Misan Journal for Physical Education Sciences

As well as research into its most minute details, including curricula, methods, approaches, and educational techniques. The importance of this research lies in developing educational exercises based on the KUD strategy and determining its impact on the effectiveness of discus throwing for students in the College of Education and Sports Sciences. The research problem can be summarized in answering the following question:
Does the use of the KUD strategy have a positive or negative impact on the effectiveness of discus throwing? This scientific contribution from the researchers aims to reduce the burden on instructors by employing modern strategies that help reduce the effort and time required to teach skills. The objectives of the research were (preparing educational units according to the (KUD) strategy, preparing educational exercises according to the (KUD) strategy, as well as identifying the effect of educational exercises according to the (KUD) strategy on the performance of the discus throw activity). The hypotheses of the research were (there are statistically significant differences between the results of the pre-tests and the results of the post-tests for the control and experimental groups in the performance of the discus throw activity, in favor of the results of the post-tests for the two groups, and there are statistically significant differences between the results of the post-tests for the control and experimental groups in the performance of the discus throw activity, in favor of the experimental group). The research fields were: the human field was the students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Maysan, the spatial field was the halls of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Maysan, and the temporal field was for the period from 10/3/2024 to 12/19/2024. The research methodology used the experimental method with two equivalent groups, experimental and control, to suit the research problem. The research community and sample consisted of students from the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - University of Maysan, second-year students, Department of Theoretical Sciences, for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (45) students distributed into two sections. The research sample was randomly selected by lottery, as Section (A) was selected as an experimental group whose sample members would be exposed to the independent variable (educational exercises according to the KUD strategy), numbering (20) students, and Section (B) as a control group, as it would be taught according to the program followed in teaching by the subject teacher and the number of its students (20). The researchers conducted their exploratory experiment on (5) students from the two sections, and they were from outside the research samples and within the research community. Equivalence and homogeneity were carried out for the research sample, after which pre- and post-tests were conducted and the results were processed through appropriate statistical means. After that, the results were analyzed and discussed based on scientific sources, and several conclusions were drawn, including the use of exercises according to the KUD strategy. (KUD) has had an impact on preparing diverse educational units. Numerous recommendations were made, including the need to use and implement modern strategies by faculties of physical education and sports sciences, including the (KUD) strategy.

Research Problem: One of the researchers is a member of the teaching staff at one of the schools affiliated with the Najaf Education Directorate. Through his observations of the administrative work there and the extent to which this impacts the physical education teacher's success in his lessons, he also observed the obstacles and difficulties facing the implementation of physical education lessons, including the failure to give full play to the lesson and the teacher, assigning them tasks outside their specialization, and neglecting sports and extracurricular activities. This led him to delve into the problem of activating physical education lessons by the school administration and its impact on students and the physical education teacher. Such a problem requires careful consideration and an attempt to find solutions once it is diagnosed and analyzed. The research aimed to identify the relationship between the role of school administration and the activation of the physical education lesson. As for the research methodology, the researchers used the descriptive approach with the survey and relations method. The research community was represented by physical education teachers in government primary schools for boys in Najaf Governorate, with a total number of (661) teachers. The most important conclusions are: Despite the weakness of the available capabilities, requirements, infrastructure, moral motivation, and the element of justice and fairness in primary schools, the study sample (teachers) has a great desire and motivation for professional development, raising their scientific and personal efficiency, and providing the physical education lesson with the available capabilities in the school in the optimal way. The most important recommendations are: paying attention to the physical education lesson and giving it priority in a manner that is consistent with its various effects on the student, as it is a recreational lesson and has an impact on the physical, health, psychological, intellectual, and social aspects.

The research aims to:
- To identify the effect of rehabilitation exercises using the aerobic hemisphere on the functional efficiency of players with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears in sports.
The researchers used the experimental method (one group) for its suitability to the nature of the problem. The research sample included those who suffered from anterior cruciate ligament tears for various sports at the October Sports Club. The research sample was chosen intentionally, as the researchers chose those who suffered from a complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament, which led to knee surgery. The researchers used a set of rehabilitation exercises within the rehabilitation program for a period of (three) months, at a rate of (12) weeks, on the injured persons aged (18-23) years, numbering (12), and the researchers processed the statistical data using the statistical package (SPSS) version (28).
The researchers reached a set of conclusions and recommendations, including: The results of the study demonstrated the effectiveness of rehabilitation exercises using the Bosu ball in enhancing or improving the range of motion of individuals suffering from an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Rehabilitation exercises using the Bosu ball resulted in an improvement in the balance level in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. A significant improvement in muscle circumference was observed in patients with ACL injuries after using the Bosu ball as part of the rehabilitation exercise program. The researchers made several recommendations, including: using the rehabilitation exercise program using the Bose ball device, as it has a positive impact on the level of functional efficiency in patients with anterior cruciate ligament tears. Holding training courses to highlight the importance of using assistive devices (Bose balls) to improve functional efficiency in injured patients. Conducting further studies to compare the effectiveness of aerobic hemisphere exercises with other rehabilitation methods (such as traditional exercises or the use of modern devices). Providing modern rehabilitation tools such as the aerobic hemisphere in therapeutic sports centers, as they play an effective role in speeding up recovery for injured patients.

This study aims to identify the impact of physiological indicators on athletes' performance in racket sports (tennis, badminton, and table tennis), focusing on aspects related to the energy system, respiratory system, circulatory system, and nervous system. These sports rely heavily on the compatibility of different physiological systems to achieve optimal performance in tennis. In other words, "the compatibility of different physiological systems to achieve optimal tennis performance" refers to how biological or physiological systems within the human body interact and integrate to help a player perform at their best in tennis. Therefore, in tennis, all physiological systems in the body must work in harmony for the player to perform at a high level of efficiency, accuracy, and speed. Skill performance depends on muscular endurance, explosive power, and the ability to manage thermal and psychological stress, as the three energy systems (phosphagen, lactic acid, and oxygen) are used to varying degrees depending on the intensity and duration of the activity. This study explains one of the basic physiological indicators that influence skill performance in racket sports and also indicates that training depends on understanding these biological mechanisms to develop players' skills. The phosphagen system provides energy quickly for very short periods and is essential for powerful strokes such as serves or slams, while the lactic acid system is used during long, high-intensity, medium-duration points. The oxygen system plays a key role in providing sustained energy during long matches. In badminton, the sport is characterized by high speed and rapid movements that require high breathing efficiency and neuromuscular coordination to achieve accuracy and speed in strokes. Cardiorespiratory endurance is also important to ensure sustained performance during long matches. In table tennis, skill performance relies heavily on speed and high mental focus, as rapid movements and precise strokes require efficient activation of the nervous system, in addition to muscular endurance, especially in the arms and wrists. The respiratory system plays a crucial role in supplying the necessary oxygen to the muscles, while the circulatory system contributes to the transport of nutrients and the removal of waste. Muscle fatigue resulting from lactic acid buildup and nervous exhaustion due to psychological stress can negatively impact performance. To improve performance, focus on specialized training programs that enhance the efficiency of physiological systems, in addition to following sound nutritional strategies that include carbohydrates for energy and proteins for muscle repair. Adequate rest and recovery are also essential to restore physiological balance.
The aim of this study is to highlight studies that have addressed physiological indicators and skill performance in racquet sports athletes and provide practical recommendations for improving skill performance by enhancing the efficiency of these influences. By understanding how these influences work, athletes and coaches can develop effective training and nutritional strategies to enhance athletic performance and achieve success in competitions. This study demonstrates the importance of physiological indicators in improving performance, making it a rich area for ongoing research and development in the world of sports.

The research boils down to preparing an educational curriculum according to the (HIIDA TABA) model for teaching generalization, as this inductive model includes a set of organized steps that can be called stages, and begins with questions in which they participate sequentially in the processes of formulating generalizations, clarifications, and predictive inferences. The research sample was determined from The second grade students at Jaber Bin Hayyan Middle School for Boys in Maysan Governorate for the academic year 2023-2024 are (96) students. (24 students) were chosen randomly as a sample for the research, with (12) students for each of the two groups (control and experimental) and (6). Students) for the exploratory sample. The researchers used the experimental approach with two equal groups. They concluded that the experimental group outperformed the control group due to the effectiveness of applying the stages of the (HIIDA TABA) model in the educational units of the experimental group. The researchers recommended the necessity of applying this model to the rest of the basic skills of the ball game. Airplane and other games.

The research aimed to prepare an educational curriculum according to the strategy of differentiated education according to multiple intelligences in learning the skill of close serve with badminton for students, and to identify the effect of the educational curriculum prepared according to the strategy of differentiated education according to multiple intelligences and the skill under research. The researchers used the experimental method on (50) students. Of the students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Maysan, the students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Maysan were divided into two experimental and control groups with (20) students for each group, and the educational curriculum was applied according to the strategy of differentiated education according to multiple intelligences on the students of the experimental sample for a period of ( 2) Two weeks, with (4) educational units. The researchers recommended the need to pay attention to the modernity of teaching strategies and various procedures when learning other skills in badminton.

The aim of the research was to build and standardize a comprehensive quality scale for physical education teachers in Maysan Governorate. The research areas included the human field, which was represented by physical education teachers in Maysan Governorate, distributed over four departments of the Maysan Governorate Education Directorate. The time frame was determined for the period from (10/2/2024) to (22/11/2024), while the spatial field was the departments of the Maysan Governorate Education Directorate.
The researcher used the descriptive survey method to suit the research problem, while the research sample consisted of (325) teachers of physical education in Maysan Governorate, and the statistical system (SPSS) was used to obtain the results of the research, and the researcher concluded the following:
• The construction and codification of a tool to measure the overall quality of physical education teachers in Maysan Governorate has been reached.
• Standards for the quality of school sports performance have been identified from the viewpoint of physical education teachers in Maysan.
• The level of accreditation of programs and the preparation of comprehensive quality requirements has been identified from the viewpoint of physical education teachers in Maysan Governorate.
The researcher recommended:
• Adopting the comprehensive quality scale for physical education teachers in Maysan Governorate.
• The comprehensive quality scale can be used by physical education teachers and the need to use it on physical education teachers periodically during the school year, which allows identifying this important variable as well as identifying the positive things to support them and the negative ones to overcome them for physical education teachers in Maysan Governorate.
• Conducting similar studies on middle and secondary schools with regard to total quality management because of its great importance in achieving the goals set correctly

The study aimed to know the effect of the frequency of feedback on learning and retaining the snatch lift for beginners. The researcher used the experimental method with two equivalent groups (high frequency - low frequency). The researcher identified the research community of beginner lifters in Diyala Governorate for the 2024 sports season, numbering (22) lifters. The research sample consisted of (10) weightlifters from Al-Khalis Club, who were divided into two groups that were randomly selected by lottery. The experimental group consisted of (5) weightlifters, and the control group consisted of (5) weightlifters. Two pilot experiments were conducted on Saturday 11-1-2025, and the pre-test was conducted on Monday 13-1-2025.
The main experiment began on Saturday, January 18, 2025, and continued until February 18, 2025, for a period of (4) weeks, with (4) educational units per week. The total educational units amounted to (16). An educational unit in which frequent feedback was applied using a variety of delivery methods was conducted. The post-test was conducted on Monday, February 20, 2025, at 4:00 PM. The data was then distributed and statistically processed, then presented, analyzed, and discussed. The most important conclusions were: the need to organize the timing of feedback based on the learner's level and learning stage. The study recommends gradual delivery of feedback in line with the learning stages.

The research aims to implement a training program using medium resistance training and to investigate its effect on some physical variables of bodybuilding players. The researcher used the experimental method due to its suitability for the type and nature of the research, employing pre and post measurements for both experimental and control groups. The research population consists of bodybuilding players from Al-Shabab Club, totaling (14) players divided into (8) experimental group members using a special blood flow restriction band, while the control group consisted of (6) players training without the special band, in addition to a pilot study sample of (4) players, resulting in a total sample size of (18) players. The most important findings of the research indicate that the resistance training program with blood flow restriction had a positive effect on the physical variables under investigation (arm circumference, thigh circumference) for the sample of the research players. The training with medium resistance and blood flow restriction using the special band for the experimental group led to significant development in the physical variables (arm circumference, thigh circumference) with improvement rates better than training in the control group. It was concluded that training using blood flow restriction is a quick and effective method to reduce muscle fatigue and improve physical capabilities.

The research aims to:
- Prepare two scales to measure each of the variables of professional development activities for physical education teachers in middle and secondary schools and their teaching effectiveness, and identify the level of participation of physical education teachers in professional development activities in middle and secondary schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Babylon, and Identify the extent to which physical education teachers in middle and secondary schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Babylon possess the characteristics of teaching effectiveness, also Identify the nature of the relationship and the role played by professional development activities in improving teachers' teaching effectiveness.
The researcher used the descriptive approach, using the survey and correlation methods. The research community consisted of physical education teachers in middle and secondary schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Babylon, numbering (320) teachers, all selected to represent the main research sample. The researcher divided the main sample into three sub-samples, these samples are (exploratory, statistical analysis, and final application) with numbers reaching (20, 120, and 80) respectively. To collect the data, the researcher prepared two scales, the first to measure the level of participation of physical education teachers in professional development activities with several (14) paragraphs, and the second to measure their level of teaching effectiveness with several (15) paragraphs. After applying the two scales to the final application sample and processing the results, the researcher reached the following conclusions: - The participation of physical education teachers in middle and secondary schools affiliated with the General Directorate of Education in Babylon in professional development activities was at an average level from their point of view.
- Physical education teachers in the preparatory and secondary schools affiliated to the General Directorate of Education in Babylon have an average level of teaching effectiveness characteristics from their point of view.
- There is a significant positive correlation between professional development activities and teaching effectiveness, with an acceptable role for professional development activities in developing teaching effectiveness.

The importance of the research is summarized in preparing an educational curriculum according to John Zahorek's model in order to improve the educational process, as this inductive model includes a set of organized steps that can be called stages for teaching students the skill of passing football. The researchers attribute the research problem to the necessity of using educational models in the subject of football that keep pace with modern developments, and among these models is John Zahorek's model. The research sample was determined from the first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Maysan University for the academic year 2024-2025. After that, the experimental research sample (35) students from the first stage of the applied sciences branch was selected, and the control research sample (35) students from the theoretical sciences branch, while (10) students were selected for the purpose of applying the exploratory experiment on them. The researchers used the experimental method with two equivalent groups, and they concluded that the superiority of the experimental group over the control group is due to the effectiveness of applying the stages of the Zahorek model in the educational units of the experimental group. The researchers recommended the necessity of applying this model to the rest of the basic skills of football and other games.

The importance of this research lies in the necessity of focusing on the development of physiological capacities, which the researcher believes will yield positive outcomes in the proper athletic and skill-based development of players. This can be achieved through the design of specialized anaerobic compound exercises for handball that simulate two- or three-player scenarios among advanced-level handball players. Possessing a high level of physiological abilities implies that the athlete demonstrates both strength and speed, enabling them to perform sports activities successfully.Research Problem:
Through the researcher’s observations of matches and personal interviews with several experts and coaches, a noticeable decline in the level of performance was observed. Therefore, the researcher decided to address this issue by designing anaerobic compound exercises to investigate their impact on physiological capacities. Accordingly, the central research question emerges: What is the effect of anaerobic compound exercises on selected physiological abilities in advanced handball players?
Research Objectives: To design anaerobic compound exercises aimed at developing selected physiological abilities in advanced handball players. To identify the effectiveness of these exercises by comparing the control and experimental groups in the targeted physiological variables. Methodology: The researcher employed the experimental method using the design of two equivalent groups (experimental and control). The research population consisted of 140 players. The main experimental sample was intentionally selected and included 16 players from Al-Kufa Sports Club, representing 11% of the total population. The sample was randomly divided by lottery into two groups. The physiological variables were determined based on a review of numerous scientific sources and were reviewed by a panel of experts to ensure alignment with the research problem. Results:
The researcher concluded that the exercises had a positive role in developing the physiological abilities under investigation. The training program contributed to improving anaerobic endurance-related capabilities, such as anaerobic power, anaerobic capacity, heart rate after exertion, and blood lactate concentration. The application of the program resulted in a significant reduction in lactate ccumulation, indicating enhanced physiological efficiency in coping with high-intensity exertion.
Recommendations: Adopting anaerobic compound exercises as a core training method in the preparation of advanced handball players due to their comprehensive and integrated impact. Monitoring lactate accumulation after training sessions as a biological indicator of anaerobic system efficiency and muscular endurance. Encouraging coaches to design training programs that include active recovery periods to accelerate lactate clearance and enhance muscular recovery. Utilizing objective evaluation tools (physical, physiological, and psychological tests) to regularly track players’ performance development.

The "prescriptive" approach is no longer used, nor is the teacher the sole source of information, knowledge, and instruction. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in activities and events that place the student at the center of the teaching and learning process. One of the most prominent of these activities is the optimal use of modern learning models and methods in teaching. One such activity is the random learning method, which reaps benefits for students. Learning takes place in a comfortable environment, and student motivation is significantly increased.

The study aimed to develop a scale to measure the theoretical knowledge of physical education curriculum game skills among intermediate and secondary school teachers in Zakho City. The descriptive survey method was adopted, and the sample included 215 teachers, divided into construction and application groups. The scale covered five main games: football, basketball, volleyball, handball, and track and field. It was constructed following scientifically recognized steps, ensuring validity, reliability, and objectivity. Results revealed that football scored the highest level of theoretical knowledge, while handball scored the lowest. Statistically significant differences were found between the games and between the two teacher groups, in favor of intermediate school teachers. The study recommends the implementation of training programs to enhance teacher competence—particularly at the secondary level—and updating the curriculum to strengthen its theoretical components.

Many sports scientists point out that the link between muscle strength and motor speed is one of the most important requirements for athletic performance, in addition to agility and coordination at high athletic levels, and that these physical variables are among the most important characteristics of superior athletes, as they possess a great deal of strength, speed, skill, and the link between them. Through the development of sports in general and volleyball in particular, and as a result of what researchers have provided, the importance of the research comes from the use of rebound exercises by the researcher and their impact on the biokinetic and skill variables of players and bringing them to the integration of the required motor and skill level. As for the research problem, the research problem can be summarized in the following question: Does the use of rebound exercises have a positive impact in developing the biokinetic and skill variables of volleyball players? The most important objectives are to identify the effect of rebound exercises on the accuracy of performance of the smash skill in volleyball for young players. Accordingly, the researchers used the experimental method because it is compatible with the nature of the research problem. They also chose to design the method of two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The research community and sample were determined by the players of the club Kufa Volleyball Team for the 2024-2025 sports season, with a total of (16) players, were distributed equally into two groups (control, experimental) randomly, with (7) players for each group. The research variables and tests were determined by presenting the most important biokinetic variables related to the smash skill. After conducting the tests and extracting the results, the researchers reached the most important conclusions regarding rebound exercises having a positive impact on developing the most important biokinetic variables related to the smash skill in volleyball for players. The most important recommendations are to focus on using rebound exercises according to training principles to raise the physical and motor efficiency of volleyball players during matches and competitions.

The sporting development achieved in various sporting activities is nothing but the result of various research, studies, and scientific efforts that have contributed to the widespread advancement of the sports movement at all levels. Sports are a complex social and cultural system. Football is one of the most popular and developed sports in the world, and many officials and coaches make great efforts to advance teams to advanced positions in tournaments. Here, the importance of the research is highlighted by developing a tool to measure the refereeing behavior of referees in the Iraqi Professional Football League, which can be used in the game of football. Developing a tool to measure the psychological effects suffered by players in the Iraqi Professional Football League is the first in this field, to the researchers' knowledge. The research problem: The researchers noticed, through their practice and follow-up, and as one of them is a former football referee, that referees' behavior can negatively and significantly affect many of the psychological characteristics of players. The decisions and behaviors of referees and the actions of fans during matches have profound psychological repercussions on the player as a result of his feeling of injustice from these decisions and behaviors, regardless of whether they are correct or incorrect. This certainly has serious psychological effects on players. The most important objectives are to identify On the relationship between refereeing behavior and the psychological effects of players in the Iraqi Professional Football League. The nature of the problem determines the methodology used. Therefore, the researcher used the descriptive approach using a survey method (the current situation). Accordingly, the research sample was randomly selected, representing players from the Iraqi Professional Football League clubs for the 2023-2024 season, numbering (20) players for the exploratory experiment from the original community, and (100) players for the main experimental sample. The most important conclusions are that increasing refereeing behavior indirectly leads to a reduction in the psychological effects of players in the Iraqi Professional Football League. The most important recommendations are the need for the Football Association and the Referees Committee to focus on developing refereeing behavior among referees assigned to manage Professional League matches.

Colleges of Physical Education and Sports Sciences constitute a unique academic environment that combines theoretical and cognitive aspects with practical and applied aspects. Students ' success in these colleges depends largely on motor skills and physical performance, as well as a deep understanding of scientific concepts. Therefore, psychological factors such as hesitation can have a double effect, affecting both physical and mental performance. A student who suffers from hesitation may find it difficult to make quick decisions during athletic and academic performance ، or may avoid participating in practical exercises or He may fail in his performance or feel anxious about theoretical and practical tests, which may negatively affect his overall academic achievement. Psychological hesitation, or what is sometimes known as anxiety or indecision and lack of confidence, is a psychological state that students may experience in various situations that require them to be decisive or demonstrate their abilities. In their academic life psychological hesitation can manifest in several forms, such as fear of failure, difficulty concentrating, excessive thinking about negative outcomes, or even avoiding participation in classroom activities and academic achievement.

The research consisted of several chapters. The first chapter introduced the research, including a preface on the importance of progress and advancement in the field of sports, how to reach the ranks of champion athletes, and the significance of this research in terms of selecting training aids, as well as the nature of linking exercises together and developing the performance of basic handball skills. It also included objectives, hypotheses, and human, temporal, and spatial domains.
The third chapter covered the field procedures, including selecting the research population and determining the sample for various reasons, such as ease of handling and proximity. The sample was chosen, and its distribution into two groups was done by lottery after determining positions and ensuring homogeneity and equivalence to start from the same baseline. Then, appropriate tests were selected to measure skill levels after reviewing reliable sources.
Pilot experiments were conducted to understand the details of the test and its suitability for the sample, as well as to adjust training intensities, determine training times, and identify all work requirements. After that, a pre-test was administered, followed by the implementation of the experiment, which involved preparing specialized exercises using training aids. These exercises were applied in the main part of the training session, with three sessions per week over two months.
Subsequently, a post-test was conducted to obtain results, which were then statistically processed, presented, analyzed, and discussed in the fourth chapter to reach findings supported by data from the administered tests. The fifth chapter included conclusions and recommendations.
Based on the presentation, analysis, and discussion of the results, the following conclusions were drawn:
- Special exercises using training aids have a positive effect on developing offensive skills in handball.
- The improvement in basic offensive skills of the experimental group was greater compared to the control group.
Based on the conclusions, the researcher recommends:
- Using exercises with training aids due to their significant impact on developing basic offensive skills.
- Employing training aids in all skill exercises and throughout handball training, as they offer greater benefits while saving effort and time—something all professionals in this field strive for.
key priorities for professionals in this field

The sixth grade in Iraq is one of the pivotal educational stages that students go through, as it greatly determines their academic and professional future. Therefore, this stage is often accompanied by high psychological pressures that directly affect their ability to adapt psychologically. Psychological pressures here refer to the mental and emotional stress that students suffer from due to the demands and pressures of the sixth grade curriculum and final exams. There may be multiple factors that contribute to these pressures. Psychological adjustment also refers to the individual’s ability to adapt effectively to the demands and challenges of his environment while maintaining a state of emotional well-being. For sixth grade students, this includes emotional regulation and the ability to manage feelings and express them constructively instead of being dominated by anxiety, fear, or frustration. Coping mechanisms, therefore, it is necessary to develop healthy strategies to deal with pressure. Like solving problems and seeking support and practicing relaxation techniques or maintaining a balanced lifestyle and staying motivated and focused on his studies despite the difficulties. It is also possible to maintain healthy relationships with peers, family and teachers, which can provide a basic support system and belief in their ability to succeed and recover from setbacks. Therefore, the researcher built a psychological stress scale and a psychological adjustment scale. It was built on a sample of sixth-grade students in the Nasiriyah Education Department. Then it was applied to another sample from the same department and under the same conditions so that the researcher could achieve the scientific conditions for the construction and application sample.

This study aims to analyze the impact of competitive anxiety on skill performance among soccer players, by exploring the relationship between the anxiety levels experienced by players during official matches and their ability to perform technical skills (such as passing, shooting, ball control, etc.) efficiently and accurately.
The study relied on a descriptive analytical approach. Psychometric tools for measuring competitive anxiety (such as the Sports Anxiety Scale) were used, in addition to assessing skill performance through coaches' observations and video analysis of matches.
The sample included a number of soccer players within a specific age group (such as youth or seniors), and they were divided according to their anxiety levels into high, medium, and low.

This research aims to provide a metric for evaluating the strategic success of handball coaches from the perspective of their players, using five dimensions of strategic success: survival, adaptation and reaction, development, strategic implementation, and ongoing inventiveness. The research issue was initiated by some coaches lacking the components of strategic success, resulting in their deficiencies being mirrored in the team's athletic performance. A theoretical model has been constructed that embodies the researchers' understanding of the interaction among the factors. The research was carried out within the sports community, specifically among players from 15 handball clubs in the elite league for the 2024-2025 season, comprising a total of 270 players. Essential data for the field aspect was collected via a specially designed questionnaire, resulting in a study sample of 160 surveyed players. Data analysis was conducted using the statistical software SPSS.V.23. Consequent to these findings, the researchers proposed several recommendations, the foremost being that the administrative bodies of sports clubs should prioritise strategic success and implement this scale to cultivate a clear vision and adequate expertise, thereby enhancing the proficiency of coaches.

The researcher addressed the importance of volleyball as a team game that requires a level of physical fitness and the performance of its basic skills. The researcher also addressed the importance of learning strategies and teaching methods in the process of learning basic volleyball skills. The study also aimed to identify the effect of the analogical thinking strategy on learning the skills of overhead serve and smash. The research problem was that the researcher wanted, through this study, to determine the extent of the impact of using the analogical thinking strategy on learning some basic volleyball skills for first-grade students in the Vocational Secondary School for Sports Sciences in Maysan. The most important objectives of the study were to prepare educational units based on the analogical thinking strategy in teaching the skills of overhead serve and smash in volleyball to students, and to identify the effect of the experimental approach using the analogical thinking strategy on learning some basic volleyball skills for students. The researcher used the experimental approach because it was appropriate for the nature of the research. The research community was deliberately selected from students in the Vocational Secondary School for Sports Sciences in Maysan, numbering (90) students. The research sample was selected randomly.

The research aims to identify self-confidence and the level of scoring accuracy for the research sample, as well as to identify the relationship between self-confidence and the skill of scoring accuracy in football for the research sample. The researcher used the descriptive approach using the correlational method in order to suit the topic to be studied. The research sample included players from the National Paralympic Committee team. The Iraqi branch of Diyala numbered (30) players, and five players were excluded for injury. The results can be summarized as follows: The factor of self-confidence has a positive impact on the achievement of the players, knowing the reasons for self-confidence and developing appropriate solutions that help reduce the level of this factor and direct it towards work and distinguished construction, and direct self-confidence in a scientific and thoughtful manner towards achievement because confidence cannot be completely eliminated Proper psychological preparation is of great importance in addition to the physical preparation and the tactical and theoretical aspect that helps to raise the achievement, and that this aspect is by the teachers, and the absence of a guide or psychological therapist accompanies the team throughout the preparation and competitions period. Higher levels, and giving importance to psychological preparation in addition to physical, skillful, tactical and theoretical preparation.

The blended learning method is considered one of the important learning methods, which is a mixture of more than one motor learning method and is closely linked to the motor and mental aspects. From this standpoint, the problem of the study crystallized in the observed weakness in the skill performance of some futsal skills and the lack of use of educational methods. This is what prompted us to search for ways to advance the game to the highest levels.
The research aimed to identify the effect of the blended learning method on mental abilities and some skills in indoor soccer. The researchers used the experimental method with two experimental groups. The research sample was selected from the second-stage students at Al-Qadisiyah University, numbering 20 students, who were distributed into two groups, with each group consisting of 10 students. One of the groups worked with the research method, which included the blended learning method, and the second group worked with the teacher’s method. After conducting the pre-tests on the two groups, the researchers made homogeneity and equivalence for the research sample. After that, the educational method for the experimental group began, which lasted for 10 educational units. After completing the experimental method, the post-tests were conducted, the results were extracted and unloaded for statistical processing. The extracted results were presented and analyzed, and the conclusions and recommendations reached by the researchers were extracted. The most prominent of these conclusions were:
The method used contributed to students learning how to perform the skills under study.
The method used contributed to developing students’ mental abilities.

The research problem is summarized in that most of the players face difficulty in performing some skills (basket from support to support) on the parallel bars among gymnastics juniors aged (10-13) years. The researcher identified this through observation and his presence in the tournaments held by the Iraqi Gymnastics Federation as a former player and coach. The message aimed to develop special exercises and to know the extent of the impact of these special exercises on skill performance. The researcher used the experimental method with a single group. The research sample was chosen intentionally from junior category players aged (10-13) years. Their number reached (6) players. After determining the test for the skill under study and conducting the exploratory experiment and the date of the pre-test and applying the special exercises to the research sample and conducting the post-test, the researcher used appropriate statistical methods through the program (23spss) to obtain the final results. After the researcher obtained the final results, he presented them in tables and figures, analyzed and discussed them. The researcher reached the following conclusions: the effectiveness and suitability of the special exercises developed by the researcher. The research sample was selected and individual differences were taken into account. Specific exercises also contributed to the development of technical skills. In light of the conclusions reached by the researcher, the following recommendations were made: The need to pay attention to this age group and provide it with full support from governmental sports institutions and clubs. In addition, the need to adopt the special exercises prepared by the researcher because they have proven their effectiveness through the results achieved. Furthermore, it is necessary to rely on modern and scientific exercises based on sound foundations to develop age groups in gymnastics.

Research objective to: Building a psychosocial adaptation scale for firstclass football coaches. The descriptive approach was used in the survey method on the research sample either a sample was on the coaches of the first class in football, which was conducted on (112) coaches and divided into the exploratory sample, which included (16) coaches and the construction sample on (70) coaches and the main application sample on (26) coaches The researchers concluded the following:
1-The psychosocial adaptation scale is an independent tool that measures the psychosocial reality of first-class football coaches
2-The research sample was distributed over five levels, where the majority was concentrated in the two levels (good - average) on the
3-The coaches of the first division of football enjoy a very large psychosocial reality, which allows them the freedom to involve knowledge in the process of dealing and understanding ideas.

The importance of this research lies in developing educational units based on the Edelson Model and determining the impact of these units on the skills of change of direction and high dribbling. The problem of the research is that the application of the Edelson Model in teaching these skills has not received sufficient study in the local context, which raises questions about the effectiveness of this curriculum in improving the learning of change of direction and high dribbling skills among female basketball students. Accordingly, there is a need to conduct a study to evaluate the impact of using an educational curriculum based on the Edelson Model on learning these two skills, with a focus on developing the students' motor performance. The research aims were (preparing educational units using the Adelson model to learn the skills of dribbling by changing direction and high dribbling in basketball for female students, as well as identifying the effect of the Adelson model in learning the skills of dribbling by changing direction and high dribbling in basketball for female students.) The researcher used the experimental method with two experimental and control groups to suit the research problem. The research community was the students of Al-Mustansiriya University, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2024-2025, numbering (32) students. The research sample was randomly selected and the research sample amounted to (24) students. (6) students were excluded for their lack of commitment and for various reasons, and (2) students for the exploratory experiment. The sample represented (75%) of the original research community. They were divided into two groups, a control and an experimental, with (12) students for each group. The researcher used the statistical package (spss.26) to process the results. The researcher reached conclusions, including (that the curriculum prepared according to the Adelson model has a positive impact on the speed of The experimental group, which used the Adelson model, demonstrated a clear superiority over the control group in learning the skills of change of direction and high dribbling in basketball. There are other conclusions. The researcher made several recommendations, including emphasizing the use of the educational curriculum based on the Adelson model in learning basic skills in other sports and at all educational levels. Specialists should also focus on updating educational curricula on the use of an educational curriculum based on the Adelson model, given its significant role in developing the educational process.

The significance of this study lies in examining the impact of competitive exercises on the development of agility and thrust accuracy among foil fencers aged 18–19, who represent the fundamental base for building future national teams. Incorporating such exercises into training programs is expected to improve players’ physical and technical performance and enhance their ability to adapt to the requirements of modern fencing. The study was conducted in response to the practical need to develop training methods, particularly since some coaches still rely on traditional approaches that no longer keep pace with the rapidly evolving demands of international performance.
The research problem focused on the necessity of employing competitive exercises as a modern training approach that prepares players for more effective physical and technical performance under conditions that simulate real competition, thereby contributing to the development of agility and thrust accuracy. The study aimed to achieve two main objectives: (1) designing competitive exercises to improve agility and thrust accuracy in foil fencing for young players, and (2) identifying the effect of these exercises on the targeted variables.
The researcher employed the experimental method with two groups (experimental and control), which was deemed suitable for the nature of the problem. The research population consisted of 18 national foil fencers, from whom a sample of 12 players was randomly selected and equally divided into two groups (6 players each). Four players were excluded due to injury or other reasons, in addition to two players assigned for the pilot study. Data were processed using the statistical program (SPSS.26).
The results revealed that competitive exercises had a positive and significant effect on developing agility and thrust accuracy among the experimental group, along with other relevant findings. In light of this, the researcher recommended adopting the prepared competitive exercises within training programs for young fencers, as they effectively contribute to improving physical and technical performance in foil fencing.

The importance of the research lies in knowing the effect of the Jigsaw strategy in learning the forehand drop shot in badminton and its effect on some biomechanical variables. This in turn is a serious attempt to experiment with different means and methods to raise the level of performance. The problem of the research is summarized in that there is a group of students who cannot comprehend the vocabulary of the skill as well as the inability to apply it well due to the lack of time and effort that This skill is needed, especially if the number of students is large. The research objectives are summarized as follows:
1. Developing educational units using the jigsaw strategy.
2. Identifying the effect of the jigsaw strategy on the values of some biokinematic variables in the research sample in badminton for the drop shot skill The research method was the experimental method with two equivalent groups, experimental and control. As for the research community, the researchers chose it intentionally, and they are students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Theoretical Sciences Branch, at the University of Maysan, third stage, numbering (37) students. The research sample was chosen intentionally, and they are: Theoretical sciences branch students in the college and the research sample amounted to (30) students and represented a percentage of (81.08%) of the original research community and the sample was divided randomly into two groups, a control and an experimental group, with (15) students for each group, where the sample was divided into two groups, an experimental group numbering (15) and a control group numbering (15). (3) students were excluded for not adhering to the units followed (4) students for the exploratory experiment. The statistical package (SPSS) was used to extract the results for analysis and discussion. The researchers presented, analyzed, and discussed the results they reached through tables and figures. The researcher reached several conclusions, including
1. It was found that the jigsaw strategy played a role in achieving the values of some of the studied kinematic variables and the performance level of the offensive drop shot in badminton.
2. The experimental group outperformed the control group in the biokinematic variables of the offensive drop shot skill in badminton.

The importance of this research lies in identifying the relationship between psychological adjustment and the level of athletic aspiration among students of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, given their direct impact on students’ outcomes. Psychological factors play a vital role in achieving goals, as they influence students’ academic performance in addition to contributing to the execution of technical and tactical tasks. The research aims to identify the level of both psychological adjustment and athletic aspiration among the study sample, as well as to determine the relationship between them.
The researcher adopted the descriptive method using the survey approach, as it is suitable for the nature of the research problem. The research population consisted of third-year morning-class students at the College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Tikrit University, totaling (120) students. The research sample included (49) male and female students, representing (41%) of the original population. Psychological adjustment and athletic aspiration scales were employed to obtain and process the results.
One of the main findings of the research was the existence of a significant positive correlation between psychological adjustment and the level of athletic aspiration among students of Physical Education and Sport Sciences. The researcher recommended the necessity of paying attention to the psychological aspect through counseling sessions aimed at enhancing students’ psychological adjustment, as well as organizing training courses and involving students in them to raise their level of aspiration. Additionally, it was recommended to conduct similar studies on other activities and age groups.

The importance of the research lies in developing a scale for the harmonious behavior of young football players in Maysan Governorate. The research problem is summarized in the urgent need to construct a reliable psychometric scale for assessing this important aspect, which contributes to the development of training and psychological plans in a scientifically studied manner. The research objectives (constructing and standardizing a scale for harmonious behavior among young football players, as well as identifying the level of harmonious behavior among young football players) were used by the researchers. The research sample was determined according to the scientific methods used in this regard, relying on a special equation. To use this equation, the total population size and the required level of error must be known. After inquiring about the total population size from the Maysan Governorate Football Sub-Federation, which numbered (335), representing the number of players for the clubs studied for the 2024-2025 sports season, statistical methods were used to process the results. The researchers drew conclusions, including:
1. A tool was developed to measure harmonious behavior in its four dimensions among young football players.
2. Standard scores and levels were developed for the Adaptive Behavior Scale to serve as a scientific guide for coaches and players.
The recommendations were numerous and included:
1. Adopt the Adaptive Behavior Scale as a tool for measuring psychological variables in its four dimensions.
2. The Adaptive Behavior Scale can be used by coaches and players, and it is essential to use it periodically to measure psychological variables, identifying positive aspects for strengthening and negative aspects for improvement.

The aim of the research was to identify the effect of the active learning strategy according to the Sigman inquiry model in learning some complex football skills and modifying students’ attitudes. The researcher used the experimental method with the design of two equivalent groups (experimental and control) with pre- and post-tests. The research population consisted of third-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2023–2024, totaling 132 students. A simple random sample of 40 students, representing 30% of the population, was selected. The sample was divided into two equivalent groups: 20 students in the experimental group and 20 students in the control group. Data were collected and statistically analyzed using SPSS software. The researcher concluded that the active learning strategy according to the Sigman inquiry model had a significant effect on learning some complex football skills and on modifying students’ attitudes.

This study investigates the impact of a proposed package of functional exercises on improving dynamic balance and motor agility among female students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. A quasi-experimental pre–post design was employed with a sample of 12 students. The intervention lasted eight weeks with three sessions per week (45–60 minutes each) and focused on progressively loaded functional exercises. Pre- and post-tests used the Y-Balance Test (dynamic balance) and the Illinois Agility Test (agility). Results showed statistically significant improvements in both variables in favor of the post-test. Functional training effectively enhanced sensorimotor integration, improved balance control, and increased agility, thereby positively influencing overall physical performance. The study recommends integrating such exercises into university curricula and physical preparation programs in faculties of physical education.

Football places considerable physical and physiological demands on players, often resulting in muscle damage manifested through elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) levels. The present study investigated the effect of an integrated training program on CPK activity among football players at Al-Mustansiriyah University. Twenty players were randomly assigned into two equal groups: an experimental group subjected to an integrated program that combined strength, endurance, speed, and agility training, and a control group that continued their conventional training routine. The intervention lasted eight weeks, with three training sessions per week. Venous blood samples were collected before and after the training period and analyzed enzymatically to assess CPK activity. Findings revealed no significant differences between pre- and post-tests in the control group, whereas the experimental group demonstrated a significant post-training increase in CPK levels, indicating the physiological impact of diverse and intensive training loads. However, post-test comparisons between the two groups did not reach statistical significance, likely due to the limited sample size and individual variability in responses. Overall, the results suggest that integrated training can effectively stimulate muscle and physiological adaptations in football players, though further studies with larger cohorts are recommended to clarify intergroup differences.