Journal of Al-Farabi for Humanity Sciences (JFHS)

This research examines the approach of Imam Muhammad al-Amin al-Shanqeeti (d. 1393 AH) in interpreting the Holy Quran using the Prophetic Sunnah. This approach is based on his interpretation, "Adwa' al-Bayan fi Idah al-Qur'an bi al-Qur'an." Although the title of his interpretation indicates his great concern with interpreting the Quran using the Quran, al-Shanqeeti did not neglect the role of the Prophetic Sunnah in clarifying the meanings of verses and explaining their rulings. Rather, he employed it in a precise, scholarly manner, making it an important pillar of his interpretive approach.The research aims to highlight the areas where the Prophetic Sunnah is employed in the interpretation of "Adwa' al-Bayan," and to demonstrate the guidelines al-Shanqeeti adhered to in using hadiths as evidence. It also analyzes applied models that illustrate how he relied on the Sunnah to explain the meanings of beliefs, acts of worship, and transactions The research relied on the inductive, analytical, and descriptive approach. The texts in which Al-Shanqeeti interpreted the Qur'an with the Sunnah were examined and then analyzed to demonstrate his method of employing them.The research concluded that Al-Shanqeeti made the Prophetic Sunnah complementary to interpreting the Qur'an with the Qur'an. He used authentic hadiths to clarify vague or detailed Qur'anic texts, often adhering to well-known, reliable hadiths, and he achieved a middle approach that combines the authenticity of the traditional interpretation and the spirit of innovation in the presentation.The importance of this research lies in shedding light on an understudied aspect of Al-Shanqeeti's interpretation: his approach to interpretation with the Sunnah. This enriches the field of Qur'anic studies and enhances awareness of the importance of combining the Qur'an and the Sunnah in interpretation, as they are sources of guidance and clarity.Keywords: Interpreting the Qur'an with the Sunnah, Imam Al-Shanqeeti, Lights of Explanation, Interpreting with Traditions.

(aljadal watharuh fi daw' surat almujadalati)almawdue aladhi yadur ealayh albahtha: hu dirasat mawdue aljadal wama yadur ealayh fi alkalimat alati waradat fi surat almujadalat walati tadulu ealaa aljidal wamafhumuh min alnaahiat aliaslamiati, wakayf kan manzur ahil aleilm lihadhih alkalimat wama yuradifuha min alkalimat alakhraa, wama hi qawaeid washurut wadab aljadal min alnaahiat alshareiat wama warad bih kitab allah taealaa wasunat alnabii (salaa allah ealayh wasalam ) wahil aleilm fi hadha almawduei

This research presents a scholarly study and critical edition of a rare treatise by al-Shihab Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Khafaji on the interpretation of the Qur’anic verse “Our Lord, obliterate their wealth” (Qur’an 10:88). The treatise is preserved as one of his manuscript works in the Murad Molla Library.The significance of this text lies in its rarity and in what it reveals of al-Khafaji’s exegetical and linguistic method, as well as his ability to analyze intricate theological issues, particularly the question of whether Moses’s supplication implied approval of disbelief, and his invocation against Pharaoh.The study aims to produce a rigorously verified edition of the text, introduce the author and his methodology, and clarify the theological and rhetorical value of the treatise. The researcher employed a descriptive and analytical approach by studying the manuscript, collating it, establishing its readings, and documenting its sources and references.Among the key findings are correcting the misunderstanding of Moses’s supplication and demonstrating that it does not imply approval of disbelief, refuting al-Zamakhshari’s objections, and affirming al-Khafaji’s methodological rigor based on critical evaluation, reasoned preference, and reliance on authoritative hadith and juristic sources.Keywords: )Rabbana Atmis, al-Khafaji, Shihab al-Din.(

This research is dedicated to the study and analysis of Quranic verses that address human reactions and behaviors in response to matters of reform and prophetic guidance. It investigates the factors influencing these responses in their various forms, revealing God's will and power in creating human beings and the diversity of their reactions throughout time. Every prophet or reformer calling for virtue, righteousness, and moral excellence has encountered a range of responses, from acceptance and obedience to rejection and denial. Therefore, it becomes essential to elucidate some aspects of Quranic rhetoric that describe the emotional reactions of both those who believe and follow guidance and those who resist and reject it. This subject holds significant educational importance, comparable to the role of an educator who is responsible for nurturing the emerging generation across different age groups. These individuals exhibit diverse reactions, such as obedience and acceptance at times, or rejection and aversion at others. These responses are often linked to the use of varying educational approaches, including outdated coercive and authoritarian methods that disregard human dignity and natural desires, or correct educational approaches characterized by organized, conscious guidance that is flexible and aims to achieve self-actualization and respect. Such approaches inevitably lead to the desired responses.Keywords: The concept of response , Holy Qur’an, Educational Psychology

Among the narrators whose names and epithets were numerous, and there was disagreement regarding their appointment, Hilal bin Abi Hamid Al-Juhani, in my research I dealt with introducing his personal and scientific life, and I also dealt with his narrations in the nine books, studying and analyzing them. As for my plan in the research, it was based on three sections preceded by an introduction in which I explained the problem of the research, its importance, its objectives, and previous studies As for the first section, it was entitled His Personal Life and contained three demands, the second section was entitled His Scientific Life and contained five demands, and the third section: It contained six demands, and as for the conclusion, it dealt with the most important results that I reached through writing my research and placed the book card in the list of sources and references

This study represents an inquiry within a series of investigations into the classical Arabic dialects. It is considered one of the modern studies related to general linguistics, as the study of ancient dialects helps us draw a broad and comprehensive picture of the linguistic map of our Arabic language in the Arabian Peninsula.Among the characteristics of dialectal studies is their contribution to clarifying some dialectal features in modern spoken languages, in addition to their role in interpreting both mutawatir (widely transmitted) and shadhdh (irregular) Quranic readings This study complements a previous one that helped explain the grammatical phenomena of the Banu Tamim tribe within the framework of nouns. Accordingly, this study seeks to trace the grammatical phenomena of Banu Tamim concerning particles (أدوات) in the Noble Prophetic Hadith through a number of studies by Iraqi researchers, and then to analyze them grammatically. The study also examined some books on Quranic readings to extract the Tamimi dialect within the mutawatir readings.The results of the study revealed grammatical phenomena related to particles in the Tamimi dialect, indicating its eloquence, as evidence for these phenomena is found in the Prophetic Hadith.Keywords: Tamimi dialect, Prophetic Hadith, grammatical particles, Iraqi researchers, analytical study.

The noble Prophetic Hadith is the second source of Islamic legislation, which comes after the Holy Qur’an. It clarifies the rulings of the verses, explaining and clarifying to people what is intended by those rulings. This only comes through the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace, through his words, actions, and his approval of the actions of the Companions, may God be pleased with them. Through this, everything ambiguous becomes clear to us, as it has been explained by the noble Prophetic Hadith. Likewise, the rulings on acts of worship, obedience, inheritance, and other matters were explained by the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, until they reached us through men who preserved knowledge and whom God enabled to act upon the hadith of His trustworthy Messenger. They clarified what was in the hadith in terms of authenticity, weakness, and rejected fabrications. Thus, several men emerged who had the merit of preserving the hadith of the Messenger of God, may God bless him and grant him peace, and clarifying its degree. So that the correct is not mixed with the incorrect, and from this approach, the study aimed to know the imams who used the phrase “to what is truth?” and the study aimed to know the narrators about whom it was said “to what is truth?” and their status. In my study, I followed the inductive method and explained the condition of the narrators, and I reached several results, including knowing the phrase, its status, and who used this phrase. Through my study, I did not find anyone who addressed the topic of the phrase “to what is truth?” and no one of the imams was alone in using this phrase. I concluded that the phrase differs from one imam to another according to the status of each narrator. I concluded that the imams use this phrase according to the condition and status of the narrator, and I explained the status of the narrators. Therefore, the study recommends directing students of Islamic studies to study the terms of criticism and praise and to study other terms and collect their narrators to be an extension similar to such research. I also suggested to all researchers and students of Sharia sciences to expand the study of the terms of criticism and praise and to explain other terms of the levels of criticism and praise.Keywords

This research aims to study the mutual rights and duties between parents and children as addressed by examples of contemporary interpretations, focusing on the interpretive approach and the interpreters' opinions in explaining the legal foundations of these rights and duties. The research relies on a comparative analytical approach to extract interpretive insights from contemporary interpretation books, such as the interpretations of al-Sa'di, al-Shanqeeti, al-Qaradawi, and Sayyid Qutb, among others, while clarifying their consistency with the legal texts and overall objectives of Islamic law.The research highlights the most prominent rights that parents owe their children, such as filial piety, kindness, and obedience, except in cases of disobedience. It also highlights the duties of parents towards their children, including upbringing, education, and justice among them. It analyzes the Qur'anic evidence and Prophetic hadiths on which the interpreters rely. It also discusses contemporary challenges in applying these concepts and the role of contemporary interpretation in presenting a balanced vision that is appropriate to contemporary developments.Keywords: (Rights and duties, parents and children, contemporary interpretations, thematic interpretation, filial piety, Islamic education, educational thought in Islam).

This research is based on the foundational study of partial evidence in the Qur’an and Sunnah concerning the importance of societal security. It includes an uṣūlī (jurisprudential) derivation of two models from each of the two primary sources—the Qur’an and the Sunnah—in a manner that enables the reader to understand the principles relied upon in deriving rulings from a given text. Additionally, it elucidates key theories that contribute to achieving societal peace.The research consists of two main sections:The Definition of Peace and Key Theories Related to It—comprising three subsections.The Jurisprudential Derivation of Evidence for Societal Peace—covering its definition, principles, models, and factors that reinforce it, divided into four subsections. Keywords:Extraction (of rulings) or Deduction (of legal rulings).Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (commonly used in academic contexts).Social Harmony or Societal Peace.Legal Evidence (in Islamic Law) or Sharia Proofs.Factors for Achieving Peace or Mechanisms of Establishing Social Harmony.The study concludes with a summary and recommendations.

This research examines the principle of balancing interests and its practical application in personal status cases, through a case study of the divorce of an intoxicated person as a contemporary model reflecting the balance between benefits and harms in Islamic law.The research begins by clarifying the linguistic and technical definition of the jurisprudence of balancing interests and its three types (balancing benefits, harms, and benefits and harms). It then presents the legal and purposive evidence that underpins this jurisprudence, drawing on the statements of scholars such as Al-Izz ibn Abd al-Salam, Al-Shatibi, Al-Qaradawi, and others. The research then moves to the practical application of the jurisprudence of balancing interests in the ruling on the divorce of an intoxicated person, reviewing the opinions and discussions of jurists and comparing the evidence for the two opinions that the divorce is valid and those that it is not.The researcher concludes that the opinion closest to the spirit and objectives of Islamic law is that the divorce of an intoxicated person is not valid, because preventing the harms resulting from family disintegration and the loss of children takes precedence over achieving the benefit of individual deterrence, in accordance with the principle that "preventing harm takes precedence over achieving benefits." The research concluded that the jurisprudence of balancing represents an effective methodological tool for understanding texts and applying rulings to new situations, and that adopting this jurisprudence contributes to achieving the objective and social justice of the family and society.Keywords: Divorce of an intoxicated person, jurisprudence of weighing interests, benefits, harms, preference

Praise be to God, by whose grace good deeds are accomplished. I bear witness that there is no god but God, the Most High in rank. I bear witness that our Prophet Muhammad is the servant of God and His Messenger, the master of masters. O God, bless and grant peace to him and to his family and companions, the recipients of the most excellent blessings, and grant them abundant peace. Furthermore, Islamic law has given considerable attention to transactions, establishing conditions and regulations for their permissibility. Among the transactions governed by Islamic law, with its conditions and regulations clearly defined rulings, is the loan transaction. Scholars, both past and present, have devoted considerable attention to this, providing comprehensive explanations. Given the continuous evolution of transactions, it is essential to study and adapt these contemporary issues to ensure people understand their legal status and legal classification. Therefore, this study focuses on the legal and Sharia-compliant classification of bank loans, known in Iraqi banks as bank deposits, and electronic loans, now commonly referred to as credit card transactions. The study also clarifies the regulations and conditions for repaying loans with interest, ensuring transparency and understanding. The research is structured with an introduction and two main sections, each further divided into subsections. Keywords: Loan regulations – Guidelines for repaying with interest – Islamic jurisprudence.

Praise be to God, Lord of the worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our master Muhammad and his family and companions as a whole, but after:This is a study that shows the role of the Islamic economy in achieving peace and social security, so the Islamic economy system is considered a fair economic system that aims to peace, equality and social justice and to achieve social solidarity that achieves economic and social stability, and this indicates the greatness of Islamic law and its validity for every time and place and its ability to fit the development of life, and it has preceded the legislation of the first pillars of peace, peace and social security, with the texts that contain it A rich from the Noble Qur’an and the Frank Sunnah, which was concerned with the goodness of the affairs of Muslim and non -Muslim individuals present on the land of Islam, and to provide a helping hand to the poor and the destitute and provide them with sufficiency, to prevail in peace, affection, familiarity and compassion in one society, and the study concluded the sincerity of Islamic law glue in achieving peace and social security and providing a helping hand to the poor and needy and providing them with sufficiency.،

Dhukirat fi hadha albahth nubdha ean haya Alsahabiu aljalil eabdallah bin eaband and wa,awdah wamarwiaatih talfiqhiat attainment of the objective in Legal Judgments liabn aleasgalani (tuufiy852h) kitab alsala ( bab sifat alsalaa) and wadhakarat,Aydan nubdhat ean hayat alealam aljalil abn hajar aleasqalanii( rahimah allah ) Alkalimat almiftahia(key Eabdallah bin eabaas – almarwiaat alfighia wataqadam almaram -

Islam has shown great care for the dog, commanding kindness and good treatment toward it, and explaining that such benevolence is among the causes of forgiveness on the Day of Judgment. It has also prohibited torturing, harming, or abusing dogs, considering such acts a sin against God Almighty and a crime in the view of Islamic law that entails punishment, as the dog is regarded as a living creature possessing a “moist liver” i.e., a being with feelings and life However, there is a type of dog that scholars unanimously agree may be killed, such as the vicious dog and the rabid dog, due to the harm they pose to humans. They differed, however, for each opinion, along with explaining their implications and noting any objections or counterarguments. I have relied on primary classical sources in documentation, numbering Qur’anic verses and citing their Surahs, verifying hadiths from reliable sources, defining technical terms and uncommon expressions, and providing brief biographies for figures who required introduction Therefore, after the introduction, this research will consist of two main sectionsThe first section: The definition of “dog” linguistically and technically, and the mention of the term “dog” in the Qur’an and Sunnah, comprising two subsectionsThe second section: The ruling on torturing and killing dogs in Islamic jurisprudenceThis will be followed by a conclusion summarizing the findings reached throughout the research. Keywords: ruling, torture, killing, dog, rabid,aggressive dog.

waqasadna fi hadha albahth ma kan khrajaan ean dayirat alqira'at aleashrat aleashrat alati jamaeaha aibn aljawzi fi(alnnshr), bial'iidafat 'iilaa al'arbae alshaadhati, liakun klu ma eada mhta nazarina fi hqyiy thlylyin, kashaf lana huna hadhih alqira'at bima fi Its linguistic and grammatical phenomena are acceptable as examples of a rule, not as proof of the correctness of its reading. It is usually not authentically transmitted or in accordance with the script of the Uthmanic codices, even if it is narrated by someone whose word is considered authoritative in (al-Matalib (Religious), and what we have concluded is that: these readings were accepted by linguists and interpreters as a field of study, and should not be ignored or left out, so it is necessary to point this out. Keywords:(alqira'ati, alsabeiatu, alshaadhatu, qara'ati, al'asla).

The study aims to shed light on the critical experience of the critic \"Sameh Al-Rawashdeh\", as he is one of the most important Jordanian critics in the modern era. Through this study, we will stand on his most important critical opinions that he addressed theoretically or adopted for criticism in practice. The study concluded that \"Sameh Al-Rawashdeh\" is one of the most important Jordanian critics in the field of solid scientific research in critical heritage and in modern criticism. He presented his opinions in a scientific manner, and was keen on the applied aspect in many of the models selected in his studies. Among the most important issues that he framed are \"paradox\" and \"mask\". His books are among the most important references in their field. The study concluded that \"Sameh Al-Rawashdeh\" presented a critical legacy and a distinguished contribution to the Jordanian critical movement in particular and the Arab world in general through his writings.Keywords: Critical vision, Sameh Al-Rawashdeh, paradox, mask.

This study attempts to shed light on the forms of dialogic interaction in the theater of the moment by explaining the nature of dialogic interaction and its role in constructing theatrical meaning, particularly in the theater of the moment. This study explores the impact this dialogic interaction has on the structure and connotations of the text.A regular theatrical text differs from the theater of the moment in that the latter is based on exchange and communication between two or more parties, each of whom attempts to convince the other of their opinion.Keywords: narrative, jalawji, theatre of the moment

This study explores the phenomenon of chromatic antithetical dualities in the poetry of al-Abiwardi, considering it as both an aesthetic and semantic element that enriches the poetic experience and reflects the psychological and emotional conflicts within the text. For al-Abiwardi, color does not serve a merely descriptive purpose; rather, it functions as a symbolic and expressive medium that mirrors the poet’s inner emotions and spiritual state.The research aims to uncover how the poet employs contrasting colors—such as black and white, light and darkness, night and day, and youth and old age—in constructing vivid and meaningful poetic imagery. These color dualities transcend their visual aspect to embody deeper human meanings related to life and death, purity and corruption, hope and despair, strength and weakness.Using a descriptive-analytical approach, the study analyzes selected texts from al-Abiwardi’s poetry to reveal the aesthetic structures formed by color contrasts and the psychological and philosophical dimensions underlying them.The research concludes that al-Abiwardi successfully transformed color into a dynamic semantic tool through which he expressed his vision of life and his aesthetic perception of existence. The chromatic oppositions in his poetry are not mere rhetorical ornaments but artistic devices that capture the perpetual tension between light and darkness, joy and sorrow, youth and old age—thereby imparting profound emotional and symbolic depth to his poetic expression.Keywords: al-Abiwardi, chromatic dualities, color symbolism, contrast, poetic imagery.

This research aims to trace the presence of the constructive methods included in the texts of the book through an analytical and rhetorical reading and reveal their internal contents and the rhetorical aesthetics they contain, which give the statement an aesthetic depth that awakens in the soul of the addressee a unique emotional impact in the field of preaching. The study centered on investigating four main types (command, prohibition, interrogative, call) through analyzing textual models that show the role of each method in forming values.Educational methods, and that these methods that Ibn al-Jawzi employed in his book were not limited to the linguistic dimension, but rather rose to achieve educational and emotional goals that demonstrate the skill and mastery of Ibn al-Jawzi in the field of guidance and guidance. The style of command came as a directive and established the values of worship and sincerity, and as for the style of prohibition, it came as a warning against submitting to the ambitions and machinations of the soul. The traditional news style, and the appeal style was evident in consolidating the emotional bond between the father and his son, and these methods cannot be considered only formal structures, but rather are the basic pillars that Ibn al-Jawzi employed in his speech to achieve the educational and moral goals, as well as the semantic balance that.

This research aims to study Al-Mubarrad’s grammatical opinions with which he disagreed with Sibawayh or other grammarians in the book “Irtishaf Al-Dharb min Lisan Al-Arab” by Abu Hayyan, and to discuss these opinions. Were these opinions quoted from Al-Mubarrad? Did Al-Mubarrad say them in one of his books? This was done by referring to the books of Al-Mubarrad. Al-Mubarrad to consider this opinion, and whether Abu Hayyan alone transmitted this opinion, or did other scholars transmit it from Al-Mubarrad, with an explanation of the extent to which Al-Mubarrad disagreed with Sibawayh or agreed with him, and which of the scholars agreed with Al-Mubarrad in the opposing opinion.

The researcher's study aimed to highlight the impact of Islamic culture on classical Arabic poetry by presenting the stance of the Holy Quran and the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) on poetry. It clarifies the influence of Islamic culture on poetry and its themes. The research problem revolves around the relationship between the poet's faith and creed and his poetry، and whether his Islamic thought had an influence on his poetry. The researcher employed the descriptive-analytical method to answer the research questions. The study concluded with several findings، the most prominent of which are: The Quran classified poets into two categories; a frivolous category that says what they do not do and follows devils، and another blameless category، those of faith، righteous deeds، and remembrance. Islam renewed the poets' perspective on poetic themes; for example، elegy was no longer about crying and lamentation but came to embody the values and ideas of Islam، such as belief in God's decree and destiny، and belief in Heaven and Hell. Some poetic themes weakened and died in Islam، such as love poetry، wine descriptions، and gainful praise.Keywords: (Impact of Islamic Culture، Classical Arabic Poetry، Poetic Themes، Poets in Islam، Elegy in Islamic Poetry، Islamic Literature)

It has become clear the importance of the text space and the technique of figurative tone for any poetry collection. It plays an important role in the communicative process in addition to attracting attention and attracting the reader to the text. All that was discussed above and all the data that was made available to us put us before the reality that any creative work, especially in It relates to the space of text and the technique of pictorial stress. Its source is both the poet and the designer. This topic represents another identity for the poet, as if it were a pseudonym for him, but it truly expresses him.I chose the poet according to Sheikh Jaafar to study in his poetry that clear textual phenomenon that represented the identity of the poet, as I discussed in this research after If I presented an overview of the poet and something theoretical about the text space and the technique of pictorial stress and its definition and terminology, I spoke briefly about the most important definitions of the subject so that they would be a prelude to the study of the space of text and the technique of pictorial stress that I mentioned and whose study was applied in poetry according to Sheikh Jaafar. It is known that the poet does not have much freedom in The use he makes of his written space. The dimensions of letters and the typesetting of words on pages, margins, and spaces are mostly subject to modest rules, and the freedom that the writer has to move in the space he chose takes place in a very narrow space, which makes his choice a significant choice.Keywords:Figurative accent , textual space, black and white , meaning , Hasab al.shik. jafar

This research examines pre-Islamic trade between Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and the Arabian Peninsula, highlighting it as a key aspect of economic activity that contributed to the formation of a vast network of economic and cultural relations in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden region since ancient times. The research employs a historical-analytical approach, drawing on ancient historical and geographical sources. It reviews the geographical location of both Abyssinia and the Arabian Peninsula, demonstrating the impact of this location on the flourishing of trade. The research also explores the network of overland trade routes, most notably the Incense Route, and its role in transporting precious goods from southern Arabia to northern Arabia, the Levant, and Egypt. In addition, it examines the maritime routes that connected the ports of Yemen and the Hejaz with the coasts of Abyssinia, East Africa, and India.The research analyzes the most important commodities traded between the two regions, such as frankincense, myrrh, perfumes, gold, and ivory, emphasizing their economic significance in the ancient world and their role in enhancing the status of ports and trading centers. The research also discusses the impact of political factors, particularly Byzantine intervention and the Abyssinian occupation of southern Arabia in the 6th century CE, on reshaping the balance of commercial influence in the region. It concludes that pre-Islamic trade between Abyssinia and the Arabian Peninsula was not merely an exchange of goods, but rather a fundamental factor in fostering cultural and civilizational interaction among the peoples bordering the Red Sea. This trade contributed to the development of a vast economic network that played a significant role in the region's history before the advent of Islam.Keywords: Abyssinia, Arabian Peninsula, overland trade routes, maritime trade routes, Incense Route.

This research examines the nature of Mauritania–China relations during the period 1965–1975, by tracing the historical backgrounds and contexts surrounding Mauritania’s independence and its quest for international recognition, alongside China’s efforts to break its isolation and expand in Africa and the Arab world. The study shows that establishing diplomatic ties in 1965 was a strategic step for both sides: for Mauritania, it provided a way to diversify external partners and affirm political independence, while for China, it represented a diplomatic gain that strengthened its international standing, particularly in its struggle to regain its UN seat. The research also discusses the economic and cultural cooperation, which remained limited due to scarce resources, and the boundaries of the relationship under the influence of the Cold War, the Arab–Israeli conflict, and the Non-Aligned Movement. It concludes that despite its practical limitations, the relationship carried significant political and symbolic value that enhanced both parties’ positions during that era.

The Mesopotamian civilization expressed a great cultural and intellectual legacy, which encapsulated the creativing of Mesopotamian people thought the 1 ages. Mesopotamia possessed factors for the establishment of its civilization, including its location in fertile land allowed for the establishment of agriculture, and its proximity to water sources such as the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This civilization flourished and its features became firmly established, and the religious aspect of it occupied a large space. Ancient cultures expressed, through their religious heritage, their understanding of the universe and the nature in which they lived. Temples abounded in the regions of the Mesopotamian civilization, and they were distinguished by their richness in religious rituals that included sacrifices and public celebrations. And the decrees of appointing gods to kings and other rituals. Perhaps what highlights the important of these rituals is that they strengthened the political, social, and cultural aspects of the lives of these people, they also demonstrated the existence of a close relationship between them and the social classes that comprised the social structure of the people in Mesopotamia. On the one hand, they strengthened political power by consecrating the authority of king, and they also strengthened the social aspect and worked to consolidate the social ties that arise between these classes. Through this, these classes attained a great cultural stratus through which these people reflected their knowledge, culture, and deep understanding of live, the universe, and the many religious aspects of human live. Key words:Mesopotamian civilization-religious rituals-temples social

The term "Arab" has been associated with several historical, linguistic, geographical, social, cultural, and political meanings. The term has evolved since ancient times, with Orientalists and some modern biblical scholars finding that the oldest known form of the word "Arab" appeared in the Islamic West, in Assyrian and Greek texts as "Arabi" or "Abaya," meaning "land of the Arabs" or "desert." It was initially linked to the meaning of Bedouin, the desert, and a principality. Its geographical meaning then expanded until it became a proper noun for lands inhabited by Arabs, characterized by a desert environment. It also came to denote the people residing in those lands, whether Bedouin or settled. The word became a geographical and human term after... While it may be considered a social term, and while some may think that Arabs are simply Bedouins, it's important to note that medieval Europeans didn't limit their use of the word "Arab" to refer to Arabs and Muslims. They employed various terms, such as "Saracens," the earliest known use of which was by Dioscorides. This term was used in the Middle Ages by Christians to refer to all Arabs, and sometimes to all Muslims. Some historians, like Eusebius, applied it to the Ishmaelites living in the desert of Kadesh in the wilderness of Paran. They were also known as the Hagarites, and finally, as the Muhammadans, after the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings be upon him) The term "Arab" evolved from describing the desert (Bedouins) in ancient texts to a geographical designation, and then to a powerful cultural and civilizational connotation in medieval Europe as a result of the cultural interaction between East and West, and the influence of Arab sciences and arts on Europeans.