JOURNAL OF ADMINISTRATION AND ECONOMICS

A comparative advantage refers to the best reconciliation between costs and efficiency. This criterion enables decision makers to estimate the efficiency of domestic resources usage in producing certain agricultural commodities or otherwise to substitute domestic production with imported products in case of inefficiency and to use domestic resources in producing other commodities with comparative advantage. The objective of this paper is to calculate revealed comparative advantage for main crops in Iraq to determine their competitive power on world level. Revealed comparative advantage criteria were calculated for main crops (wheat, barley, rice, corn and dates) through the period (1985- 2010) according to the five criterion used in this paper which are Balassa, Michaely, Vollrath, Own Country Trade Performance Index and Gruble & Lioyd. The results showed that there was not revealed comparative advantage for Iraq to trade with wheat and rice on other hand barley and corn could be subjected under comparative advantage creation program to become tradable to support trade balance of Iraq. On other hand the results showed that Iraq has revealed comparative advantage to trade with dates. According to results of this paper some conclusions and suggestions were derived which could be beneficial for policymakers as a step to make the Iraqi economy multiple economy and to achieve efficiency in the usage of economic resources and to support trade balance.

The cost of marketing & production is considered as one of the most important & crucial subjects for dates farmers. Since the marketing & productive decisions are totally depended on these costs. The study of these costs are determining the prices for both the producer or the consumers of the whale seller and retail prices of the dates the study used quantitive analysis in estimation the cost function for determining the optimal size of production which allows to achieve the economic and marketing efficiency for unit area.
A questionier was designed to collect the needed data about the marketing and production costs. The result showed that the average productive which is the 4.76 ton/ dunm is less than size of productive efficiency which is 5.48 ton/dunm for the sample .
The result also showed that poor marketing performance.
The recommendation of the research was it is necessary for government to intervene to support producers and marketers to improve their production and marketing activities in order to improve Iraqi dates producers to compete with other countries that produce dates.

Iraqi experienced ademocratic period during the last decade , seriously affected the poorest sections of the society .Rising illiteracy , on the other hand , deteriorated the matters.
This paper aimed at providing new and innovative solutions to alleviating poverty in Iraq The first solution is to change principles inherited inside Iraqies , that the state has to offer every thing .
The study concluded on adopting a three folds policies to eradicate poverty in Iraq . The first dimension concentrate on strengthening the economic growth ; through expansion , rural and agricultural development , and upper Iraq growth consolidation . The second dimension deals human development ; through developing education , providing training and improving health of the entire population . Civil society should also participate in developing the society . The last dimension concerns with social welfare , social policies and subsides .

The research examined the current "Assessment the risk management in the project according to international standard (ISO31000: 2009) in a building project the province of Baghdad, Al-Mansour Contracting construction". The essence of risk management in the project to anticipate needs and identify uncertainty which would threaten the process of achieving the objectives of the project from delays in delivery dates and budget overruns which causes the failure of the project itself and the lack of confidence in the project manager. The problem of the research embodied in the weakness of the adoption of the sample researched to the trends of risk management of modern, including the International Standard (ISO 31000:2009) . The projects may encounter many of the risks in the exercise of its activities, and vary the ability of projects to bear this risks according to their nature.The aim of the research to detect the level of risk management in the research sample , and for this purpose has used a checklist to according to the terms of ISO standard (ISO31000: 2009) in (building project the province of Baghdad) and use the arithmetic mean weighted and the percentage of the extent of conformity for the diagnosis of the gap compared to reality, the actual implementation and documentation of requirements of international standard (ISO31000: 2009), also used the matrix of probability and impact in order to determine the level of risks to this project and prioritize those risks
using technology Failure Mode & Effect Analysis. The research reached the company doesn't includes an independent function and specialized to risk management and weakness company's training on risk management . therefore the need to develop a new section entitled (risk management) is the primary activity of the various risks in an efficient and. requires to instill a culture of risk management in the values and habits of members of the company . international standard (ISO31000: 2009),

Linking the current study, two variables of great importance in the field of production studies, processes and organization of business organizations, namely (competitiveness of priorities, and performance Organisational) study seeks to identify the impact of the competitiveness of priorities for strategic operations in Organisational Performance in the health sector represented by four hospitals affiliated to medical Circuit City, The most problem of the study a set of questions about the nature of relations and mutual influence between variable explanatory (competitiveness of priorities) and the relationship between the response variable (performance Organisational), and adopted researcher descriptive approach in the analysis of the study problem, have included two assumptions main origin of the (10) sub-hypothesis, subjected to tests statistical study was conducted on a random sample of (92) of the hospital staff, The resolution key tool in collecting data and information, and in order to process the data used a lot of statistical methods most notably (percentages, and the mediator, the coefficient of variation, and a link to the ranks of Spearmen, simple regression, analysis of the track), was the most prominent results of the study are that aware of hospitals researched the fact that the competitiveness of priorities that employ competitiveness of priorities in the activities of the organization will raise the level of their performance and improve and achieve their goals, but the most prominent recommendations to use the dimensions of the competitiveness of priorities to support the degree of sense of responsibility to the senior management and the workers and pay individuals to self-censorship during the performance of their business, and help employees understand the requirements Organization, and then work to achieve them.

The reality of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Iraq as the Ministry responsible for supplying most of the Iraqi institutions, public and private competencies and as a supportive knowledge-based economy to identify problem telling her role Altathre to use technology to explore the data in the development of decision-making process and the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, using this approach descriptive and analytical. terms this study aims to achieve the goal of the President is to know the impact of the use of management techniques, data warehouses in the development of decision-making process and applied study on a sample deliberate represented by (69) member of the level of director and department head and the Division has collected data via Form questionnaire where undergone answers the sample surveyed to statistical analysis, the adoption of statistical application (SPSS). The study found a set of conclusions was the most important of a relationship and the impact of legal entities link between the variables of the study in which demonstrates the validity of the study hypotheses.

The research aims to measure the performance of some General inspector offices that belong to Iraqi ministries for the period (2011) using data envelop analysis method in order to measure the level of performance these offices achieve during the one year and if these offices achieve their goals and the success they reach in putting solutions to solve the reduction in efficiency. To achieve the objective of the research, data envelop analysis method is implemented to analyze the data of (8) offices using (DEA) method using the returns of constant volume samples , using both directions, Input-oriented measure for input analysis and Output-oriented measure for output analysis. The research conclude that the offices differs in their level of efficiency, some with weak performance for both constant and variable efficiency and continued with this weakness during the year , this reflect failing in using the resources

This study aims to rationalize between social responsibility in terms of (economic, legal ,ethical , humanity ) responsibility, and organization reputation management in terms of (the organizations concern for its reputation , clarity , excellence , consistency , transparency , originality ).
In order to accomplish such objective , the descriptive analytical methodology has been employed , in which the questionnaire was used as a tool for data collection .
AL-rafidain and AL- rasheed banks employees are selected as the population of the study . the selected sample encompassed (64) employees ,who distributed as (38) employee from AL-rafidain bank , and (26) employee from AL-rasheed bank .
The statistical tools used for data analysis were ( the arithmetic mean , standard deviation, spearman rank coefficient correlation , manWhitney coefficient test , included with in (spss ) frame work .
The most important conclusion of the study are :
the existence of a good correlation between social responsibility and reputation management .
the advancement of the surveyed banks social responsibility contributes massively into up grading of a number of reputation management elements .

The research seeks to reveal the effect played by employees empowerment to enhancing organizational loyalty , research has been condacting in the service sector in iraq , specifically in directorate general of electric power transmission-Top Euphrates- and has been chosen as electric power sector because of extreme importance to the welfare, happiness, growth and development of society.
The focusing of the research is to get answers for the following questions:
What is the level of organization interest under study in employees empowerment and his dimensions ? .
What is the level of organization interest under study in organizational loyalty and his dimensions ? .
What is the impact of employees empowerment in enhance organization loyalty in the organization under study ? .
The essential objective of the research is to know the effect extent of empowering employees to enhance organization loyalty of the organization under study , and to achieve that goal there was opinion survey a sample research which consist of all administration levels of the director general, the head of departments and the executive level in the organization. The total respondents was (57) individuals. The research relied on analytied survey. The study used questionnaire, which was a tool head for the collection of data and information with reliance on software (spss) in the appropriate statistical analysis for study nature. The research come to a set of results , and the most important was : there is significant effect to employees empowerment (excluding the delegation of authority) in organizational loyalty , the research also concluded the appropriate set of recommendations, which can be useful for researchers and relevant authorities in this field.And It is the most important organization can invest the capabilities of its members through the formation of self-managed teams , So this kind of teams are empowered and that completed the tasks assigned to them efficiently , And also the rehabilitation of middle management managers because they are more affected by the application of empowerment process and thrown them into the organizational process without marginalization of their roles or not to make them feel unimportant

The current study to determine the nature of the relationship between a group of economic factors (interest rate - inflation - Asking price - stock index (S&P500) - Oil - Gold) and the movements of shares of four U.S. companies (Hulat Packard - General Electric - Microsoft - Ford) the results have shown limited impact of the interest rate and inflation of stock prices, while high-impact appeared to Index (S&P) in three of stock. In contrast variation impact of the exchange rate and gold and oil in the stock of the study sample.

This search aimed to explore and analyze the impact of some of the behavioral factors in the shares trading indicators . through study caracter stics and behaviors of investors to help investment decision –maker in iraq stock exchange (ISX ).the search launched from a basic problem represented in the reflection of the behavior of investors trading stock indexes and their decline , the research community content investors in the iraq stock exchang . to achieve the aim of the research sample was listed in (ISX)for the sectors of( banks , services, agriculture , industry , and hotels )companies , choose as well as seeking the view of sample consisted of (100) investor to determine the extent of thecontribution of behavioral factors in the shares trading indicators and the research cover the period from 7-1-2013 to 30-4-2013 . the researcher found a number of conclusions that the most important is the behavioral factors significant impact on the inter pretation of the behavior of investors in the iraq stock exchange and in the formation of prices and the impact on shares trading indicators ,and the a bsence of proper and transparent information to investors for a moment emergence of the rumor over the impact of fear and greed and the conseguent optimism and persimism , which incres contributes to the impact of the rumor on his decision in shares trading . the researcher recommended on the nessisty to draw the attention of investors from falling in to the impact of behavioral factors of fear and gread and conduct collective adoption of behaviors scientific investment and the ISX and association of money market brokerages to educate investors a bout the impact of behavioral factors in their decisions to buy or sell the securities through different courses and seminars and regulation rules that the ISX operating through it

In current Study the researcher dealt With " The impact of innovation drives in treating crises ", Since this Subject ," innovation and treating Crises" has received high attention lately ,as being one of the Most important topics , Which has a Significant impact on organizations in the Future ,A questionnaire was Mainly used in collection data, depending on distribution of (81) forms to the targeting sample , that has been chosen as ( colleges deans, dean assistants and heads of departments ) ,as the main study hypothesis represent in being a tie relationship, a significant between innovation drivers and treating crisis Strategies ,data were being analyzed by Using( spss) program , since it used a number of statistical tools to verify the validity of the hypothesis , such as the correlation coefficient ( spearman ) , and the simple regression analysis , the results were identical to the hypothesis research ,it has been shown a close relationship and a significant between innovation drivers and treating Crisis , which on this outcomes , the researcher formed asset of recommendations and conclusions , that hopes to be useful to those who are interesting in such study.

The present research aims at identifying the factors that effect on job drop out phenomenon at the university of Mosul, it tackles some personal and employment variables like (sex, social back ground, social condition , family size and income level.) The sample consists of the (100) employees, like (males &females) intentionally selected from all the colleges in the university of Mosul .
A case study method applied study the files of the employees (males & females) during the period between (1994-2003) And included ( self factor , economical factor, social factor, policy factor, & educational factor, )The data have processed statistically using cay square and (t-test )The analysis has shown that the satisfaction differs among the factors the effect on drop out phenomenon .There has also been statistical differences which depend on personal variables and employment environment, like; social condition, monthly income, and size of the family. Other factors have shown no differences like: sex, and social back ground) .depending on these results , The researcher proposed a number of suggestions .

The bank credit is one of the most important banking activities performed by commercial banks and the returns generated by that represent the main axis of the resources of a bank as well as the effects on the overall secreted by the sectors of the economy , and without bank credit and the bank loses its main function
The research aims to find out the impact of credit analysis on the performance of the activities of commercial banks in Iraq by selecting an effect on the activity of the Bank of the Middle East Iraqi investment for the period 2010-2008 through the use of a range of financial indicators and the Baptist on the financial statements of a group indicators of liquidity , profitability , durability head money and a set of indicators borrowers in addition to statistical methods were used simple linear regression model to measure the impact .

Current research show That The Total Quality Cost in higher education has great importance in The evaluation of performance academic by providing a group financial and non- financial measures of This Cost.
The Costs of prevention, evaluation and failure internal and external failures represent financial measures of performance, and tends to be these metrics associated with short –term goals. In addition to these measures there is a group of non-financial measures of the total quality cost Related to quality measures in the terms of inputs of the educational system and to the processes and outputs of the educational system and to be integrated with financial measures. Current research aims to demonstrate the importance of Quality Cost by evaluation the performance and highlight the financial metrics and non- financial for the total quality cost in the higher education.
The research output with A set of Conclusions, That the most important, provide financial metrics and non-financial of the total Quality Cost help in evaluation performance which Can institution University to improve the overall performance of the Unit .
As they Recommendations that came out put of research need evaluate the performance of institution University by using financial metrics and non- financial to total quality Cost as are financial metrics of the total Quality Cost of metrics internal to perform the task institution University, the refore, must be linked to the non- financial metrics for Quality Cost to give a clear picture for of the overall performance of the Unit.

The research aims to design a specimen based on traditional methods of financial analysis (financial ratios) by highlighting the most important financial ratios function on the likelihood of financial distress in the future or that contribute as evidence of the existence of cases of financial stumbled in hybrid, which copes with the Iraqi environment variables industrial companies, as well as modern methods of financial analysis based on multiple methods that will check the diagnostic process the least possible error. So you are relying on the style factor analysis and the basic compounds under way of self-consistency in the structure of the draw Statistics factors, it has reached the sample size (15) companies from the industrial sector and mixed companies listed in Iraq Stock Exchange for the period of (2012-2006). And The research found that the use of multiple methods to configure the functions discriminatory to predict contribute to access to functions that will check to predict the lowest possible error process, thus giving a clear picture and guidelines for current and future financial position of the companies surveyed, which will activate the process of rational decision-making and financial situation .

It have started a new era in the profession of auditing, under the expansion of professional services provided by the auditor, as began looming a new sun, and the hour of change in the profession, and began the auditor change in direction, and out of the idea of providing a single service is the opinion fairness of the financial statements to multiple services.
The expansion of professional services to the auditor was not a luxury or services luxury offering to customers, but were the result of a variety of factors, including the associated observer accounts save the experience and skill and possession of specialist support as well as the enjoyment of independence and obtaining greater freedom in sentencing vocational and enjoy the advantage of diversifying sources of income .
Among the factors associated with customers such as increasing awareness of the importance to obtain information relevant to some of the decisions provided the auditor instead of creating research centers high cost, there are factors linked to the environment of public such as competition in the labor market and the introduction of advanced technologies, and the expansion of business activity, as well as changes in the political environment, economic and social and legal.

In this research the estimation of Reliability of the Stress-strength Model for Lindley Distribution has been made by using two important methods ,the first method is the Maximum Likelihood Method which consists the Bootstrap technique to solve the non-linear equations ,the second methods is the Standard Bayes method by using natural conjugate prior and Squared Error, Entropy loss functions , the Bayes Method includes using Markov Chain Monte Carlo approximate method to find the posterior,s complex integrations. A comparison has been made between the MLE and Bayes methods in the experimental aspect to find the best method through simulation by using the Monte Carlo Method. Several experimentations have been made by using the Mean Square Error (MSE), the finding results shows comparative advantage for Standard Bayes method .

In this paper the researcher will compare the method of moments and method of moments modified to estimate the parameters and function reliability for the distribution of Birnbaum-Saunders with the method proposed is a method of shrinking, was used simulation to compare these methods and using two criteria for comparison are the average of squares error (MSE), the average error relative absolute (MAPE) and the average error squares integrative, has been a priority method of shrinking in the estimate.

Considered models Box- Genghis important models in use in the time-series analysis and forecasting future values, and the importance of these models and for the purpose applied to one of the important climate elements that can be used to figure out the future of predictive values were used these models to predict the varying Great and minimum temperatures in the city of Mosul and the the importance of these grades for the country, which could benefit Meteorological Department and others in order to plan for the future of the country, in order to see the differences that affect the climate and the preparations for the coming years and using seasonal model multiplier has been getting the best of the proposed models, which have been estimated landmarks using the method parametric method possible Azam it was getting close to reality capabilities, which show that the estimated and the proposed model is an appropriate model for the data used in the research and on this basis it has been using the best model to predict future values of maximum temperatures dropping to the city of Mosul for the year 2013.

Tourism received great interest by the countries of the world, particularly those countries that possess some degree of natural and human resources and manpower with tourist, professional specialties in addition to a certain level of infrastructure services.
That is because of the tourism sector of the importance and role in supporting the national economy, hence its role in the development of natural and human resources in the tourism sites to achieve financial returns contributes to raising the standard of living of individuals and restore economic balance between the regions through the development of tourism, especially if we know that the tourism sector is considered of the largest service sectors of the other size of the workforce and which up to 11% of the total workforce in other sectors of the world.

AIM: This research alms at investigating the possibility of achieving success in planning the official career of the human resources in The Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities depending on their high mental and cognitive abilities. The study also tries to clarify the effect relationship between the study variables through the selected sample that reaches (137) problem questionnaire (7%) of the original total society.
METHODOLOGY: This study implies the impact and the relationship between the cognitive ability as an independent variable and the planning of the official career as dependent variable. The first variable contains four minor dimensions while the second variable contains two minor variables. All these variables interact to form the focus of the study, and through them better methods are found to activate the role of the cognitive ability in developing the process of planning the official career of the workers and to specify the awareness of the managers and the workers of the cognitive ability in enhancing the processes of planning the official career and its impact on the success of the institution.
Many major and minor hypotheses appear. And in order to achieve the aim of the study and answer the questions it raises and test the validity of these hypotheses, the study depends on a questionnaire which is considered the main instrument to collect the data and information beside other methods such as interviews with the general managers, the department managers and the section managers in the concerned ministry. Many statistical methods are used to analyze the answers of the subjects represented by the balanced mathematical means, standard deviation, limitation factor, discovery factor analysis.
VALUE OF THE STUDY: The study came with many theoretical and applied conclusions the important of which are:-It proves that the cognitive ability has an important role in the way the employees deal with the planning for the official career physically and mentally (visibly and invisibly) .The study shows that all the dimensions of the cognitive ability have a positive effect relationship with the variables of planning the official career. The most important recommendation of the study is encouraging the researchers and learners to do more analysis of the basic and practical concepts of the cognitive ability because it is one of the modern variables and it is very important and more effective in securing the success of all the institutions.