the legislation that regulates its use to protect the privacy of individuals and not to infringe on it and their private freedoms, as artificial intelligence has become pervasive. And its use in the details of daily life, as many crimes, in light of scientific and technological development, the perpetrator uses digital tools or programs in committing them, and they can only be confronted with advanced and modern systems of artificial intelligence programs to confront crimes brought about by artificial intelligence.

Forensic medicine is a fundamental pillar of the criminal justice system, directly contributing to uncovering facts and achieving justice through precise scientific analyses and reliable medical reports. This study examines the role of forensic medicine in revealing truths through several real cases in Iraq, such as the Spiker massacre, assassination cases, domestic violence, poisoning incidents, and terrorist crimes. Forensic medicine has proven its effectiveness in providing clear and trustworthy evidence that aids in prosecuting perpetrators and protecting victims' rights. This role highlights the importance of forensic medicine as a vital legal and technical tool in ensuring judicial justice and maintaining the integrity of the legal system.

The impact of globalization on the judiciary is modern, previously it was centered on economic and political aspects, the first to point out this impact was the American lawyer and professor of law at Princeton University Anne Marie Slaughter, it was explained as a continuous and dynamic means of judicial interaction between national and international courts and judges, the exchange of ideas and cooperation in cases involving national law as well as international law, and making room for inspiration that helps in developing the judiciary and expanding the discretionary power granted to it, which contributes to developing the judiciary to keep pace with the changes taking place in the world, and establishing an interconnected global judicial system that will change international relations, because it creates a new model for resolving cases of all kinds that have become the talk of the world and it is difficult to rely only on local law to put an end to them from crimes of piracy and electronic terrorism, environmental protection, crimes of genocide, as well as working to provide the best protection for human rights, globalization has become known as a synonym for modern democracy that makes room for people's freedom of movement and work, which ultimately places the courts as centers of international power that will influence global politics in a way that it has never done before

Women's health in general, and reproductive health in particular, is part of the human right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. However, there are many challenges that hinder women's enjoyment of the right to sexual and reproductive health. These obstacles are interconnected and deeply rooted, and they occur at various levels. These challenges may include social and economic conditions, as well as biological and other factors, which negatively impact women's general health and reproductive health in particular.

The statistical process represents an essential tool for formulating public policies, making accurate decisions, and developing development plans. The collection of statistical data and information is the essence of this process, making its protection a national necessity. The Iraqi legislator has regulated the requirements for its completion in a special law, the Law of the General Authority for Statistics and Geographic Information Systems, However, this process may be exposed to serious threats as a result of illegal actions that disrupt it, such as refraining from providing statistical data or information or deliberately providing false or inaccurate statistical data or information, as this negatively affects the accuracy of the results of the statistical process, which would weaken its credibility and undermine its effectiveness, Hence, the necessity of confronting these acts with a criminal policy aimed at protecting the statistical process by criminalizing these acts and imposing appropriate penalties for them. This policy has some specific aspects within the framework of the requirements for implementing its means represented by criminalization and punishment, in order to ensure the achievement of the public interest, which is the goal of the legislator in issuing the Law of the General Authority for Statistics and Geographic Information Systems.

The period of time and climatic conditions - whether natural or human - is a period of rapid spread of inappropriate and false news and generalities that from the period between the past to the aftermath of fear and panic among people, so it is good indeed for the Iraqi legislator when he criminalized it in the texts of the law by universal rule and except for the spread, God willing, and people innovate and the efforts of the public authorities work to confront it. What makes these matters even more clear is that they affect public peace and reduce the difficulty of eating. Therefore, the Iraqi Penal Code criminalizes these acts that incite terror and panic, especially during critical times when awareness and reassurance are most needed. Furthermore, the development of social media and the ease with which news is shared among people have made these acts more dangerous and widespread, necessitating researchers to conduct analytical studies to shed light on how to combat this phenomenon and examine its components, forms, and penalties.