journal mustansiriyah of sports science

This study aims to improve the physical fitness and technical skills of elite football players through specific physical exercises.The subject of this study is the relationship between the specialized strength readiness of elite football players and their technique in receiving and passing the ball one-touch.The study's hypothesis is that implementing a specialized physical training program for the major muscle groups in the lower extremities will improve the technical quality of elite football players when receiving and passing the ball, and will also lead to a statistically significant increase in the efficiency of ball reception among elite football players compared to standard general physical training. This study aims to develop specific physical exercises to improve the efficiency of receiving and passing the ball one-touch in professional football players. This study aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of specialized physical training methods in improving a specific technical element, namely ball control, in professional football players. The objective is not only to demonstrate effectiveness but also to develop a specific and measurable training program for professional football players that can be subsequently implemented in football clubs.

Psychological pressures have become an integral part of our daily lives, as stress is considered one of the factors that contribute to mental and physical fatigue and exhaustion in individuals. There are both internal and external sources of psychological stress, which include (family problems – the great responsibility a person bears – financial issues, etc.). As for psychological defense mechanisms, they are among the strategies that an individual uses to protect themselves from stress, anxiety, tension, and psychological conflicts they experience, which affect them and their daily behavior and interactions with others. Psychologists consider them unconscious distortions of reality aimed at reducing feelings of conflict and anxiety. The importance of the research lies in finding the relationship between psychological stress and coping with it using psychological defense mechanisms among second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The research problem is based on the researchers' experience as members at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, where they observed a high level of psychological stress among second-year students due to the large number of courses and the pressures of both theoretical and practical exams. The research aims to identify the relationship between psychological stress and the use of psychological defense mechanisms among second-year students. The objective of the research is to understand psychological stress and its relationship with psychological defense mechanisms among second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences.,The researchers used the descriptive method with the correlational survey approach due to its suitability for the research problem. It included the research methodology and its field procedures. The research sample included (100) students, second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Diyala. Some students were excluded due to not adhering to official attendance, totaling (10) students, The remaining students, totaling (14), and were selected for the exploratory experiment. After reviewing many scales related to psychological stress and defense mechanisms, the researchers relied on the Psychological Stress Scale by (Hiba, Abdulsalam, and Taha, 2023) and the Defense Mechanisms Scale by (Fathi Farouk Mohamed, 2024).

The potential position of the springboard represents the moment of stability and readiness before the jump. It is very important and has an impact on the rest of the performance due to its role in generating and storing elastic energy within the working muscles. Studying this position has become necessary to develop skill performance. Therefore, the researcher decided to study the relationship between the potential position during springboard and some of the biomechanical variables affecting the performance of the smash. The objectives of the research were to analyze the latent position of the rise phase and determine the values of the knee and trunk angles and the latent position time, as well as to analyze the relationship between the latent position and some biomechanical variables. The researcher assumed the existence of a statistically significant relationship between the latent position and some biomechanical variables. The researcher used the descriptive approach to address the problem. The research sample was the volleyball players of the Gas Al Janoub Club. The most important recommendations were to introduce specific exercises to improve the prone position during the spring, to stabilize the angle of the body's joints as much as possible, as well as the tight arc, through exercises that contribute to this.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of deceleration exercises on selected physical and skill-related variables among youth futsal players. The researcher hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences in some physical and skill variables between the experimental and control groups, in favor of the experimental group that applied the deceleration training program.


The study sample consisted of 20 futsal players who were randomly assigned to either an experimental group or a control group. Homogeneity and equivalence between the two groups were established in the relevant physical and skill variables. The researcher employed the experimental method due to its suitability for the nature of the study. The training program lasted for eight weeks, with two training sessions per week. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).


Following the required statistical procedures, the researcher concluded that deceleration exercises had a positive effect on certain physical and skill-related variables among youth futsal players, as evidenced by the significant improvements between the pre- and post-tests of the experimental group in favor of the post-test.


The researcher recommended the incorporation of deceleration exercises to enhance and develop selected physical and skill-related variables among futsal players. Additionally, the study suggests conducting further research on deceleration training and its impact on other variables and sports activities.

The current study aims to determine the effect of mental guidance strategies on improving focus and attention among the research sample. To achieve this goal, the researcher adopted the experimental method. The research population consisted of third-year morning students at Diyala University/College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences for the academic year 2024-2025, totaling (233) students divided into five male sections and one female section. Section (B) for males, with a total of (42) students, was randomly selected. The section was then divided by lot into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, with each group consisting of (20) students. The researcher then prepared a mental educational psychological program based on mental guidance to improve mental performance. The researcher conducted the Borden-Enfimov test. After obtaining the results, the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS). The researcher concluded that the mental guidance strategy was positively effective in developing the focus and attention of the research sample. The researcher recommends applying mental guidance strategies in tennis learning programs

The current research aims to identify the effect of fluid loss on certain physiological variables and shooting accuracy among basketball players. To achieve this objective, the researcher adopted an experimental approach with a single-group design. The research population and sample consisted of basketball players from Al-Rafidain Club in Diyala Governorate. The sample, comprised of six players, was selected purposively. The researcher then identified the physiological variables, which included heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, as well as shooting accuracy. The researcher designed a controlled physical activity program that simulated the demands of a basketball game in terms of intensity, repetition, duration, and movement type (intermittent exertion). After obtaining the results, the researcher used the SPSS statistical software. The researcher concluded that fluid loss during physical performance leads to clear physiological changes, namely an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature, indicating an increase in cardiac load and thermal exertion. The researcher recommended the necessity of regular fluid replacement during training and matches at a rate of 150–250 ml of water every 15–20 minutes. Or sports drinks, depending on the intensity of the effort and the temperature.

The importance of the research lies in the need to develop methods of teaching handball to students to ensure the improvement of technical skills and enhance group interaction. As well as preparing a curriculum according to the jixu strategy and knowing its impact on learning the skills of handling and handball medicine for second-stage students at the faculty of physical education and sports sciences, Maysan University. The problem of the research was to ask about: To what extent can jixu’s collaborative strategy contribute to improving the learning of handling and handball skills in students, compared to the established teaching methods The objectives of the research were to prepare an educational curriculum with the jixu’s strategy to learn the skills of handling and medicine in handball, and to identify the following educational curriculum with the jixu’s strategy in learning the skills of handling and medicine in handball for students. The researchers used the experimental method with two experimental and control groups to fit the research problem, as for the research community of second-stage students at Maysan University. Faculty of physical education and sports sciences / branch of Theoretical Sciences for the academic year 2024-2025, numbering 45 in two divisions (1) there were (23) students and a Division (2) there were (22) students and the sample was selected randomly by 40 students from each division (20) students and divided by lottery system into two experimental and control groups with (20) students per group and (5) students were excluded for the exploratory experiment and the appropriate devices and tools were used as well as the appropriate tests and measurement of the variables studied and the statistical bag (spss) was used.26) to process the results, the results were analyzed and discussed according to modern scientific sources, and the researchers reached conclusions from them (there is a development of the experimental group that exceeded the development of the control group in the handling and medical skills of the research sample, and the effectiveness of the jixu’s strategy in improving The researchers recommend using the jixu’s cooperative strategy as one of the effective methods in teaching handball skills, the need to rely on cooperative learning and dividing students into groups to exchange tasks).

This study aimed to employ the SCAMPER strategy to enhance cognitive achievement and the learning of some fundamental futsal skills among female students. It also sought to identify the differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the control and experimental groups in cognitive achievement and the learning of some fundamental futsal skills, as well as to examine the differences between the post-test results of the control and experimental groups in the same variables.


The researcher selected the study population using a purposive sampling method, consisting of third-year female students from the Colleges of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at (Al-Ayen Universities). The research sample comprised (40) female students, divided into a control group (20 students) and an experimental group (20 students). Homogeneity was ensured in the variables of height, weight, and chronological age. The educational curriculum for the experimental group incorporated the SCAMPER strategy, while the control group followed the instructor’s conventional teaching method.

The aim of the research is to try to identify the soft skills and the administrative excellence of physical education teachers in some secondary schools in the center of Erbil Governorate and to find the relationship between them. The descriptive approach using the survey method and the correlational relationships for its suitability to solve the research problem. The research community consisted of physical education teachers totaling (210 directors distributed to the exploratory sample of (10) and the sample of preparation and application (100) directors for each of them. The researcher used the scientific foundations (honesty and reliability) to prepare the two scales The researcher concluded that physical education teachers enjoy soft skills and administrative distinction, and she recommended working to educate physical education teachers of the importance of soft skills because they work on their administrative excellence.

This descriptive study, employing a correlational approach, aims to identify the relationship between mindfulness and performance levels among first-year female students. Mindfulness is a modern concept that has garnered significant attention in the fields of physical education and psychomotor science due to its effective role in developing mental abilities, controlling attention, and regulating motor responses during performance. Mindfulness is viewed as a state of conscious focus on the present moment, free from mental distractions and negative thoughts that could affect the quality of an athlete's motor response.


Water sports, particularly swimming, are characterized by activities that demand a high degree of integration between motor skills, sensory perception, and sustained focus during performance. This makes the psychological aspect a crucial factor in enhancing the efficiency of technical skills. Backstroke, in particular, requires balance and precision in arm and leg movements, as well as the ability to control the rhythm of movement and perceive changes in direction without relying directly on forward vision. This underscores the need for a stable mental state and high level of mindfulness in swimmers. From this perspective, the importance of this research lies in studying the relationship between mental alertness and the time required to perform the backstroke swimming skill. The aim is to uncover the role of mental aspects in improving technical performance and to determine whether a higher level of mental alertness in female students contributes to increased skill quality, movement accuracy, and smoothness of rhythm. This research seeks to provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between these two variables, thus supporting coaches and researchers in developing training programs that integrate psychological and physical aspects to enhance performance levels, particularly in backstroke swimming. A mental alertness test was administered to a sample of 32 female students, and a 25-meter backstroke test was also conducted. The results showed that the students in the first stage possessed a high level of mental alertness. The results also demonstrated a strong correlation between mental alertness and backstroke performance time; that is, the higher the level of mental alertness, the better the performance. The research findings support the importance of mental alertness in achieving athletic success, especially in swimming, a sport that demands high levels of physical and psychological skills. The researcher recommends enhancing education and training programs with more positive reinforcement sessions to increase mental alertness.

The changes that we see in sports competitions, especially in football, are not the result of chance but are due to great efforts made by scientists, academic and application experts. They used scientific methods to raise the efficiency of students and improve their abilities at various levels. This is done through scientific tests aimed at measuring performance and understanding the overall level of physical and skill abilities, and they also aim to assess psychological changes that may occur during competitions, where anxiety is one of the necessary psychological phenomena that affect football students and all athletes.


Students are often worried before the start of games or tests, whether practical or theoretical. This anxiety is formed as a result of internal thoughts and reactions, which negatively affects their performance.


(35) students were randomly selected from the first-year students at the Faculty of physical education at Farahidi University, representing about (7%) of the total number of first-year students numbering (500) students.


Female students and athletes with similar experience to students of the University national team and sports clubs of the country were excluded.


The life of any student is not without anxiety that arises during his practice of sports, and anxiety itself is a challenge, it is one of the natural psychological phenomena that accompany sports competitions. It can lead to improved performance when it motivates them to make a greater effort, and in turn, it can hinder performance based on their level, but the factors causing anxiety are known while the source of anxiety remains unknown. By reviewing the majority of sources, the researcher tried to understand how anxiety disorder may lead to increased sensitivity of students, which makes him tend to exaggerate things and topics, and this in turn increases his anxiety and affects him more.


The aim of this study is to understand the impact of psychological anxiety on the performance of students of the faculty of physical education at Farahidi University during practical tests of the game. This prompted the researchers to conduct this study to study the impact of different types of psychological anxiety on the efficiency of skill performance. There is an important connection between various aspects of football during lessons or competitions. Therefore, the relevance of this study is clearly demonstrated by the reality that students face during their tests in the mathematical field.


The researcher concluded that there is a strong correlation between the facilitated anxiety variable and the change in the degree of skill achievement of students of the first stage – the faculty of physical education, which means that controlling this factor can be employed to increase the level of performance of athletes there is a medium-strong and inverse relationship between disability anxiety and skill achievement, which means that increasing this type of anxiety

One of the priorities of scientific research is to identify the objectives intended to be achieved through the study. Accordingly, the present research aimed to identify the effectiveness of using interactive strength training and its effect on some physical abilities and the straight left punch among boxing players. In order to achieve the research objectives, the experimental method was adopted using a design of experimental and control groups with pre- and post-tests, as it was the most appropriate for the nature of the research problem and its sample. The research sample was intentionally selected and consisted of young boxers from Baqubah Club, with a total number of (13) players, where the experimental group included (6) players and the control group also included (6) players, while one player was statistically excluded due to non-compliance with the training units. After completing the field procedures, obtaining the results, and statistically analyzing them, the researcher concluded that the use of interactive strength training has a significant and positive effect on some physical abilities and the straight left punch among boxing players. Based on these results, the researcher recommends that coaches incorporate interactive strength training exercises into their training units.

The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of educational exercises using visual devices on the development of certain visual abilities (reaction speed, visual–motor coordination, target tracking) and skill performance (direct attack, compound attack, parry) in fencing among fifth-grade secondary school students. The researcher employed the experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design for two groups (experimental and control), with a total sample of 30 students. The experimental group followed an educational program using special visual devices for eight weeks with three sessions per week, while the control group relied on traditional exercises. The results revealed statistically significant differences in favor of the experimental group in both visual abilities


and skill performance. The study concludes that integrating visual devices into the educational process is an effective approach to enhancing both visual and skill performance in fencing, and recommends the implementation of such devices in schools and sports federations

This research aims to identify the effect of HIIT training on developing the speed-strength of the arms and the long-range shooting skill in advanced basketball players. The researcher used the experimental method as it is suitable for the research problem. The research sample consisted of players from the Police Club basketball team participating in the professional league for the 2024-2025 sports season. The researcher used statistical methods (SPSS). The researcher concluded that HIIT training has a positive and effective impact on the speed-strength of the arms and the accuracy of long-range shooting in basketball, and that the experimental group achieved a good rate of improvement compared to the control group. Therefore, HIIT training is effective for developing the physical and technical aspects of basketball

By highlighting the importance of varying feedback timing in learning the technical performance and accuracy of the high jump shooting skill in handball, this skill is considered one of the most critical in the game. Through it, a team can score a direct goal, thereby gaining an advantage and increasing the likelihood of winning. Accordingly, the research problem has been formulated as follows: most educators involved in the learning process rely on explanation and demonstration methods for teaching skills without knowing or considering the appropriate timing for receiving sufficient and specific information related to the skill to be learned.

The current study aims to investigate the effect of compound exercises on developing balance, vertical jump, and learning the lay-up shot skill in basketball among first-grade intermediate students. The researcher used the experimental method with the design of experimental and control groups in accordance with the research problem and sample. The research population was intentionally determined, including all first-grade intermediate students at Taha Intermediate School for Boys, totaling 97 students divided into three classes (A, B, C). The research sample was selected randomly (by lottery), where class (C) represented the experimental group with 32 students, 2 of whom were excluded due to repeated absences, leaving 30 students. Class (B) represented the control group with 32 students, 2 of whom were also excluded, resulting in 30 students. The pilot sample consisted of 15 students randomly selected from class (A). The experimental interventions were applied for a specified period, and the statistical package (SPSS) was used to extract and analyze the results, which showed that compound exercises had a positive effect on improving balance, vertical jump, and learning the lay-up shot skill among students in the experimental group compared to the control group. Based on these results, the researcher recommends continuing to use compound exercises within basketball training programs while conducting regular assessments of skill levels to ensure ongoing development and training effectiveness.

This study aimed to develop a guidance program for athletic cohesion and to identify the degree of cohesion among volleyball players. The experimental method was used, and the research population consisted of (33) players from the Nineveh Education Directorate volleyball team. The research sample consisted of 24 players, divided into (12) players in the control group and (12) players in the experimental group. A reliability and pilot sample of (9) players was excluded from the main experiment. The methods used were The appropriate statistics for the research were used, and the data were processed using the SPSS statistical package. The researcher designed the guidance program based on previously observed data, which represented specific needs. This program aligned with the needs identified through a pre-test, which indicated a decrease in the level of athletic cohesion among the players. The results also showed the superiority of the experimental group over the control group in the post-test of athletic cohesion after the program's implementation.

The importance of this research lies in the use of tempo drills in the training process to make training conditions as similar as possible to match conditions. This helps develop functional variables, physical abilities, and technical skills in futsal, ultimately leading to a team capable of playing at a high technical level. The research problem stems from the researcher's experience in sports training science and futsal, as he is a player, teacher, and coach of the Diyala Education Directorate team, and holds an international C-level coaching certificate in futsal. He observed that many women's sports teams suffer from a decline in physical and technical performance during later stages of matches due to weak physical endurance and an inability to maintain a suitable playing pace. This is often attributed to the lack of systematic use of effective training methods, such as tempo drills, within training programs. The aim of this research is to identify the effect of tempo drills on developing specific endurance and speed of technical performance in futsal players. The research methodology and sample: The researcher used the experimental method as it was suitable for the nature of the problem to be solved. The research sample consisted of (12) female players from the Diyala Education Directorate's futsal team. They were divided into two groups: an experimental group and a control group, each consisting of (6) players. After implementing the training, the most important conclusions were reached: Tempo training plays an effective role in developing specific physical endurance. This training contributes to improving technical and tactical performance under exertion, enables players to execute tactical duties at a constant pace, and improves their ability to apply pressure and maintain continuous collective defense, thus simulating the demands of the real game in terms of pace and time. Therefore, it was recommended that tempo training be included in the training programs of futsal training center teams at all levels.

The importance of this research lies in understanding the significance of motor response speed in the forehand stroke skill in tennis. The research problem, observed by the researcher, is the lack of attention given to motor response speed and its insufficient emphasis during tennis lessons, its integration with basic skills, and the absence of support tools for developing this skill. The research objectives are to identify the relationship between motor response speed and the accuracy of performing the forehand stroke in tennis, and to determine the contribution of motor speed to the accuracy of this skill. The research methodology employed a descriptive approach with a sample of (30) students, purposively selected from the third year of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. The students were randomly divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group, each consisting of (10) students. The researcher's main conclusions and recommendations are as follows: Certain motor skills are significantly correlated with the accuracy of the forehand stroke, specifically the speed of motor response. Achieving speed depends on the accuracy of the forehand stroke to increase the speed of the stroke. There are significant contributing factors to both speed of response and accuracy of the forehand stroke. The researcher recommends that speed of response plays a crucial role in activating and executing the movement correctly, following the kinetic sequence of movement in a smooth and error-free transition from the lower body to the upper body, ending at the wrist joint. Coaches should focus on motor skills alongside other sciences to ensure proper training based on scientific principles and accurate information. Further studies should be conducted on the same sample to identify variables not addressed in this research.

This study investigated the effect of complex exercises on developing maximal speed and speed-strength among Al-Sinaa Sports Club football players. Twenty players were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n=10) and a control group (n=10). A pre–post experimental design was used. The experimental group performed a 4-week complex-exercise program (2 sessions/week, 8 sessions total), while the control group continued its regular training. Results showed significant improvements in the experimental group in 30-m sprint time (p < 0.001) and lower-limb speed-strength (p < 0.001). Post-test comparisons favored the experimental group. Complex exercises appear to be an effective approach to enhance maximal speed and speed-strength in club-level football players.

This study aimed to identify the psychological pressures and challenges faced by athletes after recovery from sports injuries, given the significant impact of this stage on a safe and effective return to sports activity. The researcher adopted the descriptive–analytical method and developed a specialized scale to measure psychological pressures and challenges. The scale underwent scientific validation procedures to ensure its suitability for application. It was administered to a sample of (70) athletes who had sustained sports injuries and subsequently recovered in the city of Baghdad. The scale consisted of four dimensions: fear and anxiety, self-confidence and perceived competence, social and training pressures, and motivation and psychological readiness to return to sport. The results revealed a high level of psychological pressures and challenges among athletes after recovery, particularly in the dimensions of fear and anxiety and motivation to return. The study emphasized the importance of integrating psychological preparation into sports rehabilitation programs to ensure a balanced and safe return of athletes to sports participation.

The era we live in is the information age, an era characterized by rapid changes and amazing developments in scientific knowledge. Progress and development encompass all fields of life, including the sports field. Education is the art of choosing strategies that achieve optimal learning. The research aims to prepare educational units according to the generative learning strategy in learning some basic tennis skills for students. To identify the differences between pre- and post-tests in learning some basic tennis skills for students and for the experimental and control groups. The researcher used the experimental method with students of Thi Qar University, College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, for the academic year 2024-2025, third stage, with a number of (128) students distributed across five sections, namely (A, B, C, D, E), (77) students and (51) students. The research sample consisted of two sections (C and D) selected purposively. Sections (A and B) represented female students, while sections (C, D, and E) represented male students. Section (C) served as the control group, and section (D) as the experimental group. Sixteen students were selected from each group, resulting in a total sample size of thirty-two (32). The conclusions and recommendations indicate that the use of the generative learning strategy played an effective role in achieving the educational objectives. The recommendations emphasize the necessity of using modern models and strategies in the educational process due to their effectiveness and suitability in achieving the objectives.

This study aims to identify certain physiological variables and their relationship to muscular endurance in performing the handstand skill among students of the College of Physical Education – University of Diyala. Physiological variables such as muscular strength, stability, and joint flexibility are considered essential factors influencing the successful performance of this gymnastics skill. Muscular strength, particularly in the core and shoulder muscles, plays a vital role in maintaining body alignment during the handstand. Muscular stability contributes to better control of body movements and reduces trembling, allowing the individual to sustain the position for a longer period without fatigue. Joint flexibility, especially in the wrist joint, is crucial for achieving a comfortable and stable position, thereby enhancing overall body balance during the performance. The researcher adopted the descriptive method using a correlational approach to examine the relationships between the study variables. The research sample consisted of (14) students, and statistical analysis was conducted using appropriate statistical software. The results indicated that improving physical fitness components significantly enhances technical performance, particularly in maintaining a high level of performance over extended periods. Furthermore, developing muscular strength and stability through specialized training exercises helps build core strength and shoulder stability, enabling students to progressively perform the handstand skill, starting with wall support and advancing to independent execution. Additionally, improving overall physical fitness enhances the efficiency of the cardiovascular system, providing greater energy for daily activities and prolonged athletic performance. The study recommends focusing on developing muscular endurance in the arms, shoulders, and core through specialized strength exercises such as push-ups and lateral raises. It also emphasizes improving balance and stability by initially using wall support and gradually progressing to free handstands, as well as enhancing joint flexibility, particularly in the wrist. Moreover, adopting integrated training programs that combine physiological and skill-related components is essential for improving both physical capabilities and skill performance.

This research aims to study the effect of compound physical exercises using the Plaspod on improving reaction speed and jump shooting in young basketball players. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the training program in improving the physical and technical performance of players in this age group, particularly in attacking motor skills. The research adopted an experimental approach using a single-group design, where a sample of young basketball players from a sports club was selected. Compound physical exercises using the Plaspod were applied to the sample for 8 weeks, with 3 training sessions per week, totaling 24 training sessions. The researcher used pre- and post-tests to measure reaction speed and jump shooting before and after the application of the training program. A set of statistical tools, such as the SPSS statistical software, was also used to analyze the collected data and draw conclusions. The results of the pre- and post-tests showed a significant improvement in reaction speed and jump shooting after the application of the compound physical exercises using the Plaspod. A statistically significant difference was found between the pre-test and post-test scores for both variables, indicating that the improvement was primarily due to the training program. The researcher concluded that compound exercises using the Plaspod proved effective in improving physical performance, jump shooting, and reaction time. Post-tests showed a marked improvement in performance after the training program, confirming that compound exercises effectively contribute to enhancing the physical abilities of young basketball players. The results showed strong statistical significance between the pre-test and post-test scores, proving that the improvement in performance was a direct result of the training program.

The research aims to use exercises specific to the resistance reduction method in developing the length and frequency of the stroke and completing the 50-meter butterfly for budding swimmers, and to identify the effect of using exercises specific to the resistance reduction method in developing the length and frequency of the stroke and achieving the 50-meter butterfly for budding swimmers.


To achieve the goal, the researchers used the experimental method in a one-group manner with a pre- and post-test to suit the research problem, The research population is represented by the swimmers of the National Center for Sports Talent Care in Baghdad, aged (13-14 years), and their number is (14) players, which represents a percentage of (100%) of the number of players. As for the research sample, their number was (10) players, with a percentage of (71.42%), and the research sample was chosen intentionally, (4) swimmers were excluded due to non-compliance with the training modules. The researcher conducted the test as well as video filming, after which the researcher conducted a motor analysis of the swimmers using the analysis program (kinovea) to extract the bio-kinematic variables related to the stroke, Appropriate statistical treatments were conducted, and the researchers concluded that resistance-reducing exercises led to developing the length and frequency of the stroke and achieving the 50-meter butterfly for junior swimmers. Resistance exercises contributed to increasing the length of the stroke and improving its motor efficiency in the water. The exercises also contributed to achieving a better organization of the stroke repetition in proportion to performance requirement.


The researchers recommend the necessity of adopting resistance-reducing exercises within the training programs for swimmers, because of their positive impact on developing performance, and emphasizing the regulation of the training load (intensity, volume, rest) when using resistance exercises to avoid stress or injury.